Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater, Palm Beach County, Florida

By Ronald S. Reese and Michael A. Wacker

Prepared in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District

Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5113

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2009

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Suggested citation: Reese, R.S., and Wacker, M.A., 2009, Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater, Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5113, 83 p., (appendixes on CD).

ISBN 978 1 4113 2550 0 iii

Contents

Abstract ...... 1 Introduction...... 2 Purpose and Scope ...... 2 Description of Study Area ...... 2 Previous Investigations...... 3 Methods of Investigation ...... 4 Well Drilling and Construction and Inventory of Wells ...... 4 Borehole Geophysical Logging ...... 6 Description of Lithologic Samples ...... 6 Aquifer Testing ...... 6 Water-Quality Data Collection ...... 6 Lithostratigraphic Framework Delineation ...... 6 Hydrostratigraphic Framework Delineation ...... 7 Hydrogeologic Framework ...... 7 Lithostratigraphic Framework ...... 7 Hydrostratigraphic Units...... 8 Zone 1...... 10 Zone 2...... 14 Zone 3...... 14 Hydraulic Properties and Characteristics ...... 24 Hydraulic Test Data ...... 24 Comparison of Transmissivity Derived by Different Methods ...... 24 Confinement above Zone 2 or 3 ...... 28 Characteristics of Flow Zones as Determined by Borehole Geophysical Logs ...... 28 Distribution of Transmissivity by Zone ...... 28 Zone 1...... 28 Zone 2 or Zones 2 and 3 Combined ...... 28 Zone 3...... 33 Aquifer Nomenclature and Definition ...... 33 Origin of High Salinity Groundwater in Central and Western Parts of the Study Area ...... 35 Summary and Conclusions ...... 39 References Cited...... 41 Appendix 1...... on CD Appendix 2...... on CD iv

Figures

1–2. Maps showing— 1. Study area and physiographic provinces and subdivisions of the study area...... 3 2. All wells used to define the litho- and hydrostratigraphic frameworks in the study, Palm Beach County, Florida...... 5 3. Chart showing lithostratigraphic units recognized in the study area, their generalized geology, and relation with hydrogeologic units...... 8 4. Hydrostratigraphic section A-A’, and location of hydrostratigraphic section lines...... 9 5. Hydrostratigraphic section B-B’...... 10 6. Core photographs of PB-1761 for interval from 10 to 40 feet below land surface, including zone 1...... 11 7. Map showing altitude of the top of zone 1...... 12 8. Map showing thickness of zone 1...... 13 9. Core photograph of PB-1807 for interval from approximately 76 to 83 feet below land surface within zone 2...... 15 10–12. Maps showing— 10. Altitude of the top of zone 2...... 16 11. Thickness of zone 2...... 17 12. Thickness of the confining unit between zones 1 and .2...... 18 13. Core photograph and thin-section photomicrograph from zone 3 in the gray limestone aquifer...... 19 14–18. Maps showing— 14. Altitude of the top of zone 3...... 20 15. Thickness of zone 3...... 21 16. Thickness of the confining unit above zone ...... 3 22 17. Combined thickness of zones 2 and 3...... 23 18. Location of hydraulic test sites, production well number, and zone(s) open...... 25 19–21. Plots showing— 19. Comparison of transmissivity from production well to monitoring well water-level analyses at the same site...... 26 20. Comparison of transmissivity derived from drawdown data to recovery data for single-well tests...... 27 21. Two methods of analysis of monitoring well drawdown data for production well PB-1557, site 13, in the inland northeastern area...... 29 22–25. Maps showing— 22. Distribution of transmissivity for zone 1...... 31 23. Distribution of transmissivity for zone 2 or zones 2 and 3 combined...... 32 24. Distribution of transmissivity for zone 3...... 34 25. Wells sampled in this study and chloride and dissolved solids concentrations measured...... 37 26–28. Plots showing relation between— 26. Ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 and the inverse of strontium concentration in groundwater within the study area...... 38 27. Delta deuterium and delta oxygen-18 in groundwater within the study area...... 38 28. Delta deuterium and chloride concentration in groundwater within the study area...... 39 v

Tables

1. Wells drilled and data collected for this study...... 4 2. Depths of flow zones and percentage of total flow based on analyses of flowmeter and fluid properties logs run in six wells...... 30

Appendix 1 Figures (on CD)

1–1-1–3. Maps showing— 1–1. Altitude of the T correlation marker...... 44 1–2. Altitude of the O correlation marker...... 45 1–3. Altitude of the H correlation marker...... 46

Appendix 1 Tables (on CD)

1–1. Inventory of all wells used in this study...... 47 1–2-1–6. Lithologic descriptions for wells— 1–2. PB-1761...... 53 1–3. PB-1804...... 56 1–4. PB-1805...... 58 1–5. PB-1806...... 59 1–6. PB-1807...... 60 1–7. Summary of geologic units and flow zones for wells with lithologic descriptions...... 62 1–8. Hydrogeologic unit boundaries and correlation marker depths determined in this study...... 63 1–9A. Hydraulic well test descriptions and locations...... 68 1–9B. Hydraulic well test results...... 74 1–9C. Sources and references for hydraulic well tests...... 81 1–10. Water-quality data collected in this study...... 82

Appendix 2 (on CD)

Montages showing lithology, geophysical logs, geologic and hydrostratigraphic units, flow zones, and well construction for all wells with data available...... 83 vi

Conversion Factors, Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Datums

Multiply By To obtain Length inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) Flow rate gallon per minute (gal/min) 0.06309 liter per second (L/s) Hydraulic conductivity foot per day (ft/d) 0.3048 meter per day (m/d) foot per day (ft/d) 7.48 gallon per day per feet squared (gal/d/ ft2) Transmissivity* foot squared per day (ft2/d) 0.09294 meter squared per day (m2/d) foot squared per day (ft2/d) 7.48 gallon per day per foot (gal/d/ft) Leakance foot per day per foot [(ft/d)/ft] 1 meter per day per meter foot per day per foot [(ft/d)/ft] 7.48 gallon per day per cubic foot (gal/d/ft3)

CERP Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan DBHYDRO South Florida Water Management District database GMWL Global Meteoric Water Line GR Gamma-ray GWSI Groundwater Site Inventory SFWMD South Florida Water Management District SPT Standard penetration test USGS U.S. Geological Survey WCA Water-Conservation Area vii

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows: °F=(1.8×°C)+32 Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows: °C=(°F-32)/1.8 Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29). Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) and North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above or below the vertical datum. *Transmissivity: The standard unit for transmissivity is cubic foot per day per square foot times foot of aquifer thickness [(ft3/d)/ft2]ft. In this report, the mathematically reduced form, foot squared per day (ft2/d), is used for convenience. Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (µS/cm at 25 °C). Chemical concentration units are in milligrams per liter (mg/L) Isotropic rations are expressed using the delta (δ) notation, which are in units of per mill (parts per thousand)

Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater, Palm Beach County, Florida

By Ronald S. Reese and Michael A. Wacker

to zero in most wells near the coast. Zone 3 attains its greatest Abstract thickness (100 feet or more) in the southwestern and south- central areas; zone 3 is equivalent to the gray limestone aquifer. Previous studies of the hydrogeology of the surficial The distribution of transmissivity was mapped by zone; aquifer system in Palm Beach County, Florida, have focused however, zones 2 and 3 were commonly combined in aquifer mostly on the eastern one-half to one-third of the county in the tests. Maximum transmissivities for zone 1, zones 2 and 3, and more densely populated coastal areas. These studies have not zone 3 were 90,000, 180,000, and 70,000 ft2/d (feet-squared placed the hydrogeology in a framework in which stratigraphic per day), respectively. The northern extent of the area with units in this complex aquifer system are defined and corre- transmissivity greater than 50,000 ft2/d for zones 2 and 3 in lated between wells. Interest in the surficial aquifer system has the inland northeastern area along Florida’s Turnpike has not increased because of population growth, westward expansion been defined based on available data and could extend 5 to of urbanized areas, and increased utilization of surface-water 10 miles farther north than mapped. Based on the thickness of resources in the central and western areas of the county. In zone 2 and a limited number of aquifer tests, a large area of 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South zone 2 with transmissivity greater than 10,000 ft2/d, and pos- Florida Water Management District, initiated an investigation to sibly as much as 30,000 ft2/d, extends to the west across Water delineate the hydrogeologic framework of the surficial aquifer Conservation Area 1 from the inland southeastern area into the system in Palm Beach County, based on a lithostratigraphic south-central area and some of the southwestern area. framework, and to evaluate hydraulic properties and characteris- In contrast to the Biscayne aquifer present to the south of tics of units and permeable zones within this framework. Palm Beach County, zones 2 and 3 are interpreted to be present A lithostratigraphic framework was delineated by principally in the Tamiami Formation and are commonly over- correlating markers between all wells with data available lain by a thick semiconfining unit of moderate permeability. based primarily on borehole natural gamma-ray geophysical These zones have been referred to as the “Turnpike” aquifer in log signatures and secondarily, lithologic characteristics. These the inland eastern areas of Palm Beach County, and the extent correlation markers approximately correspond to important of greatest thickness and transmissivity follows, or is adjacent lithostratigraphic unit boundaries. Using the markers as guides to, Florida’s Turnpike. Where it is thick and transmissive, to their boundaries, the surficial aquifer system was divided into three main permeable zones or subaquifers, which are des- zone 1 may be considered equivalent to the Biscayne aquifer. ignated, from shallowest to deepest, zones 1, 2, and 3. Zone 1 Areas of high salinity groundwater in the surficial is above the Tamiami Formation in the Anastasia and Fort aquifer system in the central and western areas of the county Thompson Formations. Zone 2 primarily is in the upper part or have been identified and mapped in previous studies, and Pinecrest Sand Member of the Tamiami Formation, and zone 3 water samples were collected in this study to gain a better is in the Ochopee Limestone Member of the Tamiami Forma- understanding of the origin of this water. Based primarily on tion or its correlative equivalent. Differences in the lithologic strontium concentration and isotope data, as well as hydrogen character exist between these three zones, and these differences and oxygen isotope data, evidence for upwelling and invasion commonly include differences in the nature of the pore space. of the surficial aquifer system with brackish or saline water Zone 1 attains its greatest thickness (50 feet or more) and from the Floridan aquifer system or deeper was not found. The highest transmissivity in coastal areas. Zone 2, the most transmis- seawater age indicated by strontium isotope ratios measured in sive and extensive zone, is thickest (80 feet or more) and most water produced from wells sampled in the central and western transmissive in the inland eastern areas near Florida’s Turnpike. areas correlates with the expected age of the sediments open In this area, zone 1 is absent, and the semiconfining unit above in a well, which indicates that the residual invaded or relict zone 2 extends to the land surface with a thickness commonly seawater theory for the origin of this high salinity water is ranging from 50 to 100 feet. The thickness of zone 2 decreases most probable. 2 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

Introduction understanding and simulation of the groundwater flow system. For the purpose of gaining this understanding and in order to better manage this groundwater resource, the U.S. Geological The surficial aquifer system is the major source of fresh- Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the SFWMD, initiated an water for public water supply in Palm Beach County, Florida, investigation in 2004 to develop a hydrogeologic framework yet many previous studies of the hydrogeology of this aquifer for the surficial aquifer system in Palm Beach County. system have focused only on the eastern one-half to one-third of the county in the more densely populated coastal area (Land and others, 1973; Swayze and others, 1980; Swayze and Miller, Purpose and Scope 1984; Shine and others, 1989). Population growth in the county has resulted in the westward expansion of urbanized areas into The purpose of this report is to delineate the hydrogeo- agricultural areas and has created new demands on the water logic framework of the surficial aquifer system in Palm Beach resources of the county. Additionally, interest in surface-water County, based on a lithostratigraphic framework developed in resources of the central and western areas of the county has the initial report for this study (Reese and Wacker, 2007), and increased. In these areas, plans for additional surface-water stor- to evaluate hydraulic properties and characteristics of units and age reservoirs are being made under the Comprehensive Ever- permeable zones within this framework. Specifically, this report: glades Restoration Plan (CERP), originally proposed by the U.S. (1) divides the surficial aquifer system into three main perme- Army Corps of Engineers and the South Florida Water Man- able zones and delineates the configuration, thickness, and agement District (1999). Stormwater-treatment areas already extent of these zones and the semiconfining units that separate have been constructed by the South Florida Water Management them; (2) estimates and delineates the hydraulic properties of District (SFWMD). Surface-water and groundwater interactions these zones (transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and charac- in the Everglades are thought to be important to water budgets, teristics of confinement); and (3) discusses water-quality data water quality, and ecology (Harvey and others, 2002). collected that relate to the origin of high salinity in the aquifer Most of the previous hydrogeologic and groundwater system in the central and southwestern parts of the county. Two flow simulation studies of the surficial aquifer system in Palm hydrogeologic sections were constructed to show the relation of Beach County have not utilized a hydrostratigraphic frame- hydrostratigraphic units to the lithostratigraphic framework. work, in which stratigraphic or sequence stratigraphic units, Five test wells were drilled for this study, and in three such as those proposed in Cunningham and others (2001), are of these, continuous cores were collected; four of these test delineated in this stratigraphically complex aquifer system. wells were constructed as monitoring wells. Standard borehole A thick zone of secondary permeability, mapped by Swayze geophysical logs were run in 13 wells, flowmeter logs were and Miller (1984), was not subdivided and was identified only run in 6 wells, and aquifer tests were run in 9 wells. Data from as being within the Anastasia Formation of Pleistocene age. 150 wells were synthesized and used for mapping the litho- Miller (1987) published 11 geologic sections of the surficial and hydrostratigraphic frameworks. Including the tests run in aquifer system but did not delineate any named stratigraphic this study and previously conducted tests, data from 63 aquifer units in these sections. This limited interpretation has resulted, tests conducted in other studies were compiled and used to in part, from the complex facies changes within rocks and sed- map the distribution of transmissivity by zone. iments of the surficial aquifer system, and in some places, the indistinct and repetitious nature of the most common litholo- Description of Study Area gies, which include sand, shell, sandstone, and limestone. Model construction and layer definition in a simulation The study area includes all of Palm Beach County and of groundwater flow within the surficial aquifer system of parts of Martin, Glades, Hendry, Collier, and Broward Coun- Palm Beach County utilized only the boundaries of one or two ties (fig. 1) and is divided into four physiographic provinces, major hydrogeologic zones, such as the “Biscayne aquifer” which from east to west are the Atlantic Coastal Ridge, the and the “production zone”; otherwise, layers were defined by Sandy Flatlands, the Everglades, and the Big Cypress Swamp. average altitudes rather than geologic structure or stratigraphy The western boundary of the Atlantic Coastal Ridge province (Shine and others, 1989). Additionally, the major permeable roughly parallels the coast and extends inland from 1 to 3 mi. zones in the model were assumed to have constant hydraulic The water-conservation areas (WCA) and stormwater-treat- conductivity with no allowance for the possibility of thin, ment areas are in the Everglades province (fig. 1). Most of preferential flow zones within the model layer. the Everglades province north of the water-conservation areas The key to understanding the spatial distribution and encompasses the Everglades Agricultural Area. hydraulic connectivity of permeable zones in the surficial For the purpose of this report, the study area was divided aquifer system beneath Palm Beach County is the develop- into eight areas (fig. 1). These areas are grouped into two ment of a stratigraphic framework based on a consistent western areas (the northwestern and southwestern areas), two method of countywide correlation. Variability in hydraulic central areas (the north-central and south-central areas), and properties in the system needs to be linked to the stratigraphic four eastern areas (the inland and coastal northeastern areas units delineated in this framework, and proper delineation and the inland and coastal southeastern areas). Most of the of the hydrogeologic framework should provide a better boundaries between the areas were chosen to follow main Introduction 3 highways or roads. The boundaries of the inland eastern areas, the Biscayne aquifer and a related production zone. Harvey however, were chosen, in part, because of hydrogeologic and others (2002) conducted a more recent hydrogeologic changes found along them. study of the surficial aquifer system in and adjacent to the water-conservation areas in southeastern Palm Beach County, Previous Investigations including test well drilling, borehole geophysical logging, and hydraulic conductivity testing. Test-well drilling and hydrogeologic studies were Mapping of the gray limestone aquifer was conducted conducted by the USGS and SFWMD in Palm Beach County by Reese and Cunningham (2000). This aquifer was found during the 1970s and 1980s. Data collected and inventoried to extend from Broward, Collier, and Hendry Counties into during this period include lithologic and geophysical logs from southwestern Palm Beach County. Depositional sequences 110 test wells (Schneider, 1976; Swayze and others, 1980). within and beneath the surficial aquifer system were mapped In eastern Palm Beach County, Swayze and Miller (1984) in southern Florida, including Palm Beach County, by Cun- mapped the extent of a zone of high secondary permeability ningham and others (2001). Some generalized sequence strati- in the surficial aquifer system that represents the northern graphic data in the upper part of the Biscayne aquifer of the extension of the Biscayne aquifer. Miller (1987) mapped the surficial aquifer system of southeastern Florida are included in base of the surficial aquifer system for the entire county and Cunningham and others (2004). compiled 11 lithologic sections. Causaras (1985) defined The Pleistocene deposits of southeastern Florida, includ- stratigraphic units in the surficial aquifer system in Broward ing Palm Beach County, were subdivided into five units or County adjacent to and south of Palm Beach County (fig. 1). stratigraphic cycles that, from oldest to youngest, are referred Fish (1988) divided the aquifer system in Broward County to as Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q5 (Perkins, 1977). These units are into the Biscayne aquifer and an underlying or adjacent new predominantly marine in origin but are separated by sub- and informally named “gray limestone” aquifer. Shine and aerial exposure surfaces. In another proposed nomenclature others (1989) completed a groundwater resource assessment for the southern Florida stratigraphy, all the Pleistocene age of the surficial aquifer system in eastern Palm Beach County, formations are grouped and referred to as the “Okeechobee including groundwater flow models and detailed mapping of Formation” (Scott, 1992).

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ 27°00´ Inland Northeast Coastal Northeast EXPLANATION OKEECHOBEE GLADES COUNTY MARTIN COUNTY PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES COUNTY PALM BEACH COUNTY 710 ATLANTIC COASTAL RIDGE EVERGLADES Lake L-8 Canal Okeechobee 95 SANDY FLATLANDS Northwestern BIG CYPRESS SWAMP North-Central TURNPIKE MANAGEMENT AND OTHER AREAS WATER CONSERVATION AREA 26°45´ 98 FLORIDA’S STORMWATER TREATMENT AREA L-8 1 STUDY AREA SUBDIVISION 98 441 STA-1E BOUNDARY 7 EVERGLADES AGRICULTURAL STA-1W AREA BOUNDARY Inland Southeast South-Central OTHER 95 ROAD 27 809 CANAL

26°30´ WCA-1 HENDRY COUNTY

STA-5 PALM BEACH COUNTY Southwestern FLORIDA STA-2 Coastal Southeast STA-6 STA-3/4 STUDY PALM BEACH COUNTY AREA BROWARD COUNTY WCA-2 441 1 WCA-3 95 26°15´ COLLIER FLORIDA’S TURNPIKE ATLANTIC OCEAN COUNTY Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 0 5 10 MILES Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 KILOMETERS

Figure 1. Study area and physiographic provinces and subdivisions of the study area. 4 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

Methods of Investigation in 2-ft intervals during drilling; however, the upper part of the sample collected in each barrel often contains material sloughed into the hole during the process of retrieving the bar- To meet the objectives of this study, work included test well rel and drill string out of the hole for each 2-ft run. drilling, coring, and construction; borehole geophysical logging; Four of the five wells drilled in this study were constructed lithologic description; aquifer testing; water-quality sampling and as monitoring wells. These wells were constructed with 4-in.- analysis; and data analysis. Prior to well drilling, a lithostrati- diameter polyvinyl chloride casing and screen (20-slot size), graphic framework was established based on data collected from with the screened interval sandpacked with 6/20 sand within 105 previously drilled wells (Reese and Wacker, 2007). an 8-in.-diameter mud-drilled hole (except for PB-1806, which had a 10-in.-diameter hole). The sandpack extended several feet Well Drilling and Construction and Inventory of above the top of the screened interval and was sealed above Wells with several feet of bentonite. Above the bentonite, the casing was filled with portland cement to the surface. Test wells were drilled at five sites (table 1, fig. 2). Two Identification, source study or owner, location, and total wells (PB-1804 and PB-1805) were drilled in the south-central hole depth data for 161 wells used in this report, including area, two (PB-1806 and PB-1807) were in the inland south- the wells drilled during this study, are presented in table 1–1 eastern area, and one (PB-1808) was in the inland northeastern (appendix 1). This information and other details such as con- area. struction data are stored in the USGS Groundwater Site Inven- Continuous coring was the preferred method of sample tory (GWSI) database and can be accessed using the USGS collection and was used in three of the test wells (table 1). local well name given in table 1–1. Of the 161 wells, 150 were Continuous core was collected using the wireline core drill- used in defining the litho- and hydrostratigraphic frameworks, ing method. Other sample collection methods included the and their locations are shown in figure 2. The locations of standard penetration test (SPT) method and collection of rock additional wells used in this study from which hydraulic cuttings from mud-rotary drilling. The SPT method employs test and water-quality data were collected are not shown in a split-barrel sampler that collects in situ formation samples figure 2, but are shown in a later figure in this report.

Table 1. Wells drilled and data collected for this study.

Continu- Borehole geophysical USGS Other Drilled for ous logs collected Aquifer local identifier this study core test well no. Standard Constructed collected open hole1 well2 PB-880 X PB-1545 APT site 9 production well X X PB-1547 APT site 15 production well X PB-1605 APT site 3 deep test well X PB-1608 APT site 17 production well X X PB-1761 B-6 Core Test X3 X X PB-1769 PBC-2 X X PB-1792 CP02-EAARS-CB-0010 X PB-1801 BP-DMW-W X X PB-1803 HASR-SASMW-1 X X PB-1804 LEC 7, S-6 Pump Station X X X X PB-1805 LEC 8, US 27, bend to north X X X X X PB-1806 LEC 9, US 441 and C-51 Canal X X X X X PB-1807 LEC 10 APT site 8, Turnpike and Lantana Rd X X X X X PB-1808 SR 710 and C-18 Canal X Not completed 1Includes gamma ray, caliper, induction resistivity, and spontaneous potential. 2Includes single-point resistance, borehole fluid resistivity and temperature, heat-pulse flowmeter, and electromagnetic or spinner flowmeter. 3Collected in a previous study Methods of Investigation 5

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY M-1361 M-1367 PB-1144 PB-681 GLADES COUNTY MARTIN COUNTY PB-650 PB-649 PALM BEACH COUNTY PB-747 PB-1546 PB-1614 PB-640 PB-1197 PB-651 PB-1613 PB-712 PB-880 PB-833 PB-1166 PB-1099 PB-708 Lake PB-1550 PB-1607 PB-838 PB-1082 Okeechobee PB-1109 PB-1084 PB-1086 PB-830 PB-1085 PB-1083 PB-679 PB-1098 PB-1808 PB-1029 PB-1038 PB-655 PB-837 PB-1558 PB-1555 PB-654 PB-652A PB-1184 PB-1026 W-5435 PB-1564 PB-1087 PB-798 PB-653 PB-1065 26°45´ PB-1783 PB-1088 PB-1782 PB-1176 PB-1693 PB-1781 PB-1089 PB-1777 PB-667 PB-843 PB-836 PB-678 PB-839 PB-676 PB-1806 PB-699 PB-677 PB-1567 PB-1797 PB-1695 PB-1544 PB-1173 PB-657 PB-1090 PB-695 PB-1578 PB-600 PB-1093 PB-1091 PB-694 PB-1094 PB-668 PB-669 PB-1092 PB-1807 PB-671 PB-1769 PB-672 PB-670 PB-834B PB-1571 PB-1805 PB-1576 PB-1586 PB-1096 PB-1603 PB-1095

HE-1116 COUNTY HENDRY PB-1097 PB-1192 PB-634 PALM BEACH COUNTY BEACH PALM 26°30´ PB-673 PB-674 PB-1195 PB-1786 PB-1107 PB-1787 PB-1804 FLORIDA’S TURNPIKE PB-675 PB-1102 PB-1598 PB-1702 HE-1142 PB-1785 PB-690 PB-1696 PB-1104 PB-1703 PB-1605 HE-1108 PB-1574 PB-1108 PB-1784 PB-1704 PB-1168 PB-1101 HE-1144 PB-1792 PB-1106 PB-1103 HE-1110 PB-1761 PB-658 PB-1788 PB-666 HE-1143 PB-1803 PB-665 G-2315 PB-1765 PB-1581 G-2314 PB-842 PALM BEACH COUNTY PB-1105 G-2313 PB-841 BROWARD COUNTY PB-1100 PB-1775

G-2916

ATLANTIC OCEAN G-2340 26°15´ C-1156 COLLIER C-1169 COUNTY G-2312 Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS SOURCE OR TYPE OF WELL ROAD Schneider (1976) Fish (1988) Deep Floridan Aquifer System well CANAL Fischer (1980) Reese and Cunningham (2000) Other wells

WELL LOCATION Swayze and others (1980) Harvey and others (2002) Test wells drilled in this study PB-1107 AND NUMBER USGS aquifer test well Central Everglades Restoration drilled in the 1980s Project (CERP) test well

Figure 2. All wells used to define the litho- and hydrostratigraphic frameworks in the study, Palm Beach County, Florida. 6 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

Previously drilled USGS test wells with continuously Additionally, rock samples from some previously drilled collected core include HE-1110 and HE-1116 in Hendry test wells were obtained and described. These included continu- County and PB-1703, PB-1704, and PB-1761 in southern ous core samples from well PB-1761, and SPT and minor con- Palm Beach County (fig. 2). Previously drilled CERP program tinuous core samples from four CERP test wells drilled by the wells used in this study include four wells in northern parts of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in northern Palm Beach County the study area (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2005) and 10 (wells M-1367, PB-1781, PB-1782, and PB-1783; U.S. Army wells in the southwestern and south-central parts of the study Corps of Engineers, 2005). Borehole geophysical logs were area (Ardaman & Assoc., Inc., 2003) (fig. 1; table 1–1). collected previously for these four CERP wells by the USGS as part of a different study. Lithologic descriptions done for this study for PB-1761 and four of the five wells drilled for this study Borehole Geophysical Logging (PB-1804 through PB-1807) are given in tables 1–2 through 1–6, and geologic units and flow zones are provided in table 1–7. Borehole geophysical measurements collected in this study were useful in determining the depth interval to screen in a well, defining litho- and hydrostratigraphic boundaries Aquifer Testing including flow zones, and determining relative changes in formation water salinity. For four of the test wells drilled dur- Single-well constant rate aquifer tests were performed at ing this study, standard open-hole borehole geophysical logs nine sites, including the four wells drilled in this study (table 1). were run, including natural gamma ray (GR), caliper, induc- Well size dictated the maximum pumping rate that could be tion resistivity, and spontaneous potential (table 1). Standard obtained, and diameters ranged from 2 to 6 in. Water-level logs also were run in nine previously drilled wells, because changes were recorded during drawdown and recovery using a borehole geophysical logs had not been collected when they self-contained, data logging pressure transducer placed down were originally drilled (table 1). a drop pipe in the well. The pumping rate was continuously Additional geophysical logs were run in constructed measured and recorded using an in-line vortex flowmeter placed wells, including the four wells drilled in this study and two of in a flow pipe on the discharge side of the pump. Both draw- the previously drilled wells, primarily to define and quan- down and recovery water-level data were analyzed to provide tify flow zones present in the constructed screened interval values for aquifer transmissivity. Tests of two of the wells were (table 1). The additional logs included single-point resistance, repeated using a larger pump to provide a higher pumping rate. fluid resistivity, fluid temperature, heat-pulse flowmeter, and electromagnetic or spinner flowmeter. Heat-pulse flowmeter Water-Quality Data Collection data were collected in the stationary mode under ambient conditions to quantify ambient vertical flow between flow zones, To better characterize the nature of brackish-to-saline if present. The electromagnetic flowmeter was run under groundwater in the surficial aquifer system in central and ambient and stressed conditions (pumping the well at several southwestern areas, water samples from 19 wells were col- different rates), both in the stationary and trolling mode. The lected and analyzed. Specific conductance and temperature fluid resistivity and fluid temperature logs, run on the same were measured in the field. Laboratory analyses included con- tool as the electromagnetic flowmeter, were also run under centrations of selected major ions, dissolved solids, strontium, ambient and stressed conditions. The single-point resistance boron, and isotopic ratios for strontium-87 to -86 (87Sr/86Sr), log was used to confirm the depths of the screened interval and hydrogen-2 to -1 (2H/1H) and oxygen-18 to -16 (18O/16O). The screen pipe joints. boron-11 to -10 ratio (11B/10B) was also measured for samples Geophysical logs for 115 wells used in this study are from seven wells that produced high salinity groundwater. shown on montages in appendix 2. Included on these montages Wells were purged with a suction-lift pump of at least three are both the standard and constructed well geophysical logs. well volumes. Samples were then collected from 0.25-in.- diameter plastic tubing attached to a sampling port on the discharge hose of the pump. All samples, except for the 2H/1H and Description of Lithologic Samples 18O/16O samples, were filtered using a 0.45-micron filter capsule. Core, SPT, and cuttings samples from test wells drilled in this study were described using a hand lens and binocular Lithostratigraphic Framework Delineation microscope. Included in the descriptions were the primary rock type, rock colors of dry samples by comparison to a rock- The method used in establishing the lithostratigraphic color chart with Munsell color chips (Geological Society of framework used for this study was described in a previous America, 1991), grain size of the predominant grains and the report (Reese and Wacker, 2007). Borehole natural GR geo- matrix, minor components such as phosphate grain content, physical logs and lithologic descriptions from 118 wells were qualitative porosity and permeability, and other characteris- used. Most of these wells penetrated at least to the base of the tics such as sedimentary structures and the nature of bed or surficial aquifer system, which ranges in depth in the study sequence boundaries. area from about 140 to 360 ft below NGVD 29 (Miller, 1987). Hydrogeologic Framework 7

