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GAO-08-1120 Disaster Recovery: Past Experiences Offer Insights For
United States Government Accountability Office Report to the Committee on Homeland GAO Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate September 2008 DISASTER RECOVERY Past Experiences Offer Insights for Recovering from Hurricanes Ike and Gustav and Other Recent Natural Disasters GAO-08-1120 September 2008 DISASTER RECOVERY Accountability Integrity Reliability Past Experiences Offer Insights for Recovering from Highlights Hurricanes Ike and Gustav and Other Recent Natural Highlights of GAO-08-1120, a report to the Disasters Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found This month, Hurricanes Ike and While the federal government provides significant financial assistance after Gustav struck the Gulf Coast major disasters, state and local governments play the lead role in disaster producing widespread damage and recovery. As affected jurisdictions recover from the recent hurricanes and leading to federal major disaster floods, experiences from past disasters can provide insights into potential declarations. Earlier this year, good practices. Drawing on experiences from six major disasters that heavy flooding resulted in similar declarations in seven Midwest occurred from 1989 to 2005, GAO identified the following selected insights: states. In response, federal agencies have provided millions of • Create a clear, implementable, and timely recovery plan. Effective dollars in assistance to help with recovery plans provide a road map for recovery. For example, within short- and long-term recovery. 6 months of the 1995 earthquake in Japan, the city of Kobe created a State and local governments bear recovery plan that identified detailed goals which facilitated coordination the primary responsibility for among recovery stakeholders. -
Texas Hurricane History
Texas Hurricane History David Roth National Weather Service Camp Springs, MD Table of Contents Preface 3 Climatology of Texas Tropical Cyclones 4 List of Texas Hurricanes 8 Tropical Cyclone Records in Texas 11 Hurricanes of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 12 Hurricanes of the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries 13 Hurricanes of the Late Nineteenth Century 16 The First Indianola Hurricane - 1875 21 Last Indianola Hurricane (1886)- The Storm That Doomed Texas’ Major Port 24 The Great Galveston Hurricane (1900) 29 Hurricanes of the Early Twentieth Century 31 Corpus Christi’s Devastating Hurricane (1919) 38 San Antonio’s Great Flood – 1921 39 Hurricanes of the Late Twentieth Century 48 Hurricanes of the Early Twenty-First Century 68 Acknowledgments 74 Bibliography 75 Preface Every year, about one hundred tropical disturbances roam the open Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. About fifteen of these become tropical depressions, areas of low pressure with closed wind patterns. Of the fifteen, ten become tropical storms, and six become hurricanes. Every five years, one of the hurricanes will become reach category five status, normally in the western Atlantic or western Caribbean. About every fifty years, one of these extremely intense hurricanes will strike the United States, with disastrous consequences. Texas has seen its share of hurricane activity over the many years it has been inhabited. Nearly five hundred years ago, unlucky Spanish explorers learned firsthand what storms along the coast of the Lone Star State were capable of. Despite these setbacks, Spaniards set down roots across Mexico and Texas and started colonies. Galleons filled with gold and other treasures sank to the bottom of the Gulf, off such locations as Padre and Galveston Islands. -
Hurricane Ike: Do We Need to Change Our Thinking?
