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عادات غذائی گاوماهی شنی (Neogobius Pallasi (Berg, 1916 در نهرهای کبودوال

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عادات غذائی گاوماهی شنی (Neogobius Pallasi (Berg, 1916 در نهرهای کبودوال ﻋﺎدات ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ (Neogobius pallasi (Berg, 1916 در ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎي... داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻨﺒﺪ ﮐﺎووس ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ "ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻫﯽﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي" دوره ﭘﻨﺠﻢ، ﺷﻤﺎره اول، ﺑﻬﺎر 96 http://jair.gonbad.ac.ir ﻋﺎدات ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ (Neogobius pallasi (Berg, 1916 در ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﮐﺒﻮدوال، زرﯾﻦﮔﻞ و ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد- اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﻋﺮﻓﺎن ﮐﺮﯾﻤﯿﺎن1، رﺳﻮل ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﯽ*2، اﺑﻮاﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﮐﻤﺎﻟﯽ3 1داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﮐﺘﺮاي ﺷﯿﻼت، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻓﻨﻮن درﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺮﻣﺸﻬﺮ، ﺧﺮﻣﺸﻬﺮ، اﯾﺮان 2داﻧﺸﯿﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﺷﯿﻼت، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن، ﮔﺮﮔﺎن، اﯾﺮان 3اﺳﺘﺎد ﺑﺎزﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ ﮔﺮوه ﺷﯿﻼت داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن، ﮔﺮﮔﺎن، اﯾﺮان ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ارﺳﺎل: 23/7/94 ؛ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش: 94/9/14 ﭼﮑﯿﺪه ﻫﺪف از اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻃﯿﻒ ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ، ارﺟﺤﯿﺖ ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ و ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷـﻨ ﯽ (N. pallasi) ﺑـﻮد. ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ روي رژﯾﻢ ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ در ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﮐﺒﻮدوال، زرﯾﻦﮔﻞ و ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد در ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1387 اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر 104، 30 و 62 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ از ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺧﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﻮدن ﻣﻌﺪه، ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ در ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﮐﺒﻮدوال، زرﯾﻦﮔـﻞ و ﺷـ ﯿﺮآﺑﺎد ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿـ ﺐ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﭘﺮﺧﻮر، ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﮐﻢﺧﻮر و ﭘﺮﺧﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮده ﺑﻮده و از ﻻرو ﺣﺸﺮات، ﺳﺨﺖﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎن، اﻟﯿﮕﻮﮐﺖ و ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ ﮐﺮده ﺑﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﮔﻮارش ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ از 13 ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ ﮐﺮده ﺑﻮد، ﺑﻪﻃﻮريﮐﻪ دﯾﭙﺘﺮا (ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺷﯿﺮوﻧﻮﻣﯿﺪه) Downloaded from jair.gonbad.ac.ir at 5:54 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 و اﻓﻤﺮوﭘﺘﺮا در ﻧﻬﺮ ﮐﺒﻮدوال و ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد و اﻓﻤﺮوﭘﺘﺮا، ﺗﺮﯾﮑﻮﭘﺘﺮا و دﯾﭙﺘﺮا (ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺷﯿﺮوﻧﻮﻣﯿﺪه) در ﻧﻬﺮ زرﯾـ ﻦﮔـﻞ راﯾﺞ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ اﯾﻮﻟﻮ، اﻓﻤﺮوﭘﺘﺮا در ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻬﺮ داراي ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و دﯾﭙﺘـﺮا F داراي ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﻮد. ﻃﺒﻖ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ p ﻧﯿﺰ دﯾﭙﺘﺮا در ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﮐﺒﻮدوال و ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد ﻃﻌﻤﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ و در ﻧﻬﺮ زرﯾﻦﮔﻞ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ ﺑﻪدﻟﯿﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ در اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﺳﺘﺮس ﻣﺤﻠﯽ، اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺳـﺎزﮔﺎر و ﻋﻤـﻮﻣ ﯽ را از ﺧـﻮد ﻧﺸـﺎن ﻣ ﯽدﻫﺪ. واژهﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯿﺪي: N. pallasi، رژﯾﻢ ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ، ﻧﻬﺮ ﮐﺒﻮدوال، ﻧﻬﺮ زرﯾﻦﮔﻞ، ﻧﻬﺮ ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد، اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن 1 *ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل: [email protected] 1 ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻫﯽﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي/ دوره ﭘﻨﺠﻢ، ﺷﻤﺎره اول، ﺑﻬﺎر 96 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ زﯾﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﺑﻮمﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎن در ﯾـ ﮏ اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴـﺘﻢ آﺑـ ﯽ از ﺿـﺮور ﯾﺎت اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ و ﺑﺎزﺳـﺎز ي ذﺧـﺎ ﯾﺮ آنﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻮده و ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ و ﺗﺤﻠ ﯿـ ﻞ اﮐﻮﻟـﻮژ ﯾﮑﯽ زﻧﺠﯿـ ﺮه ﻏـﺬا ﯾﯽ اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﻣــﯽﮔــﺮدد، ﮐــﻪ ا ﯾــﻦ اﻣــﺮ در اﻋﻤــﺎل ﻣــﺪ ﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺻــﺤﯿﺢ ﺷــﯿﻼﺗﯽ ﮐــﺎرﺑﺮد ﻓــﺮاوان دارد (Kazancheyev, 1981)، ﺑﻪﻃﻮر يﮐﻪ در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ آبﻫﺎ، ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻫﺮ ﭼﯿـ ﺰ ﺑﺎﯾﺴـﺘ ﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳـ ﯽ روي ﻣﺎﻫﯿـ ﺎن ﺻﻮرت ﮔﯿﺮد (Bagenal and Tesch, 1978). در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت رژﯾﻢ و ﻋﺎدات ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﮐﻠﯿﺪي ﺟﻬﺖ درك ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي رﻓﺘﺎري، ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژي، اﮐﻮﻟﻮژي و ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژي ﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺤﺴـﻮب ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ (Rosecchi and Nouaze, 1987; Goncalves and Erzini, 1998). اﮐﺜﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎن، درﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻮده و در آبﻫﺎي ﮐﻢﺷﻮر و ﺧﯿﻠﯽ ﺷﻮر دﯾﺪه ﻣ ﯽﺷـﻮﻧﺪ . در درﯾـ ﺎي ﺧﺰر ﺣﺪود 37 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ و زﯾـ ﺮ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ از ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫ ﯿـ ﺎن، Gobiidae وﺟـﻮد دارد ( Rahimov, 1986). ﺑﻌﻀﯽ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت داﺋﻤﯽ در آبﻫـﺎ ي ﺷـ ﯿﺮﯾﻦ زﻧـﺪﮔ ﯽ ﻣـ ﯽﮐﻨﻨـﺪ ( ;Berg, 1964 Barimani, 1977; Abdoli, 2000). ﯾﮑـ ﯽ از ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎ ي آبﺷـ ﯿﺮﯾﻦ اﯾـ ﻦ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده، ﮔﺎوﻣـﺎﻫ ﯽ ﺷـﻨ ﯽ (N. pallasi) اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ داراي ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ وﺳﯿﻌﯽ در ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﯽ ﺧﺰر و رودﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﻬﯽ ﺑﻪ آن اﺳـﺖ (Naderi and Abdoli, 2004). ﮔﺎو ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎن ﺟﺰء ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎن ﮔﻮﺷﺖﺧﻮار و ﺑـﻪ ﻟﺤـﺎظ ﻣﻮﻗﻌ ﯿـ ﺖ در ﭼﺮﺧـﻪ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺼﺮفﮐﻨﻨﺪه رده ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻏـﺬا ﯾﯽ ﺑـﻮده و ﺧـﻮد ﻃﻌﻤـﻪ اﻧـﻮاع ﻣﺎﻫ ﯿـ ﺎن دﯾﮕـﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻋﻤﺪه ﻋﺎدات ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ، ﺑﻪﻃﻮر واﺿﺢ ﻧﺮم ﺗﻦ ﺧـﻮار ي اﺳـﺖ، اﮔـﺮ ﭼـﻪ ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﺗﻐ ﯿﯿـ ﺮات ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ، ﻓﺼﻠﯽ و ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ از ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﯿﺰ ﺧﻮاري دﯾﺪه ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ، اﻣـﺎ ﻋﻤـﺪﺗﺎً ﺑـ ﯽﻣﻬﺮﮔـﺎن ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﻣﺎﻫ ﯽﻫﺎ در رژﯾﻢ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ (Svetovidov, 1964). ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ رژﯾﻢ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﯽ در درﯾﺎي ﺧﺰر ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺨﺖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻣﻘﺪار ﮐﻤﯽ از ﺟﺎﻧﻮران ﻧﺮمﺗﻦ، ﮐﺮم ﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﺗﺎر، ﺷﯿﺮوﻧﻮﻣﯿﺪه و ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫ ﯽﻫﺎي ﮐﻮﭼﮏ اﺳﺖ (Coad, 2012). ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﯿﻦ در رژﯾـ ﻢ ﻏـﺬا ﯾﯽ ﺟﻤﻌﯿـ ﺖﻫـﺎ ي اﯾـ ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ در آب ﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﯽ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﯽ درﯾﺎي ﺧﺰر، در ﺳﻨﯿﻦ ﭘﺎﺋﯿﻦ اﻧﻮاع ﺣﺸﺮات آﺑﺰي (ﺷﯿﺮوﻧﻮﻣﯿﺪه و اﻓﻤﺮوﭘﺘـﺮا) Downloaded from jair.gonbad.ac.ir at 5:54 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 و ﺳﺨﺖﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎن و در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرگﺗﺮ اﻧﻮاع ﻻرو ﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﯿﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (Abdoli, 2000). ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه روي ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎن ﺟـﻨﺲ Neogobius ﺑﯿﺸـﺘﺮ در ﺳـﻮاﺣﻞ اﯾﺮاﻧـﯽ درﯾﺎي ﺧﺰر ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪﻃﻮريﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ در اﯾﺮان ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ دﻗﯿﻘﯽ روي ﻋﺎدات ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ N. pallasi ﺑـﻪ ﺧﺼـﻮص در آبﻫـﺎي داﺧﻠـﯽ اﻧﺠـﺎم ﻧﺸـﺪه اﺳـﺖ. از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﮐﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ ﻣـﯽ ﺗـﻮان ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـ ﻪ ( ,Abdoli and Rahmani 2001) اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ رژﯾﻢ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺎو ﻣﺎﻫﯽ در ﻧﻬﺮ ﻣﺎدرﺳﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي در ﻣﻌﺪه ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎن ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺗﻨـﻮع ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ اي در ﻣﺤـ ﯿﻂ اﺳـﺖ ( ,Alavi Yeganeh and Kalbasi 2006). ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ و اﻧﺪازه ﻫﺮﯾﮏ از ﻃﻌﻤﻪﻫﺎ را از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه در ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ رژﯾﻢ ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ 2 ﻋﺎدات ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ (Neogobius pallasi (Berg, 1916 در ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎي... در ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ ﻧﻮر درﯾﺎي ﺧﺰر ﻋﻨﻮان ﮐﺮده و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺧﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﻮدن ﻣﻌﺪه، اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ را ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﭘﺮﺧـﻮر ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻤﻮد. ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﻫﻤﯿﺖ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﯽ و ﻟﺰوم ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺘﯽ آن، ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﻋﺎدات ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷـﻨﯽ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف از اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻃﯿﻒ ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ، ارﺟﺤﯿـ ﺖ ﻏـﺬاﺋ ﯽ و ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻮع و ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ ﻃﻌﻤﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻐﺬﯾ ﻪاي در ﻣﺤـ ﯿﻂ ﺑـﻮد . ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮا ﯾﻦ در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﻧﻮاع ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻐﺬﯾ ﻪاي ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ در ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ارﺗﺒﺎط آن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨـﻮع و ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ اي در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ، ﺳﻌﯽ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﺼـﻮ ﯾﺮ دﻗﯿـ ﻖﺗـﺮ ي از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎت ز ﯾﺴـﺘ ﯽ ﺟﻤﻌﯿـ ﺖ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ ﺳﺎﮐﻦ آب ﺷﯿﺮﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮدد، ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ اﻣﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻨﻮع زﯾﺴﺘﯽ آبﻫـﺎي داﺧﻠـﯽ و ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ و ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻔﯿﺪ واﻗﻊ ﺷﻮد و ﺗﻨﻮع ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ و راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﯾﮏ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ را در ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎي ﺟﺪا از زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي درﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺑﺎرزﺗﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ. ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ در اﺑﺘﺪا ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ و اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن از وﺟﻮد ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ، ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ از 5 و 3 اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه در ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﮐﺒﻮدوال (ﻃﻮل ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ´54˚54 و ﻋﺮض ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ´53˚36) و ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد ('57،°37 و ﻋﺮض ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ'52،°36) و در ﻧﻬﺮ زرﯾﻦﮔﻞ (ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻃﻮل ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ50´59˚54 ﺗﺎ ´05˚55 و ﻋﺮض ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ12´55˚36 ﺗﺎ ´00˚37 ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ) از 14 اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه (ﻓﻘﻂ ﯾﮏ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه داراي ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻮد) در ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1387 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ (ﺷﮑﻞ 1). در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري از ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎن ﻓﻘﻂ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎر در ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ( ﺑﻪدﻟﯿﻞ دﺑﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ و ﺷﻔﺎﻓﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن آب) ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﮐﺒﻮدوال، زرﯾﻦﮔﻞ و ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد در اﻏﻠﺐ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎ ﺳﻨﮕﻼﺧﯽ و ﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪه از ﻗﻠﻮهﺳﻨﮓ اﺳﺖ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺑ ﻪوﺳﯿﻠﻪ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﺷﻮﮐﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪرت 7/1 ﮐﯿﻠﻮوات و ﺟﺮﯾـ ﺎن ﻣﺴـﺘﻘ ﯿﻢ و وﻟﺘﺎژ 200-100 وﻟـﺖ ﺻـ ﯿﺪ ﮔﺮدﯾـ ﺪ (Bagenal and Tesch, 1978; Copp et al., 2005). ﺑﻌـﺪ از Downloaded from jair.gonbad.ac.ir at 5:54 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎن در ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﯿﻦ 10 درﺻﺪ، آنﻫﺎ را ﺑـﻪ آزﻣﺎ ﯾﺸـﮕﺎه ﻣﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻧﻤـﻮده و وزن ﺑـﺪن ﺑـﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺮازوي دﯾﺠﯿﺘﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ دﻗﺖ 1/0 ﮔﺮم ﺗﻮزﯾﻦ و ﻃﻮل ﮐﻞ ﺑﺪن ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮐﻮﻟﯿﺲ ﺑﺎ دﻗﺖ 01/0 ﻣﯿﻠـ ﯽﻣﺘـﺮ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪ. ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺳﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎن از روي اﺗﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺳﺎﺋﯿﺪن روي ﺳﻨﺒﺎده ﻧﺮم و روﺋﯿﺖ ﺣﻠﻘـﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺰرﮔﻨﻤﺎﺋﯽ 15× اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري از ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﺰرگ ﺑ ﯽﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎن ﮐﻔﺰي ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﻮرﺑﺮ ﺳﻤﭙﻠﺮ، ﻣﺨﺼﻮص آبﻫﺎي ﺟﺎري و ﺗﻨﺪ و از دو ﻗﺎب ﻓﻠﺰي ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪام ﺑﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد 5/30×5/30 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ، از ﺳﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻨﺎح ﭼﭗ، ﺟﻨﺎح راﺳﺖ و وﺳﻂ ﻧﻬﺮ (ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺷﺪت آب آﻧﻘﺪر زﯾﺎد ﻧﺒﻮد ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﮔﺮدد) ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. 