Borehole natural GR geophysical log patterns were of the Tamiami Formation, and Fort Thompson Formation. compared to lithostratigraphic boundaries determined using Initially, these four correlation markers were selected through continuously drilled core collected from test coreholes, and comparison of GR geophysical logs to lithostratigraphic log correlation markers were selected that approximately cor- boundaries determined in cores from continuously drilled test respond to important lithostratigraphic unit boundaries. These coreholes in southeastern Hendry County and southern Palm GR markers were then correlated to all of the wells, primarily Beach County. The markers were then correlated to all other using GR log signatures and, secondarily, lithologic character- key wells in the study area, as described previously. The con- istics. Fourteen cross sections that extended east to west and tinuity of these markers from west to east across the southern north to south were constructed to assist in this effort. part of the study area (from the southwestern to the southeastern coastal area), and from south to north in the coastal areas, is shown by two hydrostratigraphic sections that include GR Hydrostratigraphic Framework Delineation geophysical log curves and lithology for each well (Reese and Wacker, 2007, figs. 4, 5). A more complete description of The surficial aquifer system was divided into three main lithologic characteristics that define lithostratigraphic units, permeable zones or subaquifers, and the boundaries of these particularly the two members of the Tamiami Formation, is zones were determined using all available information col- given in Reese and Wacker (2007). Lateral changes within the lected on each well drilled in this study and in previous studies. The previously developed lithostratigraphic framework (Reese lithostratigraphic units as defined by the correlation markers and Wacker, 2007) was used as a guide in determining these in the study area can lead to lithologies that may not always be zone boundaries. Information used for each well in determining characteristic of the formation or member as originally defined. boundaries included lithologic descriptions, drilling character- Eight wells in which standard borehole geophysical istics, and borehole geophysical logs. Drilling characteristics logs were run were added to the lithostratigraphic framework include loss circulation zones during mud-rotary drilling and defined by Reese and Wacker (2007). Four of these wells were rate of penetration. Flowmeter and borehole fluid resistivity wells drilled in this study, and the other four were at sites at and temperature logs used in defining flow zones in constructed which multiwell aquifer tests were conducted by the USGS in wells were the most conclusive geophysical logs used to deter- the late 1980s (PB-1545 to PB-1608, table 1). mine permeable zone boundaries (a permeable zone contains Also, in two areas some additional confirmation for the one or more flow zones), but the other geophysical logs, such top of the Tamiami Formation (T marker) defined by Reese as induction resistivity and spontaneous potential, also pro- and Wacker (2007) was found based on paleontological iden- vided indications of the depths of permeable zone boundaries. tification of mollusks. The top of the Pliocene age Tamiami The presence of permeable zone boundaries was inconclu- Formation is indicated to be at the depth of the T marker or sive in some wells because of poor or incomplete data. After shallower, based on fossil identification in the northern part reviewing data collected in previously drilled wells, perme- of the south-central area, in Stormwater Treatment Area 1W able zone boundaries determined in the previous studies under (fig. 1; Harvey and others, 2000). A specific well used in the which wells were drilled were usually accepted. present study, from which fossils were recovered and identified from sieve samples in the Harvey and others (2000) study, is PB-1797 (fig. 2). The age of species identified in the Harvey and others (2000) study was provided by G.L. Wingard Hydrogeologic Framework (U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 2007). Paleontological identification of mollusks was done as part This section describes the hydrogeologic framework of of a USGS study in the late 1980s, using samples obtained from the surficial aquifer system in Palm Beach County through the wells drilled by the dual tube reverse-air method. These wells description and mapping of lithostratigraphic and hydrostrati- were test wells drilled at 17 sites for the purpose of conducting graphic units. The surficial aquifer system is divided into three multiwell aquifer tests. Using mollusk identification, the top permeable zones or subaquifers. of the Pliocene age Tamiami Formation was placed at a depth of 57 ft below land surface in well PB-1544 (fig. 2; site 9) in Lithostratigraphic Framework the northern part of the inland southeastern area (R. Kane, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 1988). The T marker was The lithostratigraphic framework used in this report for the placed at a depth of 81 ft below land surface in the same well. surficial aquifer system was previously defined through the use The depths of all four of the correlation markers are of four natural GR borehole geophysical log correlation markers given in table 1–8, and the altitudes of the T, O, and H markers (Reese and Wacker, 2007). These markers approximately cor- were mapped (figs. 1–1, 1–2, 1–3). The O and H markers are respond to important lithostratigraphic unit boundaries (fig. ).3 the most reliable indicators of true structure in the surficial They are referred to, from deepest to shallowest, as the H, O, T, aquifer system, because strata in the lower part of the surficial and F correlation markers. The markers approximate, respec- aquifer system are more continuous and because GR peak(s) tively, the tops of the Hawthorn Group, Ochopee Limestone or characteristic patterns tend to be more laterally persistent, Member of the Tamiami Formation, the Pinecrest Sand Member providing better correlation (Reese and Wacker, 2007). 8 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

Hydrostratigraphic Units depths of the H, O, and T correlation markers as a guide (fig. 3). Zone 1 is above the T marker in Pleistocene age formations, Important hydrostratigraphic units in the study area such as the Anastasia and Fort Thompson Formations. Zone 2 include the zone of secondary permeability (Swayze and generally is between the T and O markers in the Pinecrest Sand Miller, 1984), the Biscayne aquifer (Shine and others, 1989), Member of the Tamiami Formation or an equivalent interval, and the gray limestone aquifer (Fish, 1988; Reese and Cun- and zone 3 generally is restricted by the O and H markers and is ningham, 2000) (fig. 3). The top of the zone of secondary in the Ochopee Limestone Member of the Tamiami Formation permeability approximately coincides with the T marker in the or an equivalent interval. None of these three zones are present inland southeastern area. The H correlation marker is generally in all of the study area, and in some areas the semiconfining unit at or close to the base of the surficial aquifer system; however, separating them is absent or poorly confining. Depths of the top intervals of sand of low to moderate hydraulic conductivity and base of each of the three permeable zones were determined that are still considered to be in the surficial aquifer system in all wells with adequate data (table 1–8; app. 2), and maps of can, in some places, be present below this marker. the altitude and thickness of each were constructed. In this study, the surficial aquifer system was divided into The distribution of the three permeable zones and the three main permeable zones, or subaquifers, usually separated relation of these zones to the correlation markers are shown by semiconfining units. These zones, which are from shal- by two hydrostratigraphic sections (figs. 4, 5). SectionA –A‘ lowest to deepest, zones 1, 2, and 3, contain one or more flow extends from south to north in the inland eastern areas, and zones, whereas the intervening semiconfining units do not. The section B–B‘ extends from west to east across the southern part boundaries of the permeable zones were determined using the of the study area.

Approximate Hydrogeologic unit Correlation Lithostratigraphic thickness Lithology Series Marker Previous Studies This Study units (feet) WEST EAST WEST EAST LAKE FLIRT MARL, HOLOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED 0 - 5 Marl, peat, organic soil, quartz sand SOIL AND SAND PAMLICO Quartz sand with some shell beds, SEMICONFINING SEMICONFINING 0 - 80 SAND sandstone and limestone UNIT UNIT MIAMI Oolitic limestone, quartz 0 - 12 LIMESTONE sand and sandstone ANASTASIA Coquina, shell, quartz sand BISCAYNE PLEISTOCENE 0 - 140 FORMATION and sandy limestone AQUIFER ZONE 1 F AND Marine limestone and minor ZONE OF FORT SECONDARY ZONE THOMPSON 0 - 50 gastropod-rich freshwater limestone, PERMEABILITY SEMICONFINING 1 FORMATION quartz sandstone and sandy limestone UNIT

CALOOSAHATCHEE Sandy to shelly marl, clay, 0 - 50? MARL silt and quartz sand T PINECREST Quartz sand, pelecypod-rich quartz sandstone and sandy limestone, ZONE 2 SAND 20 - 100 shell, terrigenous mudstone, local SURFICIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM SEMICONFINING SURFICIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM MEMBER abundant phosphate grains UNIT PLIOCENE O Pelecypod lime rudstone OCHOPEE GRAY and floatstone, pelecypod-rich ? ZONE 3 LIMESTONE 40 - 130 LIMESTONE

TAMIAMI FORMATION TAMIAMI quartz sand and sandstone, MEMBER AQUIFER moldic quartz sandstone H SEMICONFINING SEMICONFINING UNNAMED UNIT UNIT FORMATION

LATE TO Quartz sand, sandstone, clay-rich MIDDLE quartz sand, silt, marl, terrigenous PEACE RIVER INTERMEDIATE INTERMEDIATE MIOCENE 300 - 500 mudstone or clay, diatomaceous FORMATION CONFINING UNIT CONFINING UNIT mudstone, local abundant phosphate grains

UPPER HAWTHORN GROUP UPPER HAWTHORN

Figure 3. Lithostratigraphic units recognized in the study area, their generalized geology, and relation with hydrogeologic units. Modified from Reese and Cunningham (2000) and Cunningham and others (2001). Changes in hydrogeologic units are shown from west to east. References for hydrogeologic units from previous studies are “Biscayne aquifer” (Shine and others, 1989), “gray limestone aquifer” (Reese and Cunningham, 2000), and “zone of secondary permeability” (Swayze and Miller, 1984). Hydrogeologic Framework 9

SOUTH NORTH A A Land A’ PB-1105 surface PB-673 PB-1807 PB-1544 PB-1089 PB-798 PB-1086 PB-712 15 19 19 18 17 18 18 14 0 0 10.71 mi. 7.16 mi. 4.33 mi. 4.24 mi. 3.68 mi. 5.46 mi. 5.59 mi.

100 102 * 100

* 182 186 * 200 202 200 223 229 242 * EXPLANATION DEPTH, IN FEET BELOW NGVD OF 1929 T CORRELATION MARKER PB-1105 WELL LOCATION AND NUMBER 266 O CORRELATION MARKER 15 ELEVATION OF LAND SURFACE, IN FEET ABOVE H CORRELATION MARKER--Dashed where NGVD OF 1929 300 300 interpolated 202 TOTAL DEPTH, IN FEET BELOW NGVD OF 1929 PERMEABLE ZONE 2 * Marker not reached or unable to determine. PERMEABLE ZONES 2 AND 3, Depth interpolated from map UNDIFFERENTIATED--Confinement between * Markers from well PB-1782, which is located zones not indicated or not supported based close to well PB-798 on available data 0 5 10 MILES PERMEABLE ZONE 3 0 5 10 KILOMETERS VERTICAL SCALE GREATLY EXAGGERATED

B 81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY ATLANTIC OCEAN MARTIN COUNTY GLADES PALM BEACH COUNTY COUNTY A´ PB-712 EXPLANATION Lake OTHER Okeechobee PB-1086 A´A LINE OF HYDROSTRATIGRAPHIC PB-798 SECTION 26°45´ ROAD PB-1089 CANAL WELL LOCATION AND PB-1107 PB-1544 NUMBER PB-1807

26°30´ PB-1804 PB-1107 TURNPIKE PB-673 PB-1703 HENDRY COUNTY PB-690 PALM BEACH COUNTY PALM PB-1104 B´

B FLORIDA’S HE-1110 PB-1704

PALM BEACH COUNTY PB-1105 BROWARD COUNTY A 0 5 10 MILES

26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY 0 5 10 KILOMETERS Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17

Figure 4. A, Hydrostratigraphic section A-A’. B, location of hydrostratigraphic section lines. 10 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

WEST EAST B B’ Land surface PB-673 PB-690 HE-1110 PB-1703 PB-1704 PB-1804 PB-1107 PB-1104 15 20 19 20 11 12 15 11 0 8.2 mi. 14.7 mi. 9.47 mi. 14.08 mi. 3.71 mi. 3.63 mi. 3.32 mi. 0

100 100

145 *

185 190 * 200 201 200 218 229 EXPLANATION * PERMEABLE ZONE 1 HE-1110 WELL LOCATION AND NUMBER 264 PERMEABLE ZONE 2 15 ELEVATION OF LAND SURFACE, DEPTH, IN FEET BELOW NGVD OF 1929 PERMEABLE ZONE 3 IN FEET ABOVE NGVD OF 1929 300 T CORRELATION MARKER--Dashed 145 TOTAL DEPTH, IN FEET BELOW 300 where interpolated NGVD OF 1929 320 O CORRELATION MARKER-- Dashed * Marker not reached or unable to determine. 0 5 10 MILES where interpolated Depth interpolated from map H CORRELATION MARKER-- Dashed 0 5 10 KILOMETERS where interpolated VERTICAL SCALE GREATLY EXAGGERATED *

Figure 5. Hydrostratigraphic section B-B’.

The lithologic character, distribution, thickness, and southeastern area, however, the altitude of the top of the zone confinement of the three permeable zones is discussed in the decreases to as deep as 55 ft below NGVD 29, and the zone following sections. Characterization of each zone includes may be semiconfined due to thick deposits of overlying sand core photographs and maps showing zone boundary altitudes (fig. ).7 The thickness of zone 1 is less than 20 ft in most of and the thicknesses of zones and confining units. the study area, but thickness increases to 50 ft or greater in the coastal southeastern and northeastern areas and in one well in Zone 1 north-central Broward County (fig. ).8 Zone 1 is interpreted to be absent in a large area along and west of Florida’s Turnpike The lithology of zone 1 commonly includes cemented or in the inland eastern areas (figs. 4, 8). loosely cemented whole shell or shell fragments (lime grainstone In a previous study (Land, 1977), a shallow permeable to rudstone) with high intergrain porosity and permeability. An zone was defined as being separate from a deeper more perme- example of this lithology is the interval from 17 to 30 ft below able zone, and these zones roughly correspond to zone 1 and land surface in continuously cored well PB-1761 (fig. 6; app. 2). zones 2/3 (zones 2 and 3) defined in this study, respectively. Vuggy limestone or calcareous sandstone can also be present. The Land (1977) study encompassed inland and coastal north- A permeable lithology often described in zone 1 in the coastal eastern areas, and wells common to that study and the present southeastern area, based on rotary cutting samples, is friable study are PB-652A, PB-653, and PB-654 (fig. 2). In wells sandstone with cavities, shell fragments and calcite crystals; thin PB-652A and PB-653, which are in the coastal northeastern zones of lost circulation are sometimes reported during drilling area, the shallow zone is described as being overlain by a 20- in this lithology and in the permeable limestone. to 40-ft thick unit composed of sand, some muck, and layers Zone 1 is present in most of the study area, and of shell, and separated from the deeper zone by a 50-ft thick commonly forms the water-table aquifer. In the coastal unit of very fine sand and shell. Hydrogeologic Framework 11

Figure 6. Core photographs of PB-1761 for the interval from 10 to 40 feet below land surface, including zone 1. Permeable zone 1 is present from 10 to 30 feet, and a major flow zone is present from 17 to 23 feet. Porosity and permeability are present between whole shells and shell fragments in this permeable zone. 12 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY 1 33 GLADES COUNTY 14 MARTIN COUNTY PALM BEACH COUNTY 2 3 0 0 20 0 0 Lake 20 6 -19 Okeechobee 28 18

14 17 -2 0 26°45´

-1

20 27 23 1 55 30 13

-7 22 FLORIDA’S TURNPIKE

0 29

41 11 HENDRY COUNTY HENDRY

26°30´ COUNTY BEACH PALM -18 30 6 40 53 19 -8 35 10 32 6 0 -1 41 -8 -1 -8 20 -10 -20 0 PALM BEACH COUNTY BROWARD COUNTY -18 0

-14 ATLANTIC OCEAN 26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD 20 LINE OF EQUAL ALTITUDE-- WELL LOCATION AND Top of zone 1 is 10 feet or 28 CANAL Shows altitude of the top ALTITUDE--Number is altitude -8 less below land surface of zone 1, in feet above (-) of the top of zone 1, in feet or below (+) NGVD 29. above (-) or below(+) NGVD Interval is 20 feet. Dashed 29. See figure 2 for all local where approximately located well numbers or inferred

Figure 7. Altitude of the top of zone 1. Hydrogeologic Framework 13

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY 22 6 20 27 35 GLADES COUNTY MARTIN COUNTY PALM BEACH COUNTY 20 18 0 0 24 0 0

40 0 70 Lake 60 17 0 20 Okeechobee 20 16 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 25 0 0 0 20 20 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 0 26°45´ 0

0 0 0 0 0 20 19 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 20 0 6 69 55 0 46 29 13 64 30 0 0 47

40 50 FLORIDA’S TURNPIKE

11 COUNTY HENDRY 26°30´ PALM BEACH COUNTY BEACH PALM 0 12 18 15 0 0 25 14 109 40 73 0 0 0 100 25 0 20 60 80 0 11 26 0 60 20 20 20 0 0 16 30 40 PALM BEACH COUNTY 53 BROWARD COUNTY 30 20

26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY ATLANTIC OCEAN 0 0 0 17 Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD 20 LINE OF EQUAL THICKNESS-- WELL LOCATION AND 50 CANAL Shows thickness of zone 1, THICKNESS--Number is in feet. Interval is 20 feet. thickness of zone 1, in feet. Dashed where approximately See figure 2 for all local well located or inferred numbers

Figure 8. Thickness of zone 1. 14 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

Zone 2 to medium sand, to hard sandstone or limestone, to sandy limestone, to marl or clay, or to sandy broken shell. In a large The lithology of zone 2 includes shelly, highly perme- area located mostly in the inland southeastern and northeastern able, well cemented, gray limestone (lime rudstone, floatstone, areas, zone 1 is absent and the semiconfining unit above zone 2 and grainstone) and calcareous, quartz-rich sandstone. Large extends to the land surface (fig. 12). In this area, the thickness pore spaces are common, and rock is often characterized as of this semiconfining unit commonly ranges from 50 to 100 ft. “solution-riddled” or as having interconnected vugs or cavities. For example, the cavities described by Fischer (1980) in zone 2 in the inland northeastern area have a “probable average Zone 3 diameter of 1 to 2 inches.” Pore spaces up to 0.5-in. diameter The lithology of zone 3 commonly includes gray, sandy, were described in this zone in core from well PB-1807 drilled lime rudstone or floatstone, calcareous, quartz-rich sandstone, in this study (fig. 9; table 1–6). Moldic and intergrain porosity and quartz or carbonate sand. Porosity in the zone is primarily are also present. Interbedded layers of loose quartz sand are intergrain and moldic, and solution-enlarged pore spaces are common, particularly in the lower part of the zone, and vugs only locally distributed. The lime rudstone to floatstone lithol- can be partially filled with sand (Fischer, 1980). Pore space in ogy with moldic porosity is best exhibited in the southwestern flow zones in this permeable zone may be classified as pore and south-central areas, where zone 3 is equivalent to the gray class I (Cunningham and others, 2006), which is dominated by limestone aquifer. Core photographs of this lithology from touching vugs through which conduit flow can occur. wells southwest of the study area in Collier County are shown Zone 2 is interpreted as being present in virtually all of in figure 13. In some areas, such as the eastern and northern the study area; however, the zone of secondary permeability areas of the study area, thin, hard, limestone or sandstone lay- (Swayze and Miller, 1984) that includes zone 2 was mapped as ers one to several feet thick are present in the upper to middle being present in only the eastern part of the county (approxi- parts of this zone and may be interbedded with thick layers mately the same as the northeastern and southeastern areas as of sand. In some cases, these hard layers may be associated defined in this study). The extent of the zone of secondary per- with either subaerial exposure surfaces, thin zones of lost meability was based on drilling characteristics and lithology circulation during drilling, or both (Reese and Wacker, 2007). (Swayze and Miller, 1984), but hydraulic properties indicate The altitude of the top of zone 3 is as deep as 220 ft that zone 2 is more extensive. The altitude of the top of zone 2 below NGVD 29 in the coastal southeastern area (fig. 14), and is highest in extreme southwestern Palm Beach County and the thickness of the zone is over 100 ft in extreme southeastern Hendry County, where it is as shallow as 20 ft above western Palm Beach County, southeastern Hendry County, NGVD 29, and lowest along the eastern coast, where it is as and extreme northwestern Broward County (fig. 15). The deep as 151 ft below NGVD 29 (fig. 10). thickness of the semiconfining unit between zones 2 and 3 Zone 2 is thickest in the inland southeastern and north- generally ranges from 10 to 20 ft in the eastern half of Palm eastern areas close to Florida’s Turnpike, where it can be Beach County (fig. 16), but the thickness of this unit can be greater than 80 ft; thickness decreases to zero in most wells greater than 60 ft in the southwestern area (for example, well located close to the coast in the coastal southeastern and PB-1703, fig. 5). In a small area in the northern part of the northeastern areas (figs. 5 and11 ). An area where thickness is coastal southeastern area, confinement above zone 3 is as thick greater than 40 ft roughly coincides with WCA 1 (fig. 2) and as 147 ft. Zone 2 is not present in this area, and the confining extends to the northwest toward Lake Okeechobee (fig. 11). unit extends up to the base of zone 1. The extent of zone 2 to the west into this area and the west-to- The gray limestone aquifer, as previously mapped, can east spatial relation of zone 2 to zones 1 and 3 are shown by include zone 2 in addition to zone 3. For example, the top of the section B–B‘ (fig. 5). A large area of high altitude of the top of gray limestone aquifer was placed at the same depth as the top zone 2, as shallow as 17 ft below NGVD 29, is in the inland of zone 2 in well G-2313 in the southwestern area (Fish, 1988). northeastern area along and to the west of Florida’s Turnpike; Because the thickness of the confining unit separating in this area, the top of the zone is placed substantially above the zones 2 and 3 is limited or difficult to define in much of the T correlation marker (fig. 1–1). This shallow altitude is shown study area, the thicknesses of zones 2 and 3 were combined by wells PB-1089, PB-798, and PB-1086 in hydrostratigraphic (fig. 17), and this combined unit is referred to as zones 2/3. In section A–A‘ (fig. 4), where a thick interval of permeable gray many of the wells used to determine this combined thickness, sandstone and limestone extends as much as 50 ft above the top a confining unit separating zones 2 and 3 was not indicated of the T marker. This section above the T marker is included or not supported based on available data, and the combined in zone 2 in this area because no evidence of a confining unit thickness is a total thickness (red dots, fig. 17). Only the top within it was found. This upper permeable section may contain of zone 2 and base of zone 3 were determined in these wells rocks of Pleistocene age (fig. 3). (table 1–8). In the other wells used to determine the combined Zone 2 is semiconfined in most of the study area. The thickness, this thickness is a net thickness that excludes the semiconfining unit between zones 1 and 2 generally ranges in confining unit separating zones 2 and 3 (blue dots, fig. 17). thickness from 10 to 40 ft, but is as thick as 60 ft in the inland The thickness of zones 2/3 is 100 ft or greater in 10 wells southeastern area (fig. 12). The confining nature of this unit in the inland southeastern and northeastern areas (fig. 17), is variable with a lithologic composition that ranges from fine including both net and total thickness wells. Hydrogeologic Framework 15

Figure 9. Core photograph of PB-1807 for the interval from approximately 76 to 83 feet below land surface within zone 2. Photograph shows both uncut side of core pieces (left column) and slabbed side of same pieces (right column). Some cross-bedding and dissolution along bedding planes is evident. A major flow zone within permeable zone 2 in this well is from 70 to 92 feet below land surface. Red and black marks were used to maintain correct orientation of samples. 16 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY 100 89 80 MARTIN COUNTY GLADES COUNTY PALM BEACH COUNTY 103 51 51 40 51 96 43 47 68 125 120 60 35 16 80 Lake 87 20 60 Okeechobee 46 17 95 108 80 40 28 80 29 22 38 67 53 20 26 80 40 37 44 60 62 27 100 26°45´ 40 35 30 38 40 27 15 43 47 60 120 20 75 40 48 52 43 56 151 40 31 45 47 140 0 67 20 52 51 105 104 140 26 53

64 65 89

81 TURNPIKE 26°30´ 71 98 86 HENDRY COUNTY HENDRY -10 54 -20 35 PALM BEACH COUNTY BEACH PALM 20 81 82 18 84 135 58 -5 -20 39 38 47 65 101 120 37 72 36 85 100 30 42 80 PALM BEACH COUNTY 40 65 BROWARD COUNTY 20 60

0 FLORIDA’S

COUNTY ATLANTIC OCEAN 26°15´ COLLIER -15 -14 -15 Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD 20 LINE OF EQUAL ALTITUDE-- WELL LOCATION AND Top of zone 2 is at land 27 CANAL Shows altitude of the top ALTITUDE--Number is -5 surface of zone 2, in feet above (-) altitude of the top of zone 2, or below (+) NGVD 29. in feet above (-) or below (+) Interval is 20 feet. Dashed NGVD 29. See figure 2 for where approximately located all local well numbers or inferred

Figure 10. Altitude of the top of zone 2. Hydrogeologic Framework 17

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 14 27°00´ COUNTY 0 GLADES COUNTY 22 MARTIN COUNTY 0 15 PALM BEACH COUNTY 20 65 40 58 Lake 65 40 Okeechobee 43 89 18 25 73 18 0 80 33 0 40 60 20 60 75 42 26°45´ 0 30 0 57 0 33 30 0 40 20 0 0 42 65 76 42 76 0 0 0 55 0 50 100 0 68 42 80 60 60 40 54 20 0 0 60 26°30´ 80 0 21

20 53 48 FLORIDA’S TURNPIKE 50 90 0 0 9 77 30 4 40 25 80 0 51 60 0 41 60

9 60 40 0 HENDRY COUNTY HENDRY

PALM BEACH COUNTY BEACH PALM 0 40 0 0 PALM BEACH COUNTY 68 63 20

20 20 BROWARD COUNTY

0 0

26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY ATLANTIC OCEAN 25 17 34 Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD 20 LINE OF EQUAL THICKNESS-- WELL LOCATION AND 30 CANAL Shows thickness of zone 2 THICKNESS--Number is in feet. Dashed where thickness of zone 2, in feet. approximately located or See figure 2 for all local well inferred numbers

Figure 11. Thickness of zone 2. 18 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY 66 31 GLADES COUNTY 60 MARTIN COUNTY 23 PALM BEACH COUNTY 22 120 110 44 30 60 64 35 35 Lake ZONE 34 26 40 40 Okeechobee 1 46 47 52 30 ABSENT 40 75 40 56 96 46 80 50 20 54 7 54 48 45 54 40 26°45´ 44 67 25 70

72 20 18 49 63 64 70 4 62 54 20

10 13 80 85 40

26°30´ TURNPIKE FLORIDA’S 11 30 100 90 44 12 24 30 20 ZONE 2 37 86 ABSENT 0 19 20 60 100

ABSENT COUNTY HENDRY 40 PALM BEACH COUNTY BEACH PALM 1 14 17 PALM BEACH COUNTY ZONE 2 ABSENT BROWARD COUNTY 22

ZONE ZONE 1 ZONE ABSENT ATLANTIC OCEAN 26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY 40

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD 20 LINE OF EQUAL THICKNESS-- Boundary showing extent of WELL LOCATION AND 40 CANAL Shows thickness of confining zone 1 THICKNESS--Number is unit between zones 1 and 2 Boundary showing extent of thickness of confining unit in feet. Interval is 20 feet. zone 2 extending from land surface Dashed where approximately WELL LOCATION AND to top of zone 2 located or inferred 19 THICKNESS--Number is Note: See figure 2 for all thickness of confining unit local well numbers between zones 1 and 2, in feet

Figure 12. Thickness of the confining unit between zones 1 and 2. Hydrogeologic Framework 19

1 cm A

B 2 mm

Figure 13. Core photograph and thin-section photomicrograph from zone 3 in the gray limestone aquifer. Samples are in the pelecypod lime rudstone facies of the Ochopee Limestone Member of the Tamiami Formation. Wells are located to the southwest of the study area in Collier County. A, Core-slab photograph showing moldic porosity in a pelecypod lime rudstone facies from a depth of 73.5 feet below land surface in the Nobles Farm core test, C-1142. B, Thin-section photomicrograph of sample HHW-20 taken from the pelecypod lime rudstone facies from a depth of 96 feet below land surface in the Cypress Lane core test, C-1181. Plane-polarized light; blue epoxy highlights porosity in B. Modified from Reese and Cunningham (2000, fig. 7). 20 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY 80 103 MARTIN COUNTY GLADES COUNTY 100 PALM BEACH COUNTY 73

