DOCSLIB.ORG

Place De La Biologie Moléculaire Dans L'épidémiologie, Le Diagnostic Et L'évaluation De La Chimiorésistance Du Paludi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Place De La Biologie Moléculaire Dans L'épidémiologie, Le Diagnostic Et L'évaluation De La Chimiorésistance Du Paludi Place de la biologie moléculaire dans l’épidémiologie, le diagnostic et l’évaluation de la chimiorésistance du paludisme en République Démocratique du Congo Dieudonné Mvumbi Makaba, MD, MSc. Département des Sciences de Base Faculté de Médecine Université de Kinshasa Thèse soutenue et défendue publiquement en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences Biomédicales (PhD) Promoteur: Co-promoteur: Marie-Pierre Hayette, PhD Jean-Marie Kayembe, PhD Ulg Unikin Thèse Place de la biologie moléculaire dans l’épidémiologie, le diagnostic et l’évaluation de la chimiorésistance du paludisme en République Démocratique du Congo Par Dieudonné Mvumbi Makaba Présentée et soutenue publiquement en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences Biomédicales (PhD) Le 11 février 2017 Composition du Jury : 1. Professeur Marie-Pierre Hayette, Université de Liège (promoteur) 2. Professeur Jean-Marie Kayembe, Université de Kinshasa (co-promoteur) 3. Professeur Hippolyte Situakibanza, Université de Kinshasa 4. Professeur Gauthier Mesia, Université de Kinshasa 5. Professeur Patrick De Mol, Université de Liège 6. Professeur Dieudonné Mumba, Université de Kinshasa 7. Professeur Prosper Lukusa, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Université de Kinshasa Faculté de Médecine Département des Sciences de Base Service de Biologie Moléculaire Place de la biologie moléculaire dans l’épidémiologie, le diagnostic et l’évaluation de la chimiorésistance du paludisme en République Démocratique du Congo Dieudonné Mvumbi Makaba Promoteur Co-promoteur Marie-Pierre Hayette, PhD Jean-Marie Kayembe N., PhD A ma famille … Table des matières Liste des figures iii Liste des tableaux iv Liste des abréviations v Remerciements vi Résumé ix Introduction………………………………………………………….1 Partie I: Etat des connaissances……………………………………3 I.1. Le paludisme: de l'antiquité à nos jours…………..……… 4 I.2. Des parasites en cause………………………….………….8 I.3.Approche diagnostique……………………………………14 I.4. Des molécules antipaludiques……………………………28 I.5. De la résistance aux antipaludiques……………………...33 I.5.1. Des marqueurs moléculaires de la résistance…...36 I.5.2. Des données disponibles sur la résistance moléculaire aux antipaludiques en RD Congo……………….......66 Etude 1: Falciparum malaria molecular drug resistance in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a systematic review…..…..67 Partie II: Du diagnostic et de l’épidémiologie moléculaires du paludisme en RDC………………………………………………………….…….75 II.1. Introduction…………………………………………….76 II.2. Objectifs………………………………………………..80 II.3. Etude 2: Comparaison de deux techniques d'extraction d'ADN plasmodial à partir des gouttes épaisses…………...……..…..82 i II.4. Etude 3: Real-time PCR when using archived thick blood films as source of DNA compared to microscopy for malaria diagnosis in Kinshasa, DR Congo …………………………………………88 II.5. Etude 4: High prevalence of falciparum malaria in asymptomatic individuals in Democratic Republic of Congo…………...….98 II.6. Etude 5: Investigation on possible transmission of monkeys' plasmodium to human in a populations living in the equatorial rainforest of the Democratic republic of Congo…………….104 Partie III : De la chimiorésistance moléculaire de Plasmodium falciparum en RDC………………………………………………………………..109 III.1. Introduction……………………………………………110 III.2. Objectifs……………………………………………….112 III.4. Etude 6: Assessment of pfcrt 72-76 haplotypes eight years after chloroquine withdrawal in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo III.5.Etude7: Molecular surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies in the Democratic Republic of Congo………………………….