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Swedes in Haile Selassie's Ethiopia, 1924-1952 to My Father in Memory of My Mother Viveca Halldin Norberg

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Swedes in Haile Selassie's Ethiopia, 1924-1952 to My Father in Memory of My Mother Viveca Halldin Norberg NORDISKA AFRIKAINSTITUTE'T ;978 <J7- 2 1 )J fiA A study in early developm Viveca Hal/din Norberg Scandinavian Institute ofAfrican Studies, Uppsala Swedes in Haile Selassie's Ethiopia, 1924-1952 To my Father In Memory of my Mother Viveca Halldin Norberg Swedes in Haile Selassie's Ethiopia, 1924-1952 A study in early development ca-operation Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala 1977 Distributor: Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm This book appears also under ISBN 91-554-0621-1 (ISSN 0081-6531) as Studia Historica Upsaliensia, No. 92, University of Uppsala ©Viveca Halldin Norberg 1977 ISBN 91-7106-111-8 Printed in Sweden by Uppsala Offset Center AB, Uppsala 1977 The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies has served at Uppsala since 1962 as a Scandinavian documentation and research centre on African affairs. Below you will find a selection of some ofthe books published by the institute during the last years. (A complete list of publications can be obtained free of charge): Research Reports No. 23, Magnusson, Åke, Swedish Investments in South Aj/ka. 57 pp. Uppsala 1974. No. 31, Esh, Tina & Rosenblum, Illith, Tourism in Developing Countries - Trick or Treat? A reportfrom the Gambia. 80 pp. Uppsala 1975. No. 32, Clayton, Anthony, The 1948 Zanzibar General Strike. 66 pp. Uppsala 1976. No. 38, Green, Reginald H., Toward Socialism and Self Reliance: Tanzania's Strivingfor Sustained Transition Projected. 57 pp. Uppsala 1977. Rural Development Series Chambers, Robert, Managing R ural Development. Ideas and Experience from East Africa. 216 pp. Uppsala 1974. Finucane, James R., Rural Development and Bureaucracy in Tanzania. The Case of Mwanza Region. 192 pp. Uppsala 1974. Igbozurike, Martin, Problem-Generating Structures in Nigeria 's Rural Develop­ ment. 139 pp. Uppsala 1976. Beckman, Björn, Organising the Farmers. Cocoa Politics and National Development in Ghana. 299 pp. Uppsala 1976. AnnuaI Seminar Proceedings No. 10, Multinational Firms in Africa. Ed. Carl Widstrand. With an introduction by Samir Amin. 425 pp. Uppsala 1975. Other books Rudebeck, Lars, Guinea-Bissau. A Study of Political Mobilization. 277 pp. Uppsala 1974. j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j J Acknowledgements The initiative for the present study originated in 1967 from Richard Pankhurst, Director of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies in Addis Abeba and later my tutor when I studied there. He suggested that the Ethio-Swedish relations 1865-1965 should be made the subject of comprehensive research by a Swedish historian. The project was initiated in 1971 and throughout the work I have received all possible assistance and encouragement from Professor Sten Carlsson, who has been my teacher since I first started to study history in 1963. He has not only supervised my research and shared with me his impressive knowledge and experience but also supported me in many other ways. With everlasting patience he has listened to all my ideas and studied my endless drafts, often overnight. He has my most heartfelt gratitude. I would also like to express my appreciation to my two tutors, Docent Lars-Göran Tedebrand and Docent Harald Runblom, whose active support, admirable patience and constructive suggestions have been of the utmost importance for the completion of the work. Professor Sven A. Nilsson has read the whole manuscript and made valuable suggestions. I also thank Professor Carl Fredrik Hallencreutz and Professor Bengt Sundkler for their constructlve criticism on the mission chapters. It has been a great advantage to be a member of the Migration Research Group, in all some 30 scholars, which offered a very inspiring research climate. I have been given much support both in the form ofideas, grants and practical assistance. I would like to make special mention of Monica Blom, Eric De Geer, Ingrid Eriksson, Margareta Eriksson, Tua Jensen, Ann-Sofie Kälvemark, Thomas Nilsson, Hans Norman, Lars Ollden, Barbro Rolen and Sune Åkerman. All my colleagues at the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies are thanked for their encouragement and support. Carl Gösta Widstrand, Director of the Institute, encouraged me to start the research and by generously granting leave-of-absence he made it possible for me to complete the work. I would also like to mention Ingrid Dahlqvist, Karl Eric Ericsson, Sven Jansson, Thomas Ridaeus, Ingmar Sejby and Lesley Watson-Eklund. Anna-Britta Wallenius at the University Library of Uppsala has given valuable advice on the bibliography. A travel grant from the Royal Academy ofLetters, History and Antiquitles enabled me to spend four months in Ethiopia in 1973. The staffat the Swedish Embassy at times made heroic efforts to assist me in all matters and I would especially like to mention Lars Hedström, Carl-Erhard Lindahl and George Westling. Naemi & Fride Hylander and Valborg & Per Stjärne have shared with me their experience and knowledge about the Swedish