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Impacts of Shrimp Mariculture Practices on the Ecology of Coastal Ecosystems in Ecuador

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Impacts of Shrimp Mariculture Practices on the Ecology of Coastal Ecosystems in Ecuador A SUSTAINABLE SHRIMP MARICULTURE INDUSTRY FOR ECUADOR Edjttd by Stephen Olsen and Luis Arrlaga Environmental fssues Impacts of Shrimp Mariculture Practiceson the Ecotogyof Coastal Ecosystemsin Ecuador Andlisis del Ecosistemadel Estuario del Rio Guayasen el Ecuador: Implicacionespara el Manejo de Manglares y la Maricultura del Camar6n. Robert R. Twilley Resumen La expansi6nde la consEuccidnde piscinas para el cultivodel camar6nen la zonaintermareal ha causadoel mayorcambio en el usodel sueloen el iireacostera. Este crecimiento, en su mayorparte, esl6 ubicadoen lasprovincias de Guayasy El Oro. El mayorrio y m6simportante sistema estuarino de la costa fluye-atravds de estasprovincias hacia el Golfo de Guayaquil.El Golfo y los estuariosadyacentes constituyenel ecosistemaestuarino mayor de la costaoccidental de Sudam6rica.La descargamedia del rio Guayases de 1.143,7m3/s, con ampliasvariaciones estacionales que van desde un promediode 200 m3lsen \a 6pocaseca hasta unosl.600 m/s, en la estaci6nlluviosa. El cultivodel camardnen esta6rea, se halla influenciado por algunasactividades tambi6n en expansi6n,como la agricultura,exploraci6n de petrdleo, desarrollo urbano y pesquerias. BaMndoseen la densidadde siembrade postlarvas (pls) por hertArea(ha),los m6todosde cultivoson clasificados (a) - en: extensivo(siembra de 10.000 20.000pls/ha; rendimienros de 100-400Kgha/aflo); O) semi-extensivo(50.000 - 60.000pls/ha con suplementoalimenticio; obtiene doble producci6n-a la del' m6todoextensivo); y, (c) semi-inlsnsivo(100.000 pls/ha; con suplementoalimenticio o fertilizacidn; rendimientos1.000 - 1.800Kglha). La existenciade la ampliazona de manglaresen la provinciadel Guayas(12L.4& ha) ha sido atribuidaaun gmnaporte de la Cuencadel Guayasy a lasaltas tasas de euapo-transpiraci6n.isto, asociadoa la frecuenciade maleas,ha creadolas condicionesfovarables para desarrollo del manglarcon densidadesde 185 rirboles/hay unadrea ba sal de 62,4^2, lo queindica mejores condiciones que en Venezuela,Colombia, Malasiay PuertoRico. En el estuariodel Guayas,la calidaddel aguaestii influenciada por las aportacionesprovenientes de 13Cuenca del Rio Guayas,el intercambiocon Ia zonaintermareal y los procesoioceanogrdfiiosfisicos del Golfo. El trabajorevisa la influenciade la industriade la mariculturadel camardnen la calidaddel agua, estimandoquela cantidadde aguaderecambio entre los esterosy laspiscinas, mediante bombeo, es de 20xl0omJ por dia, (30.000has de piscina,tasa de recambioSvoldia),volumen que es tan grandecomo la descargadel rio Guayasdurante el perfodode estiaje.Esto, asociado a la evaporaci6nen laipiscinas,indica unagran descarga de aguashipersalinas en el estuario. Sediscute el efecto_dela calidaddel aguaen el cultivodel camar6ny los factoresque influyen en la grod_uc9i61como son: perdidas de manglar;salinizaci6n del aguaen los esteros;futura operici6n deia presa Daule-Peripa;enriquesimiento excesivo de nuffientesy posterioranoxia; presencia de suitanciast6xicas comohidrocarbulos, pesticidas y metalespesados. Tambi6n, serealizaun anrilisis global, desde el puntode vistaecoldgico, de las interaccionesenfe la industriadel cultivo del camar6ny el eituariodel rio Guayas, especialmentereferidas a factoresasociados a la calidaddel agua,incluyendo lai descargasde aguasresiduales domdsticas e industriales,el incrementode bombeo de agua,la feraltiaci6nenlas pisJinas y ierturbaciones clim6ticoscomo las originadasen el eventode El Nifro. Lasrecomendaciones del autorcomprenden: efectuar el inventariode la pirdida demanglares; disnibuci6nactual del bosquede manglarpara identificar impactos actuales y futuros;restauracidn e integraci6ndel manglaren lasoperaciones de lascamaroneras, para control de la erosi6n,estabilizacidn de sedimentosy Eatamientode efluentesen lascamaroneras; estudios sobre balance hidrico en el estuariodel Guayas;desarrollar un modelosobre la calidaddel aguapara el ecosistemadel estuario;establecer un progama paravigilancia de la calidaddel agua. 9r NOTE TO READER September 1, 2006 THIS IS A SEARCHABLE PDF DOCUMENT This document has been created in Adobe Acrobat Professional 6.0 by scanning the best available original paper copy. The page images may be cropped and blank numbered pages deleted in order to reduce file size, however the full text and graphics of the original are preserved. The resulting page images have been processed to recognize characters (optical character recognition, OCR) so that most of the text of the original, as well as some words and numbers on tables and graphics are searchable and selectable. To print the document with the margins as originally published, do not use page scaling in the printer