…121 Partie IV: Discussion générale et conclusion……………………..140 Perspectives…………………………………………………………149 Références……………………………………………..……………151 ii Liste des figures Figure 1. Stratégie technique mondiale de lutte contre le paludisme de l’OMS Figure 2. Distribution mondiale du paludisme du milieu du XIXe siècle à 2007 Figure 3.Paludisme versus pauvreté. Figure 4. Cycle de vie du Plasmodium chez l’homme et chez le moustique Figure 5. Fréquences et distribution des allèles du groupe sanguin Duffy Figure 6. Distribution spatiale de P. vivax en 2010 Figure 7. Phylogénie schématique des plasmodiums des mammifères Figure 8. Préparation de la goutte épaisse et du frottis mince Figure 9. QBC malaria tube de chez Woodley laboratory diagnostics Figure 10. Composition et mécanisme de détection des tests immunochromatographiques pour le paludisme. Figure 11. Configuration et interprétation des résultats de 2 types de TDR commerciaux Figure 12. Différentes étapes du processus de la PCR Figure 13. Agents se liant à l’ADN double brin Figure 14. Hydrolyse et hybridation de 2 sondes Figure 15. Représentation schématique de la démarche pour le développement d’une PCR diagnostique Figure 16. Représentation schématique d’une PCR nichée Figure 17. Différents types de thermocycleurs Figure 18. Classification des molécules antipaludiques dérivés quinoléiques Figure 19: Structure chimique de quelques nouvelles molécules antipaludiques Figure 20. Chronologie de l’apparition des résistances aux antipaludiques Figure 21. Apparition et expansion de la chloroquinorésistance Figure 22. Représentation du chromosome 7 de P. falciparum Figure 23. Localisation du pfmdr1 sur le chromosome 5 de P. falciparum Figure 24. Distributions des haplotypes pfcrt Figure 25. Mortalité du paludisme dans le monde en 2013 Figure 26. Faciès épidémiologiques du paludisme en Afrique Figure 27. Proportion des infections dues à P. falciparum en RDC Figure 28. Stratification de la RDC selon le taux de prévalence parasitaire iii Liste des tableaux Tableau 1. Vision de l’OMS d’ici l’an 2030 Tableau 2 : Gènes impliqués dans la résistance de P. falciparum iv Liste des abréviations ADN: Acide desoxyribonucléique ARN: Acide ribonucléique ASAQ: Artésunate-Amodiaquine CTA : Combinaisons thérapeutiques à base d’artémisinine EDS: Enquête démographique et sanitaire GE : Goutte épaisse HRP-2: Histidine rich protein 2 LAMP: Loop-mediated isothermal amplification OMS: Organisation mondiale de la santé PCR: Polymerase chain reaction Pfcrt : Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter Pfdhfr : Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase Pfdhps : Plasmodium falciparum dihydropteroate synthetase Pfmdr1: Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance 1 PNLP : Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme RDC: République Démocratique du Congo SNIS: Système national d’informations sanitaires SP: Sulfadoxine-pyriméthamine TDR: Test de diagnostic rapide WWARN: Worldwide antimalarial resistance network v Remerciements Avant toute chose j’aimerai témoigner ma reconnaissance aux diverses personnes, qui par leur soutien et leur apport, ont permis la concrétisation de ce travail. Il nous faut ici les remercier. Premièrement je tiens à remercier les professeurs Jean-Marie Kayembe et Marie- Pierre Hayette pour avoir accepé de co-diriger ce travail. Merci particulièrement au professeur Jean-Marie Kayembe car en dépit de ses multiples tâches et responsabilités tant cliniques qu’académiques, il a toujours trouvé du temps à me consacrer pour discuter de cette thèse avec bonne humeur. Vous avez été un modèle pour moi jadis, vous l’êtes encore aujourd’hui et vous le demeurerez longtemps encore ! Je remercie également de manière particulière le Professeur Marie-Pierre Hayette pour son accueil chaleureux dans le Service de Microbiologie