work in Ethiopia acquired from their long professionaI lives in the country. Fride Hylander gave me access to his mes, read and commented all my drafts and answered hundreds of questions since 1971, for which I am sincerely grateful. Since I first met Gustav Aren in Ethiopia in 1971 he has been oftremendous assistance to my work with his impressive knowledge about the Christian mission in Ethiopia. Guenene Mulugeta and my sister Susanne Gärdesten are thanked for having made valuable extracts from my source material, and my brother-in-law Kjell Gärdesten for having read my proofs. I would also like to thank the following persons for having given me access to their files and for having commented on parts of the manuscript: Wilhelm Carlgren, Gunnar Jarring and Erland Kleen (Ministry ofForeign Affairs); Nils GU!1nar Andersson, Nils Dahlberg and Karin Wentzel (SEM); Gunnar Nilsson (SMBV); Odd Jordal and Vera Stadin (SDA) and also Ingvar Berg, Bernhard Lindahl, Erik Leijonhufvud, Tage Olihn, John H. Spencer and Suzanne Tamm. My gratitude is also due to my former school teacher in history Sune Svensson, who has given me access to Axel B. Svensson's collection. Nigel Rollison has revised my English with great patience. Gösta Cedmer has mimeographed my whole manuscript. I am indebted to the University of Uppsala, The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies and Delegationen för Militärhistorisk forskning for economic support to publish the book. The following persons, who have given me valuable information and assistance, have passed away before this book was completed: Abbebe Retta, Assefa Ayene, Haile Selassie I, Frank Hammar, Harald Nyström and Sigurd Stark. I remember them all with gratitude. So many people have helped and encouraged me during my work in Ethiopia, Great Britain, the United States and in Sweden that I find I am unable to mention them all by name. However, despite the shroud of anonymity,I can assure them that they have not been forgotten. My final thanks go to my father Arthur and to my husband Anders; my father for always having encouraged me to think independently and never hesitate to throw myselfinto a newadventure, and Anders, who made me give up a nomadic life and settle down to complete this book. Their tender support has been of an importance beyond words. Uppsala in April 1977 Viveca Halldin Norberg Contents Abbreviations 13 Author'snote 15 I. Introduction 17 1. Almofthestudy 17 2. Angles ofapproach 17 2. L1mitationofsubject 19 4. Research method 20 5. Commentson sources 21 6. Status ofresearch 28 II. Ethiopia. An introductory survey of the country, its people and recent ~~ ~ 1. TheEthiopian setting 34 2. Towards a united Ethiopia, 1855-1896 37 3. From Adwa to the Italianoccupatlon in 1936 38 3.1 Mlnilik's and Halle Selassle's policy ofmodernization 38 3.2 Ethlopia in international dlplomacy 1896-1936 40 An attempt to explain Ethiopia's survival as an independent state 41 Foreign relations during Haile Selassie'sfirst period ofreign 43 Diplomatic representation in Ethiopia in 1935 46 4. Thepolicy ofHaile Selassie after the restoration 48 4.1 Centrallzation ofpower 48 4.2 Anglo-Ethioplanrelations 1941-1945 50 4.3 Ethiopia's foreign contacts widen 54 5. Ethiopia's International position. Some concluding remarks 55 III. The influence offoreigners in the Ethiopian society, 1850-1950 60 1. Foreigners in Ethiopia before 1924 60 2. The influence offoreigners during the period 1924-1936 65 2.1 Numerical strength ofthe foreign community in Ethiopia 65 2.2 Foreign missionarles and their main actlvltles 67 2.3 Foreigners In the Ethlopian administration 71 2.4 Foreign economic influence In Ethlopla before 1935 73 3. Protestant missions durlng the ltalian occupation, 1936-1941 74 4. Foreigners in the Ethioplan society, 1941-1944 76 4.1 TheEthiopian policy towards foreign missions 76 4.2 The supremacy of the British in the Ethiopian administration, 1942--44 80 4.3 Ethiopian policy towards foreign immigration, 1941-1944 86 5. Foreigners In Ethlopia, 1944-1949 87 5.1 Comments on the sources 87 5.2 Ethioplanregistration offoreigners 89 5.3 Ethioplan registration of foreigners by occupational main groups and origin 91 5.4 The registration ofSwedes by year, sex and main occupational groupings 1944-1949 96 6. Summary 100 IV. Ethio-Swedish relations before the HaHan oeeupation 103 1. Swedish missionaries in Ethiopia 1865-1936 103 1.1 Three misslonary societles start work in Ethiopia 103 1.2 Actlve periods and main areas of activity of the Swedish mlssionaries 108 Missionaries jrom Swedish Evangelical Mission on their way to the Oromo areas 1865-1904 108 The mission moves towards Oromo areas 1905-1936 110 1.3 The professionai orlentatlon ofthe missionary staff 115 2. Swedish experts in Ethiopia 1924-1936 121 2.1 Ras Taffari's visit to Sweden 1924 and his contacts with SEM and 5MBV 121 2.2 Swedish medical staffinEthiopla 123 2.3 Swedish advisers in foreign affairs 125 Johannes Kolmodin 125 General Eric Virgin 130 Difficulty inflnding aSwedish successor to General Virgin 134 2.4 Swedish Army Officers in Ethiopian service 1934-1936 135 Ethiopian cadets at 'Ecole de Guerre Hai/e Selassie je" 1935-1936 137 2.5 Swedish staffat the radio station at Aqaqi 141 RecruitmentojFrankHammar 142 3.
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