Lake 80 89 Okeechobee 126 80

26°45´

60 94

92 140 180 195 60 100 114

40 20 220 74 80

120

HENDRY COUNTY HENDRY 200 26°30´ 13 COUNTY BEACH PALM 123 40 60 190 54 55 180 62 116 20 116 20 127 152 160 20 98 PALM BEACH COUNTY FLORIDA’S TURNPIKE 94 BROWARD COUNTY 115 60 140 40 80

46 ATLANTIC OCEAN 26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY 90 60 Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD 20 LINE OF EQUAL ALTITUDE-- WELL LOCATION AND 180 CANAL Shows altitude of the top of ALTITUDE--Number is zone 3, in feet above (-) or altitude of the top of zone 3, below (+) NGVD 29. Interval in feet above (-) or below is 20 feet. Dashed where (+) NGVD 29. See figure 2 approximately located or for all local well numbers inferred

Figure 14. Altitude of the top of zone 3. Hydrogeologic Framework 21

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY 0 20 0 0 3 30 MARTIN COUNTY GLADES COUNTY PALM BEACH COUNTY 0

20 27

Lake 33 0 0 Okeechobee 0 0 12 0 0

HENDRY COUNTY HENDRY 0

PALM BEACH COUNTY BEACH PALM 20 0

26°45´

40 0 0 15 0

0 0 0 88 45 0 30 12 0 60 80 0 73 100 20 20 20 4 40 120 0 0 0 0 0 26°30´ 121 20 poorly 0 40 0 0 80 developed 40 5 0 20 30 12 29

57 60 60 TURNPIKE 0 80 11 0 87 113 22 20 0 100 60 50

49 PALM BEACH COUNTY25 40 FLORIDA’S BROWARD COUNTY 115 76 33

90 87 ATLANTIC OCEAN 26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY 65 80 64 Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS AREAS WITH ZERO 20 LINE OF EQUAL THICKNESS-- WELL LOCATION AND THICKNESS Shows thickness of zone 3, 50 THICKNESS--Number is ROAD in feet. Interval is 20 feet. thickness of zone 3, in feet. Dashed where approximately See figure 2 for all local well CANAL located or inferred numbers

Figure 15 . Thickness of zone 3. 22 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY 30 GLADES COUNTY MARTIN COUNTY PALM BEACH COUNTY

Lake 15 Okeechobee 20

26°45´

15 14

120140

100 147

HENDRY COUNTY HENDRY PALM BEACH COUNTY BEACH PALM 10 13 80 135 20 6 20 60

20 40 26°30´ 40 21 60 61 27 18 50 31 18

38 20 20

24 40 63 10 10 PALM BEACH COUNTY 23 BROWARD COUNTY FLORIDA’S TURNPIKE 20 60

35 ATLANTIC OCEAN 26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY 43 31 58 Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD 20 LINE OF EQUAL THICKNESS-- WELL LOCATION AND WELL LOCATION AND 15 31 CANAL Shows thickness of confining THICKNESS--Number is THICKNESS--Number is unit above zone 3, in feet. thickness of confining thickness of confining Interval is 20 feet. Dashed unit between zones 2 unit extending from base where approximately and 3, in feet of zone 1 to top of zone 3 located or inferred (zone 2 not present), in feet

Figure 16. Thickness of the confining unit above zone 3. Hydrogeologic Framework 23

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY 20 14 40 0 GLADES COUNTY MARTIN COUNTY PALM BEAC H COUNTY 52 20 80 0 43 76 90 20 15 55 50 53 50 50 40 65 Lake 43 91 100 Okeechobee 100 89 85 30 105 25 80 40 106 77 92 72 0 20 26°45´ 0 80 100 0 101 57 70 0 0 48 60 60 80 0 HENDRY COUNTY HENDRY 40 60

PALM BEACH COUNTY BEACH PALM 60 65 70 88 71 76 60 55 0 72 62 45 91 73 65 46 100 120 80 60 40 54 121 95 0 26°30´ 40 60 50 60 40 53 53 85 90 20 84 38 0 100 16 100 107 73 75 60 82 62 94 10080 80 113 87 120 100 63 0 93 110 89 76 PALM BEACH COUNTY 100 BROWARD COUNTY 115 80 96 100

40 0 80

20 ATLANTIC OCEAN 26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY 87 115 81 99 Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD 20 LINE OF EQUAL THICKNESS-- WELL LOCATION AND WELL LOCATION AND 42 55 CANAL Shows thickness of zones 2 THICKNESS--Number is net THICKNESS--Number is total and 3 combined, in feet. thickness of zones 2 and 3, thickness of zones 2 and 3, Interval is 20 feet. Dashed in feet - confining unit in feet - confining unit where approximately between zones 2 and 3 is between zones 2 and 3 not located or inferred indicated to be present. Zone indicated to be present 3 may be absent

Figure 17. Combined thickness of zones 2 and 3. 24 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

Hydraulic Properties and values reported for 10 wells at 10 sites in table 1–9B (reference nos. 12–21). These values are from Swayze and Miller (1984, Characteristics table 3.2–1), and for most of these sites, the reported value is from the well with the maximum value at a well field. The site Historical aquifer tests and aquifer tests conducted during numbers in table 1–9A for these specific capacity test wells this study were compiled (tables 1–9A and 1–9B) and are can have the same site numbers as for the 15 multiwell aquifer described in the following sections. Hydraulic test data used performance tests conducted by the USGS in the late 1980s that in this study include data derived from single and multiple are described above, but they are not the same sites. well aquifer tests and specific capacity tests. Based on these data, the distribution of transmissivity within the study area is described for each of the three permeable zones. Comparison of Transmissivity Derived by Different Methods

Hydraulic Test Data The productive zones, or subaquifers, in the surficial aquifer system in the study area generally are expected to behave as Included in table 1–9A are the production well identifier “leaky confined” or “semiconfined,” as opposed to “well con- and diameter, test date and test type, sources and references, fined” during aquifer tests, given the nature of the confining units operator, test description and site number, monitoring well above and below the zones (Fischer, 1980). The method of analy- identifier, latitude and longitude, and horizontal datum. Included sis commonly used for aquifer tests in the study area, however, in table 1–9B are the production well identifier, test date, land- assumes a confined aquifer (table 1–9B). The approved values surface altitude, depths of the open interval in the production for transmissivity for 14 of the 15 multiwell tests conducted by well, zone(s) interpreted to be open in the tested well, pumping the USGS in the late 1980s (PB-1545 to PB-1608; sites 1–2, 4–5, rate, length of pumping period, specific capacity, resulting trans- 7, and 9–17, table 1–9A) were based on the Cooper and Jacob missivity, method of analysis, estimated depths of total interval (1946) confined aquifer method of analysis of early time monitor- tested (if reported), and problems or comments. Fifteen of the ing well drawdown data (table 1–9B). Although this method may tests in tables 1–9A and 1–9B were multiwell tests conducted by overestimate transmissivity, it can be more reliable for early time the USGS in the late 1980s (PB-1545 to PB-1608; sites 1–2, 4–5, data compared to a leaky confined aquifer solution (L.C. Murray, and 7–17, table 1–9A). These test results were not previously U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 2008) reported by the USGS, but transmissivity values were reported Two commonly used methods of analysis used for leaky for 14 of these sites in a SFWMD publication (Shine and others, confined aquifer tests are the Hantush and Jacob (1955) and 1989). In addition, 23 of the tests in tables 1–9A and 1–9B are the Hantush (1960) methods. In the former method, vertical from the SFWMD hydrologic database (DBHYDRO), and the leakage is assumed to pass through the overlying confining unit production well identifier is referred to as a station name in this and be derived from a water-table aquifer; in the latter method, database. The DBHYDRO database is available at http://glades. leakage is assumed to be derived from the release of water sfwmd.gov/pls/dbhydro_pro_plsql/show_dbkey_info.main_page Most of the hydraulic tests shown in tables 1–9A and 1–9B from storage in the confining unit(s). In the eastern parts of the are in eastern Palm Beach County (fig. 18). These tests are study area, the Hantush (1960) method may be most applica- usually referred to as sites as opposed to wells, because more ble; the confining unit overlying zone 2 consists predominantly than one well was typically open to the tested interval at a site; of unconsolidated sand that could release water from storage. sites are identified using the production well number. Many of Transmissivity determined from drawdown data measured the sites in figure 18 are not shown by wells in figure 2, but in in the production well was compared to the transmissivity some cases the initial test well at a site is shown in figure 2. The determined from monitoring well drawdown data at the same transmissivity values reported in table 1–9B for most of the tests site, with the same method of analysis used for both cases. listed are from analysis of water-level changes in production or Transmissivity based on analysis of production well drawdown monitoring wells during pumping (drawdown) or recovery, but data using the Cooper and Jacob (1946) method for 14 out the also included are tests in which transmissivity was estimated 15 multiwell tests conducted by the USGS in the late 1980s from specific capacity test data. Specific capacity is calculated was reported (table 1–9B). In most cases, these results are from from pumping a production well at a constant rate after a con- step-drawdown tests of the production well, with analysis of stant drawdown of water level is obtained. Transmissivity can the data from the step with the highest pumping rate. This rate be proportional to specific capacity in large-diameter water-sup- was usually comparable to the rate used in the ensuing multiply wells, which have low well losses, and the average factor of well test at the site. Except for two of these sites, the ratio of proportionality was found to be 270 in the surficial aquifer sys- the production well transmissivity value to the monitoring well tem of Broward County (Fish, 1988; transmissivity equal to 270 transmissivity value ranged from about 0.4 to 1.4 (fig. 19A). times specific capacity). An average factor of 200 was deter- For the other two sites (PB-1572, site 8 and PB-1557, site 13) mined for the surficial aquifer system in eastern Palm Beach this ratio was 0.06 and 0.17, respectively. The reason for the County (Mark Stewart, U.S. Geological Survey, written com- anomalously low production well value for these two sites, and mun., 1989), and this factor was used for the specific capacity perhaps for some of the other low values, is unknown. Hydraulic Properties and Characteristics 25

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY

MARTIN COUNTY 1 GLADE COUNTY 7R_TQ2 PALM BEACH COUNTY 2,3 3 PB -1547(15) RIVBEN-3 minor 2,3 2 3 JWSPW-13 2,minor 3 PBCE-3 3 JPW-16 1,2,3 PBPOC_PW PBCE-2 PBMT_PW-1 Lake 2,3 1 2,3 PB -1608 (17) JUNO_PW-5A Okeechobee PB -1551(14) 1 2 2,3 PB-1361 (19) LTC_PW-3 3 PB -1557 (13) PB -1559 (12) 2 2,3 PB -1065 BURMA-TEST 2,3 2 PB -1565 (11) RI_PW-851 26°45´ 2 WPB_PW-1 1, minor 2 2 LM_PW-3 PB-1336 (15) 2 2,3 PBCWW_TW-1 PB -1568 (10) 2 2,minor 3 2,3 PBLL_PW-1 1 and 2 PB-1806 FHV_W5 (separate tests) 2,3 2,3 PB-1794 2 SSH_PW-1 PB -1545 (9) PB -1580 (7) 1 PB-1365 (1) 2 2,3 LSL_B-3 3 PB-1807 PB-1769 2,3 1 1 2 PB -1572 (8) SEM _PW-1 PB-1310 (7) PB-1805 2, minor 3 PB -1577 (16) 1,2 PB -1604 (5) HENDRY COUNTY 1 26°30´ PALM BEACH COUNTY PB-1250 (4) 2 2,3 PB-1804 PB -1599 (4) 1 PB-1267 (5)

1 and 2 2, minor 3 FLORIDA’S TURNPIKE 2 3 PB -1575 (2) MORI_ PW-1A H-M-235 (separate 2 1 3 BOCA_PW-1 HBWW-4 HE-303 3 2,3 tests) 1 TW-5 TW-3 S10C 2 2,3 PB-1415 (13) 3 PB -1582 (1) 1 3 2 TW-2C PB-1233 (3) TW-1 PB-1803 H-M-301 3 PALM BEACH COUNTY 2 1 PB-1801 3 PB-1239 (2) H-M-328 1 BROWARD COUNTY PB-1343 (17) G-2313A 2 3 G-2313B PW 3 2 minor 2,3 G-2313C G-2312K ATLANTIC OCEAN 26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY3 TPW 3 C-1171 G-2312J Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD TEST PRODUCTION WELL SOURCE OF TESTS PB -1545 (9) CANAL LOCATION AND NUMBER– Previous USGS Aquifer Number in parenthesis is Tests USGS site number. Site Aquifer Tests done for numbers for aquifer tests this Study are different from numbers Aquifer Tests from the for specific capacity test SFWMD DBHYDRO 2,3 ZONE OPEN--Green Database number(s) is zone(s) open Other Aquifer Tests in production well at site, Specific Capacity Tests “minor” (in green) indicates only part of zone is open or the thickness of the zone is minor compared to the thickness of the other zone

Figure 18. Hydraulic test sites, production well number, and zone(s) open. 26 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

A 200,000

150,000

Slope = 1 100,000

50,000

C-1171

TRANSMISSIVITY FROM PRODUCTION WELL

DRAWDOWN ANALYSIS, IN FEET SQUARED PER DAY ANALYSIS, DRAWDOWN 0 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 TRANSMISSIVITY FROM MONITORING WELL DRAWDOWN ANALYSIS, IN FEET SQUARED PER DAY B 250,000

200,000

150,000

Slope = 1

100,000

C-1171

RESIDUAL DRAWDOWN RECOVERY RESIDUAL DRAWDOWN 50,000

ANALYSIS, IN FEET SQUARED PER DAY ANALYSIS,

TRANSMISSIVITY FROM PRODUCTION WELL

0 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 TRANSMISSIVITY FROM MONITORING WELL DRAWDOWN ANALYSIS, IN FEET SQUARED PER DAY

Figure 19. Comparison of transmissivity from production well to monitoring well water-level analyses at the same site. A, All analyses were of drawdown data by the Cooper and Jacob (1946) method, except for the C-1171 test, for which the monitoring well data were analyzed by the Hantush and Jacob (1955) method. B, Transmissivity from production well analyses use the Theis (1935) residual drawdown recovery method. Transmissivity from monitoring well analyses are from various methods (see text). Hydraulic Properties and Characteristics 27

200,000

150,000

100,000

Slope = 1

50,000

TRANSMISSIVITY FROM DRAWDOWN

ANALYSIS, IN FEET-SQUARED PER DAY IN FEET-SQUARED ANALYSIS,

C-1171

0 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 TRANSMISSIVITY FROM RESIDUAL DRAWDOWN RECOVERY ANALYSIS, IN FEET-SQUARED PER DAY

Figure 20. Comparison of transmissivity derived from drawdown data to recovery data for single-well tests.

Transmissivity determined using the Theis (1935) from analysis of monitoring well drawdown data is the most residual drawdown recovery method for production well data representative of the aquifer, a comparison of figures 19A and was also compared with a value determined from monitor- 19B indicates that transmissivity determined from production ing well drawdown data at the same site for five tests, and the well recovery data is more reliable than from production well results for all five tests agreed to within one significant figure drawdown data. (fig. 19B). Three of these tests are listed in table 1–9B and are In the single-well tests conducted in this study, trans- C-1171, PB-1545 (site 9), and TW-3 (Montgomery Watson missivity values derived from analysis of drawdown data Americas, Inc., 1999); the methods used for analysis of the commonly are substantially lower than those from analysis of monitoring well data for these tests were the Thiem (1906), recovery data (table 1–9B), and here again, the recovery anal- Cooper and Jacob (1946), and the Hantush and Jacob (1955) ysis values could be more reliable. The ratio of the Cooper constant time methods, respectively. The test of C-1171 in the and Jacob (1946) drawdown value to the Theis (1935) recov- southwestern part of the study area is of the gray limestone ery value was about 0.4, on average, and as low as 0.17 in six aquifer (Reese and Cunningham, 2000). The additional two of the single-well tests that were run in this study and in one tests were at sites to the south and west of the study area and previously run test (fig. 20). This ratio was about 0.4 for the are of the gray limestone aquifer (Reese and Cunningham, previous test, which was of well C-1171 in the gray limestone 2000, table 9, sites 38 and 42). The monitoring well data from aquifer in the southwestern part of the study area, and for this these additional two tests were analyzed using the Hantush test, the production well recovery value agrees well with the and Jacob (1955) method, which could be more applicable leaky confined aquifer analysis of monitoring well drawdown for analysis of gray limestone aquifer tests than the Hantush data (fig. 19B). The recovery analysis values from these (1960) method. The semiconfining unit above the gray lime- single-well tests are considered in this study for mapping stone aquifer contains sand and finer-grained material, includ- the distribution of transmissivity, in addition to the values ing clay, silt, and lime mud, and is more consolidated than the derived from drawdown analysis, because of the relatively loose, relatively clean sand in the semiconfining unit in eastern good comparison of the recovery values with monitoring well Palm Beach County. Assuming that transmissivity determined drawdown results. 28 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

Confinement above Zone 2 or 3 The flow zones open in each well were compared with the depths of the three permeable zones mapped and dis- The very fine- to medium-grained, relatively clean quartz cussed previously (table 2). The flow zones and permeable sand common in the semiconfining unit above zone 2 in the zones determined in each of the six wells are also shown on eastern areas probably has moderate (horizontal) hydraulic the montages for the well included in appendix 2. Except conductivity (10 to 100 ft/d, Fish, 1988, table 7). A value of for well PB-1761, which was open to both zones 1 and 2, the 50 ft/d is considered to be a reasonable estimate of the average flow zone contributing the most flow (as much as 60 percent) hydraulic conductivity of nonproduction zone sediments in was within permeable zone 2. The total percent flow from the eastern Palm Beach County (Shine and others, 1989). These flow zone(s) open and included in permeable zone 2 ranged estimates are high, however, compared to vertical hydraulic from 60 to 100 percent, and in permeable zone 3, from less conductivity derived from aquifer test results. than 1 (PB-1804) to 22 percent (PB-1608). The depths of the As discussed previously, the semiconfining units above permeable zone boundaries are not always the same as the zone 2 or 3 generally have finer-grained material in the south- flow zone boundaries, because the permeable zone boundaries western area than in eastern areas; accordingly, these units may have lower hydraulic conductivity in the southwestern were determined using additional data, including lithologic area. In the southeastern Hendry County and extreme north- descriptions and standard geophysical logs. western Broward County parts of the study area, the average vertical hydraulic conductivity in the confining unit above the Distribution of Transmissivity by Zone gray limestone aquifer can be 0.05 ft/d or less, based on thickness of the upper confining unit and leakance values from The distribution of transmissivity by zone was mapped aquifer tests (Reese and Cunningham, 2000). The average and is discussed in the following sections. The greatest trans- vertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining unit above missivity for each zone is in a different areal location than zone 2 in the eastern areas may be an order of magnitude or those for other zones. two greater than this value. Aquifer test results indicate that the average vertical hydraulic conductivity of the overlying confining unit at site PB-1557 (site 13) in the inland north- Zone 1 eastern area (PB-1555 in fig. 2) is 3 ft/d. This value is based Hydraulic tests were conducted at 15 sites where the on the Hantush (1960) analytical solution for the monitoring production well is interpreted to be open to only zone 1 well drawdown data and a thickness of the confining unit of (fig. 18), and transmissivity determined from these tests 40 ft (fig. 21A). The approved solution for transmissivity for ranged from 1,000 to 90,000 ft2/d (fig. 22). All but three sites this test, using the Cooper and Jacob (1946) method, is shown were in the coastal eastern areas, where transmissivity ranged in figure 21B. from 6,000 to 90,000 ft2/d. The other three sites are in the south-central and southwestern areas, and transmissivity Characteristics of Flow Zones as Determined by at these sites ranged from only 1,000 to 18,000 ft2/d. In the Borehole Geophysical Logs coastal eastern areas, well LM_PW-3 is open to both zones 1 and 2, but the thickness of zone 2 in this area is indicated to The depths of flow zones and the percentage of total be zero (fig. 11). flow for each zone during pumping were determined in six constructed wells (table 2). Zone boundaries were determined based on the fluid temperature and resistivity log curve devia- Zone 2 or Zones 2 and 3 Combined tions or breaks, in addition to the flowmeter logs. In most An area of high transmissivity in zone 2 or zones 2/3 cases, the pumping rate used for the stressed condition was extends along Florida’s Turnpike in the inland eastern areas; about 10 gal/min. transmissivity in this area is the highest in the study area In wells PB-1608 and PB-1761, the percentage of total and is as high as 180,000 ft2/d in the northern part of the flow for each flow zone was determined using a spinner flowmeter log lowered into the well during pumping. This was inland southeastern area and the southern part of the inland fig. 23 done by setting the readings in casing and at total depth, or in northeastern area ( ). This area of high transmissivity a section of blank pipe at the bottom of the well, at 100 and generally coincides with areas of high thickness of zones 2/3 0 percent of total flow, respectively. A similar approach was (greater than 80 ft) (fig. 17). At many of the sites where a used for wells PB-1804 through PB-1807, but an electromag- well is open to both zones, the well is open to only a minor netic flowmeter was run under both ambient and pumping part of zone 3, or the thickness of zone 3 is minor relative (stressed) conditions. For both of these conditions, the tool to zone 2. At one site in the coastal southeastern area, well was lowered at the same speed, and the analysis was based PB-1604 (site 5) is open to both zones 1 and 2, but the value on a computed curve produced by subtracting the flow rate for this site fits with the distribution of transmissivity shown values of the ambient run from those of the stressed run. for zone 2 in figure 23. Hydraulic Properties and Characteristics 29

A 10

Solution parameters Transmissivity: 13,000 ft 2/day Storativity: 0.00032 r/B, radius from the pumping well divided by the leakage factor: 0.07 Beta: 0.1 b’, thickness of overlying confining unit: 40 ft K’, Vertical hydraulic conductivity of overlying confining unit: 3 ft/day

Observation Well PB-1555 at radius of 30 feet from production well Pumping Rate: 329 gallons per minute

DRAWDOWN, IN FEET DRAWDOWN,

1 1 10 100 1,000 TIME, IN MINUTES B 3.0

2.6

Solution parameters Transmissivity: 23,000 ft2 /day 2.2 Storativity: 0.00017

1.8 Observation Well

DRAWDOWN, IN FEET DRAWDOWN, PB-1555 at radius of 30 feet from production well Pumping Rate: 1.4 329 gallons per minute

1.0 1 10 100 1,000 ADJUSTED TIME, IN MINUTES

Figure 21. Two methods of analysis of monitoring well drawdown data for production well PB-1557, site 13, in the inland northeastern area. A, Hantush (1960) method for a leaky aquifer. B, Cooper and Jacob (1946) method for a confined aquifer. 30 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

Table 2. Depths of flow zones and percentage of total flow based on analyses of flowmeter and fluid properties logs run in six wells.

[Depths of the three mapped permeable zones in the wells are shown for comparison. All depths are in feet below land surface; NP, not present; <, less than; --, not applicable]

Screened interval Flow zone Permeable zone USGS in well Depth Depth well Percent of (feet below Number (feet below Number (feet below name total flow land surface) land surface) land surface) PB-1608 50–150 ------1 NP 1 53–57 44 2 34–92 2 82–86 34 3 106–110 6 3 107–140 4 120–123 6 5 133–140 10 PB-1761 0–111 1 17–23 40 1 10–30 2 47–58 17 2 47–115 3 69–76 13 4 83–85 15 5 91–93 5 6 98–103 10 ------3 138–163 PB-1804 38–188 ------1 18–36 1 45–60 40 2 47–100 2 67–73 50 3 90–100 10 4 140–143 <1 3 NP PB-1805 40–90 ------1 5–18 1 40–43 35 2 38–80 2 69–80 50 3 86–90 15 3 86–90 PB-1806 68–123 ------1 NP 1 68–73 20 2 67–100 2 87–93 52 3 97–100 11 4 113–120 17 3 114–129 PB-1807 70–140 ------1 NP 1 70–92 60 2 70–120 2 108–120 20 3 133–140 20 3 133–145 Hydraulic Properties and Characteristics 31

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY

MARTIN COUNTY GLADE COUNTY 47 PALM BEACH COUNTY

10 50 Lake 25 Okeechobee 90

26°45´ 40 zones 1, minor 2 10

1 20

35 40

HENDRY COUNTY FLORIDA’S TURNPIKE 26°30´ PALM BEACH COUNTY 30 10

6 18 50 4 80 10 PALM BEACH COUNTY 40 18 BROWARD COUNTY 10

26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY 10 ATLANTIC OCEAN

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD 20 LINE OF EQUAL Previous USGS Aquifer Tests TEST PRODUCTION WELL 18 CANAL TRANSMISSIVITY--Contour Aquifer Tests from the LOCATION AND VALUE lines are 10 and 50 SFWMD DBHYDRO FOR TRANSMISSIVITY FOR thousands of feet squared Database ZONE 1--Number is per day. Dashed where transmissivity, in thousands Specific Capacity Tests approximately located or of feet squared per day inferred

Figure 22. Distribution of transmissivity for zone 1. 32 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY

MARTIN COUNTY GLADE COUNTY PALM BEACH COUNTY 6.8 zones minor 2, 3 8 4 13 zones 2, 10 minor 3 Lake 15 3.7 Okeechobee 4.5 23

11 7 4.8 100 26°45´ 40 40 50

14 10 180 47 3.5 170 5 160 7.7 60 6 (C-J) 10 12 (Theis Rec) 100 10 (C-J production well) 36 180 (C-J monitoring well) 20

zones 2, 50

HENDRY COUNTY 50 minor 3 PALM BEACH COUNTY 26°30´ 10 (C-J) 60 (Theis Rec) 30

31 10

zones 2, FLORIDA’S TURNPIKE 70

minor 3 50 30 30 12 16 10 90 9 30 PALM BEACH COUNTY BROWARD COUNTY 10

ATLANTIC OCEAN 26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY 9

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD 30 TEST PRODUCTION ANALYSIS METHOD-- CANAL WELL LOCATION AND For different methods at 20 LINE OF EQUAL VALUE FOR same site TRANSMISSIVITY-- TRANSMISSIVITY (C-J) -Cooper and Jacob Contour lines are 10, FOR ZONE 2 OR ZONES (1946) single-well 50, and 100 thousands 2 AND 3--Number is drawdown of feet squared per day. transmissivity, in (Theis Rec) -Theis (1935) single-well Dashed where thousands of feet residual drawdown approximately located squared per day recovery or inferred Circle around well is (Thiem) -Thiem (1906) steady zones 2, both zone 2 and 3 open; state Aquifer Tests minor 3 all others are only zone Specific Capacity Tests 2 open. -minor, indicates zone is partially open or thickness of zone is minor compared to thickness of other zone

Figure 23. Distribution of transmissivity for zone 2 or zones 2 and 3 combined. Aquifer Nomenclature and Definition 33

