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Traditional Ecological Knowledge to Develop and Maintain Fire Regimes

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Traditional Ecological Knowledge to Develop and Maintain Fire Regimes 2 AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Frank K. Lake for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Sciences presented on May 10, 2007. Title: Traditional Ecological Knowledge to Develop and Maintain Fire Regimes in Northwestern California, Klamath-Siskiyou Bioregion: Management and Restoration of Culturally Significant Habitats Abstract approved: ________________________________________________________ Steve R. Radosevich The use of Native American fire regimes evolved in the Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion over millennia. A mixture of Native American and Euro-American socio- cultural management has developed from adaptations to climate, topography, ecological processes, and land use practices. This research incorporates Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) to partially examine the role of tribal fire uses and ethnobotany. Research methods use an interdisciplinary approach to characterize fuels and fire management issues in culturally significant riparian and terrestrial habitats. Tribal fuels and fire management practices were investigated. Understanding past tribal fire management systems is needed to place contemporary Native American fuels and fire management issues in to context for government agencies and private interest that have altered tribal opportunities to continue fire uses. This study examined fire effects on sandbar willow (Salix exigua) in valley riparian zones along the lower mid-Klamath River. Prescribed fire was used to induce sprouting of sandbar willow and reduce insect populations to improve basket material quantity and quality. Results indicate that flooding had greater affects on the structure, composition, and abundance of vegetation and fuels than prescribed fire. A second 3 experiment to compare the effect of propane burning and pruning sandbar willow indicated that propane burning was less effective than pruning to improve stem morphology for basket weaving. Consultation with tribal basket weavers and research of the proportion of useable willow shoots, amount of insect damage and the relationship of stem diameter and length revealed these attributes were important criteria for determining usability for weaving. This research also included other basketry plants. TEK is used to better understand fire effects on culturally significant resources and the consequences of fire suppression on terrestrial and riparian habitats. The mechanisms of how fire suppression impacts tribes, resources and tribal land uses are presented. Recommendations are presented for additional research to improve collaboration with tribes, tribal organizations and communities based on contemporary tribal values and priorities for fuels and fire management. 4 The material in Frank K. Lake’s dissertation is not Copy right protected and open access is granted. This research was in-part supported by federal funding and tribal elders/practitioners who participated in this research did not want commercial use of their intellectual property. 5 Traditional Ecological Knowledge to Develop and Maintain Fire Regimes in Northwestern California, Klamath-Siskiyou Bioregion: Management and Restoration of Culturally Significant Habitats by Frank K. Lake A DISSERTATION submitted to Oregon State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Presented May 10, 2007 Commencement June 2008 6 Doctor of Philosophy dissertation of Frank K. Lake Presented on May 10, 2007. APPROVED: ____________________________________________________________________ Major Professor, representing Environmental Sciences ____________________________________________________________________ Director of Environmental Sciences Program ___________________________________________________________________ Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my dissertation will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my dissertation to any reader upon request. _____________________________________________________________________ Frank K. Lake, Author 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I gratefully appreciate the various forms of support and assistance provided by the following agencies, tribes, organizations, institutions, programs, and individuals: Agencies: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station and Region 5, DOI Bureau of Land Management and Bureau of Indian Affairs, California Department of Transportation. Tribes: Karuk Tribe of California, Yurok Tribe, and Hoopa Tribe. Organizations: Karuk Indigenous Basketweavers, Educational Foundation of America, Oregon State University Foundation, Mid-Klamath Watershed Council, Orleans/Somes Bar Fire Safe Council, California