Clinique du CHU de Liège, où grâce à elle je ne m’y suis à aucun moment senti comme un étranger. Bien au contraire ! Votre grande sympathie associée à vos qualités scientifiques remarquables demeureront un exemple à vie à mes yeux. Merci à vous deux pour avoir disponibilisé de votre temps, pour avoir manifesté beaucoup de patience à mon égard et surtout pour votre encadrement qui fait de moi ce jour un meilleur « scientifique » que je ne l’étais hier. Ma reconnaissance est dirigée vers le Professeur Patrick De Mol, réel inspirateur de cette thèse, qui en coulisse ou de visu a toujours été de bon conseil. La pertinence de vos remarques et de vos orientations raisonneront encore longtemps dans mon esprit. Je ne peux omettre de citer les professeurs du Département des Sciences de Base, encadreurs proches et du quotidien, ainsi que les autres membres du corps vi scientifique de notre cher Département qui ont vu germer ce travail de sa conception jusqu’à son terme. C’est grâce aux échanges répétés de tous les jours avec vous tous que ce travail a pu prendre forme et ainsi se matérialiser. Je pense aux Professeurs Richard Kalala, Baudoin Buassa, Georges Mvumbi, Francis Nsimba, Pius Kabututu, Tite Mikobi, Eric Kamangu ainsi qu’aux chefs de travaux Nathalie Nseka, Koy Deume, Jackin Kambale, Nonga Bolenketa et aux assistants Doudou Yobi, Vicento Diabeno et aux autres que je ne saurai tous énumérer ici. Ma reconnaissance va également à mes Maîtres de la Faculté de Médecine de l’Université de Kinshasa, qui à chaque niveau de mon cursus académique, m’ont gratifiés de leurs conseils et remarques m’ayant permis d’acquérir les compétences suffisantes afin d’exécuter et de rédiger ce travail. Je me permet de citer ici quelques uns d’entre eux: Professeurs Hipolyte Situakibanza, Gauthier Mesia, Célestin Nsibu, Emile Okitolonda, Désiré Mashinda, Ernest Sumaili, Dieudonné Mumba, Gilbert Mananga. A tous les collègues et collaborateurs du CHU de Liège qui m’ont si gentiment « adopté » je dis également un grand merci. Je pense ici spécialement à Raphael Boreux, Laetitia Levaux, Julie Descy, Cécile Meex, Sébastien Bontemps, Rosalie Sacheli, Pascale Huynen, Marie
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Texto Completo
    Ministério da Saúde Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde Estudo Molecular dos Parasitos Causadores da Malária Simiana no Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil por Denise Anete Madureira de Alvarenga Belo Horizonte Dezembro/2014 DISSERTAÇÃO MBCM-CPqRR D.A.M. ALVARENGA 2014 Alvarenga, DAM Ministério da Saúde Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde Estudo Molecular dos Parasitos Causadores da Malária Simiana no Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil por Denise Anete Madureira de Alvarenga Dissertação apresentada com vistas à obtenção do Título de Mestre em Ciências na área de concentração Biologia Celular e Molecular. Orientação: Dra. Cristiana Ferreira Alves de Brito Co-orientação: Dra. Taís Nóbrega de Sousa Belo Horizonte Dezembro/2014 Alvarenga, DAM II Catalogação-na-fonte Rede de Bibliotecas da FIOCRUZ Biblioteca do CPqRR Segemar Oliveira Magalhães CRB/6 1975 A473e 2014 Alvarenga, Denise Anete Madureira. Estudo Molecular dos Parasitos Causadores da Malária Simiana no Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Denise Anete Madureira de Alvarenga. – Belo Horizonte, 2014. XXI, 58 f.: il.; 210 x 297mm Bibliografia: f. 70 - 77 Dissertação (mestrado) – Dissertação para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências da Saúde do Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou. Área de concentração: Biologia Celular e Molecular. 1. Malária Vivax/genética 2. Plasmodium vivax /imunologia 3. Reservatórios de Doenças/classificação I. Título. II. Brito, Cristiana Ferreira Alves (Orientação). III. Souza, Taís Nóbrega (Co-orientação) CDD – 22.
