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Enemies Within the Cold War and the AIDS Crisis in Literature, Film, and Culture

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Enemies Within the Cold War and the AIDS Crisis in Literature, Film, and Culture Enemies Within The Cold War and the AIDS Crisis in Literature, Film, and Culture Jacqueline Foertsch AQUILINE BOOKS I UNT An Imprint of the University of North Texas Libraries Denton Published in 2017 by University of North Texas Libraries 1155 Union Circle #305190 Denton, TX 76203-5017 Copyright 2001 Jacqueline Foertsch. Some rights reserved. Except where otherwise noted, this work is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12794/sps.enemies-foertsch ENEMIES WITHIN ENwvi MIhinES The Cold War and the AIDS Crisis in Literature, Film, and Culture JACQUELINE FOERTSCH UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA AND CHICAGO 2001 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America C 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Foertsch, Jacqueline, 1964- Enemies within : the Cold War and the AIDS crisis in literature, film, and culture / Jacqueline Foertsch. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-252-02637-3 (alk. paper) i. American literature-2oth century-History and criticism. 2. Cold War in literature. 3. Cold War-Social aspects-United States. 4. Postmodernism (Literature)-United States. 5. AIDS (Disease)-United States-History. 6. AIDS (Disease) in motion pictures. 7. Postmodernism-United States. 8. AIDS (Disease) in literature. 9. Cold War in motion pictures. I. Title. PS228.C58F64 2001 81o.9'358-dc21 00-011199 Contents Acknowledgments vii INTRODUCTION: Five Minutes to Midnight-What Is a Postmodern Plague? 1 1. COUNTING DOWN-TO CATASTROPHE OR CURE? 9 Bomb Scares: Two Epidemic Eras History Repeats Itself: The Cold War as Mirror to the AIDS Crisis History Reproduces Itself: The Cold War as Blueprint for the AIDS Crisis Talking Cures: Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Location of Illness in Language Exploding Cures: The Irradiated Metaphoric 2. FOUR CORNERS OF A CRISIS: GENRES OF PLAGUE TEXTS 36 Before, Beyond, and Within: Where We Are in Our Plague Texts Forward, Backward, and Over Again: Two Views of the Primal Scene Boxed In by Our Fears: Four Plague Genres Backward Glances: The Pre-epidemic Inward Glances: The Pre-AIDS Autobiography Steps Sideways: The Alterapocalyptic Two Small, Deserted Islands: The Preapocalyptic and Extraepidemic Deathbed Dictations: The Intraepidemic Forward Lunges: The Postapocalyptic 3. THREE POINTS OF SIGHT: GENDER IN PLAGUE TEXTS 94 Danger Zones and Other Postmodern Myths Plague Texts and the Feminine Presence and Absence in Nuclear Literature Positivity and Negativity in AIDS Literature Textual Triangles Bombshells and Basket Cases: Gendered Bomb/Gendered Illness in Nuclear Texts Tantrums and Time Bombs: Gendered Illness/Gendered Bomb in AIDS Texts 4. TWO TAKES ON A SCARE: CINEMATIC PLAGUE TEXTS AND THEIR REMAKES 162 The Return as the Repressed: Plague Film Remakes Incredible Shrinkage: Having the Phallus/Be(com)ing a Penis Parasites with Submarines: Some Small, Sick, Scientific Spies Panic in the Streets of San Francisco: Cross-Metaphoric Treatments of Plague Themes Kids These Days: The Oedipal and Extra-Oedipal in Remake Relations Not The Blobs but the Blobs CONCLUSION: One Fine Day-Toward a Realization of the "Eutemporal" 189 Notes 193 Works Cited 219 Index 235 Acknowledgments This book came into being with the critical support of the multiple anonymous readers serving the editorial boards of journals that have accepted (and reject- ed) parts of this work and, of course, the experts in my field consulted as com- mentators on this manuscript by the University of Illinois Press. Although I cannot refer to them by name, they were the primary critical audience for the later forms of this project and have shaped it importantly and effectively. At Illinois, Richard Martin, Theresa L. Sears, and August Gering have provided wonderful editorial assistance and support. My thanks to all of them. I owe an even greater debt to this project's earliest readers, who added nurturing encouragement and invaluable friendship to their incisive critical responses: Annette Trefzer read early drafts of this book in its dissertation form and encouraged its continued development; Frank Edington Durham's train- ing in physics and interest in literature-science interdisciplinarity enabled his valuable perspective; Molly Anne Rothenberg's pointed and detailed response provided indispensable guidance; and Geoffrey Galt Harpham has shepherd- ed this project from its earliest paragraphs and responded helpfully and will- ingly to ideas and drafts at every stage of its development. His analyses, espe- cially of the grotesque in literature, and analytic methods played an essential role in the formation of this work and model the rigorous inquiry it has sought to emulate. I am grateful to all four of these teacher-philosophers for their careful, constructive interactions with this work and for their examples of schol- arship and