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Black D/Deaf Students Thriving Within the Margins Lissa Denielle Stapleton Iowa State University

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Black D/Deaf Students Thriving Within the Margins Lissa Denielle Stapleton Iowa State University Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate College 2014 The unexpected talented tenth: Black d/Deaf students thriving within the margins Lissa Denielle Stapleton Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, Disability and Equity in Education Commons, Higher Education Administration Commons, and the Higher Education and Teaching Commons Recommended Citation Stapleton, Lissa Denielle, "The unexpected talented tenth: Black d/Deaf students thriving within the margins" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 13891. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The unexpected talented tenth: Black d/Deaf students thriving within the margins by Lissa Denielle Stapleton A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Education (Educational Leadership) Program of Study Committee: Natasha Croom, Major Professor Katherine Bruna Nancy Evans William Garrow Patricia Leigh Robert Reason Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2014 Copyright © Lissa Denielle Stapleton, 2014. All rights reserved ii DEDICATION To my ancestors and all the Unexpected Talented Tenth who answered the call and persisted- We are the hope, aspiration, and promise. I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, and I have remained faithful. 2 Timothy 4:7 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION OF STUDY ......................................................................... 1 Problems, Background, and Significance ............................................................................. 3 Purposes and Research Questions ......................................................................................... 6 Research Design Layout ....................................................................................................... 7 Theoretical Frameworks ................................................................................................... 8 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 11 Participants and Recruitment .......................................................................................... 12 Data Collection Methods ................................................................................................ 13 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................. 14 Quality Criteria ............................................................................................................... 14 What Can You Expect? ....................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................ 19 Historical Context of the Black d/Deaf Community .......................................................... 21 The Beginning of Black d/Deaf Education ..................................................................... 23 Curriculum and Instruction of Black d/Deaf Children ................................................... 28 Postsecondary Education for Black d/Deaf People......................................................... 32 1960s Movements, Change, and Revolution .................................................................. 35 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act ........................................................ 36 1980s Deaf Employment ................................................................................................. 36 iv So What? ......................................................................................................................... 37 Black Students in Higher Education ................................................................................... 38 Black Student Persistence ............................................................................................... 41 Racial Microaggressions ................................................................................................. 52 d/Deaf Students in Higher Education ................................................................................. 58 The d/Deaf Community .................................................................................................. 58 d/Deaf Student Persistence ............................................................................................. 63 Audist Microaggressions ................................................................................................ 73 Black d/Deaf Students in Higher Education ....................................................................... 84 Intersectionality and Layers of Oppression .................................................................... 85 Role Models/Mentors ...................................................................................................... 87 Deaf Education K-12 ...................................................................................................... 91 Black d/Deaf Student Persistence ................................................................................... 94 The Study’s Contributions .................................................................................................. 96 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................................... 99 Researchers’ Assumptions- “This I Believe” ................................................................... 100 Why Do I Engage? ........................................................................................................ 102 What Personal Assumptions Do I Bring? ..................................................................... 102 What is my Relationship with the Participants? ........................................................... 103 The Philosophical Paradigm and Epistemological Underpinning .................................... 103 Theoretical Frameworks ................................................................................................... 106 Critical Race Theory ..................................................................................................... 107 Critical Deaf Theory ..................................................................................................... 109 v Analytical Frameworks ..................................................................................................... 111 Theory of Microaggressions ......................................................................................... 111 Community Cultural Wealth ......................................................................................... 112 Deaf Community Cultural Wealth ................................................................................ 113 Black d/Deaf Community Cultural Wealth ................................................................... 115 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 117 Participant Selection ......................................................................................................... 120 Participant Criteria ........................................................................................................ 121 Recruitment of Participants ........................................................................................... 123 Data Collection Methods .................................................................................................. 123 Participant Survey ......................................................................................................... 124 Building Rapport Video Meeting .................................................................................. 125 Interviews ...................................................................................................................... 126 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................... 129 Phase 1: Organizing System ......................................................................................... 131 Phase 2: Identifying Meaning Units ............................................................................. 132 Phase 3: Thematic Labeling .......................................................................................... 133 Phase 4: Creative Synthesis .......................................................................................... 135 Quality Criteria ................................................................................................................. 136 Fairness ........................................................................................................................
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