    [Show full text]
  • Ovale Wallikeri
    A New Real-Time PCR for the Detection of Plasmodium ovale wallikeri Adriana Calderaro1*, Giovanna Piccolo1, Chiara Gorrini1, Sara Montecchini1, Sabina Rossi1, Maria Cristina Medici1, Carlo Chezzi1, Georges Snounou2,3 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy, 2 Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, UMR S 945, Paris, France, 3 Institut National de la Sante´ et de la Recherche Me´dicale UMR S 945, Paris, France Abstract It has been proposed that ovale malaria in humans is caused by two closely related but distinct species of malaria parasites: P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri. We have extended and optimized a Real-time PCR assay targeting the parasite’s small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssrRNA) gene to detect both these species. When the assay was applied to 31 archival blood samples from patients diagnosed with P. ovale, it was found that the infection in 20 was due to P. ovale curtisi and in the remaining 11 to P. ovale wallikeri. Thus, this assay provides a useful tool that can be applied to epidemiological investigations of the two newly recognized distinct P. ovale species, that might reveal if these species also differ in their clinical manifestation, drugs susceptibility and relapse periodicity. The results presented confirm that P. ovale wallikeri is not confined to Southeast Asia, since the majority of the patients analyzed in this study had acquired their P. ovale infection in African countries, mostly situated in West Africa. Citation: Calderaro A, Piccolo G, Gorrini C, Montecchini S, Rossi S, et al. (2012) A New Real-Time PCR for the Detection of Plasmodium ovale wallikeri.
    [Show full text]
  • Highly Rearranged Mitochondrial Genome in Nycteria Parasites (Haemosporidia) from Bats
    Highly rearranged mitochondrial genome in Nycteria parasites (Haemosporidia) from bats Gregory Karadjiana,1,2, Alexandre Hassaninb,1, Benjamin Saintpierrec, Guy-Crispin Gembu Tungalunad, Frederic Arieye, Francisco J. Ayalaf,3, Irene Landaua, and Linda Duvala,3 aUnité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 75005 Paris, France; bInstitut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CP51, 75005 Paris, France; cUnité de Génétique et Génomique des Insectes Vecteurs (CNRS URA3012), Département de Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; dFaculté des Sciences, Université de Kisangani, BP 2012 Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo; eLaboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; and fDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 Contributed by Francisco J. Ayala, July 6, 2016 (sent for review March 18, 2016; reviewed by Sargis Aghayan and Georges Snounou) Haemosporidia parasites have mostly and abundantly been de- and this lack of knowledge limits the understanding of the scribed using mitochondrial genes, and in particular cytochrome evolutionary history of Haemosporidia, in particular their b (cytb). Failure to amplify the mitochondrial cytb gene of Nycteria basal diversification. parasites isolated from Nycteridae bats has been recently reported. Nycteria parasites have been primarily described, based on Bats are hosts to a diverse and profuse array of Haemosporidia traditional taxonomy, in African insectivorous bats of two fami- parasites that remain largely unstudied.