brilliance, which continue to inspire me. Assistance of a more amorphous but still priceless quality has come from the communities of scholars, activists, and friends with whom I have been privileged to associate in the several years of this project's development. At Tulane University, Sandy Haro and Jan Mulvilhill provided clerical and tech- nical support for it in dissertation and early manuscript stages. Jill Buchan- an, Kristina Busse, John Dudley, Dietmar Felber, Julia Hodges, Bess MacIn- ness, Jennifer Maier, Lee Miller, and Molly Abel Travis are Tulane friends and colleagues who created a stimulating environment while I was among them viii - Acknowledgments and provide wonderful memories now. Laszlo Fulop, David Larivierre, Dar- la Rushing, Claire Ryan, Roxanne Smith, and Mike Stasio are New Orleans friends who also made my life there so very enjoyable. Hallie Stein Gorup, Leslie Richardson, and Kathryn Duncan will, I know, always be "there" (in New Orleans and beyond) for me. At Auburn University, Paula R. Backscheider and Miriam Marty Clark have given valuable advice to assist me in the final publication stages; Marc Silverstein has read and responded helpfully to a portion of this project. A large group of friends have formed a receptive space for the production of my work and delightful diversion when a break from work is required: Phil- ip Acree-Cavalier, Dan Albergotti, Jon Bolton, Diane Boyd, Chris Campagna, Marian Carcache, Alicia Carroll, Lou Caton, Tim Dykstal, Delia Fisher, Pat- sy Fowler, Bonnie Gerard, Marie Gibson, James Goldstein, Eric Hayot, Mar- garet Hundleby, Christian Gregory, Colleen Hamilton, Chris Kiersted, Mar- ta Kvande Kiersted, James C. McKelly, Keith Perry, David Peterson, Constance Relihan, Gary MacDonald, Ann Marie Mann Simpkins, Margaret Smith, Susanne Thomas, James Truman, Joseph Walker, Frank Walters, Jodi Wyett, Hilary Wyss, and Jake York. To them, their spouses, and families go my grat- itude and love. Most of all I thank my family, especially my beloved aunt, Sr. Jordan Dahm, OSF, a scholar, community leader, and joyful servant, for all she has taught and given me, and my "nuclear" grouping-Richard, Philo- mena, Christine, and Michael-whose interest, encouragement, and love comfort and sustain me always. Finally, some words of gratitude and admiration for the courageous cleri- cal and medical staffs of the Infectious Disease Inpatient Unit and HIV Out- patient Program at New Orleans's Charity Hospital, and especially for the heroic men and women served by these facilities. The pizzazz and grace with which they face their daily battles with terrifying illness and death will always amaze and inspire me. This book is dedicated to them and to the memory of the many angels I encountered there, now sorrowfully lost to HIV/AIDS. Earlier versions of portions of this book appeared as "The Bomb Next Door: Four Postwar Alterapocalyptics," Genre: Forms of Discourse and Culture 30.4 (Winter 1997): 333-58; "Not Bombshells but Basketcases: Gendered Illness in Nuclear Texts," Studies in the Novel 31.4 (Winter 1999): 471-88; and "Angels in an Epidemic: Women as 'Negatives' in Recent AIDS Fiction," South Cen- tral Review 16.1 (Spring 1999): 57-72. INTRODUCTION Five Minutes to Midnight-What Is a Postmodern Plague? Illness has changed in the last fifty years, during the transition from modern to postmodern times. We fall sick from unheard-of ailments, we pass through un- dreamed-of treatments, we die in unsettling new ways and places. -David B. Morris, Illness and Culture in the PostmodernAge In January 1980, on the eve of the Reagan-Bush decade of societal dismantling and abandonment, the "Atomic Scientists" who have published their world- watching Bulletin since the dawn of the nuclear age nudged their doomsday clock from 9 minutes to midnight, where it had been set since 1974, to the 7- minute position. The "clock," actually only an upper-left quadrant whose menacing features dominated the cover of the Bulletin from 1947 until the mid- 1960s, has been reduced in size and moved to the inside pages, yet it remains a widely consulted barometer of the stability or chaos of the global nuclear situation. In 1980 this chronometric surge was an indictment not of Reagan, whose "evil empire" was as yet more rhetoric than realization, but of the Carter administration-its deadlocked arms discussion with the Soviets and both superpower leaders' persistence in acting like "nucleoholics." The clock's minute hand began a forward drift in the mid-1970s, following the "detente decade" (1960-72)-during which it had hovered at a relatively free-breath- ing 10 or 12 minutes to midnight-and after the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) broke down at a Moscow summit. Yet the clock's move forward at the dawn of the "me decade" was an equally telling prediction of things to come, as the nuclear stockpiling that propelled Reagan's economy and politics during his first term encouraged a similar buildup by the Soviets and resulted in heavy deployment of missiles throughout Europe by both sides.
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