The northern extent of high transmissivity in zones 2/3 in of a larger area of high transmissivity in the gray limestone the inland northeastern area along Florida’s Turnpike has not aquifer that extends northwest to southeast and is more fully been defined based on available tests; the area with transmis- delineated in Reese and Cunningham (2000, fig. 28); the sivity greater than 50,000 ft2/d could extend 5 to 10 mi farther origin of this larger area is described as possibly related to a north in this area, as indicated by the thickness of zones 2/3 depositional trend in the Ochopee Limestone. (figs. 17, 23). The northernmost site in this area with high trans- A substantial east-west transition in the thickness missivity is site RI_PW-851 (fig. 18), where transmissivity was and transmissivity from zone 2 to 3 is present between the reported to be 100,000 ft2/d (fig. 23). Transmissivity at the next south-central and southwestern areas; the hydraulic connec- site to the north and approximately 1 mi away, well PB-1065 tion, however, between these zones in this area is probably (figs. 2, 18), was reported to be only 11,000 ft2/d. The bottom of good. Between wells PB-1804 and PB-1704, the thickness the open interval at well PB-1065, however, extended to only of zone 2 decreases to zero, whereas the thickness of zone 3 79 ft below NGVD 29, and this interval in PB-1065 is interpreted increases from zero to 87 ft as shown on hydrostratigraphic to include only zone 2, which is 42-ft thick in the well (fig. 11) section B–B‘ (fig. 5). A transition in the zone with the domi- and is referred to as the “cavity zone” by Fischer (1980). The nant transmissivity is indicated by aquifer tests at three sites, section extending below this cavity zone to a depth of approxi- TW-1, TW-3, and TW-5 in the southwestern area, (table 1–9B; mately 134 ft below NGVD 29 is interpreted by Fischer (1980) fig. 18). Site TW-1 is located approximately 2 mi south- to be “quite permeable,” even though it is not cavity-riddled. east of TW-3, the central site, and is open only to zone 2. At The base of zone 3 in PB-654, located in this same area (fig. 2), TW-3 the open interval tested includes zones 2 and 3, but also extends to 134 ft below NGVD 29, and the open interval in at TW-5, the site approximately 4 mi to the west, the open RI_PW-851 extends from 53 to 113 ft below NGVD 29. interval tested includes only zone 3. A transmissivity value 2 The large difference between the transmissivity values of about 30,000 ft /d, however, was reported for all three reported for RI_PW-851 compared to PB-1065 may be due sites (figs. 23; 24). The depths of zones 2 and 3 at these three to more than partial penetration in PB-1065. The method of sites was determined by correlation of GR logs, run in the analysis used for PB-1065 was the leaky aquifer solution production well at the sites under the Montgomery Watson by Hantush (1960), and this solution can give a value lower Americas, Inc. (1999) study, with wells used to establish the than the value determined using the Cooper and Jacob (1946) lithostratigraphic framework in this study (fig. 2). confined aquifer solution. The method of analysis used for Relatively few hydraulic tests exclusive to zone 3 have been done in the eastern areas, but most indicate a transmissiv- RI_PW-851 was not reported in DBHYDRO. 2 Transmissivity of zones 2/3 decreases toward the coast in ity of less than 10,000 ft /d (fig. 24). Most hydraulic test sites the coastal areas to less than 10,000 ft2/d (fig. 23), and in most in this area that include zone 3 also include zone 2 (fig. 18). areas along the coast the combined thickness of zones 2/3 is For two tests with wells open only to zone 3 (PB-1803 and zero (fig. 17). The transmissivity at site LTC_PW-3 (fig. 18), PB-1769), evidence was found for separation of zone 3 from which is close to the coast in the coastal northeastern area and shallower permeable zones. In well PB-1803, water produced during the test had a specific conductance of 4,730 µS/cm. is open only to zone 2, was only 3,700 ft2/d. Specific conductance did not substantially decrease during A large area in zone 2 has a transmissivity greater than the test, even though the specific conductance of water from 10,000 ft2/d, possibly as great as 60,000 ft2/d, and extends a shallower well (PB-1761) at the same site and open only to from the inland southeastern area to the west into the south- zone 2 was more than three times lower than the measured central area and some of the southwestern area (fig. 23). value at well PB-1803. In well PB-1769, zone 2 is not present, Most of this area coincides with the area where the thickness and the thickness of the confining unit above zone 3 is 135 ft of zone 2 is greater than 40 ft extending to the west cover- (fig. 16), including a 120-ft thick interval of sand directly ing WCA 1, and to the northwest toward Lake Okeechobee overlying zone 3. (fig. 11). Zone 2 is 53-ft thick at PB-1804, located on the west side of WCA 1. Farther to the west, in the southwestern area, the transmissivity of zone 3 increases. Aquifer Nomenclature and Definition

Zone 3 A review of previous definitions of the Biscayne and gray Hydraulic test sites open only to, or predominantly to, limestone aquifers is needed for comparison of that nomencla- zone 3 indicate high transmissivity in northwestern Broward ture with the zones of high permeability mapped in this study County, southwestern Palm Beach County, and southeastern (fig. 3). The Biscayne aquifer was originally shown as extending Hendry County (fig. 24); as previously discussed, zone 3 only into the southern part of southeastern Palm Beach County in this area is the gray limestone aquifer (Reese and Cun- (Klein and others, 1975, p. 31). Fish (1988) and Fish and ningham, 2000). Transmissivity in this area is as high as Stewart (1991) define the Biscayne aquifer in nearby Broward 70,000 ft2/d, and the thickness of zone 3 is as great as 115 ft and Miami-Dade Counties as the contiguous, highly permeable (fig. 15). This area of high transmissivity in zone 3 is part section of Pliocene (Tamiami Formation) and Pleistocene age 34 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY

MARTIN COUNTY GLADE COUNTY PALM BEACH COUNTY 7

5 11 10 Lake Okeechobee 2.6

26°45´

HENDRY COUNTY

FLORIDA’S TURNPIKE PALM BEACH COUNTY 26°30´ NP

10 14 NP 31 30 44 6 10 24 66 50 26 PALM BEACH COUNTY BROWARD COUNTY

44 ATLANTIC OCEAN 26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY 70 22 Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD TEST PRODUCTION WELL Previous USGS aquifer tests CANAL 7 LOCATION AND VALUE FOR TRANSMISSIVITY OF Aquifer tests done for this LINE OF EQUAL 20 ZONE 3--Number is study TRANSMISSIVITY--Contour transmissivity, in thousands lines are 10 and 50 Aquifer tests from the SFWMD of feet squared per day. DBHYDRO Database thousands of feet squared -NP is not present per day. Dashed where Other aquifer tests approximately located Specific capacity tests or inferred

Figure 24. Distribution of transmissivity for zone 3. Origin of High Salinity Groundwater in Central and Western Parts of the Study Area 35 formations from land surface downward, where at least 10 ft of aquifer, however, is different from that for zone 2 in the inland the section has hydraulic conductivity of 1,000 ft/d or more. eastern areas where the zone is thick and highly transmis- Their definition, however, includes the following statement: sive. The porosity in the gray limestone aquifer is primar- “The key criterion for defining the Biscayne aquifer apparently ily intergrain and moldic (Reese and Cunningham, 2000). is the presence of highly permeable limestone or calcareous Solution-enlarged pore spaces are only locally distributed. sandstone in the Fort Thompson Formation, Anastasia Forma- In zone 2 of the inland eastern areas of this study, porosity tion, or the Key Largo Limestone.” These three formations commonly includes large pore spaces and is often character- are all of Pleistocene age. This definition allows for the inclu- ized as “solution-riddled” or as having interconnected vugs or sion of “contiguous highly permeable limestone or calcareous cavities. This difference in the nature of the porosity probably sandstone beds of the Tamiami Formation,” even if these beds resulted from a difference in the environment of deposition or have a hydraulic conductivity as low as 100 ft/d. In north- from the timing of dissolution relative to deposition, or both. eastern Broward County, in two of the test wells drilled in the Based on the inconsistencies noted here, perhaps it would Fish (1988) study, the upper part of the Tamiami Formation is be beneficial to use a local name for zone 2 or zones 2/3 in the included in the lower part of the Biscayne aquifer (Fish, 1988, inland eastern areas. This zone(s) is referred to locally as the wells G-2323 and G-2344). “Turnpike” aquifer (Palm Beach Post, 1987). The extent of The Biscayne aquifer in eastern Palm Beach County was greatest thickness and transmissivity in these zones follows or defined by Shine and others (1989) as an interval within the is adjacent to Florida’s Turnpike in the inland eastern areas, surficial aquifer system with a thickness of at least 10 ft, and as shown by the thickness of zone 2 (fig. 11) and zones 2/3 as having a hydraulic conductivity of at least 500 ft/d within (fig. 17), and by the high transmissivity of these zones in these at least 50 percent of this interval. Accordingly, the Biscayne areas (fig. 23). aquifer was mapped as being present in southeastern and northeastern Palm Beach County (Shine and others, 1989, pl. 5). Their definition does not include a requirement for the inclusion of Pleistocene age formations and does not include Origin of High Salinity Groundwater in the semiconfining unit above the aquifer. Central and Western Parts of the Study Fish (1988) defines the gray limestone aquifer as “that part of the limestone beds (usually gray) and contiguous Area coarse clastic beds of the lower to middle part of the Tamiami Formation that are highly permeable (having a hydraulic Areas of high salinity in the surficial aquifer system conductivity of about 100 ft/d or more) and at least 10-ft in the central and western areas have been identified and thick.” By this definition, the gray limestone aquifer also must mapped in previous studies (Parker and others, 1955; Scott, be separated from the Biscayne aquifer by sediments having 1977; Swayze and Miller, 1984; Reese and Cunningham, relatively low to moderate permeability. 2000). These areas of high salinity appear to be related to Zone 2, the primary permeable zone mapped in this Lake Okeechobee, because many are present around the study, may not be included in the Biscayne aquifer as defined southern and southeastern shores of the lake and extend to by Fish (1988), because it is interpreted to be principally in the the south or southeast (Parker and others, 1955, fig. 221). Tamiami Formation and commonly overlain by a thick (50 to Groundwater with a dissolved-solids concentration (a mea- 100 ft) semiconfining unit of moderate permeability (fig. 12). sure of salinity) of 21,600 mg/L was measured in one well on This semiconfining unit commonly provides some separation the southeast shore of Lake Okeechobee in the north-central from zone 1, where zone 1 is present (fig. 8). Zone 1 may be area (Scott, 1977). Samples collected from six wells in the part of the Biscayne aquifer in parts of the coastal areas where central and western areas had measured chloride concentra- the zone is thick and transmissive (figs. 5, 8, and 22), based on tions of over 1,000 mg/L (Scott, 1977; Reese and Cunning- an average hydraulic conductivity of at least 1,000 ft/d. ham, 2000). The most commonly accepted theory for the Although a case can be made for classifying zone 2 of origin of this high salinity groundwater is that the groundwa- this study in the inland eastern areas as the “gray limestone” ter is residual in nature and results from incomplete flushing aquifer, the nature of the pore space in this zone is not consis- of invaded seawater (Parker and others, 1955). If this water is tent with this aquifer. Zone 2 is interpreted to be present in the residual, it could also have originated from the seawater pres- Tamiami Formation, composed of shelly, highly permeable ent during deposition (connate seawater). Harvey and others gray limestone and calcareous sandstone, and semiconfined (2002) refer to the high salinity, surficial aquifer system and thus, similar to the gray limestone aquifer. Additionally, groundwater in the in the south-central area as relict seawater as discussed previously, zones 2 and 3 in the south-central and or transitional relict seawater, and they classify this water as southwestern parts of the study area may be well connected, sodium-chloride or sodium chloride-bicarbonate type water, and the gray limestone aquifer as previously mapped in respectively. northwestern Broward County can include zone 2 in addition Another theory that could explain the origin of this high to zone 3. The nature of the pore space in the gray limestone salinity water is that it results from localized upwelling of 36 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater brackish or saline water from a depth equal to or greater than in understanding the origin of the water. The isotopic ratios that of the Floridan aquifer system. Evidence for upwelling of of hydrogen (2H/1H) and oxygen (18O/16O) are commonly brackish or saline water from deeper aquifers and invasion of expressed using the delta (δ) notation, delta deuterium (δ2H the surficial aquifer system in southwestern Florida is primar- or δD) and delta oxygen (δ18O), respectively, and the units of ily based on strontium isotope data, but also on major ion and this notation are parts per thousand or per mil. The δ2H and hydrogen and oxygen isotope data (Schmerge, 2001). δ18O in freshwater are linearly correlated on a global scale, Water samples were collected from 19 wells in this study and the relation is known as the “global meteoric water line” to gain a better understanding of the origin of the high salin- (GMWL; Craig, 1961). The position of data relative to this ity water in the central and western areas, and the analytical line can indicate important information on waters that have results for these samples are given in table 1–10. Five of undergone evaporation, recharge during different climatic these wells are located in the inland eastern areas, and the rest conditions, and mixing of waters from different sources, such are in the central and western areas (fig. 25). Although Lake as recharged downgradient groundwater and saltwater. Okeechobee could be related to the source(s) of high salinity Generally, the δ2H and δ18O values measured in the water, previously drilled and constructed wells close to the 19 samples from the study area plot along a trend below the lake could not be located for sampling. The measured chlo- GMWL, and this trend probably represents a progression in ride concentrations, however, in 7 of the 19 samples collected evaporation and mixing (fig. 27). The residual water at or near from the study area exceeded 1,000 mg/L (fig. 25). the surface after evaporation is isotopically heavier (greater 87 86 Strontium concentration and the Sr/ Sr ratio can be δ2H and δ18O values) than the initial rain water; therefore, used as indicators of groundwater movement and in deter- the progression in evaporation results in a linear trend with a 87 86 mining the origin of salinity. The Sr/ Sr ratio measured lesser slope than the GMWL (Clark and Fritz, 1997). A simi- in marine carbonate sediments and rocks of Cenozoic age lar but more extensive trend for δ2H and δ18O data collected indicates a strong variation during the late Cenozoic Erathem, from surface water and groundwater in wetland areas in the providing a high-resolution dating tool (Elderfield, 1986; south-central area was found by Harvey and others (2002), Howarth and McArthur, 1997). Cenozoic sediments contain and this trend was attributed to evaporation from surface strontium derived from the seawater present during deposi- water in wetlands. Mixing of fresh recharge water with salt- 87 86 tion, and if the Sr/ Sr ratio of groundwater has equilibrated 2 87 86 water is indicated by a trend for the δ H value of samples with with the Sr/ Sr ratio of the rock or sediment containing this a chloride concentration of greater than 250 mg/L (fig. 28). water, then an indication of the source of the water can be Most of the samples in figure 27 plot in two separate determined, provided the ages of potential source rocks are groups: one for the central and western areas, and one for the known. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio decreases as the age of seawater inland eastern areas. The separation of these groups could be increases. related to the nature of recharge in these areas. In the inland Review of the 87Sr/86Sr ratios measured in 18 of the eastern areas, recharge could be more direct and rapid with samples indicates a seawater age no older than late Miocene less evaporation at or near the surface. This separation is not and as young as Holocene or recent (fig. 26). Samples from due to groundwater flow and mixing from west to east in zone zone 2 or zones 2/3 in the inland eastern area indicate an age of 2 or 2/3, because a horizontal hydraulic gradient in this direc- Pleistocene or younger, but the 87Sr/86Sr ratio for these samples tion from the central and western areas to the inland eastern could be influenced by mixing with modern recharge water. The increase in the inverse concentration of strontium for these areas is not indicated (Swayze and Miller, 1984; Harvey and samples (fig. 26) indicates dilution with recharge water. others, 2002). 2 18 The estimated seawater age generally correlates with Comparison of the δ H and δ O values to results of the expected age of the sediments based on the zone to which samples taken from the Floridan aquifer system in nearby a well is open. The lithostratigraphic and hydrogeologic areas indicates that the source of the higher salinity groundwa- units mapped in this study in the surficial aquifer system are ter is not from this deeper aquifer system. Thirty one samples Pliocene in age or younger (fig. 3), but sand in the lower part collected from the Floridan aquifer system from inland areas of the surficial aquifer system can be as old as late Miocene of Martin, St. Lucie, and Okeechobee Counties to the north (Reese and Cunningham, 2000; Cunningham and others, of the study area (Reese, 2004, fig. 29) plot as a group shown 2001). Pleistocene or younger sediments present above zone 2 on figure 27. The chloride concentration of these 31 samples in the inland eastern area could also affect the 87Sr/86Sr ratio as ranged from about 300 to 2,000 mg/L. This Floridan aqui- the recharged water moves downward into zone 2. Therefore, fer system group of values is at least 2 per mil and 6 per mil the strontium data support the hypothesis for the origin of high heavier in δ18O and δ2H, respectively, than the data collected in salinity as residual invaded or relict seawater in the central and this study; this difference is even more pronounced for the val- western areas; a source deeper than the surficial aquifer system ues collected from the central and western areas in this study. is not indicated. These areas are more likely to be where localized upwelling The stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water of brackish or saline water from the Floridan aquifer system are affected by meteorological processes and can be helpful would be expected to occur. Origin of High Salinity Groundwater in Central and Western Parts of the Study Area 37

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY

MARTIN COUNTY 2 and 3 GLADES COUNTY PALM BEACH COUNTY 160 629 PB-1547 3 47 PB-880 593 below 1,250 1,340 Lake 2 38 3 3,030 471 PB-1608 3,510 Okeechobee 2 and 3 PB-830 PB-715

26°45´

below 9,530 3 43 2 and 3 19,200 4,730 409 PB-1545 PB-1797 10,400 178 PB-1794 808 3 PB-1798 3 below 81 below 552 2

HENDRY COUNTY HENDRY 3 3 PB-1097

PALM BEACH COUNTY BEACH PALM 2,990 119 FLORIDA’S TURNPIKE 26°30´ 3,130 2 81 8,330 6,030 676 PB-1787 521 PB-1786 PB-1790 2 PB-1107 below PB-1785 1,670 3,570 3 186 PB-1789 2 1 and 2 868 206 PB-1761778

PALM BEACH COUNTY 185 114 BROWARD COUNTY 864 638 PB-1801 PB-1802 2 1

ATLANTIC OCEAN 26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD Source or Type of Well WELL LOCATION AND PB-1107 NUMBER, SALINITY AND CANAL Schneider (1976) ZONE OPEN Swayze and others (1980) -upper number is USGS aquifer test well chloride concentration, 81 drilled in the 1980s in milligrams per liter 521 Harvey and others (2002) -lower number is dissolved solids Central Everglades concentration, in Restoration Project test well milligrams per liter Other wells 2 Zone open in well

Figure 25. Wells sampled in this study, and chloride and dissolved solids concentrations measured. 38 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

0.70920 HOLOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE SEAWATER 0.70915 East EXPLANATION 0.70910 TRANSITION FROM WEST TO EAST Modern seawater (Phelps, 2001, and PLIOCENE Hem, 1985) SEAWATER 0.70905 CENTRAL AND WESTERN AREAS Zone 1 Zone 2 0.70900 Zone 3 Below zone 3 West INLAND EASTERN AREAS 0.70895 LATE MIOCENE SEAWATER Zone 2 or zones 2 and 3 Zone 3 0.70890

RATIO OF STRONTIUM-87 TO STRONTIUM-86 RATIO 0.70885 MIDDLE MIOCENE SEAWATER 0.70880 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 INVERSE OF STRONTIUM CONCENTRATION, IN LITERS PER MICROGRAM

Figure 26. Relation between the ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 and the inverse of strontium concentration in groundwater within the study area. The indicated age of seawater based on ratio is also shown.

14 D 12

10 ATER LINE EXPLANATION 8 W Modern seawater (Phelps, 2001) CENTRAL AND WESTERN Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 6 EVAPORATION AND MIXING TREN CENTRAL AND WESTERN AREAS 4 Zone 1 or zones 1 and 2 Zone 2 GLOBAL METEORIC 2 Zone 3 Below zone 3 0 INLAND EASTERN AREAS INLAND Zone 2 or zones 2 and 3 DELTA DEUTERIUM, PER MIL DELTA -2 EASTERN Zone 3

-4 Group of samples from -6 the Floridan aquifer system -8 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 DELTA OXYGEN-18, PER MIL

Figure 27. Relation between delta deuterium and delta oxygen-18 in groundwater within the study area. Shown for comparison is the location of a group of 31 samples from the Floridan aquifer system from nearby areas of inland Martin, St. Lucie, and Okeechobee Counties to the north of the study area (from Reese, 2004; fig. 29) Summary and Conclusions 39

8 SALTWATER MIXING LINE EXPLANATION 6 Linear regression for samples with chloride concentration 4 greater than 250 milligrams per liter 2 CENTRAL AND WESTERN AREAS Zone 1 or zones 1 and 2 0 Zone 2

DELTA DETERIUM, PER MIL DELTA Zone 3 -2 Below zone 3 -4 INLAND EASTERN AREAS Zone 2 or zones 2 and 3 -6 Zone 3

-8 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Figure 28. Relation between delta deuterium and chloride concentration in groundwater within the study area.

Summary and Conclusions geophysical logs were run in 13 wells, flowmeter and fluid logs were run in 6 constructed wells, and single-well aquifer tests were run in 9 wells. Including the wells drilled in this Population growth in Palm Beach County has resulted in study and previously drilled wells, data from 150 wells were the westward expansion of urbanized areas into agricultural synthesized and used for defining and mapping the lithostrati- areas and has created new demands on the surficial aquifer graphic framework and hydrostratigraphic units. system, which is the major source of freshwater for public A lithostratigraphic framework was delineated through water supply in the county. Additionally, interest in surface- water resources in the central and western areas of the county correlation of borehole natural GR geophysical log markers has increased, and surface-water and groundwater interac- between all the wells with GR logs and lithologic descriptions in this area are thought to be important to water budgets. tions. These correlation markers approximately correspond Previous studies of the hydrogeology of this aquifer system to important lithostratigraphic unit boundaries, and were have focused mostly on the eastern one-half to one-third of selected through comparison of GR logs to lithostratigraphic the county in the more densely populated coastal areas. These boundaries determined in cores collected from test coreholes. studies have not placed the hydrogeology in a framework in The markers approximate the tops of the Hawthorn Group, which stratigraphic units in this complex aquifer system are the Ochopee Limestone Member of the Tamiami Formation, defined and correlated between wells. the Pinecrest Member of the Tamiami Formation, and the Fort Meaningful simulation of groundwater flow in the Thompson Formation. surficial aquifer system in Palm Beach County requires The surficial aquifer system was divided into three main model construction based on lithostratigraphic unit delinea- permeable zones or subaquifers, which are, from shallowest tion. The purpose of this study was to delineate the hydro- to deepest, zones 1, 2, and 3; the correlation markers were geologic framework of the surficial aquifer system in Palm used as guides to the top or base of zones. Zone 1 is pres- Beach County based on a lithostratigraphic framework and to ent above the Tamiami Formation in the Anastasia and Fort evaluate hydraulic properties and characteristics of units and Thompson Formations, zone 2 primarily is present in the permeable zones within this hydrogeologic framework. upper part of the Tamiami Formation in the Pinecrest Sand For this purpose, five test wells were drilled, and in three Member or its correlative equivalent, and zone 3 is present in of these, continuous core was collected. Standard borehole the Ochopee Limestone Member of the Tamiami Formation or 40 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater its correlative equivalent. Differences in lithologic character 2 and 3, and the resulting transmissivity values represent a exist among these three zones, and commonly include differ- composite value for both zones. Maximum transmissivities for ences in the nature of the pore space. High intergrain poros- zone 1, zones 2 and 3, and zone 3 were 90,000, 180,000, and ity (between shells or shell fragments) is common in zone 1, 70,000 ft2/d (feet-squared per day), respectively, in the coastal interconnected vugs or cavities are common in zone 2, and areas, the inland eastern areas, and the southwestern area, moldic and intergrain porosity are common in zone 3. respectively. The northern extent of high transmissivity for Zone 1, which commonly forms the water-table aquifer, the composite of zones 2 and 3 in the inland northeastern area attains its greatest thickness (50 ft or more) in coastal areas. along Florida’s Turnpike has not been defined based on avail- Zone 2, the most transmissive and extensive zone, is thickest able tests; the area with transmissivity greater than 50,000 ft2/d (80 ft or more) in the inland eastern areas close to Florida’s could extend 5 to 10 mi farther north than mapped in this area, Turnpike. The thickness of zone 2 decreases to zero in most as indicated by the combined thickness of zones 2 and 3. Based wells located close to the coast. Zone 3 attains its greatest on the thickness of zone 2 and a limited number of aquifer tests, thickness (100 ft or more) in the southwestern and south-central a large area within zone 2 that has an associated transmissivity areas, where it is equivalent to the gray limestone aquifer. greater than 10,000 ft2/d, and possibly as much as 30,000 ft2/d, The thickness of semiconfining units between zones is extends to the west across Water-Conservation Area 1 from the variable and commonly ranges from 10 to 60 ft. In a large area inland southeastern area into the south-central area and some of located mostly in the inland southeastern and northeastern areas, the southwestern area. An east-west transition in thickness and however, zone 1 is absent, and the semiconfining unit above transmissivity from zone 2 to 3 is present between the south- zone 2 extends to the land surface and has a thickness that com- central and southwestern areas, but the hydraulic connection monly ranges from 50 to 100 ft. In some areas, confinement between these two zones in the area of this transition is probably between zones 2 and 3 probably is not effective because of the good. Most tests in the eastern areas where only zone 3 was limited thickness of the confining unit or the nature of the mate- tested indicate a transmissivity of about 10,000 ft2/d or less. rial in the unit. Because the thickness of the confining unit sepa- Previous definitions of the Biscayne and gray limestone rating zones 2 and 3 is limited or difficult to define in much of aquifers were reviewed for comparison to the zones of high the study area, the thicknesses of zones 2 and 3 were combined permeability mapped in this study. The Biscayne aquifer was and mapped as one unit. The combined thickness of zones 2 and originally shown as extending only into the southern part 3 reaches 100 ft or greater in the inland eastern areas. of southeastern Palm Beach County. The surficial aquifer Data on 68 aquifer tests were compiled, including tests system in the area of greatest thickness and transmissivity of run in this study and previously conducted tests. Additionally, combined zones 2 and 3 in the inland eastern areas may not data for 10 specific capacity tests were compiled. These data be included in the Biscayne aquifer, because these zones are were used to define hydraulic properties, compare transmis- interpreted to be present principally in the Tamiami Forma- sivity values derived by different methods, and map the tion and are commonly overlain by a thick semiconfining distribution of transmissivity in the surficial aquifer system. unit of moderate permeability. Perhaps use of the local name Transmissivity values determined from both drawdown and “Turnpike” aquifer for zones 2 and 3, mapped in the inland recovery data measured in production wells were compared to eastern areas, would be beneficial, because the extent of the transmissivity determined from monitoring well drawdown greatest thickness and transmissivity in these zones follows, data at the same site, with all analysis methods assuming or is adjacent to, Florida’s Turnpike. In parts of the coastal confined aquifer conditions. areas where it is thick and transmissive, zone 1 may be consid- The semiconfining unit above zone 2 in the eastern areas ered equivalent to the Biscayne aquifer. is predominantly composed of very fine- to medium-grained, Areas of high salinity in the surficial aquifer system in relatively clean quartz sand, which indicates moderate hori- the central and western areas of the county have been identi- zontal hydraulic conductivity in the range of 10 to 100 ft/d. fied and mapped in previous studies, and water samples were The vertical hydraulic conductivity of this unit based on an collected from 19 wells in this study to gain a better under- aquifer tests, however, is less than 10 ft/d. standing of the origin of this high salinity water. Evidence The depths of flow zones and the percentage of total flow for upwelling of brackish or saline water from the Floridan for each zone were determined in six constructed wells, based aquifer system or deeper was not found, based on strontium on fluid temperature and resistivity log curve deviations and concentration and isotope data, as well as hydrogen and flowmeter logs run under ambient and pumping conditions. oxygen isotope data. The seawater age indicated by strontium Analyses of these logs and comparison of the results with the isotope ratios measured in water produced from wells sampled depths of the three mapped permeable zones indicated that in the central and western areas correlates with the expected zone 2 contained the largest flow zones. A flow zone in zone 2 age of the sediments, which ranges from Pliocene to late Mio- in one well in the inland eastern area contributed 60 percent of cene. These data support a hypothesis of residual invaded or the total flow from the well. relict seawater for the origin of this high salinity groundwater; The distribution of transmissivity was mapped by zone; nevertheless, the number of wells sampled was limited and however, for many aquifer tests, wells were open to both zones large areas near Lake Okeechobee were not sampled. References Cited 41

References Cited Elderfield, H., 1986, Strontium isotope stratigraphy: Palaeo- geography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, v. 57, p. 71–90. Ardaman and Assoc., Inc., 2003, Central Everglades Restora- tion Plan Everglades agricultural area reservoirs phase 1, Fischer, J.N., Jr., 1980, Evaluation of a cavity-riddled zone effort 1: Conceptual report of geotechnical exploration, of the shallow aquifer near Riviera Beach, Palm Beach 13 p., and attachments including drilling logs. County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 80–60, 39 p. Boulton, N.S., 1963, Analysis of data from nonequilibrium pumping tests allowing for delayed yield from storage: Pro- Fish, J.E., 1988, Hydrogeology, aquifer characteristics, and ceedings, Institute of Civil Engineering, no. 26, p. 469–482. ground-water flow of the surficial aquifer system, Broward County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Bouwer, H., 1989, The Bouwer and Rice slug test—An update: Investigations Report 87–4034, 92 p. Ground Water, v. 27, no. 3, p. 304–309. Fish, J.E., and Stewart, Mark, 1991, Hydrogeology of the Bouwer, H., and Rice, R.C., 1976, A slug test method for surficial aquifer system, Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geologi- determining hydraulic conductivity of unconfined aqui- cal Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90–4108, fers with completely or partially penetrating wells: Water 50 p. Resources Research, v. 12, no. 3, p. 423–428. Geological Society of America, 1991, Rock color chart: Causaras, C.R., 1985, Geology of the surficial aquifer system, Baltimore, Md., Munsell Color. Broward County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Hantush, M.S., 1960, Modifications of the theory of leaky Resources Investigations Report 84–4068, 167 p., 2 sheets. aquifers: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 65, no. 11, Clark, I.D., and Fritz, Peter, 1997, Environmental isotopes in p. 3713–3725. hydrogeology: Boca Raton, Fla., Lewis Publishers, 328 p. Hantush, M.S., and Jacob, C.E., 1955, Nonsteady radial flow Cooper, H.H., Jr., 1963, Type curves for nonsteady radial flow in an infinite leaky aquifer: American Geophysical Union in an infinite leaky artesian aquifer,in Bentall, Ray, compiler, Transactions, v. 36, no. 1, p. 95–100. Shortcuts and special problems in aquifer tests: U.S. Geologi- Harvey, J.W., Krupa, S.L., Gefvert, Cynthia, and others, 2000, cal Survey Water-Supply Paper 1545–C, p. C48–C55. Interaction between ground water and surface water in the Cooper, H.H., Jr., and Jacob, C.E., 1946, A generalized graphi- northern Everglades and relation to water budget and mercury cal method for evaluating formation constants and sum- cycling: Study methods and appendixes: U.S. Geological marizing well-field history: American Geophysical Union Survey Open-File Report 00–168, 411 p. Transactions, v. 27, no. 4, p. 526–534. Harvey, J.W., Krupa, S.L., Gefvert, Cynthia, and others, 2002, Craig, Harmon, 1961, Isotopic variations in meteoric water: Interactions between surface water and ground water and effects on mercury transport in the north-central Everglades: Science, v. 133, p. 1702–1703. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Cunningham, K.J., Bukry, David, Sato, Tokiyuki, and others, Report 02–4050, 82 p. 2001, Sequence stratigraphy of a south Florida carbonate Hem, J.D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical ramp and bounding siliciclastics (Late Miocene-Pliocene), characteristics of natural water (3d ed.): U.S. Geological in Missimer, T.M., and Scott, T.M., eds., Geology and Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p. hydrology of Lee County, Florida: Durward H. Boggess Memorial Symposium: Florida Geological Survey Special Howarth, R.J., and McArthur, J.M., 1997, Statistics for Publication 49, p. 35–66. strontium isotope stratigraphy: A robust LOWESS fit to the marine Sr-isotope curve for 0 to 206 Ma, with lookup table Cunningham, K.J., Carlson, J.L., Wingard, G.L., and others, 2004, for derivation of numeric age: Journal of Geology, v. 105, Characterization of aquifer heterogeneity using cyclostratigra- p. 441–456. phy and geophysical methods in the upper part of the karstic Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Klein, Howard, Armbruster, J.T., McPherson, B.F., and Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4208, 66 p., 5 pls. Freiberger, H.J., 1975, Water and the south Florida environment: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investiga- Cunningham, K.J., Wacker, M.A., Robinson, Edward, and tions 24–75, 165 p. others, 2006, A cyclostratigraphic and borehole-geophysical approach to development of a three-dimensional conceptual Klein, Howard, Schroeder, M.C., and Lichtler, W.F., 1964, hydrogeologic model of the karstic Biscayne aquifer, south- Geology and ground-water resources of Glades and Hendry eastern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investi- Counties, Florida: Florida Geological Survey Report of gations Report 05–5235, 69 p., 4 pls. Investigations 37, 101 p. 42 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

