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The Roles and Representations of Women in Religious Change and Conflict in Leinster and South-East Munster, C.1560-C.1641

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The Roles and Representations of Women in Religious Change and Conflict in Leinster and South-East Munster, C.1560-C.1641 The roles and representations of women in religious change and conflict in Leinster and south-east Munster, c.1560-c.1641 by Bronagh Ann McShane THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF PHD DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH Head of Department: Professor Marian Lyons Supervisor of Research: Professor Marian Lyons 2015 CONTENTS Contents i Dedication ii Acknowledgments iii Abbreviations v List of illustrations vi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE: THE ROLES AND REPRESENTATIONS OF CATHOLIC LAY WOMEN IN RELIGIOUS CHANGE AND CONFLICT, c.1560-c.1641 32 CHAPTER TWO: NEGOTIATING RELIGIOUS CHANGE AND CONFLICT: FEMALE 94 RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES, c.1560-c.1641 CHAPTER THREE: THE ROLES AND REPRESENTATIONS OF PROTESTANT WOMEN 159 IN RELIGIOUS CHANGE AND CONFLICT, c.1560-c.1641 CHAPTER FOUR: ‘LEWD VIRAGOES’: THE ROLES AND REPRESENTATIONS OF 241 WOMEN IN THE 1641 UPRISING CONCLUSION 310 APPENDIX 325 BIBLIOGRAPHY 347 i DEDICATION Dedicated to the memory of my grandmothers; Annie McShane née Carron (1925-2008) and Mary McCabe née Earley (1919-70) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sincere thanks are due first and foremost to my supervisor, Professor Marian Lyons, Head of the History Department, Maynooth University. From the outset Prof. Lyons has been entirely supportive and available above and beyond what could be expected. Her extraordinary insight, guidance and encouragement were a tremendous support to me throughout this process. It was a privilege to have such an understanding, caring and dedicated supervisor and an honour to work under her mentorship. I am grateful to the lecturing staff in the Department of History, Maynooth University, for their advice and guidance. In particular I would like to thank Professor Raymond Gillespie, for his helpful insights, suggestions and encouragement, and Dr Jacinta Prunty, for her practical advice and enthusiasm. Thanks are also due to Professor Jacqueline R. Hill and Dr Eamon Darcy, for assistance and useful suggestions. I also wish to acknowledge in particular the generous support of Professor Colm Lennon, who offered insightful comments on draft chapters of the thesis and whose enthusiasm and passion for early modern Ireland first sparked my interest in the subject during my undergraduate studies. The willing help and assistance of Ms Ann Donoghue and Ms Catherine Heslin is also greatly appreciated. Sincere thanks to the staff of the various libraries in which I have conducted research, in particular the National Library of Ireland, the Royal Irish Academy, Trinity College, Library, John Paul II Library, Maynooth, the Russell Library, Maynooth and the British Library. A special word of thanks is due to The Poor Clare nuns at Galway who were very gracious hosts during my visit to their convent. In particular I would like to thank Sr Faustina for sharing with me insightful reflections on the nature of contemplative living. Thanks are also due to Prof. Marie Louise Coolahan (NUIG), Dr Bernadette Cunningham (RIA), Dr Mark Empey (NUIG), Prof. John McCafferty (UCD), and Dr Bríd McGrath (TCD), for discussions on various aspects relating to the study of women in early modern Ireland. iii I gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance my research has received from the John and Pat Hume Scholarship, Maynooth University and the Irish Research Council (IRC) Postgraduate Scholarship. Thanks to An Foras Feasa for the provision of a research space and to Ms Laura Gallagher and Ms Gemma Middleton for their help and assistance. Thanks to my fellow postgraduate students for their friendship – and many tea breaks – along the way, especially Catherine Bergin, Jennifer Halton, Gráinne Ní Brethúin and Jessica Cunningham. To Robbie, for his constant and consistent support, love and kindness which gave me motivation and strength to persevere. To my sister, Ciara for her kindness, good humour and for helping me to keep it all in perspective. Finally, my deepest gratitude is to my parents, Micheál and Philomena. They have been an extraordinary support to me throughout the course of my postgraduate studies and always. Their patience, love and encouragement have been unconditional and unfaltering and for that I am immensely grateful. iv ABBREVIATIONS Anal. Hib. Analecta Hibernica Archiv. Hib. Archivium Hibernicum Bréifne Breifne: Jounral of Cumann Seanchais Bhréifne Cal. S.P. Ire. Calendar of State papers relating to Ireland (24 vols, London, 1860-1911) Clogher Rec. Clogher Record Collect. Hib. Collectanea Hibernica Decies Old Waterford Society: Decies O.D.N.B. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography D.I.B. Dictionary of Irish Biography H.M.C. Historical Manuscripts Commission Hist. Studies Historical Studies I. E. R. Irish Ecclesiastical Record I.H.S. Irish Historical Studies Ir. Geneal. The Irish Genealogist Ir. Theol. Quart. Irish Theological Quarterly Jn. Brit. Studies Journal of British Studies Kildare Arch. Soc. Jn. Journal of the County Kildare Archaeological Society Louth Arch. Soc. Jn. Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society NLI National Library of Ireland RIA Royal Irish Academy R.I.A. Proc. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Rí. na Midhe Ríocht na Midhe R.S.A.I. Jn. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland TCD Library of Trinity College, Dublin TNA The National Archives, Kew v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1.1 Mural tablet commemorating Margaret Wale (d. 1623), St Canice’s Cathedral, Co. Kilkenny Fig. 1.2 Aylmer monument, Donadea, Co. Kildare (1626) Fig. 1.3 Effigy of Grace Cantwell, Cantwell tomb, Kilcooley Abbey, Co. Tipperary (1608) Fig. 1.4 Rubbing of side panel of altar tomb commemorating Nicholas Walsh and Helen Lawless, St Mary’s Church, Co. Kilkenny (1599) Fig. 1.5 Tomb commemorating Honorina Grace (d. 1596), St Canice’s Cathedral, Co. Kilkenny Fig. 1.6 Chalice donated to the Jesuits by Elizabeth Fitzgerald née Nugent (d. 1645), Countess of Kildare (1634) Fig. 1.7 John Howlin, ‘Perbreve compendium’ (fl. c.1589-99) Fig. 2.1 Chronicle of Mother Mary Bonaventure Browne, Monastery of the Poor Clares, Co. Galway (fl. c.1669-71) Fig. 2.2 Profession of Sr Catherine of St Francis [Browne], given at Bethlehem, 29 January 1631/2, Monastery of the Poor Clares, Co. Galway Fig. 3.1 Portrait of Phoebe Ussher née Challoner (d. 1654), wife of James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh (1625-56) Fig. 3.2 Portrait of Lettice Digby née Fitzgerald (c.1580-1658), Lady Offaly, wife of Sir Robert Digby (d. 1618) of Coleshill, Warwickshire, England Fig. 3.3 Boyle and Fenton monument, St Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin (1632) Fig. 3.4 Agard monument, Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin (1584) Fig. 3.5 Roper monument, St John the Evangelist Church, Dublin (1634) vi Fig. 3.6 Chichester monument, St Nicholas’ Church, Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim (1620) Fig 3.7 Effigy of Joan Apsley (d. 1599), Boyle monument, Youghal, Co. Cork (1620) Fig. 3.8 Musarum Lachrymae (Dublin, 1630) Fig. 4.1 Portrait of Mary Colley (d. 1654), wife of Garrett Moore (c.1566- 1627), first Viscount Drogheda Fig. 4.2 Images from James Cranford, The teares of Ireland (London, 1640) Fig. 4.3 Images from Samuel Clarke, A generall martyrologie (London, 1651) vii INTRODUCTION I – Context In 1536 the Irish parliament legislated for a Church of Ireland to replace the Roman Catholic Church as the established ecclesiastical authority within the lordship. Until 1547, however, the Catholic orthodoxy of King Henry VIII, supreme head of the Church, determined that no theological or doctrinal changes be introduced under the auspices of the early Reformation, and the Protestant regime of his son Edward VI’s reign (1547-53) proved too short-lived for any widespread reform to be undertaken.1 After a brief reversion to Roman Catholicism during Queen Mary I’s reign (1553-58), when the traditional liturgy and priesthood were consolidated, the Church of Ireland was re-established by statute as the state church under Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, and Protestantism was affirmed as the religion of the church and state, to which all the queen’s subjects were required to adhere. 2 Thereafter, the drive for the widespread adoption of religious reform in Ireland, as in England, began in earnest. However, hopes on the part of the Elizabethan reformers to secure substantial numbers of converts to Protestantism faded as initial uneasiness about royal supremacy among the laity soon evolved into dissent over the doctrinal orthodoxy of the Church of Ireland. Led by a wealthy and influential élite cohort in Dublin and other urban centres in Leinster and south-east Munster, such as Kilkenny, Waterford, Wexford, and Limerick, lay dissent initially took the form of church papistry – public conformity to the liturgy masking private practice of Catholicism – in circumstances of minimal enforcement of the Reformation statutes and relative leniency during the early years of Elizabeth’s reign.3 By the late 1570s and early 1580s, in the aftermath of the Desmond rebellion in Munster and the Baltinglass rebellion in Leinster, efforts on the part of the Elizabethan authorities to enforce more stringently conformity to the Established Church intensified (a process inextricably linked with attempts to subdue the country and bring it under royal writ), 1 Brendan Bradshaw, ‘The Edwardian Reformation in Ireland, 1547-53’ in Achiv. Hib., xxxiv (1977), pp 83-99. 2 Henry A. Jefferies, ‘The Irish parliament of 1560: the Anglican reforms authorised’ in I.H.S., xxvi (1988), pp 128-41; idem, ‘Primate George Dowdall and the Marian Restoration’ in Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society, xvii, no. 2 (1998), pp 1-18. 3 Colm Lennon, ‘Recusancy and Counter-Reformation’ in John R. Bartlett and Stuart D. Kinsella (eds), Two thousand years of Christianity in Ireland: Lectures delivered in Christ Church Cathedral Dublin, 2001-2002 (Dublin, 2006), pp 119-32. 1 taking the form of coercive measures, including the imposition of fines, imprisonments and on occasion, executions.
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