Indian Basketweavers Association, World Wildlife Fund (Klamath-Siskiyou Field office), Lomakatsi Restoration Project, and Ford Foundation. Institutions: Oregon State University Graduate School, College of Forestry and Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, University of California-Berkeley and Davis-Bohart Museum of Entomology, and Humboldt State University-Humboldt Room collections Programs: Oregon State University-Pacific Traditional Ecological Knowledge/Native Americans in Marine and Space Sciences, University of California Berkeley- Community Forestry Research Fellowship, USFS Student Career Experience Program, Lynn Reyer: Tribal Community Development Program, Lenore Bayley Graduate Fellowship Program, and Oregon State University Foundation. Individuals: Steve Radosevich (major professor/mentor), Judith Vergun (committee/mentor), Paul Doescher (committee/mentor), Kermit Cromack Jr. (committee/mentor), Desiree Tullos (graduate representative), LaVerne Ferris Glaze (cultural mentor and community research partner), David Erhenfeld (mentor), Jim Sedell (mentor), Luna Latimer Lake (wife/colleague/project volunteer), Mike and Patty McKelvey (parents, financial supporters), Bobby Lake-Thom (father, financial 8 supporters) and Mimi Salisbury (stepmother), Jason Paarak Hensher-Lake (son/project volunteer), Charlie Thom (grandfather/project participant), Frank and Carol Lujan (grandparents, financial supporters), Bill and Imy Woodyard (step-grandparents, financial supporters), Sue Daniels (project fuels specialists), Stan Pfister (project fuels specialists), Joanne Fites-Kaufman (mentor/reviewer), Bryan Colegrove (cultural mentor and community research partner), Jim Baldwin (statistical support), Sonia Tamez (mentor/agency advisor), Janet Werren (GIS support), Bob Zybach (colleague/reviewer), Deborah Bruce (reviewer), Kat Anderson (mentor/colleague), Joan Berman (historical data), Edie Butler (historical data), Robert Sathrum (historical data), Jen Kalt (colleague/project volunteer), C. John Ralph (mentor/project volunteer), Will Harling (colleague/project participant and volunteer), Thomas Dunklin (colleague/project volunteer), Dan “Bubba” Lipe (colleague), Jason Lipe (photographs/data collection), Ben Riggan (colleague/project volunteer), Nancy Bailey (project volunteer), Nan Vance (mentor, supervisor), Alan Vandiver (agency advisor), Bill Rice (agency advisor), Carol Ralph (project volunteer), Carl Wilmsen (mentor/supporter), Luke Ruteger (project volunteer), Sharon McCann (project volunteer), Kari Norgaard (project volunteer), Chris Fryefield (project volunteer), Chet Ogan (project volunteer), Jimmy Jackson (project participant), Wilfred Colegrove (project participant), Mildred Nixon (project participant), Glen Moore (project participant), Ollie Foseide (project participant), Mavis McCovey (project participant), Darrell McCovey (project participant), Grant Hillman (project participant), Josephine Peters (project participant), Thelma McNeal (project participant), Verna Reece (project participant), Earl “Scrub” Aubery (project participant), Casey Spinks (project participant), Ora Smith (project participant), Bill Tripp (tribal mentor/advisor), Leaf Hillman (tribal mentor/advisor), Ron Reed (tribal mentor/advisor), Scott Quinn (colleague/tribal advisor), Kathy Heffner (agency advisor, tribal consultant), Kathy Barger-McCovey (mentor, agency advisor, tribal consultant), Tom Keter (reviewer, retired agency advisor), Renee Stauffer (mentor/cultural advisor), Ken Wilson (agency advisor), Jeff LaLande (use of material, agency advisor), Malcolm Margolin (use of material), Erin Rentz (colleague/project volunteer), Laura Sanders (colleague/project volunteer), Robin 9 Kimmerer (mentor/cultural advisor), Dennis Martinez (mentor/cultural advisor), Max Creasy (mentor, agency advisor), Lucy Salazar (agency advisor), Heather Busam (agency advisor), Tom Gates (use of material), Deanna Kingston (mentor), and Rich Minnich (reviewer), Scott Carroll and Jenella Loye (mentors), Randy and LoriAnn Carey (colleagues), Randy and Su Frick (mentors/colleagues), Lynn and Mary Hood (mentors), Meca Wawona and Yarrow Brucker (mentors). And to those I forgot to mention. 10 CONTRIBUTIONS OF AUTHORS LaVerne Ferris Glaze (Karuk/Yurok), of the Karuk Indigenous Basketweavers was a co-author in the implementation, collection, and interpretation of results for chapter 6. Dr. Bob Zybach contributed portions of the original material used to develop chapter 3. Bill Tripp contributed portions of the material used to develop chapter 7. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1 Traditional Ecological Knowledge for Fire Regimes in Northwestern California, Klamath-Siskiyou Bioregion: Management and Restoration of Culturally Significant Habitats...........................................................................................................1
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