Land, L.F., 1977, Ground-water resources of the Riviera Schmerge, D.L., 2001, Distribution and origin of salinity Beach area, Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Geological in the surficial and intermediate aquifer systems, south- Survey Water-Resources Investigations 77–47, 38 p. western Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01–4159, 41 p. Land, L.F., Rodis, H.G., and Schneider, J.J., 1973, Appraisal of the water resources of eastern Palm Beach County, Florida: Schneider, J.J., 1976, Geologic data from test drilling in Palm Florida Geological Survey Report of Investigations 67, 64 p. Beach County, Florida since 1970: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76–713, 99 p. Miller, W.L., 1987, Lithology and base of the surficial aquifer system, Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Geological Scott, T.M., 1992, Coastal plains stratigraphy: The dichotomy Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86–4067, of biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy––A philosophical 1 sheet. approach to an old problem, in Scott, T.M., and Allmon, W.D., eds., Plio-Pleistocene stratigraphy and paleontology Montgomery Watson Americas, Inc., 1999, Stormwater of southern Florida: Florida Geological Survey Special Treatment Area numbers 3 and 4, field investigations and Publication 36, p. 21–25. seepage analysis report: South Florida Water Management District contract, 48 p., plus apps. Scott, W.B., 1977, Hydraulic conductivity and water quality of the shallow aquifer, Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Neuman, S.P., 1972, Theory of flow in unconfined aquifers Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report considering delayed gravity response of the water table: 76–119, 22 p. Water Resources Research, v. 8, no. 4, p. 1031–1045. Shine, M.J., Padgett, D.G.J., and Barfknecht, W.M., 1989, Neuman, S.P., 1974, Effect of partial penetration on flow in unconfined aquifers considering delayed gravity response, Ground water resource assessment of eastern Palm Beach Water Resources Research, v. 10, no. 2, p. 303–312. County, Florida: South Florida Water Management District Technical Publication 89–4, 372 p., plus apps. Palm Beach Post, 1987, Saltwater, landfills threaten purity of county’s water supply: Sunday, May 24, 1987, p. 16A. Smith, K.R., and Adams, K.M., 1988, Ground water resource assessment of Hendry County, Florida: South Florida Water Parker, G.G., Ferguson, G.E., Love, S.K., and others, 1955, Management District Technical Publication 88–12, 109 p., Water resources of southeastern Florida, with special refer- plus apps. ence to the geology and ground water of the Miami area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Suppy Paper 1255, 965 p. Swayze, L.J., McGovern, M.C., and Fischer, J.N., 1980, Litho- logic logs and geophysical logs from test drilling in Palm Perkins, R.D., 1977, Depositional framework of Pleistocene Beach County, Florida, since 1974: U.S. Geological Survey rocks in south Florida, in Enos, Paul, and Perkins, R.D., Open-File Report 81–68, 93 p. eds., Quaternary sedimentation in south Florida, part II: Geological Society of America Memoir 147, p. 131–198. Swayze, L.J., and Miller, W.L., 1984, Hydrogeology of a zone of secondary permeability in the surficial aquifer of east- Phelps, G.G., 2001, Geochemistry and origins of mineralized ern Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey waters in the Floridan aquifer system, northeastern Florida: Water-Resources Investigations Report 83–4249, 39 p. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01–4112, 64 p. Theis, C.V., 1935, The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge Reese, R.S., 2004, Hydrogeology, Water Quality, and Distribu- of a well using ground-water storage: American Geophysi- tion and Sources of Salinity in the Floridan Aquifer System, cal Union Transactions, v. 16, p. 519–524. Martin and St. Lucie Counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4242, 96 Thiem, G., 1906, Hydrologische Methoden: Gebhardt, p., 2 pls. Leipzig, 56 p.

Reese, R.S., and Cunningham, K.J., 2000, Hydrogeology U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2005, North Palm Beach, of the gray limestone aquifer in southern Florida: U.S. Florida, Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan geo- Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report technical data collection report: Unpublished report, June 99–4213, 244 p. 2005, 31 p., plus apps. A–I.

Reese, R.S., and Wacker, M.A., 2007, Hydrostratigraphic U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and South Florida Water framework and selection and correlation of geophysical log Management District, 1999, Central and Southern Florida markers in the surficial aquifer system, Palm Beach County, Project Comprehensive Review Study: Final Integrated Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Feasibility Report and Programmatic Environment Impact Map 2971, 2 sheets. Statement, 27 p. Appendix 1. 44 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 44 27°00´ COUNTY GLADES COUNTY 90 36 40 MARTIN COUNTY 122 PALM BEACH COUNTY 97 40 87 38 84 43 45 40 55 48 Lake 44 59 100 127 120 Okeechobee 48 55 65 70 40 85 85 57 102 47 78 100 97 49 33 73 56 65 50 105 80 26°45´ 62 87 99

60 63 ND 29 33 51 28 55 106 33 46 80 45 54 63 102 97 80 46 89 85 ND 66 37 113 45 65 100 47 40 50 119 49 105 80 104 26 40

93 TURNPIKE HENDRY COUNTY ND 44 63 89 ND -3 PALM BEACH COUNTY 163 26°30´ 86 39 60 7 14 119 ND 46 82 67 80 128 99 NP -5 28 40 80 138 161 NP ND 100 38 56 160 38 51 55 65 109 NP 0 50 63 118 -2 20 59 99 14 54 PALM BEACH COUNTY 67 45 BROWARD COUNTY 50 140

120 115

ATLANTIC OCEAN FLORIDA’S 26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY -10 25 Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD 20 LINE OF EQUAL ALTITUDE-- WELL LOCATION AND 106 CANAL Shows altitude of correlation ALTITUDE--Number is marker T, in feet below (+) altitude of correlation NGVD 29. Contour interval is marker T, in feet above(-) or 20 feet. Dashed where below(+) NGVD 29. ND is approximately located or no data. NP is not present. inferred See figure 1 for local well numbers

Figure 1–1. Altitude of the T marker correlation. Appendixes 45

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 27°00´ COUNTY 137 75 107 133 176 100 MARTIN COUNTY GLADES COUNTY 93 PALM BEACH 139 76 COUNTY 91 96 78 79 8077 137 189 180 Lake 102 90 Okeechobee 70 89 106 128 142 98 78 160 80 100 127 81 115 95 140 87 98 166 105 26°45´ 94 103 177 180 115 104 181 86 100 80 107 160 200 78 106 103 100 98 72 206 COUNTY 88 103

PALM BEACH 120 HENDRY COUNTY 118 196 100 140 177 107 170 155 191 86 122 165 200 77 97 105 180 60 108 173 176 211 70 208 80 80 190 178 40 77 249 14 TURNPIKE 124 26°30´ 20 100 120 51 95 129 34 104 207 16 140 219 27 71 137 178 220

120 20 139 160 250 71 114 20 121 185 18 71 92 103 240 140 205 171 15 89 34 PALM BEACH COUNTY 105 116 220 89 BROWARD COUNTY 114 158 200 200

ATLANTIC OCEAN

120 140 180 160 26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY 60 FLORIDA’S Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD 20 LINE OF EQUAL WELL LOCATION AND 103 CANAL ALTITUDE--Shows ALTITUDE--Number is altitude of correlation altitude of correlation marker O, in feet below marker O, in feet below (+) NGVD 29. Contour (+) NGVD 29. See interval is 20 feet. figure 1 for local well Dashed where numbers approximately located or inferred

Figure 1–2. Altitude of the O correlation marker. 46 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

81°00´ 80°45´ 80°30´ 80°15´ 80°00´ OKEECHOBEE 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 27°00´ COUNTY 300 193 140 240 320 MARTIN COUNTY 160 260 228 GLADES COUNTY PALM BEACH COUNTY 237 Lake 135 177 Okeechobee 124 181 140 148 186 318 152 ND 128 137 300 179 171 ND

280 128 156 169 188 140 165 160 278 168 180 179 172 180 198 192 290 168 26°45´ 195 294 186 199 ND 151 176 ND 165 180 197 180 220 168 335 300 171 200 307 188 250 198 304 180 240 250ND ND 147 ND ND 294 260 152 313 163 168 COUNTY 183 PALM BEACH 160 ND HENDRY COUNTY 168 140 322 365 173 ND ND 137 188 ND 26°30´ 209 218 145 196 315 137 ND 197 196 220 338 119 160 133 157 288 180 200

240 ND 150 207 368 134 140 146 151 177 184 209 260 ND 161 ND 360 229 325 179 PALM BEACH COUNTY 192 300 282

ATLANTIC OCEAN 183 ND 200 BROWARD COUNTY 195 340

280 200 ND 309 320

26°15´ COLLIER COUNTY

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 17 0 5 10 MILES

EXPLANATION 0 5 10 KILOMETERS ROAD 20 LINE OF EQUAL WELL LOCATION AND 335 CANAL ALTITUDE--Shows ALTITUDE--Number is altitude of correlation altitude of correlation marker H, in feet marker H, in feet below (+) NGVD 29. below (+) NGVD 29. ND Contour interval is 20 is no data. See figure 1 feet. Dashed where for local well numbers approximately located or inferred

Figure 1–3. Altitude of the H correlation marker Appendixes 47

7 22.20 27.10 15 10 19 26 22 20 12 18 20 18 15 18 14 15 15 12 20 18 14 17 20 15 18 14.09 14.63 15.85 Altitude (feet NGVD 29) of land surface 206 345 188 236 205 193 236 314 314 282 267 281 365 225 195 229 219 199 249 199 132 160 195 184 181 182 (feet) depth 1,380 1,000 1,200 Total hole Total datum NAD 83 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 Horizontal west Longitude 80 25 17.4 80 09 25 80 36 20 80 03 57 80 03 35 80 13 56 80 20 52 80 29 00 80 36 45 80 03 51 80 05 29 80 06 58 80 09 20 80 09 13 80 12 13 80 55 52 80 27 37 80 41 06 80 50 02 80 34 21 80 49 47 80 06 24 80 56 50 80 55 48 80 56 52 80 53 04.4 80 54 22.8 80 54 27.2 80 57 20 (dd mm ss.ss) north Latitude 26 57 57.2 26 37 58 26 36 33 26 30 50 26 55 32 26 56 33 26 57 28 26 54 32 26 47 08 26 46 56 26 47 08 26 48 38 26 22 01 26 21 47 26 13 17 26 13 47 26 19 58 26 19 52 26 19 58 26 14 58 26 17 36 26 24 40 26 23 09 26 30 23 26 25 55.6 26 21 42.7 26 24 12.7 26 59 17 26 15 00 (dd mm ss.ss) Source study or owner CERP, USACE CERP, Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Reese and Cunningham (2000) Fish (1988) Fish (1988) Fish (1988) Fish (1988) Fish (1988) ASR 2A WTP Broward County SFWMD Reese and Cunningham (2000) Reese and Cunningham (2000) USACE CERP, USACE CERP, USACE CERP, ASR, SFWMD Port Mayaca Other identifier CP02-NPBP1-CB-0055 Palm Beach County W-10018 Big Cypress Sanctuary W-17614, BRT-19 BRT-14 BRT-13 BRT-15 BRT-20 MW-1 HM-265 HY-301, L-3 Deep L-2 Deep W-17868, CP02-EAARS-CB-0005 CP02-EAARS-CB-0006 CP02-EAARS-CB-0014 EXPM-1 Inventory of all wells used in this study.

name USGS local well M-1367 PB-600 PB-634 PB-640 PB-649 PB-650 PB-651 PB-652A PB-653 PB-654 PB-655 PB-657 PB-658 PB-665 C-1156 C-1169 G-2312 G-2313 G-2314 G-2315 G-2340 G-2916 HE-1108 HE-1110 HE-1116 HE-1142 HE-1143 HE-1144 M-1361 Table 1–1. Table Water Utilities Restoration Plan; NR, not reported; PBCWUD, Palm Beach County Comprehensive Everglades ASR, aqufier storage and recovery; CERP, hole depth is in feet below land surface; [Total wastewater treatment plant] WTP, Army Corps of Engineers; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Management District; USACE, U.S. Water Department; RO, reverse osmosis; SFWMD, South Florida 48 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

8 6 8 11 13 20 15 18 10 14 12 15 13 18 18 18 22 19 10 17 14 12 15 12 16 14 20 22 12 Altitude 23 (feet NGVD 29) of land surface 81 119 249 249 415 357 357 154 358 280 345 325 120 234 220 248 520 302 201 387 240 175 200 190 240 189 174 248 275 (feet) depth 1,280 Total hole Total datum NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 Horizontal west Longitude 80 03 04 80 02 56 80 06 52 80 09 27 80 05 45 80 03 20 80 05 12 80 08 07 80 04 52 80 17 30.8 80 06 17 80 08 24 80 08 52 80 08 56 80 12 17 80 24 42.8 80 09 48 80 05 40 80 06 54 80 03 08 80 05 18 80 32 22 80 23 56 80 31 34 80 20 06 80 37 38 80 17 52 80 17 22 80 05 38 80 04 07 (dd mm ss.ss) north Latitude 26 37 46 26 22 13 26 40 43 26 41 23 26 52 00 26 36 34 26 55 10 26 35 15 26 51 14.7 26 35 18 26 56 06 26 35 23 26 45 37 26 35 27 26 51 04.5 26 28 59 26 52 58 26 29 02 26 34 55 26 28 18 26 40 49 26 41 13 26 47 02 26 41 04 26 51 34 26 40 58 26 48 42 26 58 02 26 27 12 26 36 27 (dd mm ss.ss) Source study or owner Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) USGS Schneider (1976) SFWMD Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Schneider (1976) Other identifier PB-733, injection Inventory of all wells used in this study.—Continued

name USGS local well PB-695 PB-666 PB-699 PB-667 PB-708 PB-668 PB-712 PB-669 PB-715 PB-670 PB-747 PB-671 PB-798 PB-672 PB-830 PB-673 PB-833 PB-674 PB-834B PB-675 PB-836 PB-676 PB-837 PB-677 PB-838 PB-678 PB-679 PB-681 PB-690 PB-694 Table 1–1. Table Water Utilities Restoration Plan; NR, not reported; PBCWUD, Palm Beach County Comprehensive Everglades ASR, aqufier storage and recovery; CERP, hole depth is in feet below land surface; [Total wastewater treatment plant] WTP, Army Corps of Engineers; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Management District; USACE, U.S. Water Department; RO, reverse osmosis; SFWMD, South Florida Appendixes 49

17 16 15 17 20 18 16 18 13 18 17.06 17 17 20 18 16 17 20 16 18 12 15 12 19 18 18 18 18 18 19 Altitude (feet NGVD 29) of land surface 118 114 115 240 200 220 160 250 200 240 200 575 180 300 220 129 160 123 180 180 200 200 200 220 200 235 200 200 200 200 (feet) depth Total hole Total datum NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 Horizontal west Longitude 80 11 14 80 11 80 11 57 80 11 80 11 52 80 11 80 08 47 80 06 40 80 40 03 80 10 25 80 32 20 80 13 25 80 46 40 80 15 80 48 33 80 17 14 80 10 30.8 80 06 47 80 08 23 80 09 52 80 08 13 80 13 42.4 80 06 23 80 13 01 80 07 25 80 10 36 80 05 01 80 13 45 80 06 00 80 07 18 80 10 02 80 07 58 80 13 44 (dd mm ss.ss) north Latitude 26 27 11 26 42 25 26 37 45 26 41 12 26 37 28 26 20 00 26 36 23 26 20 00 26 36 26 41 53 26 36 29 26 54 37.2 26 31 38 26 47 15 26 31 38 26 48 02 26 31 45.2 26 48 17 26 48 36 26 46 10 26 52 50 26 50 34 26 20 07 26 50 27 26 24 05 26 50 27 26 50 27 26 50 18 26 45 55 26 45 55 (dd mm ss.ss) Source study or owner Swayze and others (1980) Schneider (1976) Swayze and others (1980) Schneider (1976) Swayze and others (1980) Schneider (1976) Swayze and others (1980) Schneider (1976) Swayze and others (1980) Other Schneider (1976) Fischer (1980) Schneider (1976) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Fischer (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Swayze and others (1980) Other identifier APT production well APT Inventory of all wells used in this study.—Continued

name USGS local well PB-1090 PB-839 PB-1091 PB-841 PB-1092 PB-842 PB-1093 PB-843 PB-1094 PB-880 PB-1095 PB-1026 PB-1096 PB-1029 PB-1097 PB-1038 PB-1098 PB-1065 PB-1099 PB-1082 PB-1100 PB-1083 PB-1101 PB-1084 PB-1102 PB-1085 PB-1086 PB-1087 PB-1088 PB-1089 Table 1–1. Table Water Utilities Restoration Plan; NR, not reported; PBCWUD, Palm Beach County Comprehensive Everglades ASR, aqufier storage and recovery; CERP, hole depth is in feet below land surface; [Total wastewater treatment plant] WTP, Army Corps of Engineers; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Management District; USACE, U.S. Water Department; RO, reverse osmosis; SFWMD, South Florida 50 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

17 18 21 18 20 20 15 20 23 23 15 19 14 20 23 20 13 17 25 19 20 19 17 17 17.83 10 13.03 17 19.42 18.90 Altitude (feet NGVD 29) of land surface 260 240 160 340 170 217 120 217 180 200 190 200 200 171 220 190 260 240 190 270 320 435 (feet) depth 1,665 1,038 3,310 3,300 2,010 3,300 3,510 3,312 Total hole Total datum NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 Horizontal west Longitude 80 12 11 80 09 22 80 10 09.5 80 10 16 80 10 09.5 80 07 18 80 13 55 80 10 09 80 13 55 80 21 49 80 17 27 80 13 16.7 80 12 50 80 14 13 80 19 34 80 17 31 80 15 17 80 05 13 80 16 30 80 18 22 80 10 22 80 12 15 80 13 57 80 13 36 80 14 04 80 05 19 80 39 59 80 10 16 80 07 17 80 03 45 (dd mm ss.ss) north Latitude 26 58 11 26 55 24 26 38 57.9 26 24 03 26 38 57.9 26 45 26 56 06 26 19 39 26 56 06 26 22 28 26 51 34 26 28 07.9 26 48 43 26 24 03 26 48 34 26 51 15 26 45 55 26 41 01 26 54 06 26 35 09 26 23 34 26 25 53 26 38 04 26 32 55 26 44 04 26 37 02 26 48 01 26 21 47 26 31 44 26 30 49 (dd mm ss.ss) Source study or owner Jupiter RO USGS Swayze and others (1980) USGS Swayze and others (1980) USGS Swayze and others (1980) USGS Swayze and others (1980) USGS Swayze and others (1980) USGS Swayze and others (1980) USGS Swayze and others (1980) USGS BRDVW CONDOS, SFWMD BRDVW USGS Pratt & Whitney Pratt & USGS PBCWUD System 9 North USGS ACME Improvement District USGS Royal Palm Beach USGS Pahokee USGS Boynton Beach RO Reject Boynton Beach East WTP Boynton Beach East Other identifier APT site 9 deep test well APT APT site 9 production well APT APT site 15 deep test well APT APT site 15 production well APT APT site 14 deep test well APT APT site 13 deep test well APT APT site 12 deep test well APT APT site 11 deep test well site 11 APT PBF-1 APT site 10 deep test well APT IW-1 APT site 8 deep test well APT IW-1 IW-1 APT site 2 deep test well APT MW-1 MW-1 APT site 16 deep test well APT IW-1 IW-1 APT site 7 deep test well APT IW-1 IW-1 APT site 1 deep test well APT RO IW-1 RO IW-1 ASR MW-1 RO-5 Inventory of all wells used in this study.—Continued

name USGS local well PB-1544 PB-1103 PB-1545 PB-1104 PB-1546 PB-1105 PB-1547 PB-1106 PB-1550 PB-1107 PB-1555 PB-1108 PB-1558 PB-1109 PB-1564 PB-1144 PB-1567 PB-1166 PB-1571 PB-1168 PB-1574 PB-1173 PB-1576 PB-1176 PB-1578 PB-1184 PB-1581 PB-1192 PB-1195 PB-1197 Table 1–1. Table Water Utilities Restoration Plan; NR, not reported; PBCWUD, Palm Beach County Comprehensive Everglades ASR, aqufier storage and recovery; CERP, hole depth is in feet below land surface; [Total wastewater treatment plant] WTP, Army Corps of Engineers; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Management District; USACE, U.S. Water Department; RO, reverse osmosis; SFWMD, South Florida Appendixes 51

8 11.84 11.39 11 11.82 11.56 11.92 11 10 10 15 18 16.33 19 10 15 13.90 15 17.80 18 21.60 18 25 24 13.38 18.97 12.15 15 21.20 20 Altitude (feet NGVD 29) of land surface 76 67 73 120 337 420 270 390 205 430 206 220 205 150 425 162 180 155 182 183 180 221 201 (feet) depth 1,225 1,650 2,504 1,191 2,490 1,705 1,200 Total hole Total datum NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 Horizontal west Longitude 80 17 42 80 03 30 80 03 30 80 13 80 10 16 80 42 57 80 06 17 80 21 50.6 80 06 21 80 08 18 80 10 38 80 15 48 80 10 38 80 03 54 80 24 15 80 37 00.4 80 20 30 80 45 13.7 80 03 49 80 41 21 80 06 09 80 31 46 80 39 15 80 35 16.6 80 05 59 80 38 38.4 80 48 37 80 40 52.5 80 34 80 17 41.8 (dd mm ss.ss) north Latitude 26 21 19 26 35 22 26 34 43 26 20 00 26 28 05 26 41 58 26 32 16 26 42 00.2 26 36 26 45 32.6 26 52 48 26 45 28.1 26 52 48 26 24 40 26 54 27 26 07.3 26 56 33 26 28 00.1 26 42 58 26 27 49 26 40 34 26 22 39 26 25 06 26 23 52.9 26 28 01 26 28 13.1 26 07 26 23 58.3 26 23 59 26 21 19.1 (dd mm ss.ss) Source study or owner SFWMD SFWMD (Saltwater monitoring network) USGS PBCWUD USGS SFWMD USGS CERP, USACE CERP, USGS CERP, USACE CERP, USGS CERP, USACE CERP, USGS Highland Beach RO Reject USGS CERP, USACE CERP, USGS CERP, USACE CERP, West Palm Beach ASR Palm Beach West CERP, USACE CERP, SFWMD CERP, USACE CERP, Sugar Cane Growers Coop CERP, USACE CERP, Delray Beach North Storage Reservoir CERP, USACE CERP, Reese and Cunningham (2000) CERP, USACE CERP, Reese and Cunningham (2000) USGS Other identifier ASR EXW-1, Hillsboro Canal West Site 1 West Hillsboro Canal ASR EXW-1, PBC-2 APT site 6 deep test well APT ASR FAMW, Hillsboro Canal East ASR FAMW, APT site 4 deep test well APT PBF-7, South Bay APT site 5 deep test well APT CP02-NPBP1-CB-0056 APT site 3 deep test well APT CP02-NPBP1-CB-0057 APT site 17 deep test well APT CP02-NPBP1-CB-0058 APT site 17 production well APT DMW-2 CP02-EAARS-CB-0001 CP02-EAARS-CB-0002 ASR MW-1 CP02-EAARS-CB-0003 PBF-3,4,5; Lake Lytal CP02-EAARS-CB-0004 W-7500 CP02-EAARS-CB-0007 ASR-1 CP02-EAARS-CB-0008 W-17554, G-200 W-17554, CP02-EAARS-MW-0010 W-17747, Sod Farm W-17747, B-6 Core Test B-6 Core Inventory of all wells used in this study.—Continued

name USGS local well PB-1765 PB-1769 PB-1586 PB-1775 PB-1598 PB-1777 PB-1603 PB-1781 PB-1605 PB-1782 PB-1607 PB-1783 PB-1608 PB-1784 PB-1613 PB-1785 PB-1614 PB-1786 PB-1693 PB-1787 PB-1695 PB-1788 PB-1696 PB-1789 PB-1702 PB-1790 PB-1703 PB-1792 PB-1704 PB-1761 Table 1–1. Table Water Utilities Restoration Plan; NR, not reported; PBCWUD, Palm Beach County Comprehensive Everglades ASR, aqufier storage and recovery; CERP, hole depth is in feet below land surface; [Total wastewater treatment plant] WTP, Army Corps of Engineers; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Management District; USACE, U.S. Water Department; RO, reverse osmosis; SFWMD, South Florida 52 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

5 11 15.6 17.20 17.2 12.44 12.48 12 12 20 19 18 Altitude (feet NGVD 29) of land surface 32 101.9 191 190.9 107 208 230 200 205 205 200 (feet) depth 1,200 Total hole Total datum NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 83 NAD 83 NAD 83 NAD 83 NAD 27 Horizontal west Longitude 80 25 38.3 80 26 40.1 80 26 40.1 80 17 49.33 80 17 49.33 80 17 41.5 80 26 54.2 80 42 35.7 80 12 10.7 80 10 21.4 80 09 21.4 80 58 14 (dd mm ss.ss) north Latitude 26 38 19.4 26 38 54.5 26 38 54.5 26 20 54.27 26 20 54.36 26 21 17.7 26 28 29.4 26 33 59 26 40 46.5 26 35 12.3 26 48 47.6 26 47 28 (dd mm ss.ss) Source study or owner Harvey and others (2002) Harvey and others (2002) Harvey and others (2002) SFWMD SFWMD SFWMD This study This study This study This study This study (data not used) Other identifier MP2-A, ENR MP3-A, ENR MP3-B, ENR BP-DMW-W BP-SMW-W HASR-SASMW-1 LEC 7, S-6 Pump Station north to bend 27, US 8, LEC LEC 9, US 441 & C-51 Rd Lantana and Turnpike 8, site APT 10, LEC SR 710 & C-18 LEC 11, Inventory of all wells used in this study.—Continued

name USGS local well PB-1794 PB-1797 PB-1798 PB-1801 PB-1802 PB-1803 PB-1804 PB-1805 PB-1806 PB-1807 PB-1808 W-5435 Table 1–1. Table Water Utilities Restoration Plan; NR, not reported; PBCWUD, Palm Beach County Comprehensive Everglades ASR, aqufier storage and recovery; CERP, hole depth is in feet below land surface; [Total Department; RO, reverse osmosis; SFWMD, South Florida Water Management District; USACE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; WTP, wastewater treatment plant] WTP, Army Corps of Engineers; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Management District; USACE, U.S. Water Department; RO, reverse osmosis; SFWMD, South Florida Appendixes 53 - - -