AIRCURRENTS HURRICANE IKE: DO WE NEED TO CHANGE OUR THINKING? EDITor’s noTE: Of the three landfalling U.S. hurricanes in 2008, Hurricane Ike was by far the costliest. Perhaps because it was the largest loss in the last three seasons, it seemed to have captured the imagination of many in the industry, with estimates of as much as $20 billion or more being bandied about in the storm’s early aftermath. In this article, AIR’s Dr. Peter Dailey 12.2008 takes a hard look at the reality of Hurricane Ike. By Dr. Peter S. Dailey, Director of Atmospheric Science INTRODUCTION neither catastrophe modelers—nor the industry—should Hurricane Ike made landfall at Galveston, Texas in the early have been taken by surprise by Ike. While the storm morning hours of September 13, 2008. It was the third displayed some interesting characteristics, and managed and final hurricane to make landfall in the U.S. this year, to cause damage well inland (long after it had been preceded by Hurricane Dolly in late July and Gustav just two downgraded to a tropical depression and was no longer weeks prior to Ike. tracked by the NHC, the AIR model in fact performed very well in capturing the effects of this storm. All three landfalling hurricanes arrived on U.S. shores as Category 2 storms on the Saffir-Simpson scale. Yet according This article traces the history of Hurricane Ike’s brief but to the latest estimates by ISO’s Property Claims Services unit, costly assault on the U.S. It also looks at how the AIR U.S. -
Lessons Learned: Evacuations Management of Hurricane Gustav
4th Symposium on Policy and Socio-Economic Research, American Meteorological Society, Phoenix, AZ, 2009. 2.5 LESSONS LEARNED: EVACUATIONS MANAGEMENT OF HURRICANE GUSTAV Gina M. Eosco1, Mark A. Shafer2, and Barry Keim3 1Department of Communications, University of Oklahoma 2Oklahoma Climatological Survey, University of Oklahoma 3 Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University Experience is what you get when you don’t get what you want. The experience of Hurricane Katrina was not what anyone in New Orleans wanted, yet three years after New Orleans was struck by Hurricane Katrina, the city proved they were ready for the next big one. As the National Hurricane Center forecasts started indicating a possible category 3 or stronger hurricane heading towards Louisiana, the city began preparations for evacuation. Gulf coast residents responded with the largest evacuation in U.S. history. Given the contrast with Katrina, why was the response to Gustav so much better? It is true that government officials learned from Katrina, but Katrina was just one milestone along the way toward making New Orleans safer. This paper examines prior recent experience with hurricanes in Louisiana, events surrounding Hurricane Gustav, and Figure 1. Track of Hurricane Georges, September how we have learned from other disasters. Not only 20-27, 1998 (Image source: Unisys did Louisiana officials learn from prior hurricanes, http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/). but those far-removed from the area of impact learned from their own disaster experiences to hurricane Georges was uncoordinated and chaotic. manage the influx of evacuees. The progression of Each parish had its own separate response plan. -
Federal Disaster Assistance After Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, Wilma, Gustav, and Ike
Federal Disaster Assistance After Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, Wilma, Gustav, and Ike Updated February 26, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43139 Federal Disaster Assistance After Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, Wilma, Gustav, and Ike Summary This report provides information on federal financial assistance provided to the Gulf States after major disasters were declared in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas in response to the widespread destruction that resulted from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma in 2005 and Hurricanes Gustav and Ike in 2008. Though the storms happened over a decade ago, Congress has remained interested in the types and amounts of federal assistance that were provided to the Gulf Coast for several reasons. This includes how the money has been spent, what resources have been provided to the region, and whether the money has reached the intended people and entities. The financial information is also useful for congressional oversight of the federal programs provided in response to the storms. It gives Congress a general idea of the federal assets that are needed and can be brought to bear when catastrophic disasters take place in the United States. Finally, the financial information from the storms can help frame the congressional debate concerning federal assistance for current and future disasters. The financial information for the 2005 and 2008 Gulf Coast storms is provided in two sections of this report: 1. Table 1 of Section I summarizes disaster assistance supplemental appropriations enacted into public law primarily for the needs associated with the five hurricanes, with the information categorized by federal department and agency; and 2. -
Differential Social Vulnerability and Response to Hurricane Dolly Across