set up. This document is posted to the web site of the Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island 220 South Ferry Road Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA 02882 Telephone: 401.874.6224 http://www.crc.uri.edu Citation: Twilley, R. (1989) Impacts of Shrimp Mariculture Practices on the Ecology of Coastal Ecosystems in Ecuador. In: Olsen, S. and Arriaga, L., editors. A Sustainable Shrimp Mariculture Industry for Ecuador. Narragansett, RI: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island Introduction The Incaspracticed mariculture in Ecuador400 yearsago by closingoff lagoonswhich were temporarilyflooded with seawaterandpenaeid shrimp larvae. While the Indianshrimp farmers used ttreir harveststhemselves, ttre rapid growth of maricultureas an indusftyover the last decade in Ecuadorhas made it the leading farm shrimp producerin the world (McPadden,1985). The first commercialshrimp operationsdid not beginttrere until 1969(Siddall et al., 1985),and by 1979farming produced only 4,698 metrictons (m.t.) of shrimpcompared tD7,787 m.t. caughtat sea. Ecuadorianfarmed shrimp production rosedramatically from 1979to 1984;in 1983,the yearof the highestproduction on record,shrimp ponds produced29,100 m.t. while productionfrom the searemained at 7,500m.t. The exportvalue of the total tonnagein 1983,nearly triple the amount produced in 1979,was U.S. $183 million, ranking shrimp secondonly to petroleumas an exportcommodity for Ecuador. The expansionof the farmedshrimp industry resulting in the constructionof pondswithin the intertidal zonehas caused a major changein coastalland use. Initially shrimp pondswere constructedin moreinland, baren intertidalareas (salinas). Locating the pondscloser to the shorelowers costs associated with supplyingwater and larvae to ttreponds. From 1980to 1984nearly 10,000hgctares (ha) of ponds wereauthorizedfor construction annually, increasing the total to 60,000ha by 1983(Figure 1). A recent suvey by CLIRSEN(1984) shows that thereare currently 89,368 ha of shrimpponds along the coastof Ecuador(Table 1), manyoccupying former mangrove habitats. itris expansionof the farmedshrimp industry has been largely confined to the two southerncoastal provinces,Guayis andEl Oro (Table1). The largestriver andestuarine ecosystem of the-coastallowlands, ihe GoayasRiver basinand estuary, flows throughthese provinces and into the Gulf of Guayaquil.The Gdf of buayaquiland adjacent esiuaries are tle largestestuarine ecosystem on the westernPacific coast of SouthAmerica (Cucalon, 1984). This ecosystemhandles 95 percentof the country'simports and 50 percentof its exports,and its coastlineincludes the mostpopulated city in Ecuador,Guayaquil @ngineering iournal, 1972). Theshrimp farming indusry developedin an areaof the coastalzone that is influencedby severalother expanding industries including agliculture, oil exploration,utban development, and coastal fisheries.In addition,ihis regionmaintaini an extensivearea of intertidalcommunities including nearly 83 percentof all man$ovesin Ecuador(Table 1). Oneof the majorreasons that farmed shrimp production has not returnedto high levelsobserved in 1983is reducedavaitability of postlarvae(PL) for stockingponds. Total productionin shrimpwas down in 1984compared to the previousyear, not only becauseof low catchrates in the trawl fishery,but also becauseoi the lack of iarvaefor shrimpponds during the secondhalf of the year. It is estimatedthat during 1985,only half (30,000-40,000ha) of theshrimp ponds consftucted in theGuayas province were in operationbecause of the lack of postlarvae.The 4 billion postlarvaeprovided largely by the "laveros" (primarilypush net fishermen) representedan annualstocking rate of about133,000 postlarvae per ha of p-ondor abbut65,000 postlarvae per ha per season,based on two harvestsper year. This_isfairly intensive maricultureand produition rates per ha of pondseem to be decreasing.However, such calculations are tenuoussince iniormation on ttrequality of shrimpsold and tlre area of pondsactually in operationis somewhatconfusing. Severalfactors have been associated with the declineofpostlarvae in the estuariesalong the coast of Ecuador,including lower watertemperatures following an El Niflo eventin 1982-83,lossof mangrove habitat,decline in witer quality and overfishing. Poorerwater quality hascontributed to increasein disease andpoor maturation of postlarvae,and lower growthrates and higher mortality of wild shrimp,which affect the availabilityof wild postlarvaeas well as the survivalof larvaetransported to glowoutponds. Coasialresoruce management to sustainoptimum levels of productivityis complicatedby conflictinggoals of diverseuser groups. Changes in watershedland useand utilization of estuarinewaters traveprorn-pied concern ouer posiible negative impacts to theqlality of coastalresources and resultant damageto the shrimpindustry.
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