Notes stone. irregular dissolution surface at top with some infilling of brownish material from above; solidary coral on top of slope moldic porosity. Many shells dissolved; schizoporella moldic porosity. bryozoan grains in lower part; light to medium gray mot tling which could be infilling or burrowing pod rich layer with abundant lime mud infilling at 21.5 ft; lower part is mostly stacked whole molusk shells—most shells are not leached out (original shell material); high porosity similar to above; trace black grains part grades to brown blebs imbedded in matrix; (could matter or FeO in soil zone) be organic or 2%; may grade into lime sand in places Silty to muddy; grades down to abundant large shells Silty to muddy; grades down abundant large Abundant quartz sand in matix. May be more of a Dense, low porosity; some fine quartz sand in matix; steep matix; in sand quartz fine some porosity; low Dense, Abundant quartz sand (fine-medium) in places. High Quartzose, with abundant shells Quartzose, no shells Quartzose; abundant large shells; more abundant lime Quartzose; abundant large Matrix is quartz sandstone and gray mottled sandy micrite Laminated calcrete at 21 ft (light and gray layers); gastro Solidary coral fragments at 26.5 ft Loose; occasional quarter to penny-sized calm shells Loose; more shells than above; rare black grains; Lower Abundant coarse shell fragments; black grains—trace to 1 Grain size sand shells (original material) fragments above fine Fine, poorly sorted Fine-medium quartz Very coarse whole Very Fine-medium Fine-medium Fine-coarse Abundant shell More shells than Coarse shell coquina Fine, well sorted Fine-coarse, mostly Fine, well sorted Color light gray gray to light light gray gray yellowish-gray Yellowish-gray Very light gray Very Light gray Very light gray to Very White to yellowish- Yellowish-gray Pinkish gray Yellowish-gray to Yellowish-gray Light to medium-light Similar to above As above Yellowish-gray Yellowish-gray Very light gray to Very Light brownish gray Primary rock type shell hash rudstone Sand Lime mudstone to Sandy limestone Floatstone Sandy floatstone- Sandstone Cuttings: sandstone Sandstone Limestone Limestone Limestone-grainstone Sand Sand Sand Lime mudstone 1.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 3.5 0.3 4.0 2.0 4.0 0.4 No ~2 <1.0 <1.0 < 1.0 (feet) recovery Recovered 2.0 1.0 5.0 1.0 4.0 1.0 5.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 0.5 (feet) Thickness 5.0 9.0 47.0 48.0 49.0 10.0 15.0 17.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 44.5 45.0 (feet) PB-1761 (B-6 core test) lithologic description. Bottom

0.0 5.0 9.0 47.0 48.0 10.0 15.0 17.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 44.5 45.0 Top Top (feet) Table 1–2. Table All references to “sandstone,” “sand” or “sandy” imply dominantly quartz sand unless otherwise specified, such as carbonate shell sand. Color is according the [Descriptions by R.S. Reese, March 2006. Rock-color chart based on the Munsell system (1948). Continuous core from surface to total depth of 120 ft] 54 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater - -

- - Notes shell; quartz grains tend to be finer; phosphatic; coarser grained and less quartz toward bottom mud matrix with some large original clam shells mud matrix with some large surface a few inches from top with conch shells on top; trace black grains bated; looks like areas of dissolution coated with darker gray limestone monastria coral fragments; lower part is sandstone to silty with medium muddy, mudstone, yellowish-gray, grained quartz common top (surface coating with crinulated bottom); at bot tom—piece of monastria coral and shell coquina ated layers and shell material; medium gray layer at matrix; shell fragments increase with depth mon (trace to 2 or 3%); some coarse quartz grains common (5–10%); in lower part abundant whole or mostly whole small to medium molusk shells 50–50 quartz grains(?); lime grains are limestone and Overall less quartz sand than above; grades down to lime Shell fragments are dense; another steep dissolution Areas of mottled darker gray limestone; may be biotur Large monastria coral at bottom Large Dense; large whole pelypod shells in lower part, also Dense; large Mostly mudstone grading down to sandstone(?), brecci Hard, dense, abundant shell fragments; pin point porosity Unconsolidated; some whole shells; lime sand to mud Shell fragments common; fine grained black grains com Trace fine black grains; pinpoint porosity Trace Abundant coarse grain shell flakes; black grains more - Grain size sandstone at top (upper few inches) quartz sand fragments poorly to moderate sorted ments Fine-coarse May be more of a May be more fine Very coarse shell Very Muddy Fine (silty to coarse), Abundant shell frag Color light gray medium dark gray in places gray to medium or medium dark gray medium or dark gray Light gray Similar to above Very light gray to Very Grades to medium or Mottled yellowish- Yellowish-gray to Yellowish-gray White to medium gray Yellowish-gray Gray color increasing

Primary rock type grainstone recovered from 47–50 ft is from top of interval wackstone above above above above Sandstone to sandy Assumes two feet Grainstone to Floatstone, similar to Floatstone, similar to Floatstone, same as Floatstone, similar to Laminated calcrete Mudstone Sand Shell Sand, as above at 65 ft Mudstone Sand, same as above 1.8 0.0 1.3 1.5 1.5 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.4 1.3 1.9 (feet) 0.1 to 0.2 Recovered 5.0 1.0 5.0 3.0 1.5 0.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 1.0 5.0 4.0 (feet) Thickness Grades down to: 85.0 50.0 90.0 53.0 54.5 55.0 57.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 76.0 75.0 80.0 (feet) PB-1761 (B-6 core test) lithologic description.—Continued Bottom

80.0 49.0 85.0 50.0 53.0 54.5 55.0 57.0 60.0 65.0 75.0 70.0 76.0 Top Top (feet) Table 1–2. Table All references to “sandstone,” “sand” or “sandy” imply dominantly quartz sand unless otherwise specified, such as carbonate shell sand. Color is according the [Descriptions by R.S. Reese, March 2006. Rock-color chart based on the Munsell system (1948). Continuous core from surface to total depth of 120 ft] Appendixes 55 Notes chunks similar to pieces at 103 ft) lower part less dense and coarser grained (pinkish gray color at bottom) matrix; more lime mud in high porosity shelly layers common some limestone fragments as well shell fragments; some lm mud in matrix, also trace of phosphate (up to 3-in. thick) pieces of remanent limestone large which are dense and have an abundant micrite matrix— holes infilled with they are sitting at an angle with large mostly shell material phosphate; ranges to floatstone as at 100 ft; quartz grains and lime mud matrix is variable; some moldic porosity in lower part in places; trace phosphate; Has prevalent dense micrite pieces (eroded limestone Has coarse, gray limestone fragments floating in matrix Minor quartz grains; trace phosphate Quartz grains may be 10–20%, but dominate in Dense; quartzose; phosphatic; grainstone in lower part is Less dense and more porous; phosphate; quartzose Trace up to 2% phosphate; limestone and shell fragments Trace Matrix is medium-coarse and quartose (up to 50%) with Abundant small shells in layers; eroded and dissolved Shells are mostly pea size with common gastropods Dense; abundant quartz grains;lime mud matrix; trace Less dense, friable, soft, higher porosity; quartz grain rich

Grain size shell fragments (quartz) Medium to coarse Medium to coarse Coarse (pea size) Medium to coarse Medium to coarse Fine quartz sd matrix Medium to coarse Color gray gray gray gray recovered from 111 recovered from 111 ft is from top to 115 of interval gray White to very light Very light to Very Very light to light. Very Light gray White to yellowish- Assumes 1.8 ft Very light to Very Similar to above Primary rock type grainstone at top wackstone above grainstone- packstone grainstone above packstone packstone Similar to friable Packstone to Packstone, similar to Floatstone down to Sandstone Shelly sandstone or Floatstone Floatstone, similar to No recovery Shell hash Shell hash, as above Grainstone to Grainstone to 0.5 0.7? 0.9 1.9 1.8 1.0 0.0 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.7 (feet) Recovered 1.0 4.0 1.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 5.0 1.0 0.7 3.3 5.0 (feet) Thickness Lower part: Lowest piece Grades down to: 91.0 95.0 96.0 111.0 111.7 (feet) 110.0 115.0 PB-1761 (B-6 core test) lithologic description.—Continued 100.0 103.0 105.0 120.0 Bottom

90.0 91.0 95.0 96.0 Top Top 111.0 111.7 110.0 115.0 (feet) 100.0 103.0 105.0 Table 1–2. Table All references to “sandstone,” “sand” or “sandy” imply dominantly quartz sand unless otherwise specified, such as carbonate shell sand. Color is according the [Descriptions by R.S. Reese, March 2006. Rock-color chart based on the Munsell system (1948). Continuous core from surface to total depth of 120 ft] 56 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater - - - , Notes ments; trace dark sand grains ity from 70 to 80 ft and 86 98 shell fragments; large limestone fragments shell fragments; large shell frag specs and lime mud matrix; limestone large pieces lime mud as grain coatings and some pieces; one piece has matter in pits dark organic part; some blackening of surfaces; moldic and vuggy poros shell fragments; 1–3% phosphate grains; floating fine- grained sandstone pieces base phosphate grains, very fine to fine; vugs filled with quartz and limestone grains lime mud; in lower part matrix has 50–50 quartz and carbonate grains along with mud; spar at bottom bonate mud matrix; well cemented; variable sand content; good porosity from 24 to 30 ft; common spar pieces or cement in places Clay rich—occurring as beds(?) and matrix; common large Clay rich—occurring as beds(?) and matrix; common large Abundant coarse shell fragments and small gastropods in car Also mudstone and wackstone; abundant clay with fine black Common shell fragments; spar pieces; some brown mudstone fossils; clay/ white shell fragments and large Common large very fine dark flecks With Abundant shell fragments; some clay/mud coatings in upper Clear quartz grains; 20% dark limestone fragments; 30–40% increasing toward Hard; variable quartz; some moldic porosity, Quartz in matrix (10–20%); good moldic porosity; trace to 2% or rotary cuttings down to 200 ft and at 5-ft intervals total depth of 230 ft. SPT Grain size and modifiers Very fine-fine quartz Very Fine sand Fine quartz Fine quartz (?) Fine quartz fine-fine Very fine-fine quartz Very Medium-coarse quartz Fine-medium quartz Medium-coarse quartz Color more detailed description of the lithology for this well is on file with U.S. Geological Survey] . A . pale yellowish-brown gray olive gray olive gray Light gray Dark brown to black White to light yellowish-gray and light to yellowish olive Very Light to medium light gray White to light gray olive Light gray to yellowish-gray Light olive gray to light gray Yellowish-gray Light gray to dark light to gray Very Light to medium gray

rudstone to wackstone sandstone mudstone stone-floatstone- packstone- sandstone floatstone Primary rock type Fill Peat Mudstone to sand Floatstone to Marl to sandstone to Wackstone to Wackstone Clay and sandstone Mudstone-wack - Sand and shell Mudstone Rudstone to

method Recovery SPT All SPT All SPT for SPT 18-22 ft; remainder is cuttings Cuttings except SPT for 42-44 and 48-50 All cuttings Cuttings except SPT for 64-66 Cuttings for SPT 70-74,76-78, 92-96; 86-88, remainder is cuttings SPT All cuttings All SPT PB-1804 (LEC-7) lithologic description.

4–8 0–4 8–18 (feet) Depth 50–62 18–40 62–68 68–70 70–98 40–50 98–100 interval 100–110 110–130 Table 1–3. Table All references to “sandstone,” “sand” or “sandy” imply dominantly quartz sand unless otherwise specified, such as calcareous shell sand. Color is according August 4, 2006. [Descriptions by R.S. Reese, to the Rock-Color chart based on Munsell system (1948); source of samples: 2-ft intervals taken by SPT standard penetration test methodology using split barrel sampler Appendixes 57 , -

Notes downward; 3–5% phosphate grains, very fine to fine; some coarse shell fragments (5%) pinpoint porosity; some coarse white shell fragments; clay/ mud matrix from 176 to 178 ft downward; in middle to lower part: some pieces of sand stone of similar composition; trace to minor clay in matrix in places white increasing to 30–50% at 215 ft; common large pelecypod shell fragments in upper part Well sorted; has silt and clay or lime mud matrix that increases Well fine to coarse quartz sand; some sandstone; moldic Variable Similar to 160–162 ft; good vuggy porosity(?) Phosphate grains, very fine, 5–10% increasing to 10–20% Abundant clay matrix;10% very fine phosphate grains; or rotary cuttings down to 200 ft and at 5-ft intervals total depth of 230 ft. SPT Grain size and modifiers Very fine-fine Very Fine-coarse Fine-coarse spar fine to fine, silty Very fine to fine, clayey Very

Color more detailed description of the lithology for this well is on file with U.S. Geological Survey] . A . greenish gray gray-olive Light gray to light olive Light olive gray Light gray to light olive Light to yellowish- light olive gray Dusky yellowish-green to dark - line limestone Primary rock type Sand Mudstone Mudstone to crystal Sand Sand method Recovery Cuttings for 132-134; remainder is SPT for SPT 162-164; remainder is cuttings Cuttings All SPT All cuttings PB-1804 (LEC-7) lithologic description.—Continued

(feet) Depth interval 160–180 180–182 182–200 200–230 130–160 Table 1–3. Table All references to “sandstone,” “sand” or “sandy” imply dominantly quartz sand unless otherwise specified, such as calcareous shell sand. Color is according August 4, 2006. [Descriptions by R.S. Reese, to the Rock-Color chart based on Munsell system (1948); source of samples: 2-ft intervals taken by SPT standard penetration test methodology using split barrel sampler 58 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater - Notes broken shell debris; common vertical root marks (holes) smooth-shelled gastropods (1/4 in.); lower part has common large shells with smooth-shelled gastropods (1/4 in.); lower part has common large matrix of mud and fine shell fragments solution features with yellowish-gray mudstone constaining some medium quartz grains; shell lag(?) in top 0.3 ft; low to moderate permeability patches of calcite spar lining vugs; some whole large shells patches of calcite spar lining vugs; some whole large part and trace of fine to medium phosphate grains; overall, high permeability and porosity in upper part decreasing downward Karst surface at 8 ft. Large vertical dissolution feature at 9 ft infilled with coarse Karst surface at 8 ft. Large Common vertical root marks (holes); dense at top down to soft and crumbly Soft and plastic when wet. Ubiquitous fine to coarse shell fragments Irregular surface at top lined with gray matirix; upper part has abundant floating Dense with gray micrite matrix, mottled appearance; irregular infilling of dis Irregular to rounded pieces with prevalent dissolution; common moldic porosity; May border on quartz sandstone in places; more mud (micrite) matrix lower modifiers Grain size and shell pebble-sized shell shell quartz sand Pebble-sized shell infills Chalky at 13 ft Clay to fine-coarse shell Mud to pebble-sized Mud to granule and Mud to pebble-sized and fine to medium

Color grayish yellowish green Light to medium-light gray White White to yellowish-gray Yellowish-gray to white Yellowish-gray Light to medium gray Medium light gray to sandstone Primary rock type Mudstone Mudstone Mudstone to marl Floatstone Floatstone Samples missing Floatstone to 2.8 5.2 4.0 3.0 4.1 2.3 (feet) PB-1805 (LEC-8) lithologic description. Recovered No recovery SPT only SPT No recovery

(ft) 0–8 8–13 Depth interval 13–23 23–28 28–33 33–43 43–53 53–73 73–200 Table 1–4. Table All references to “sandstone,” “sand” or “sandy” imply dominantly quartz sand unless otherwise specified, such as lime sandstone shell sandstone. Color [Descriptions by R.S. Reese, November 8, 2008. standard penetration test to 200 ft. S, only a small portiion of the core barrel content was saved; SPT, is according to the Rock-Color chart based on Munsell system (1948); Continuous core 73 ft; SPT more detailed description of the lithology for this well is on file with U.S. Geological Survey] A methodology using split barrel sampler. Appendixes 59 - - Notes , standard penetration test methodology using split barrel very coarse phosphate grains downward; Minor fine to coarse phosphate grains; plastic in lower part rowing; micrite to spar matrix phosphate grains concretions at top; trace to 2% phosphate grains packed around hard pieces; up to 5% phosphate grains; some porosity grains mon limestone grains in lower part 51 ft Occasional mottled green clay patches; trace to occasional fine very and Less mud-silt matrix; trace to 2% phosphate grains Poorly- to moderately well-sorted; mud-silt matrix; 1–2% fine phosphate grains Variable carbonate silt-mud matrix; trace to 2% medium-coarse phosphate grains Variable Shell fragments and variable quartz grains; carbonate mud-silt matrix increasing Rubbly and broken, concretions at top; very high porosity that may be due to bor Broken to rotten and vuggy; high porosity; spar lime mud matrix; up 3% Pelecypod rich; high moldic to vuggy porosity; coarse sand infilling some vugs; Abundant coarse shell fragments; 1–5% phosphate grains Well cemented to loose and rotten; concretions near top; silty, muddy sand matrix cemented to loose and rotten; concretions near top; silty, Well Poorly sorted; carbonate silt-mud matrix; sandstone to packstone; 5% phosphate Moderately well sorted; loose; phosphate or dark minerals grains 5 to 10%; com Silty to muddy matrix; trace dark minerals or phosphate grains; lost circulation at Moderately to well sorted and medium coarse coarse coarse medium coarse modifiers Grain size Fine Fine- Fine Fine-coarse Fine-coarse Medium- Fine-coarse Fine to very Medium- Fine- Fine-coarse Medium- Fine-coarse Fine-coarse Color gray Light olive gray Yellowish-gray Light olive gray Yellowish-gray Yellowish-gray Very light gray to Very Very light gray to Very Light to medium light gray Very light to yellowish-gray Very Very light gray Very Yellowish-gray Yellowish-gray Light to medium gry Very light gray to olive Very Yellowish-gray to pale brown Yellowish-gray -

Primary rock type quartzose minor packstone floatstone sandstone sandstone limestone ded sandstone or limestone Sand Sand Sand Sand, carbonate to Sand, carbonate to Sandstone to Floatstone to Rudstone Shell sand to Sandstone to Sand to interbed Sand Sand Sand S SPT SPT SPT SPT 7.6 5.5 3.0 4.9 2.3 1.0 4.0 2.0 (feet) 6 by SPT Recovered No recovery No recovery 3 by core and PB-1806 (LEC-9) lithologic description.

0–38 (feet) Depth 84–99 74–84 69–74 58–69 53–58 38–53 99–109 interval 200–205 193–200 183–190 163–180 138–160 134–138 124–134 109–124 sampler. A more detailed description of the lithology for this well is on file with U.S. Geological Survey] A sampler. Table 1–5. Table All references to “sandstone,” “sand” or “sandy” imply dominantly quartz sand unless otherwise specified, such as calcareous shell sand. Color is according August 29, 2007. [Descriptions by R.S. Reese, samples below 138 to 150 ft were samples from 63 to 69 ft and below 138 total depth of 205 ft, remainder was continuous core; SPT to the Rock-Color chart based on Munsell system (1948); SPT continous 2-ft intervals, and below 150-ft samples were 2 ft out every 5-ft interval. S, only a small portiion of the core barrel content was saved; SPT 60 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater - Notes occur in layers medium to light gray, medium-grained, sandstone to rudstone medium to light gray, represent cross-bedding with dissolution of shell layers; moderate to good permeability interval predominantly limestone (but interbedded with sand) was recovered white; common 1/8 to 1/4-in. vugs, one vug up 1/2 in.; 1–3% very fine phosphate grains; moderate to good permeability up to 1/4 1/2-in. diamater; abundant coarse flat shell fragments in places; rounded to broken pebble sized pieces in places; trace 1% phosphate grains high permeability in upper 5 ft; layer in lower 5 ft; low to high permeability, of loose sand in top 0.4 ft, fine to medium grained poroosity (up to 1/4-in. diameter); moderate permeability fine to phosphate grains; rock pieces are coarse-grained sandstone mudstone to floatstone—may occur as thin layes 1% fine to coarse phosphate grains; abundant small pinpoint vugs; moder ate to good permeability (highest from 137 139 ft) Well sorted; some white shell fragments Well Well sorted, loose, trace shell fragments Well Poorly sorted, silty; dark brown color may be due to organic material and can Poorly sorted, silty; dark brown color may be due to organic Moderate to well sorted; has rock fragments from 53 58 ft and 63 68 ft, Dense; common dissolution vugs, subhorizontal and tabular in shape—probably May have been mostly sand, but in old test well at same site (PB-1571) this Abundant medium-coarse rounded quartz grains and limestone to shell grains, Dense; dissolution vugs similar to above indicating some cross-bedding, Approx 50% carbonate grains; 1% very fine to phosphate grains Dense; abundant fine quartz and shell fragments in micrite matrix; common vug Poorly to moderate well sorted; predominantly carbonate grains; 1–8% very Predominantly carbonate grains, but abundant coarse, rounded quartz grains; modifiers Grain size and coarse Medium to coarse Fine to medium Very fine to coarse Very Medium to coarse Fine to medium- Fine to pebble Very fine to coarse Very Fine Fine quartz to pebble Fine to medium Coarse to pebble Color barrel yellowish-orange to dark yellowish-brown light olive gray gray yellowish-gray Ran roller bit to fit core Pale yellowish-brown Pale brown Yellowish-gray to pale Yellowish-gray Very pale orange Very Very light to gray Very Very light to gray Very Very light gray to very Very Yellowish-gray Yellowish-gray Very light to gray Very Yellowish-gray to light Yellowish-gray White to light gray - -

grainstone(?) grainstone stone stone to grain stone layers rudstone Primary rock type Sand Sand Sand Sand Sandstone to Floatstone to Sandstone to rud - Upper part: sand Lower part: float Sand with rock Floatstone to 0.3 3.1 5.1 1.5 3.3 0.4 3.6 1.3 0.8 SPT SPT (feet) Recovered No Recovery No Recovery No Recovery PB-1807 (LEC-10) lithologic description.

0–9 Dept 9–13 (feet) 13–18 18–33 33–53 53–68 68–78 78–93 93–118 interval 118–123 123–125 125–133 133–141 Table 1–6 Table according is Color sand. shell or carbonate as such specified, otherwise unless sand quartz dominantly imply “sandy” or “sand,” “sandstone,” to references All 2008. 22, November Reese, R.S. by [Descrioptions 190 to 143 from interval 5-ft every for sample 2-ft and ft 143 to 123 from intervals 2-ft continuous were SPT ft; 190 to SPT ft; 125 to core Continuous (1948); system Munsell the on based chart Rock-Color the to Survey] Geological U.S. the with file on is well this for lithology the of description detailed more A sampler. barrel split using methodology test penetration standard SPT, ft. 205 depth well total ft; Appendixes 61 - Notes grains increases downward; occasional pebble-sized rock or shell fragments; 1–3% phosphate grains; from 168 to 180 ft: predominantly medium-coarse grained, but sticky and clumpy to 190 ft: predominantly floastone, which may have some vuggy permeabil ity; moderate to high permeability Predominantly carbonate grains; some gray limestone 1% fine phosphate Predominantly carbonate grains; poorly sorted; silt to mud matrix that generally Abundant pebble-sized shell fragments; still has mud matrix; sample from 188 modifiers Grain size and Medium to coarse Fine to coarse Medium to pebble Color olive gray to greenish gray Light olive gray Yellowish-gray to light Yellowish-gray Greenish gray Primary rock type Sand Sand Sand to floatstone SPT SPT SPT (feet) Recovered No recovery No recovery PB-1807 (LEC-10) lithologic description.—Continued

Dept (feet) interval 141–143 143–148 148–180 180–183 183–190 Table 1–6 Table according is Color sand. shell or carbonate as such specified, otherwise unless sand quartz dominantly imply “sandy” or “sand,” “sandstone,” to references All 2008. 22, November Reese, R.S. by [Descrioptions 190 to 143 from interval 5-ft every for sample 2-ft and ft 143 to 123 from intervals 2-ft continuous were SPT ft; 190 to SPT ft; 125 to core Continuous (1948); system Munsell the on based chart Rock-Color the to Survey] Geological U.S. the with file on is well this for lithology the of description detailed more A sampler. barrel split using methodology test penetration standard SPT, ft. 205 depth well total ft; 62 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater

Table 1–7. Summary of geologic units and flow zones for wells with lithologic descriptions.

[Descriptions by R.S. Reese on the following dates: PB-1761, Mar. 2006; PB-1804, Aug. 4, 2007; PB-1805, Nov. 8, 2008; PB-1806, Aug. 29, 2007; PB-1807, Nov. 22, 2008. Depths are in feet below land surface]

Depth Flow Depth Geologic units Comments (feet) zones1 (feet) PB-1761 (B-6 core test) Miami Limestone 0–9 Major 17–23 Screened interval depth Ft Thompson Formation 9–30 Major 47–58 is from 0 to 111 ft. Caloosahatchee Marl 30–60 Minor 69–76 Pinecrest Sand Member of the Tamiami Formation 60–113 Minor 83–85 Ochopee Limestone Member of the Tamiami Formation 2113–120 Minor 91–93 Minor 98–103 PB-1804 (LEC-7) Fill and Peat 0–8 Minor 324–30 Screened interval depth Lake Flirt Marl 8–18 Major 45–73 is from 38 to 188 ft and top of sand pack is Ft. Thompson 18–40 Minor 90–100 at 33 ft. Caloosahatchee Marl? 40–50 Minor 4140–143 Pinecrest Sand Member of the Tamiami Formation 50–110 Ochopee Limestone Member of the Tamiami Formation 110–200 Peace River Formation of the Hawthorrn Group 2200–230 PB-1805 (LEC-8) Fill and Soil 0–8 Minor 38–13(?) Screened interval depth Ft. Thompson? Formation 8–23 Major 40–43 is from 40 to 90 ft and top of sand pack is at Calooshatchee Marl? 23–33 Major 69–80 36 ft. Pinecrest Sand Member of the Tamiami Formation 533–82 Minor 86–90 Ochopee Limestone Member of the Tamiami Formation 82–180(?) Peace River Formation of the Hawthorrn Group 2,6180(?)-200 PB-1806 (LEC-9) Fill and Soil 0–8? None? Screened interval depth Undifferentiated shallow sand 8–53 Minor 68–73 is from 68 to 123 ft and top of sand pack is Pinecrest Sand Member of the Tamiami Formation 53–109 Major 87–93 at 66 ft. Ochopee Limestone Member of the Tamiami Formation 109–160 Minor 97–100 Peace River Formation of the Hawthorrn Group 2160–200 Minor 113–120 PB-1807 (LEC-10) Fill and Soil Unknown Minor 713–18(?) Screened interval depth Undifferentiated shallow sands Down to 68 Major 70–92 is from 70 to 140 ft and top of sand pack is Pinecrest Sand Member of the Tamiami Formation 68–118 Minor 108–120 at 68 ft. Ochopee Limestone Member of the Tamiami Formation 2118–205 Minor 133–140 Peace River Formation of the Hawthorrn Group Not reached (interpreted to be at 210 to 220 ft in PB- 1571 at same site) 1Flow zone characterizations based on flow and fluid properties geophysical logs unless noted otherwise in comments. 2Base not reached. 3Based on lithologic samples. 4Based mostly on fluid logs and ambient heat pulse flowmeter. 5Top of the Tamiami Formation could be higher (at 30 ft based on bipass surface at this depth and change to marine conditions). 6Top of Hawthorn uncertain because of missing samples. 7Based on lithologic samples (medium to coarse well sorted sand) Appendixes 63 H ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 298 167 203 191 326 196 302 161 247 133 149 176 338 270 162 216 167 325 319 350 268 297 (green) O 32 75 30 33 30 36 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1 118 110 107 186 100 217 189 102 158 218 175 129 102 188 206 221 188 186 , not present; NR, (purple) 5 T 1 NP NP 63 43 65 15 74 64 81 40 21 13 66 68 92 NP NP NR ND ND ND ND ND 4 4 2 3 (red) 117 117 110 114 132 131 128 121 107 Depths of gamma ray and lithologic correlation markers F 28 34 40 42 25 22 65 41 67 39 41 26 38 51 57 47 53 42 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP ND ND ND ND ND ND 118 (blue) IC IC IC NP NP NP NP NP NP NP ND ND ND 110 147 192 155 150 140 140 155 152 139 120 220 148 132 170 152 235 298 152 220 Bottom depth Zone 3 ------IC IC IC 60 40 60 31 75 35 75 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Top ND ND ND 116 110 106 170 105 107 190 210 ------25 92 80 82 17 25 74 IC IC IC NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP ND ND ND 150 125 135 Bottom depth Zone 2 Abbreviations: IC, inconclusive; ISD, inadequate sample description; ND, not determined; NP 0 0 0 IC IC IC 90 70 77 58 42 90 80 40 46 70 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Top ND ND ND 111 100 11 IC IC IC IC 17 53 46 90 30 40 55 27 28 45 43 30 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP ND ND ND Bottom depth Zone 1 IC IC IC IC 0 0 0 0 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP ND ND ND Top 22 34 22 28 21 12 23 37 10 7 Land 14 14 18 15 12 22 20 20 14.09 15 20 19 26 18 13 12 17 15 14.63 18 15.85 20 15 12 22.20 27.10 15 10 18 10 15 18 surface altitude 199 249 195 314 236 314 199 184 160 132 236 205 282 193 415 219 229 181 195 182 267 357 345 206 345 188 281 358 365 225 hole Total Total depth 1,000 1,200 1,380 Hydrogeologic unit boundaries and correlation marker depths determined in this study.