Differential social vulnerability and response to Hurricane Dolly across the US-Mexico border Isabelle Ruin (NCAR), Cedar League (UCCS), Mary Hayden (NCAR), Barry Goldsmith (NWS), and Jeral Estupiñán (NWS) Introduction Loss reduction of life and property from flooding in the aftermath of hurricanes is dependent not only on adequate preparation and lead time, but also on effective warning dissemination and, more importantly, public response to the warning. Previous research notes that warnings are geared toward the cultural majority and are less likely to reach those who are most vulnerable – the poor, the elderly, and cultural minorities (Burton et al. 1978, Mileti 1999; Perry and Mushkatel, 1986; Lindell and Perry, 2004, Hayden et al. 2007). Mileti et al. (1975) found that appropriate response to warnings was more likely to occur if the warning could be confirmed by a variety of sources including various agencies, government entities, media, family or friends, thereby assuring those in the warning area of the accuracy of the message. Other factors that may influence an individual’s response to warnings include age, education, gender, previous experience with a hazard, environmental cues, perceived risk, source credibility, and message specificity within the warning (Gruntfest 1987; Tobin and Montz 1997; Lindell and Perry 1992). Hayden et al. (2007) found most people continue to receive warning information from home via television, while the internet also plays a small role. Successful warnings are those that are taken seriously and responded to in a timely and effective manner. Recent studies show that public reliance on “official” warnings from traditional sources may be shifting to more private and informal sources such as The Weather Channel and the internet (Baker, l995; Dow and Cutter, 1998; Drabek, 2001). -
Hurricane & Tropical Storm
5.8 HURRICANE & TROPICAL STORM SECTION 5.8 HURRICANE AND TROPICAL STORM 5.8.1 HAZARD DESCRIPTION A tropical cyclone is a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or sub-tropical waters and has a closed low-level circulation. Tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes are all considered tropical cyclones. These storms rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere around the center and are accompanied by heavy rain and strong winds (NOAA, 2013). Almost all tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic basin (which includes the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) form between June 1 and November 30 (hurricane season). August and September are peak months for hurricane development. The average wind speeds for tropical storms and hurricanes are listed below: . A tropical depression has a maximum sustained wind speeds of 38 miles per hour (mph) or less . A tropical storm has maximum sustained wind speeds of 39 to 73 mph . A hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 74 mph or higher. In the western North Pacific, hurricanes are called typhoons; similar storms in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean are called cyclones. A major hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 111 mph or higher (NOAA, 2013). Over a two-year period, the United States coastline is struck by an average of three hurricanes, one of which is classified as a major hurricane. Hurricanes, tropical storms, and tropical depressions may pose a threat to life and property. These storms bring heavy rain, storm surge and flooding (NOAA, 2013). The cooler waters off the coast of New Jersey can serve to diminish the energy of storms that have traveled up the eastern seaboard. -
Hurricane Season Just Getting Started
Contact For Immediate Release Mark Hanna August 1, 2013 (512) 326-7616 Hurricane Season Just Getting Started Just four named storms make up the 2013 hurricane season thus far. Despite projections of a higher than average number of storms and hurricanes this summer, no hurricanes have formed and short term forecasts don’t call for any tropical storm formations. But a spokesman for the National Weather Service says the hurricane season has actually been more active this year than average and the season is just getting started. “We are still a long way from our peak season for hurricanes which is late August and September, so a lot can happen between now and then,” said Dan Reilly, warning coordination meteorologist with the National Weather Service Office in League City. “On average, we usually have had only two named storms by this time, so we are actually above normal by that measure. We'd expect the hurricane activity to start picking up as we go through August and September.” The tropical storms that have formed this year have been Andrea, Barry, Chantal and Dorian. Tropical Storm Andrea drenched the entire east coast once it made landfall June 6. Tropical Storm Barry plowed into Mexico’s gulf coast on June 20, while Tropical Storms Chantal and Dorian fizzled out in the Caribbean in July. It’s been almost five years since a hurricane has struck Texas. Hurricanes Ike and Dolly along with Tropical Storm Edouard all struck Texas in 2008. Hurricane Ike was the costliest storm in Texas history with $12 billion in insured losses. -
A Classification Scheme for Landfalling Tropical Cyclones
A CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR LANDFALLING TROPICAL CYCLONES BASED ON PRECIPITATION VARIABLES DERIVED FROM GIS AND GROUND RADAR ANALYSIS by IAN J. COMSTOCK JASON C. SENKBEIL, COMMITTEE CHAIR DAVID M. BROMMER JOE WEBER P. GRADY DIXON A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Geography in the graduate school of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2011 Copyright Ian J. Comstock 2011 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Landfalling tropical cyclones present a multitude of hazards that threaten life and property to coastal and inland communities. These hazards are most commonly categorized by the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Potential Disaster Scale. Currently, there is not a system or scale that categorizes tropical cyclones by precipitation and flooding, which is the primary cause of fatalities and property damage from landfalling tropical cyclones. This research compiles ground based radar data (Nexrad Level-III) in the U.S. and analyzes tropical cyclone precipitation data in a GIS platform. Twenty-six landfalling tropical cyclones from 1995 to 2008 are included in this research where they were classified using Cluster Analysis. Precipitation and storm variables used in classification include: rain shield area, convective precipitation area, rain shield decay, and storm forward speed. Results indicate six distinct groups of tropical cyclones based on these variables. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the faculty members I have been working with over the last year and a half on this project. I was able to present different aspects of this thesis at various conferences and for this I would like to thank Jason Senkbeil for keeping me ambitious and for his patience through the many hours spent deliberating over the enormous amounts of data generated from this research. -
Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Gustav (AL072008) 25 August – 4 September 2008
Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Gustav (AL072008) 25 August – 4 September 2008 John L. Beven II and Todd B. Kimberlain National Hurricane Center 22 January 2009 Revised 15 September 2009 for peak intensity and to add new data Revised 9 September 2014 for U.S. damage Gustav moved erratically through the Greater Antilles into the Gulf of Mexico, eventually making landfall on the coast of Louisiana. It briefly became a category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and caused many deaths and considerable damage in Haiti, Cuba, and Louisiana. a. Synoptic History Gustav formed from a tropical wave that moved westward from the coast of Africa on 13 August. The wave continued westward across the tropical Atlantic, with the associated shower activity first showing signs of organization on 18 August. Westerly vertical wind shear, however, prevented significant development for the next several days. The wave moved through the Windward Islands on 23 August with a broad area of low pressure accompanied by disorganized shower activity. Organization increased late on 24 August as the system moved northwestward across the southeastern Caribbean Sea, and it is estimated that a tropical depression formed near 0000 UTC 25 August about 95 n mi northeast of Bonaire in the Netherland Antilles. The “best track” chart of the tropical cyclone’s path is given in Fig. 1, with the wind and pressure histories shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The best track positions and intensities are listed in Table 11. The depression formed a small inner wind core during genesis with a radius of maximum winds of less than 10 n mi. -
Natural Disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean
NATURAL DISASTERS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 2000 - 2019 1 Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is the second most disaster-prone region in the world 152 million affected by 1,205 disasters (2000-2019)* Floods are the most common disaster in the region. Brazil ranks among the 15 548 On 12 occasions since 2000, floods in the region have caused more than FLOODS S1 in total damages. An average of 17 23 C 5 (2000-2019). The 2017 hurricane season is the thir ecord in terms of number of disasters and countries affected as well as the magnitude of damage. 330 In 2019, Hurricane Dorian became the str A on STORMS record to directly impact a landmass. 25 per cent of earthquakes magnitude 8.0 or higher hav S America Since 2000, there have been 20 -70 thquakes 75 in the region The 2010 Haiti earthquake ranks among the top 10 EARTHQUAKES earthquak ory. Drought is the disaster which affects the highest number of people in the region. Crop yield reductions of 50-75 per cent in central and eastern Guatemala, southern Honduras, eastern El Salvador and parts of Nicaragua. 74 In these countries (known as the Dry Corridor), 8 10 in the DROUGHTS communities most affected by drought resort to crisis coping mechanisms. 66 50 38 24 EXTREME VOLCANIC LANDSLIDES TEMPERATURE EVENTS WILDFIRES * All data on number of occurrences of natural disasters, people affected, injuries and total damages are from CRED ME-DAT, unless otherwise specified. 2 Cyclical Nature of Disasters Although many hazards are cyclical in nature, the hazards most likely to trigger a major humanitarian response in the region are sudden onset hazards such as earthquakes, hurricanes and flash floods. -
ANNUAL SUMMARY Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008*
MAY 2010 A N N U A L S U M M A R Y 1975 ANNUAL SUMMARY Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008* DANIEL P. BROWN,JOHN L. BEVEN,JAMES L. FRANKLIN, AND ERIC S. BLAKE NOAA/NWS/NCEP, National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida (Manuscript received 27 July 2009, in final form 17 September 2009) ABSTRACT The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season is summarized and the year’s tropical cyclones are described. Sixteen named storms formed in 2008. Of these, eight became hurricanes with five of them strengthening into major hurricanes (category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale). There was also one tropical de- pression that did not attain tropical storm strength. These totals are above the long-term means of 11 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes. The 2008 Atlantic basin tropical cyclones produced significant impacts from the Greater Antilles to the Turks and Caicos Islands as well as along portions of the U.S. Gulf Coast. Hurricanes Gustav, Ike, and Paloma hit Cuba, as did Tropical Storm Fay. Haiti was hit by Gustav and adversely affected by heavy rains from Fay, Ike, and Hanna. Paloma struck the Cayman Islands as a major hurricane, while Omar was a major hurricane when it passed near the northern Leeward Islands. Six con- secutive cyclones hit the United States, including Hurricanes Dolly, Gustav, and Ike. The death toll from the Atlantic tropical cyclones is approximately 750. A verification of National Hurricane Center official forecasts during 2008 is also presented. Official track forecasts set records for accuracy at all lead times from 12 to 120 h, and forecast skill was also at record levels for all lead times.