3 ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻫﯽﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي/ دوره ﭘﻨﺠﻢ، ﺷﻤﺎره اول، ﺑﻬﺎر 96 ﺷﮑﻞ 1- ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻋﺎدات ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ (N. pallasi) در ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﮐﺒﻮدوال، زرﯾ ﻦﮔﻞ و ﺷﯿﺮآﺑﺎد- اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن در ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ رژﯾﻢ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ، دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﮔﻮارش ﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﯿﭽﯽ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺑـﺎز و ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﯾـ ﺎت را داﺧـﻞ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻠﯿﺖ رﯾﺨﺘﻪ و در زﯾﺮ ﻟﻮپ دو ﭼﺸﻤﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻠﯿﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ، ﻣﻮرد ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎ ﯾﯽ و ﺷـﻤﺎرش ﻗـﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻌﺪاد 100 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮازوي دﯾﺠﯿﺘﺎﻟﯽ ﺑـﺎ دﻗـﺖ 0/0001 ﮔﺮم وزن ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ ﺗﺎ وزن اﻧﻔﺮادي ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﯽ ﻃﻌﻤﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﯾﺪ. ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺣﺠﻤﯽ ﻃﻌﻤﻪﻫـﺎ ﺗﻌـﺪاد 100 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از ﻫﺮ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ را داﺧﻞ ﯾﮏ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ ﻣﺪرج رﯾﺨﺘﻪ و ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﺳﭙﺲ ﺣﺠـﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ Downloaded from jair.gonbad.ac.ir at 5:54 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾـ ﺎت دﺳــﺘﮕﺎه ﮔــﻮارش ﻣﺎﻫ ﯿــ ﺎن ﭘــﺲ از ﺗــﻮز ﯾ ﻦ ﮐــﺎﻣﻼً ً ﺟــﺪا ﺷــﺪه و ز ﯾــ ﺮ اﺳﺘﺮ ﯾ ﻮﻣ ﯿ ﮑﺮوﺳــﮑﻮپ (ﺑ ﯿ ﻨﻮﮐﻮﻻر) ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ ﯾﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع ﺻ ﯿ ﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﺮد ﯾ ﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺷﻤﺎرﺷ ﯽ درﺻﺪ اﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻟ ﯽ (F % ) و درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧ ﯽ (A %) ﻧﻮع ﺻ ﯿ ﺪ ﺑﻪ وﺳ ﯿ ﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت زﯾـ ﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﮔﺮد ﯾـ ﺪ (Amundsen et al., 1996) (ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ 1) . S 100 N 100 % A= i %F= i (1) N St در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت: Ni = ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎن داراي ﺻﯿﺪ i در دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﮔﻮارش آنﻫﺎ، 4 ﻋﺎدات ﻏﺬاﺋﯽ ﮔﺎوﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻨﯽ (Neogobius pallasi (Berg, 1916 در ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎي... Si= ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﮔﻮارش (ﺷﻤﺎرﺷﯽ) ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺻﯿﺪi N = ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮐﻞ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎن ﺑﺎ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﮔﻮارش ﭘﺮ S= ﮐﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﮔﻮارش ﺗﻤﺎم دﺳﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﮔﻮارش در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش (Costello, 1990 ) ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮار دادن درﺻـﺪ اﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻟ ﯽ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ درﺻـﺪ ﺷﻤﺎرﺷـ ﯽ و ﺗﺸﮑ ﯿ ﻞ ﻧﻤﻮدار، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮز ﯾ ﻊ ﻧﻘﺎط در ﻃﻮل ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎ ي آن، اﻫﻤ ﯿ ﺖ ﻃﻌﻤـﻪ ﻫـﺎ ي ﺧـﻮرده ﺷـﺪه ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺻ ﯿ ﺎد ﺑﺮرﺳ ﯽ ﮔﺮد ﯾ ﺪ .
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