well local name USGS G-2340 C-1156 G-2315 C-1169 PB-653 PB-651 PB-652A G-2314 HE-1142 HE-1110 HE-1108 PB-649 PB-654 PB-650 PB-666 G-2313 G-2916 G-2312 HE-1143 HE-1116 HE-1144 PB-655 PB-667 PB-669 M-1361 M-1367 PB-600 PB-634 PB-657 PB-668 PB-640 PB-658 PB-665 reached at total depth; QGL, questionable geophysical logs; PSQ, poor sample quality; --, evidence for separation of zone 2 from 3 not found. Cells shaded in dark gray first column indicate lithologic and geophysical log plot is available for well in appendix 2. Cells shaded light gray last four columns indicate borehole gamma ray was not determining depth of marker] Table 1–8. Table [All depths are in feet below land surface; Land surface altitude is above NGVD 29; 64 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater H NR NR NR ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 309 192 210 193 186 210 150 328 185 186 166 228 235 329 166 150 240 220 199 250 200 5 (green) O 99 92 94 87 50 NR NR ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 118 119 223 104 181 123 199 127 123 103 139 146 221 100 149 109 152 151 , not present; NR, (purple) T 83 62 67 42 62 67 62 74 43 65 86 48 61 69 74 95 30 98 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND (red) 112 110 120 137 103 133 102 Depths of gamma ray and lithologic correlation markers 4 F 62 29 30 27 24 27 35 58 41 28 33 28 29 25 36 69 19 29 26 46 30 42 57 54 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND (blue) IC IC IC NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NR NR NR NR NR NR NR ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD 117 115 161 200 160 PSQ Bottom depth Zone 3 ------IC IC IC 90 75 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Top ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD PSQ ------90 60 NP NP NP NP NP NP NR ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD PSQ 114 114 220 100 120 200 180 140 190 100 129 125 Bottom NR at 119 depth Zone 2 Abbreviations: IC, inconclusive; ISD, inadequate sample description; ND, not determined; NP 85 60 70 45 90 64 30 75 54 56 95 96 NP NP NP NP NP NP Top ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD PSQ 112 115 110 120 135 100 105 IC IC IC IC IC 37 19 50 30 85 56 35 80 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD PSQ 116 100 130 100 Bottom depth Zone 1 IC IC IC IC IC 3 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Top ISD ISD ISD ISD ISD PSQ 70 20 30 21 10 70 44 15 45 21 31 8 8 6 Land 11 15 18 12 18 20 14 15 19 17.06 22 10 12 22 20 17 17 14 15 16 12 16 18 20 13 18 17 14 18 13 surface altitude 119 118 114 325 240 234 189 240 220 248 220 520 201 200 174 250 302 387 175 190 248 275 249 249 240 129 357 575 154 123 280 120 hole Total Total depth 1,280 Hydrogeologic unit boundaries and correlation marker depths determined in this study.—Continued

well local name USGS PB-670 PB-671 PB-836 PB-672 PB-678 PB-838 PB-839 PB-673 PB-880 PB-830 PB-833 PB-834B PB-837 PB-679 PB-841 PB-1026 PB-674 PB-675 PB-676 PB-677 PB-681 PB-690 PB-694 PB-695 PB-842 PB-1029 PB-699 PB-843 PB-708 PB-1038 PB-712 PB-798 PB-747 reached at total depth; QGL, questionable geophysical logs; PSQ, poor sample quality; --, evidence for separation of zone 2 from 3 not found. Cells shaded in dark gray first column indicate lithologic and geophysical log plot is available for well in appendix 2. Cells shaded light gray last four columns indicate borehole gamma ray was not determining depth of marker] Table 1–8. Table [All depths are in feet below land surface; Land surface altitude is above NGVD 29; Appendixes 65 H NR NR NR NR NR NR NR ND 211 200 189 198 194 200 198 187 160 170 308 215 333 216 228 190 165 267 229 181 165 170 208 153 176 (green) O 95 93 ND 115 119 116 112 116 115 115 154 124 139 128 129 204 122 120 198 155 189 173 121 146 160 104 193 172 141 139 104 195 144 , not present; NR, (purple) T 88 97 70 74 74 61 83 78 77 82 80 86 74 69 75 83 92 63 58 55 83 60 77 ND (red) 114 119 114 128 100 130 103 101 106 Depths of gamma ray and lithologic correlation markers F 56 40 61 27 34 80 35 36 38 31 35 49 63 46 52 38 47 42 37 32 48 32 52 48 61 30 33 56 27 36 21 35 ND (blue) IC NP NP NP NP NP NP NR NR ISD NP? 192 151 150 141 163 161 143 140 200 180 240 145 180 140 131 140 120 180 120 120 PSQ Bottom QGL, ISD depth Zone 3 ------IC NP NP NP NP NP NP NR NR Top ISD NP? PSQ 110 138 130 130 139 138 210 QGL, ISD ------96 IC ISD NP? PSQ 112 117 118 138 200 120 101 100 136 192 148 140 160 100 Bottom QGL, ISD depth Zone 2 Abbreviations: IC, inconclusive; ISD, inadequate sample description; ND, not determined; NP IC 46 54 61 40 57 60 69 35 80 44 47 86 48 72 64 54 63 58 49 85 80 40 Top ISD NP? PSQ 107 120 120 100 104 106 QGL, ISD IC IC 55 90 24 35 41 80 93 40 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP ISD NP? PSQ 120 Bottom QGL, ISD depth Zone 1 IC IC 5 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Top ISD NP? PSQ 30 40 60 13 15 55 46 19 QGL, ISD Land 18 16 12 18 18 23 12 18 19 15 14 17 18 13 15 15 23 21 18 25 16 20 17 19 20 18 17 18 20 17 18 16 20 surface altitude 115 200 200 200 235 171 200 220 200 200 240 200 200 217 217 240 200 200 340 160 200 200 200 220 300 180 160 180 180 hole Total Total depth 1,038 3,310 3,300 2,010 Hydrogeologic unit boundaries and correlation marker depths determined in this study.—Continued

well local name USGS PB-1084 PB-1065 PB-1083 PB-1085 PB-1102 PB-1109 PB-1082 PB-1101 PB-1107 PB-1108 PB-1089 PB-1086 PB-1144 PB-1100 PB-1105 PB-1106 PB-1103 PB-1087 PB-1166 PB-1090 PB-1104 PB-1091 PB-1088 PB-1168 PB-1092 PB-1173 PB-1093 PB-1096 PB-1095 PB-1094 PB-1097 PB-1098 PB-1099 reached at total depth; QGL, questionable geophysical logs; PSQ, poor sample quality; --, evidence for separation of zone 2 from 3 not found. Cells shaded in dark gray first column indicate lithologic and geophysical log plot is available for well in appendix 2. Cells shaded light gray last four columns indicate borehole gamma ray was not determining depth of marker] Table 1–8. Table [All depths are in feet below land surface; Land surface altitude is above NGVD 29; 66 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater H NR ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 341 384 213 181 202 169 322 277 149 360 161 313 153 216 (green) O 82 47 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 113 115 211 110 235 209 268 133 101 102 150 103 240 200 136 , not present; NR, (purple) T 63 60 60 73 70 49 15 81 76 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND (red) 112 117 118 153 182 105 104 149 Depths of gamma ray and lithologic correlation markers F 83 46 31 22 28 38 60 50 58 24 80 18 42 51 23 NP ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 118 (blue) 92 IC IC IC IC IC IC NP NP ISD ISD ISD 115 110 223 140 125 210 127 150 184 160 146 136 231 PB-658 Bottom PB-1098 PB-1783 PB-1807 PB-1095 PB-1803 PB-1803 6 PB-1088, 6 6 7 6 7 7 6 depth Zone 3 ------IC IC IC IC IC IC 73 80 NP NP Top ISD ISD ISD 107 PB-658 PB-1098 PB-1783 PB-1807 PB-1095 PB-1803 PB-1803 6 PB-1088, 6 6 7 6 7 7 6 ------90 92 19 IC IC IC IC NP ISD ISD ISD 117 180 106 PB-658 Bottom PB-1098 PB-1783 PB-1807 PB-1095 PB-1803 PB-1803 6 PB-1088, 6 6 7 6 7 7 6 depth Zone 2 Abbreviations: IC, inconclusive; ISD, inadequate sample description; ND, not determined; NP IC IC 57 34 50 87 60 77 67 60 66 70 15 60 63 NP Top ISD ISD ISD 100 158 150 120 100 161 PB-658 PB-1098 PB-1783 PB-1807 PB-1095 PB-1803 PB-1803 6 PB-1088, 6 6 7 6 7 7 6 IC IC 80 50 90 44 42 NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP ISD ISD ISD 104 120 PB-658 Bottom PB-1098 PB-1783 PB-1807 PB-1095 PB-1803 PB-1803 6 PB-1088, 6 6 7 6 7 7 6 depth Zone 1 IC IC NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP Top ISD ISD ISD 30 30 60 40 47 24 17 PB-658 PB-1098 PB-1783 PB-1807 PB-1095 PB-1803 PB-1803 6 PB-1088, 6 6 7 6 7 7 6 Land 11 11 17.83 18 18.90 17 13.03 19.42 10 19 17 20 17 19 18 19 15 10 25 19 21.20 18 20 17 15 24 18.97 20 15 20 10 23 surface altitude 220 435 120 190 320 200 190 240 420 270 430 162 260 260 220 190 390 155 221 201 170 270 180 8 hole Total Total depth 3,300 1,665 3,510 3,312 1,225 1,705 1,200 1,191 2,490 Hydrogeologic unit boundaries and correlation marker depths determined in this study.—Continued

well local name USGS PB-1176 PB-1607 PB-1195 PB-1197 PB-1184 PB-1192 PB-1555 PB-1581 PB-1558 PB-1567 PB-1574 PB-1586 PB-1598 PB-1605 PB-1765 PB-1613 PB-1696 PB-1571 PB-1702 PB-1544 PB-1564 PB-1576 PB-1603 PB-1614 PB-1693 PB-1703 PB-1761 PB-1695 PB-1704 PB-1546 PB-1578 PB-1550 reached at total depth; QGL, questionable geophysical logs; PSQ, poor sample quality; --, evidence for separation of zone 2 from 3 not found. Cells shaded in dark gray first column indicate lithologic and geophysical log plot is available for well in appendix 2. Cells shaded light gray last four columns indicate borehole gamma ray was not determining depth of marker] Table 1–8. Table [All depths are in feet below land surface; Land surface altitude is above NGVD 29; Appendixes 67 H NR ND 211 190 200 180 202 208 170 210 188 190 150 169 157 162 205 376 5 5 (green) O 88 82 86 47 83 63 82 ND 118 116 132 229 121 107 123 127 124 258 , not present; NR, (purple) T 66 43 38 65 51 38 83 66 69 84 20 40 26 49 63 ND (red) 137 169 Depths of gamma ray and lithologic correlation markers Same site as PB-1761 and PB-1765 4 F 41 67 28 13 29 22 42 10 28 38 43 13 14 28 68 NP ND (blue) 90 95 IC IC NP ND ND ISD ISD 308 129 145 163 PSQ PSQ PSQ Bottom depth Zone 3 IC IC 86 66 NP Top ND ND ISD ISD PSQ PSQ PSQ Poorly developed 114 235 133 138 ND, close to PB-1100 80 24 39 58 IC ND ISD ISD PSQ PSQ PSQ 115 100 100 120 102 Bottom depth Zone 2 Abbreviations: IC, inconclusive; ISD, inadequate sample description; ND, not determined; NP NP (all sand) NP 3 IC 47 38 67 70 60 47 30 49 Top ND ISD ISD PSQ PSQ PSQ ND, close to PB-1100 ‘ ). ‘ ). 36 18 35 30 18 NP NP NP NP ND ND ISD ISD PSQ PSQ PSQ 100 Bottom depth Zone 1 5 4 NP NP NP NP ND ND Top ISD ISD PSQ PSQ PSQ 45 18 16 10 ND, close to PB-1100 5 8 Land 11.39 11 11.84 16.33 10 15 13.90 17.80 18 12 12 20 19 13.38 21.60 12.15 17.20 surface altitude 337 205 206 200 230 200 205 205 205 425 183 182 180 191 208 180 8 8 8 8 hole Total Total depth 1,650 2,504 1,200 Hydrogeologic unit boundaries and correlation marker depths determined in this study.—Continued

Depths for T and O markers from Reese Cunningham (2000). T Depths for Formation (from Fish 1988, section B-B Tamiami marker is top of T Formation (from Fish 1988, section E-E Tamiami marker is top of T Formation at land surface. Tamiami Marker not reached at total depth, but estimated. Use boundaries from this well, which is located nearby. Use boundaries from this well, which is located at same site. Detailed lithologic description available for well in appendix tables. Samples collected but no geophysical logs run well local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 USGS PB-1775 PB-1777 PB-1769 PB-1781 PB-1782 PB-1806 PB-1808 W-5435 PB-1805 PB-1783 PB-1807 PB-1784 PB-1787 PB-1804 PB-1786 PB-1788 PB-1797 PB-1803 PB-1785 reached at total depth; QGL, questionable geophysical logs; PSQ, poor sample quality; --, evidence for separation of zone 2 from 3 not found. Cells shaded in dark gray first column indicate lithologic and geophysical log plot is available for well in appendix 2. Cells shaded light gray last four columns indicate borehole gamma ray was not determining depth of marker] Table 1–8. Table [All depths are in feet below land surface; Land surface altitude is above NGVD 29; 68 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater NA Hori- zontal datum NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NR 1 west 80 41 06 80 58 16 80 41 06 80 41 06 80 27 37 80 27 37 80 04 05 80 55 51 80 07 45 80 06 39 80 07 25 80 57 59 80 56 36 Longitude (dd mm ss.s) NR 1 north Latitude 26 19 58 26 23 47 26 19 58 26 19 58 26 13 47 26 13 47 26 30 47.0 26 13 17 26 20 48.0 26 22 04.0 26 46 10 26 25 41 26 17 43 (dd mm ss.s) NR well None None None None None None None 2 wells 4 wells 2 wells 8 wells 3 wells 3 wells identifier Monitoring site number Test description and Test Cunningham, 2000, fig. 23, site 7 South Division Ranch; Adams, 1988, Smith and fig. 66, site 15 Swayze and Miller, Swayze and Miller, 1984, table 3.2–1,site 4 Swayze and Miller, Miller, and Swayze 2 3.2–1,site table 1984, Swayze and Miller, Swayze and Miller, 1984, table 3.2–1,site 3 South Division Ranch; Adams, 1988, Smith and fig. 66, site 17 South Division Ranch; Adams, 1988, Smith and fig. 66, site 16 S & M Farms; Reese and North Everglades central North Everglades U.S Sugar Corporation, North Everglades central North Everglades North Everglades central North Everglades Twenty Six Mile Bend Twenty Twenty Six Mile Bend Twenty Big Cypress Sanctuary Specific capacity test, Specific capacity test, test, capacity Specific Riviera Beach Specific capacity test, U.S Sugar Corporation, U.S Sugar Corporation, USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS Operator Missimer Missimer Missimer 9 9 9 1f 1f 1f 1c 1a 1b 1b 1b 1b 1b 1d and Source references S M M M M M M M SC SC SC SC SC SC Test Test type . Abbreviations: dd mm ss.s, degrees, minutes, and seconds; APT, aquifer performance test; LWDD, Lake Worth Drainage District; NA, Worth Lake aquifer performance test; LWDD, APT, Abbreviations: dd mm ss.s, degrees, minutes, and seconds; C . NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Test Test date 11/06/86 06/03/58 02/27/86 04/29/98 05/03/78 04/17/87 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Produc - (inches) diameter tion well Production well identifier HE-303 H-M-235 G-2313C G-2313B G-2313A G-2312K G-2312J PB-1250 C-1171 PB-1239 H-M-328 PB-1233 H-M-301 PB-1065 Hydraulic well test descriptions and locations.

7 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 11 14 13 10 12 Table cross reference 1–9 A , B Table 1–9 A . Table [Sources and references for this appendix table are given in 1–9 not applicable; NR, not reported; SFWMD, South Florida Water Management District; USGS; U.S. Geological Survey. Test type: M, multiwell constant rate; P, Packer test; R, single well constant rate; S, step type: M, multiwell constant rate; P, Test Management District; USGS; U.S. Geological Survey. Water not applicable; NR, reported; SFWMD, South Florida drawdown; SC, specific capacity] Appendixes 69 Hori- zontal datum NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 west 80 11 45 80 11 80 16 30 80 15 17 80 19 34 80 12 50 80 07 00 80 17 27 80 05 25 80 07 44 80 13 55 80 10 09.5 80 10 09.5 80 12 57 80 03 19 80 10 09.5 80 04 27 Longitude (dd mm ss.s) north Latitude 26 41 01 26 45 55 26 48 34 26 48 43 26 24 58.0 26 51 34 26 36 08.0 26 50 54.0 26 56 06 26 20 35.0 26 38 58 26 38 58 26 42 23.0 26 34 53.0 26 38 58 26 28 05.0 (dd mm ss.s) well None None None None None None None None (D-1A) PB-1569 PB-1564 PB-1558 PB-1555 PB-1550 PB-1546 PB-1544 identifier Monitoring PB-1544? site number Test description and Test Swayze and Miller, Swayze and Miller, 1984, table 3.2–1,site 13 Swayze and Miller, Swayze and Miller, 1984, table 3.2–1, site 1 Swayze and Miller, Swayze and Miller, 1984, table 3.2–1,site 19 Swayze and Miller, Swayze and Miller, 1984, table 3.2–1,site 17 Swayze and Miller, Swayze and Miller, 1984, table 3.2–1,site 15 Swayze and Miller, Swayze and Miller, 1984, table 3.2–1,site 7 Swayze and Miller, Swayze and Miller, 1984, table 3.2–1,site 5 USGS, site 10 USGS, site 11 USGS, site 12 USGS, site 13 Specific capacity test, USGS, site 14 Specific capacity test, Specific capacity test, USGS, site 15 USGS, site 9 Specific capacity test, USGS, site 9 Specific capacity test, Specific capacity test, USGS, site 9 Specific capacity test, USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS Operator SFWMD 2 1f 1f 1f 1f 1f 1f 1f 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 10 and Source references R M M M M M M M M SC SC SC SC SC SC SC Test Test type . Abbreviations: dd mm ss.s, degrees, minutes, and seconds; APT, aquifer performance test; LWDD, Lake Worth Drainage District; NA, Worth Lake aquifer performance test; LWDD, APT, Abbreviations: dd mm ss.s, degrees, minutes, and seconds; C . NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Test Test date 11/04/86 11/19/86 12/08/86 08/07/86 07/30/86 07/16/86 07/20/07 07/03/86 08/31/87? 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Produc - (inches) diameter tion well Production well identifier PB-1568 PB-1565 PB-1559 PB-1557 PB-1415 PB-1365 PB-1551 PB-1361 PB-1545 PB-1547 PB-1343 PB-1336 PB-1545 PB-1310 PB-1267 PB-1545 Hydraulic well test descriptions and locations.—Continued

30 29 28 27 21 20 26 19 24 25 18 17 23 16 15 22 Table cross reference 1–9 A , B Table 1–9 A . Table [Sources and references for this appendix table are given in 1–9 not applicable; NR, not reported; SFWMD, South Florida Water Management District; USGS; U.S. Geological Survey. Test type: M, multiwell constant rate; P, Packer test; R, single well constant rate; S, step type: M, multiwell constant rate; P, Test Management District; USGS; U.S. Geological Survey. Water not applicable; NR, reported; SFWMD, South Florida drawdown; SC, specific capacity] 70 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater NA Hori- zontal datum NAD 83 NAD 83 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 83 NR 1 west 80 12 10.7 80 42 35.7 80 26 54.2 80 17 41.5 80 10 16 80 17 49.3 80 10 16 80 25 38 80 10 16 80 05 19 80 40 52.5 80 13 36 80 13 36 80 03 30 80 12 15 80 10 38 80 10 22 80 06 17 80 10 22 Longitude (dd mm ss.s)

NR 1 north Latitude 26 40 47 26 33 59 26 28 29 26 21 18 26 28 05 26 20 54 26 21 47 26 38 19 26 21 47 26 37 02 26 23 58 26 32 55 26 32 55 26 35 22 26 25 53 26 52 48 26 35 09 26 32 16 26 35 12 (dd mm ss.s) well None None None None None None None None 3 wells shallower zone PB-1600 PB-1581 PB-1581 PB-1578 PB-1576 PB-1576 PB-1574 PB-1607 PB-1571 PB-1603 identifier Monitoring PB-1802 in site number Test description and Test Turnpike on LWDD on LWDD Turnpike canal E-2E 441 at S-155A north station S-6 Center Adams, 1988, fig. 66, site 18 Lantana Rd and Florida Southern Blvd and U.S. U.S. Hwy 27 at bend to the Hillsboro Canal near pump HASR-SAS-MW-1 USGS, site 4 BP-DMW-W USGS, site 1 ENR MP2-A USGS, site 1 USGS, site 7 CP02-EAARS-CB-0010 USGS, site 16 USGS, site 16 A. G. Holly Rehabilitation USGS, site 2 USGS, site 17 USGS, site 8 USGS, site 5 Seminole Tribe; Smith and Tribe; Seminole USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS USGS Operator SFWMD SFWMD Milleson, Inc Murray- 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 7 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 10 10 and Source references R R R R R R R R M M M M M M M M M M M M Test Test type . Abbreviations: dd mm ss.s, degrees, minutes, and seconds; APT, aquifer performance test; LWDD, Lake Worth Drainage District; NA, Worth Lake aquifer performance test; LWDD, APT, Abbreviations: dd mm ss.s, degrees, minutes, and seconds; C . Test Test date 11/11/86 11/04/86 11/13/86 11/05/86 03/28/08 01/15/08 05/25/07 04/09/07 04/17/07 02/12/87 04/18/07 07/01/87 07/09/87 04/05/07 12/02/86 09/20/07 02/23/87 05/24/87 02/17/87 Various dates Various 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 6 6 2 6 6 4 6 2 6 6 6 4 6 Produc - (inches) diameter tion well Production well identifier PB-1807 PB-1806 PB-1805 PB-1804 PB-1604 PB-1803 PB-1599 PB-1801 PB-1582 PB-1582 PB-1794 PB-1580 PB-1577 PB-1792 PB-1577 PB-1769 PB-1575 PB-1608 PB-1572 PW Hydraulic well test descriptions and locations.—Continued

50 49 48 47 39 46 38 45 37 36 35 34 42 33 41 32 40 31 51 Table cross 43, 44 reference 1–9 A , B Table 1–9 A . Table [Sources and references for this appendix table are given in 1–9 not applicable; NR, not reported; SFWMD, South Florida Water Management District; USGS; U.S. Geological Survey. Test type: M, multiwell constant rate; P, Packer test; R, single well constant rate; S, step type: M, multiwell constant rate; P, Test Management District; USGS; U.S. Geological Survey. Water not applicable; NR, reported; SFWMD, South Florida drawdown; SC, specific capacity] Appendixes 71 NA NA Hori- zontal datum NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 83 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 83 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NR NR 2 3 west 80 21 4.1 80 35 47 80 35 47 80 40 02 80 05 35 80 17 19.3 80 07 46 80 05 23 80 07 47 80 04 44 Longitude 4 4 4 (dd mm ss.s) NR NR 2 3 north Latitude 26 22 15 26 57 34 26 21 24 26 22 28 26 22 28 26 22 27 26 24 14 26 48 01 26 38 48 26 24 36 4 4 4 (dd mm ss.s) NR NR well None None None None 3 wells 4 wells 4 wells 6 wells 3 wells 5 wells identifier Monitoring - site number Test description and Test site); Murray-Milleson, Inc., 1989, fig. 2 wellfield APT (7/10/80) APT wellfield Area 3 and 4 Area 3 and 4 Area 3 and 4 Area 3 and 4 well for wellfield expan sion near Clint Moore Road well Wellfield Village Wellfield well #4 well Wellfield Miccosuke Tribe (North Tribe Miccosuke WCA-2A Pumping well for Tequesta Tequesta Pumping well for Stormwater Treatment Treatment Stormwater ASR pilot test site, Site 1 Treatment Stormwater Stormwater Treatment Treatment Stormwater Stormwater Treatment Treatment Stormwater Boca Raton test production Burma Road Parcel test Palm Springs Forest Hill Highland Beach West West Beach Highland USGS Operator Milleson, Inc Watson for Watson SFWMD Watson for Watson SFWMD for Watson SFWMD Watson for Watson SFWMD Watson for Watson SFWMD) Dresser, & Dresser, McKee Miller, Inc. Miller, Dresser, & Dresser, McKee Murray- Gee & Jensen Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Camp, Geraghty & CH2M-HILL Camp, 8 3 4 6 5 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 and Source references R R R R M M M M M M NR NR Test Test type . Abbreviations: dd mm ss.s, degrees, minutes, and seconds; APT, aquifer performance test; LWDD, Lake Worth Drainage District; NA, Worth Lake aquifer performance test; LWDD, APT, Abbreviations: dd mm ss.s, degrees, minutes, and seconds; C . Test Test date 05/10/89 06/10/99 07/10/80 06/03/99 04/27/99 08/04/99 06/17/99 01/10/85 02/03/88 04/13/83 10/20/78 Various dates Various 6 2 4 4 8 4 4 8 10 NR NR NR Produc - (inches) diameter tion well Production well identifier TPW S10C TW-3 TW-5 7R_TQ2 BOCA_PW-1 TW-1 TW-2C TW-3 BURMA-TEST FHV_W5 HBWW-4 Hydraulic well test descriptions and locations.—Continued

54 58 59 60 61 55 56 57 62 63 64 Table cross 52, 53 reference 1–9 A , B Table 1–9 A . Table [Sources and references for this appendix table are given in 1–9 not applicable; NR, not reported; SFWMD, South Florida Water Management District; USGS; U.S. Geological Survey. Test type: M, multiwell constant rate; P, Packer test; R, single well constant rate; S, step type: M, multiwell constant rate; P, Test Management District; USGS; U.S. Geological Survey. Water not applicable; NR, reported; SFWMD, South Florida drawdown; SC, specific capacity] 72 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater Hori- zontal datum NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 west 80 11 23 80 11 80 07 31 80 09 29 80 03 18 80 10 16 80 08 55 80 06 07.9 80 07 45 80 06 12 80 03 59 80 03 45 80 09 19 80 16 28 80 10 33 Longitude (dd mm ss.s) north Latitude 26 54 44 26 54 44 26 52 36 26 54 45 26 41 58 26 40 35 26 55 34 26 53 47 26 44 06 26 50 26 25 43 26 54 18 26 36 06 26 55 39 (dd mm ss.s) NR NR NR NR well None 1 well 5 wells 2 wells 4 wells 4 wells 3 wells 3 wells 3 wells 16 wells identifier Monitoring - - - site number

Test description and Test Estates well #2 tion tion #16 well ing well 5A well ing Estates #3 Well Western proposed Field site test well 1 aquifer test tion well 1 (SFWMD) well #3 Beach Park of Com (1981) APT merce discharge well B-3 discharge Palm Beach Country Jupiter Water Plant produc Plant Water Jupiter pump Beach Juno of Town Palm Beach Country Palm Beach County Park surficial Lake Lytal Jupiter Military Trail APT produc - APT Trail Military Lake Magnolia pumping Morikami Park (SFWMD) Lost Tree Club Tree Lost Pumping well for Palm Lantana Sanitary Landfill Riverbend Park well #3 - NR Operator SFWMD SFWMD SFWMD Miller, Inc. Miller, Miller, Inc. Miller, Ander & son, Inc. Miller, Inc. Miller, Axom Miller, Inc. Miller, Miller, Inc. Miller, Consulting Engineer, Inc. Miller, Inc. Miller, Geraghty & Geraghty & Osha, Barker, Geraghty & Russel & Geraghty & Geraghty & H.L. Searcy, H.L. Searcy, PBS&J, Inc. Geraghty & 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 and Source references S M M M M M M M M M NR NR NR NR Test Test type . Abbreviations: dd mm ss.s, degrees, minutes, and seconds; APT, aquifer performance test; LWDD, Lake Worth Drainage District; NA, Worth Lake aquifer performance test; LWDD, APT, Abbreviations: dd mm ss.s, degrees, minutes, and seconds; C . Test Test date 11/01/86 11/01/86 11/29/78 11/01/86 12/25/82 05/15/79 01/01/79 05/01/87 08/03/87 07/29/82 03/23/87 12/25/81 08/20/85 03/10/80 2 2 6 6 6 2 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Produc - (inches) diameter tion well Production well identifier JPW-16 PBCE-2 JUNO_PW-5A PBCE-3 JWSPW-13 PBCWW_TW-1 PBLL-PW1 PBMT_PW-1 LM_PW-3 PBPOC_PW LSL_B-3 LTC_PW-3 MORI_PW-1A RIVBEN-3 Hydraulic well test descriptions and locations.—Continuedd

65 72 66 73 67 74 75 76 68 77 69 70 71 78 Table cross reference 1–9 A , B Table 1–9 A . Table [Sources and references for this appendix table are given in 1–9 not applicable; NR, not reported; SFWMD, South Florida Water Management District; USGS; U.S. Geological Survey. Test type: M, multiwell constant rate; P, Packer test; R, single well constant rate; S, step type: M, multiwell constant rate; P, Test Management District; USGS; U.S. Geological Survey. Water not applicable; NR, reported; SFWMD, South Florida drawdown; SC, specific capacity] Appendixes 73 Hori- zontal datum NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 NAD 27 west 80 06 42 80 05 56 80 14 40 80 07 21 Longitude (dd mm ss.s) north Latitude 26 45 36 26 34 48 26 38 55 26 44 51 (dd mm ss.s) NR well 1 well 3 wells 5 wells identifier Monitoring - site number Test description and Test pumping well 851 Treatment Plant pump Treatment ing well 1 well #1 (SFWMD) Wastewater Treatment Treatment Wastewater Plant pumping well #1 City of Riviera Beach Seminole Manor Water Water Seminole Manor South Shore pumping West Palm Beach Regional West - NR Operator SFWMD & Ander & son, Inc. Miller, Inc. Miller, Barker, Osha, Barker, Geraghty & 4 4 4 4 and Source references M M M NR Test Test type . Abbreviations: dd mm ss.s, degrees, minutes, and seconds; APT, aquifer performance test; LWDD, Lake Worth Drainage District; NA, Worth Lake aquifer performance test; LWDD, APT, Abbreviations: dd mm ss.s, degrees, minutes, and seconds; C . Test Test date 11/04/83 12/25/85 08/09/87 06/10/82 8 6 NR NR Produc - (inches) diameter tion well Production well identifier RI_PW-851 SEM_PW-1 SSH_PW-1 WPB_PW-1 Hydraulic well test descriptions and locations.—Continued

79 80 81 82 Table cross Location not reported, estimated from Smith and Adams (1988 fig. 66); Location not reported, estimated from Smith and Location not reported, estimated from Murray-Milleson, Inc. (1989, fig. 2); Americas, Inc. (1999, fig. 4.1). Watson Location not reported, estimated from Montgomery Americas, Inc. (1999, fig. 4.1) and aerial photographs. Watson Location not reported, estimated from Montgomery 1 2 3 4 reference 1–9 A , B Table 1–9 A . Table [Sources and references for this appendix table are given in 1–9 not applicable; NR, not reported; SFWMD, South Florida Water Management District; USGS; U.S. Geological Survey. Test type: M, multiwell constant rate; P, Packer test; R, single well constant rate; S, step type: M, multiwell constant rate; P, Test Management District; USGS; U.S. Geological Survey. Water not applicable; NR, reported; SFWMD, South Florida drawdown; SC, specific capacity] 74 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater comments Problems and Good fit for all MW data Good fit for all MW Retest Esti - total (feet) 40–62 12–22 46–82 tested mated 75–140 56–180 interval 106–140 106–146 depths of , production well; SFWMD, South Florida Water Water , production well; SFWMD, South Florida SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC H-J H-J H-J Hantush C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for MW Theis Rec for PW Cooper (1963) Theis Rec for PW Method of analysis H-J for MWs and C-J for PW Theis; C-J; H-J; Step drawdown Cooper (1963) 9,000 9,000 6,200 2 2 3 11,000 67,000 70,000 30,000 22,000 18,000 26,000 31,000 14,000 44,000 66,000 81,200 44,400 26,200 12,000 37,600 38,400 23,600 93,400 20,000 73,000 day) sivity 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 150,000 160,000 (square feet per 2 2 Transmis- 60 31 NR NR 118 406 222 131 188 192 467 100 foot) ute per (gallons Specific per min - capacity 2.9 4.65 5.0 43 72 72 71 24 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR test Step 4 period or step (hours) number pumping Length of per NR NR NR NR NR rate 580 754 831 508 450 700 100 307.46 220 434 500 433 222 minute) 2,435 1,400 2,440 1,050 1,000 1,500 (gallons Pumping 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 zones in PW 2 and 3 2 and 3 (Z1, Z2, Z3) to be open Permeable interpreted 1 . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, monitoring well; NR, not reported; PW . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, open (feet) 40–50 50–70 50–80 64–70 63–69 55–95 12–22 46–81 tested 95–117 65–125 75–133 70–153 76–124 57–108 72–102 70–160 75–135 interval NR-120 Depth of 110–140 160–170 106–146 100–120 108–124 15 15 17 12 17 15 15 18 15 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 16 12 12 18 15 (feet) of land surface Altitude NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Test Test date 11/06/86 02/27/86 04/17/87 07/20/07 05/03/78 06/03/58 07/03/86 04/29/98 well identifier Production - Hydraulic well test results. G-2312J H-M-235 H-M-301 H-M-328 PB-1545 PB-1065 G-2312K HE-303 PB-1343 PB-1233 PB-1239 PB-1250 PB-1267 PB-1310 PB-1336 PB-1361 PB-1365 PB-1415 PB-1545 G-2313A G-2313B G-2313C C-1171

. 2 8 9 3 7 4 5 6 1 11 10 23 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Table cross reference 1–9 A , B Table 1–9 B Table Theis Theis, Altitude of land surface is feet above NGVD 29 (numbers in boldface type are estimated from topographic map). Method analysis: SC, specific capacity; [Depths are in feet below land surface. Bower (1989) and Bouwer Rice (1976) slug test; C-J, Cooper Jacob (1946) confined aquifer; H-J, Hantush Theis (1935) residual drawdown recovery; Bouwer, Theis Rec, (1935) confined aquifer; Jacob (1955) leaky aquifer; Hantush, Hantush (1960) aquifer Management District; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; WTP, water treatment plant; --, not applicable] WTP, Management District; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Appendixes 75 comments Problems and for MW data for MW data fit for MW data fit for MW data fit for MW data MW for fit data fit for MW data MW data fit for MW data MW USGS9_S-1 Early time (100 min) fit Good early time (20 min) Good early time (50 min) Good early time (40 min) min) (170 time early Good Good early time (60 min) Early time (65 min) fit for Good early time (60 min) Early time (30 min) fit for Reported well: Esti - total (feet) tested mated 60–156 63–146 30–130 87–144 40–154 10–170 60–220 77–183 54–150 interval depths of , production well; SFWMD, South Florida C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for MW C-J for MW C-J for MW C-J for MW C-J for MW C-J for MW C-J for MW C-J for MW C-J for MW C-J for MW Method of analysis 6,300 3,600 4,000 3,000 4,000 7,200 6,800 4,500 2,600 4,800 2 2 2 2 18,000 40,000 23,000 14,000 10,000 31,000 36,000 day) sivity 2 2 2 2 2 180,000 220,000 (square feet per Transmis- foot) ute per (gallons Specific per min - capacity 4.95 6.13 3.83 5.57 2.16 5.97 2 3 2.81 8.4 test Step 4 Step 1 Step 4 Step 3 Step 4 Step 4 Step 4 Step 4 Step 3 period or step (hours) number pumping Length of 88 80 per rate 212 329 180 160 403 238 360 210 189 406 360 326 109 398 318 824 214 minute) (gallons Pumping 3 zones in PW 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 (Z1, Z2, Z3) 2, minor 3 2, minor 3 to be open Permeable interpreted 1 . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, monitoring well; NR, not reported; PW . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, open (feet) tested 75–115 70–130 50–120 84–164 56–146 68–128 93–153 80–180 70–160 interval Depth of 106–206 23 19 17 17 20 20 19 19 18 20 (feet) of land surface Altitude Test Test date 11/11/86 11/19/86 11/04/86 11/05/86 07/30/86 08/07/86 12/08/86 12/02/86 07/16/86 08/31/87? well identifier Production - Hydraulic well test results.—Continued PB-1551 PB-1557 PB-1559 PB-1565 PB-1568 PB-1572 PB-1577 PB-1575 PB-1545 PB-1547

. 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 32 24 25 Table cross reference 1–9 A , B Table 1–9 B Table Theis, Altitude of land surface is feet above NGVD 29 (numbers in boldface type are estimated from topographic map). Method analysis: SC, specific capacity; [Depths are in feet below land surface. Bower (1989) and Bouwer Rice (1976) slug test; C-J, Cooper Jacob (1946) confined aquifer; H-J, Hantush Theis (1935) residual drawdown recovery; Bouwer, Theis Rec, Theis (1935) confined aquifer; and Jacob (1955) leaky aquifer; Hantush, Hantush (1960) aquifer water treatment plant; --, not applicable] WTP, Management District; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Water 76 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater - comments Problems and for MW data for MW data fit for MW data MW C-J—High scatter in data (2 in. well) proved because of low drawdown in aquifer (10 to 20 min) for MW (10 to 20 min) for MW data MW data MW data fit for MW Early time (100 min) fit data Good fit for all MW Good early time (60 min) Early time (30 min) fit for Theis Rec—good trend; Results of test not ap ?, Only very early time fit Early time (33 min) fit for Good early time (20 min) Esti - total (feet) 57–87 tested mated 87–220 57–180 34–150 interval 235–308 100–250 150–250 depths of , production well; SFWMD, South Florida C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for PW C-J for MW C-J for MW C-J for MW C-J for MW C-J for MW C-J for MW C-J for MW Method of analysis Theis Rec for PW Theis Rec for PW Theis Rec for MW Theis Rec for MW Theis Rec for MW 5,700 7,000 4,600 7,700 2 2 Not Not 20,000 17,000 42,000 56,000 30,000 20,000 15,000 86,000 90,000 day) 38,000 33,000 sivity 2 2 2 2 (square feet per approved approved Transmis- foot) ute per (gallons Specific per min - capacity 6 3.01 3.93 6 5 2.24 6 1.93 5.12 test Step 4 Step 4 Step 1 period Step 3 or step (hours) number pumping Length of 39 18.5 per 271 332 rate 332 536 335 401 332 408 726 337 172 minute) (gallons Pumping 3 3 zones in PW 2 and 3 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 (Z1, Z2, Z3) 2, minor 3 to be open Permeable interpreted 1 . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, monitoring well; NR, not reported; PW . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, open (feet) tested 50–150 90–220 60–170 90–220 56–146 interval Depth of 110–230 232–337 151–221 61.5–71.5 11.92 18 15 17 19 15 17 17 10 (feet) of land surface Altitude Test Test date 11/04/86 11/13/86 02/23/87 09/20/07 07/01/87 02/12/87 02/17/87 04/05/07 07/09/87 well identifier Production - Hydraulic well test results.—Continued PB-1608 PB-1769 PB-1582 PB-1599 PB-1604 PB-1582 PB-1792 PB-1577 PB-1580

. 40 41 37 38 39 36 42 34 35 Table cross reference 1–9 A , B Table 1–9 B Table Theis, Altitude of land surface is feet above NGVD 29 (numbers in boldface type are estimated from topographic map). Method analysis: SC, specific capacity; [Depths are in feet below land surface. Bower (1989) and Bouwer Rice (1976) slug test; C-J, Cooper Jacob (1946) confined aquifer; H-J, Hantush Theis (1935) residual drawdown recovery; Bouwer, Theis Rec, Theis (1935) confined aquifer; and Jacob (1955) leaky aquifer; Hantush, Hantush (1960) aquifer water treatment plant; --, not applicable] WTP, Management District; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Water Appendixes 77 - comments Problems and for Theis Rec; good fit for for all data C-J results; estimated depths of total interval tested are from Bennett, 2006 (unpub - M.W., lished report), Hydro - geologic investigataion and seepage analysis, Bishop Property Ex - cavation Project, Palm Florida: Beach County, Water South Florida Management District. but fit, moderate to test; earlier in repeated data all for fit good C-J, cor time; early except steady for made rection decline background of 10 wells in vicinity of 6 wells in vicinity Good fit for late time data Tested twice with same Tested -weak Rec Theis For Uses average K from tests Uses average K from test Esti - total (gray (feet) 47–95 tested 13–35 mated 77–122 35–100 interval aquifer) 138–163 depths of limestone , production well; SFWMD, South Florida Method of analysis Theis Rec for PW Theis Rec for PW Theis Rec for PW C-J for PW Theis Rec for PW C-J for PW C-J for PW Bouwer for PWs Bouwer for PWs 3,000 6,000 1,100 5,200 2 10,000 60,000 10,000 10,000 day) sivity 2 2 (square feet per Transmis- foot) ute per (gallons Specific per min - capacity NR NR 3.5 1.74 0.5 test period or step (hours) number pumping Length of 7.7 72 49 per rate minute) (gallons Pumping 10–12 10–12 2 1 2 2 zones in PW con - fined) (Z1, Z2, Z3) to be open Permeable interpreted 1 3 (well . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, monitoring well; NR, not reported; PW . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, open (feet) tested 38–188 58–101 85–105 interval Depth of 155–175 18.6–40.3 11 12 15.6 15.6 12.4 (feet) of land surface Altitude Test Test date dates dates Various Various Various 04/09/07 04/17/07 04/18/07 well identifier Production - Hydraulic well test results.—Continued PB-1804 PB-1803 PB-1794 PB-1794 PB-1801

. 47 46 43 44 45 Table cross reference 1–9 A , B Table 1–9 B Table Theis, Altitude of land surface is feet above NGVD 29 (numbers in boldface type are estimated from topographic map). Method analysis: SC, specific capacity; [Depths are in feet below land surface. Bower (1989) and Bouwer Rice (1976) slug test; C-J, Cooper Jacob (1946) confined aquifer; H-J, Hantush Theis (1935) residual drawdown recovery; Bouwer, Theis Rec, Theis (1935) confined aquifer; and Jacob (1955) leaky aquifer; Hantush, Hantush (1960) aquifer water treatment plant; --, not applicable] WTP, Management District; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Water 78 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater - - comments Problems and proved because of large proved because of large in results for difference drawdown and recovery analyses and high well loss. of 5 wells in vicinity ed from high drawdown and lift of 2 wells in vicinity C-J—late time fit, well confined; well poorly developed with high drawdown (17 ft) Results of test not ap Uses average K from tests Low pumping rate result Uses average K from tests Theis Rec—early time fit, Esti - total (feet) 14–46 tested 38–73 mated 46–118 68–148 67–129 interval depths of , production well; SFWMD, South Florida MWs drawdown for MWs Method of analysis C-J for PW Glover; Jacob for Theis Rec for PW Bouwer for PWs Bouwer for PWs C-J for PW Theis Rec for PW C-J for PW H-J distance Theis Rec for PW Theis Rec for PW 3,900 6,000 4,000 2 2 Not Not 70,000 12,000 10,000 44,000 27,000 day) 12,000 sivity 2 (square feet per approved approved Transmis- foot) ute per (gallons Specific per min - capacity 3.04 3.02 8 3.03 12 69 NR NR test period or step (hours) number pumping Length of 20 85 33.6 per 197 rate 440 186 minute) (gallons Pumping 10–12 10–12 3 1 2 2 zones in PW 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 (Z1, Z2, Z3) to be open Minor 2, 3 Permeable interpreted 1 . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, monitoring well; NR, not reported; PW . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, open (feet) 35–65 tested 40–90 63–120 68–123 70–140 55–135 interval 12.6–34 Depth of 62.6–101.4 15 22.4 22.4 20 19 15 12 12 (feet) of land surface Altitude Test Test date dates dates Various Various Various Various 05/24/87 01/15/08 03/28/08 05/10/89 06/03/99 05/25/07 well identifier Production - Hydraulic well test results.—Continued PW S10C S10C PB-1806 PB-1807 TPW TW-1 PB-1805

. 51 52 53 49 50 54 55 48 Table cross reference 1–9 A , B Table 1–9 B Table Theis, Altitude of land surface is feet above NGVD 29 (numbers in boldface type are estimated from topographic map). Method analysis: SC, specific capacity; [Depths are in feet below land surface. Bower (1989) and Bouwer Rice (1976) slug test; C-J, Cooper Jacob (1946) confined aquifer; H-J, Hantush Theis (1935) residual drawdown recovery; Bouwer, Theis Rec, Theis (1935) confined aquifer; and Jacob (1955) leaky aquifer; Hantush, Hantush (1960) aquifer water treatment plant; --, not applicable] WTP, Management District; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Water Appendixes 79 - - comments Problems and report wells varied greatly ground level changes during test included agreement with values for the 3 MWs. Used value representative of the 3 MWs. Water table aquifer; found Water Found report Results from different Results from different Rainfall event and back Only late-time estimates Found report Reported value in dis Esti - total (feet) tested mated 50–80 85–115 interval depths of , production well; SFWMD, South Florida NR NR NR NR C-J) C-J constant time (average) for MWs C-J constant time (average) for MWs Method of analysis Jacob (probably Hantush Step drawdown Boulton (1963?) Thiem (1906) and Thiem (1906) and Theis Rec for PW Theis Rec for PW Boulton (1963?) Theis Rec Boulton (1963?) 7,000 8,000 3,700 11,000 28,000 18,000 day) 25,000 16,000 27,000 30,000 30,000 47,000 40,000 61,000 sivity 170,000 (square feet per Transmis- foot) ute per (gallons Specific per min - capacity 7 8 3.17 73 24 24.7 71.25 24 72 96 72 24 NR NR test period or step (hours) number 2,880 pumping Length of per NR rate 213 322 668 568 798 200 210 210 457 600 446 155 minute) 1,400 1,600 (gallons Pumping 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 zones in PW 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 and 3 (Z1, Z2, Z3) 1, minor 2 to be open Minor 2, 3 Permeable interpreted 1 . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, monitoring well; NR, not reported; PW . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, open (feet) tested 40–55 50–80 50–80 55–85 50–90 85–115 85–105 85–155 70–120 interval Depth of 135–185 132–162 123–170 130–165 136–200 144–159 11 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 12 12 12 17 17 17 17 (feet) of land surface Altitude Test Test date 11/29/78 02/03/88 04/13/83 10/20/78 12/25/82 05/15/79 04/27/99 07/29/82 08/04/99 06/10/99 06/17/99 07/10/80 08/20/85 01/10/85 03/10/80 well identifier TEST 5A Production - Hydraulic well test results.—Continued BURMA- FHV_W5 HBWW-4 JPW-16 JUNO_PW- TW-2C JWSPW-13 LM_PW-3 TW-3 TW-3 TW-5 7R_TQ2 LSL_B-3 BOCA_PW-1 LTC_PW-3

. 62 63 64 65 66 56 67 68 57 58 59 60 69 61 70 Table cross reference 1–9 A , B Table 1–9 B Table Theis, Altitude of land surface is feet above NGVD 29 (numbers in boldface type are estimated from topographic map). Method analysis: SC, specific capacity; [Depths are in feet below land surface. Bower (1989) and Bouwer Rice (1976) slug test; C-J, Cooper Jacob (1946) confined aquifer; H-J, Hantush Theis (1935) residual drawdown recovery; Bouwer, Theis Rec, Theis (1935) confined aquifer; and Jacob (1955) leaky aquifer; Hantush, Hantush (1960) aquifer water treatment plant; --, not applicable] WTP, Management District; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Water 80 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater comments Problems and a leakance value was reported, indicating a leaky aquifer solution only Method not reported, but Early time (10 min) fit Esti - total (feet) tested mated interval depths of , production well; SFWMD, South Florida C-J C-J C-J NR C-J penetration (probably Neu - man (1974)) C-J) Method of analysis Neuman partial Jacob (probably Time-drawdown Hantush and C-J Neuman (1972) 7,000 3,500 5,000 4,000 13,000 35,000 day) 70,000 47,000 27,000 sivity 100,000 180,000 (square feet per Transmis- foot) ute per (gallons Specific per min - capacity 0.5 4.42 2.87 0.5 0.5 24 44.2 74 72 72 72 test period or step (hours) number pumping Length of 75 92 75 per rate 225 890 120 189 minute) 1,380 1,000 1,450 1,000 (gallons Pumping . 3 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 3(?) zones in PW 2, minor 1,2, and 3 (Z1, Z2, Z3) to be open Permeable interpreted 1 . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, monitoring well; NR, not reported; PW . Other annotations: K, hydraulic conductivity; MW, open (feet) 50–91 tested 50–80 74–94 70–130 80–120 94–120 40–250 interval Depth of 116–185 140–170 100–120 140–170 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 17 17 (feet) of land surface Altitude Test Test date 11/01/86 11/04/83 11/01/86 11/01/86 12/25/85 08/09/87 06/10/82 03/23/87 01/01/79 05/01/87 08/03/87 12/25/81 well identifier 1A TW-1 Production - Hydraulic well test results.—Continued RIVBEN-3 RI_PW-851 SEM_PW-1 SSH_PW-1 WPB_PW-1 MORI_PW- PBCE-2 PBCE-3 PBCWW_ PBLL-PW1 PBMT_PW-1 PBPOC_PW

. 78 79 80 81 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 82 Table cross Minor indicates only part of zone is open or thickness of zone is minor compared to thickness of other zone(s). Minor indicates only part of zone is open or thickness minor Approved value for USGS test. Uses a factor of 200 to compute transmissivity from specific capacity reference 1 2 3 1–9 A , B Table 1–9 B Table Theis, Altitude of land surface is feet above NGVD 29 (numbers in boldface type are estimated from topographic map). Method analysis: SC, specific capacity; [Depths are in feet below land surface. Bower (1989) and Bouwer Rice (1976) slug test; C-J, Cooper Jacob (1946) confined aquifer; H-J, Hantush Theis (1935) residual drawdown recovery; Bouwer, Theis Rec, Theis (1935) confined aquifer; and Jacob (1955) leaky aquifer; Hantush, Hantush (1960) aquifer water treatment plant; --, not applicable] WTP, Management District; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Water Appendixes 81

Table 1–9C. Sources and references for hydraulic well tests

[Hydraulic well test information provided in tables 1–9A and 1–9B]

Citatlion Source or reference number 1a Tests run in previous USGS study; Reese, R.S., and Cunningham, K.J., 2000, Hydrogeology of the gray limestone aquifer in souhern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99–4213, 244 p. 1b Tests run in previous USGS study; Fish, J.E., 1988, Hydrogeology, aquifer characteristics, and ground-water flow of the surficial aquifer system, Broward County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87–4034, 92 p. 1c Tests run in previous USGS study; Klein, Howard, Schroeder, M.C., and Lichtler, W.F., 1964, Geology and ground-water resources of Glades and Hendry Counties, Florida: Florida Geological Survey Report of Investigations 37, 101 p. 1d Tests run in previous USGS study; Fischer, J.N., Jr., 1980, Evaluation of a cavity-riddled zone of the shallow aquifer near Riviera Beach, Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 80–60, 39 p. 1e Tests run in previous USGS study; unpublished by the USGS, test approved by internal memo dated 4/8/1988. 1f Tests run in previous USGS study; Swayze, L.J., and Miller, W.L., 1984, Hydrogeology of a zone of secondary permeability in the surficial aquifer of eastern Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investiga- tions Report 83–4249, 39 p. 2 Tests done in this study 3 Tests run in previous USGS study; Harvey, J.W., Krupa, S.L., Gefvert, Cynthia, and others, 2000, Interaction between ground water and surface water in the northern Everglades and relation to water budget and mercury cycling: study methods and appendixes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00–168, 411 p. and Harvey, J.W., Krupa, S.L., Gefvert, Cynthia, and others, 2002, Interactions between surface water and ground water and effects on mercury transposrt in the north-central Everglades: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4050, 82 p. 4 Data from SFWMD DBHYDRO database; production well identifier is station name. 5 Montgomery Watson, 1999, Final report on Site 1 detailed analysis: SFWMD Contract No. C-9765, submittal memo on 9–22–1999, 20 p. and appendixes. 6 Montgomery Watson Americas, Inc., 1999, Stormwater Treatment Area No. 3 and 4, field investigations and seepage analysis report: SFWMD contract, 48 p. and appendixes. 7 Murray-Milleson, Inc., 1987, Hydrogeologic study for the Seminole Tribe of Florida, 15 p. and appendix. 8 Murray-Milleson, Inc., 1989, Hydrogeologic study of Miccosukee Indian Reservation in Broward County, Florida, 27 p. and appendix. 9 Smith, K.R. and Adams, K.M., 1988, Ground water resource assessment of Hendry County, Florida: South Florida Water Management District Technical Publication 88–12: 109 p. and appendixes. 10 Repeat tests run by SFWMD. 82 Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater 33.0 24.0 32.6 32.3 33.8 29.0 36.5 NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM (per mil) Boron-10 Boron-11/ 98 20 20 10 42 73 18 67 20 32 114 329 630 508 wf NM 2,640 1,130 1,162 1,205 (µg/L) Boron, wf NM ratio Sr-86, Sr-87/ 0.70917 0.70901 0.70894 0.70907 0.70901 0.70910 0.70902 0.70905 0.70913 0.70903 0.70899 0.70907 0.70907 0.70909 0.70920 0.70910 0.70911 0.70906 0.14 0.84 1.8 1.25 0.29 2.45 0.54 0.16 1.18 0.25 0.52 0.73 1.65 0.38 0.01 1.37 wu -0.89 -0.11 -0.15 (per mil) O-18/O-16, 3.5 7.3 9.4 4.7 5.2 2.6 5.2 5.5 5.6 7.0 4.8 2.4 9.0 1.8 1.4 -0.9 wu 13.2 13.8 12.0 H-2/H-1, (per mil) wf 3,211 2,846 3,155 5,588 2,970 3,438 2,100 1,838 1,800 5,557 2,412 2,740 2,318 1,052 2,078 1,350 2,620 1,165 1,071 tium, (µg/L) Stron - 99.4 93.1 86.7 81.6 93.8 81.4 79 98.2 wf 111 114 271 269 174 106 491 121 124 134 105 (mg/L) Calcium, 7.29 3.31 1.95 7.01 9.06 11.1 75 20.8 48.7 56.6 25.9 24.6 wf 386 147 838 277 338 (mg/L) Sulfate, 1,540 1,790 80.7 43 38 46.5 81.3 119 114 wf 178 186 206 160 185 (mg/L) 1,340 1,670 9,530 4,730 1,250 3,130 2,990 Chloride, 676 808 521 868 409 778 471 593 552 629 864 638 wf ROE 3,510 3,570 3,030 8,330 6,030 at 180 deg C, (mg/L) 19,200 10,400 Residue NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM 25.8 25.3 25.5 24.2 24.8 25.1 24.7 24.6 25.1 ature, Water Water (deg C) temper- 837 668 764 949 923 1,110 5,770 7,460 1,310 1,500 1,370 5,130 1,040 1,480 1,060 at 25 tance deg C 29,700 16,800 12,300 10,500 conduc - Specific (µS/cm) 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 Zone open 2 and 3 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 Below 3 Below 3 Below 3 Below 3 Below 3 open (feet) 72-81 0–111 55–65 64–74 80–83 20–30 90–117 75–112 50–145 98–100 95–103 67–153 99–101 85–105 interval Depth of 166–174 176–191 120–129 170–180 176–187 1119 1119 Time 1123 1157 1132 1142 1124 1148 1057 1529 1355 1030 1051 1508 1334 1440 1231 1217 1236 (hhmm) Date yyyy) Water-quality data collected in this study. Water-quality (mm/dd/ 05/23/06 05/23/06 06/15/06 05/23/06 05/23/06 05/18/06 05/24/06 05/24/06 06/06/06 05/30/06 06/01/06 06/01/06 06/01/06 06/01/06 06/02/06 06/02/06 06/02/06 06/06/06 06/06/06

well local name USGS PB-715 PB-830 PB-880 PB-1097 PB-1107 PB-1545 PB-1547 PB-1608 PB-1761 PB-1785 PB-1786 PB-1787 PB-1789 PB-1790 PB-1794 PB-1797 PB-1798 PB-1801 PB-1802 Table 1–10. Table Abbreviations: deg, degrees; NM, not measured; mg/L, milligrams per liter; µg/l, micrograms wf, water filtered; wu, unfiltered; ROE, residue on [All depths are below land surface, in feet. evaporation] Appendixes 83

Appendix 2. Montages showing lithology, geophysical logs, geologic and hydrostratigraphic units, flow zones, and well construction for all wells with data available

Included in appendix 2 are log montages in WellCADTM The WellCADTM files in this appendix can be opened, (WCL) file format showing data plots for 115 wells. Included viewed, and printed by installing the WellCAD ReaderTM are wells drilled prior to this study and four of the five wells software included in this appendix. This software is non drilled for this study. These wells are identified in table 1–8 proprietary; however, the only modifications allowed that can of this report. In addition to all geophysical logs run and be saved are scale changes. If a full version of WellCADTM lithology, data included in the log montages and their column is available, these files may be opened, modified, and saved heading identifiers are geologic (FM) and hydrostratigraphic as usual. (HYD) units, if determined, flow zones (HYD-FZ), if deter- All of the plots in the appendix are saved in WellCADTM mined, and well construction (CONST). Flow zones were at a vertical scale of 1 in. = 20 ft (except for PB-1761). determined by flow meter logs for four of the wells drilled Because of this scale, upon opening a file in WellCADTM, the in this study (PB-1804 though PB-1807) and two previously full lithologic description may not be visible for all intervals. drilled wells (PB-1608 and PB-1761). The percentage of total In particular, the lithologic descriptions for thin intervals (3 ft flow during pumping is labeled for each flow zone in the or less thick) do not appear. To view the lithologic description HYD-FZ column. The lithology is shown by a lithologic sym- for all intervals, the vertical scale can be expanded in Well- bols column (LITH) and a brief lithologic description column CAD ReaderTM, for example from 1 in. = 20 ft to 1 in. = 10 ft. (Lithofacies). A more detailed lithologic description for five Expansion of the vertical scale will also be required to view wells is provided by tables 1–2 through 1–6, including four of the digital borehole image included for PB-1807. the wells drilled in this study and PB-1761.