    [Show full text]
  • Desarrollo De Vacunas Frente a La Malaria
    DESARROLLO DE VACUNAS FRENTE A LA MALARIA TRABAJO DE FIN DE GRADO Autor: Taranu, Alexandru Mirel Directores: Mesa Valle, Concepción María Garrido Cárdenas, José Antonio DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA ÁREA DE PARASITOLOGÍA Grado en Biotecnología Junio, 2020 ÍNDICE 1. RESUMEN/ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................2 1.1. Resumen ......................................................................................................................2 1.2. Abstract .......................................................................................................................2 2. OBJETIVOS ...............................................................................................................3 3. INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................3 4. EL PARÁSITO ............................................................................................................5 4.1. Clasificación taxonómica .............................................................................................5 4.2. Ciclo de vida de Plasmodium .......................................................................................5 5. LA ENFERMEDAD .....................................................................................................6 5.1. Sintomatología ............................................................................................................6 5.2. Epidemiología ..............................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Structural and Functional Insights Into Apicomplexan Gliding and Its Regulation
    Structural and functional insights into apicomplexan gliding and its regulation Dissertation to obtain the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences University of Hamburg Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences at the Department of Biology by Samuel Pažický from Bratislava, Slovakia Hamburg 2020 Examination commission Examination commission chair Prof. Dr. Jörg Ganzhorn (University of Hamburg) Examination commission members Prof. Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit (Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and University of Hamburg) Prof. Tim Gilberger (Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Centre for Structural Systems Biology and University of Hamburg) Dr. Maria Garcia-Alai (European Molecular Biology Laboratory and Centre for Structural Systems Biology) Dr. Christian Löw (European Molecular Biology Laboratory and Centre for Structural Systems Biology) Date of defence: 29.01.2021 This work was performed at European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit under the supervision of Dr. Christian Löw and Prof. Tim-Wolf Gilberger. The work was supported by the Joachim Herz Foundation. Evaluation Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Tim-Wolf Gilberger Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM) Department of Cellular Parasitology Hamburg Dr. Christian Löw European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg unit Hamburg Prof. Dr. vet. med. Thomas Krey Hannover Medical School Institute of Virology Declaration of academic honesty I hereby declare, on oath, that I have written the present dissertation by my own and have not used other than the acknowledged resources and aids. Eidesstattliche Erklärung Hiermit erkläre ich an Eides statt, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift selbst verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Hamburg, 22.9.2020 Samuel Pažický List of contents Declaration of academic honesty 4 List of contents 5 Acknowledgements 6 Summary 7 Zusammenfassung 10 List of publications 12 Scientific contribution to the manuscript 14 Abbreviations 16 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Highly Rearranged Mitochondrial Genome in Nycteria Parasites (Haemosporidia) from Bats
    Highly rearranged mitochondrial genome in Nycteria parasites (Haemosporidia) from bats Gregory Karadjiana,1,2, Alexandre Hassaninb,1, Benjamin Saintpierrec, Guy-Crispin Gembu Tungalunad, Frederic Arieye, Francisco J. Ayalaf,3, Irene Landaua, and Linda Duvala,3 aUnité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 75005 Paris, France; bInstitut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CP51, 75005 Paris, France; cUnité de Génétique et Génomique des Insectes Vecteurs (CNRS URA3012), Département de Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; dFaculté des Sciences, Université de Kisangani, BP 2012 Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo; eLaboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; and fDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 Contributed by Francisco J. Ayala, July 6, 2016 (sent for review March 18, 2016; reviewed by Sargis Aghayan and Georges Snounou) Haemosporidia parasites have mostly and abundantly been de- and this lack of knowledge limits the understanding of the scribed using mitochondrial genes, and in particular cytochrome evolutionary history of Haemosporidia, in particular their b (cytb). Failure to amplify the mitochondrial cytb gene of Nycteria basal diversification. parasites isolated from Nycteridae bats has been recently reported. Nycteria parasites have been primarily described, based on Bats are hosts to a diverse and profuse array of Haemosporidia traditional taxonomy, in African insectivorous bats of two fami- parasites that remain largely unstudied.
    [Show full text]
  • Malaria in the ‘Omics Era’
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review Malaria in the ‘Omics Era’ Mirko Pegoraro and Gareth D. Weedall * School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Genomics has revolutionised the study of the biology of parasitic diseases. The first Eukaryotic parasite to have its genome sequenced was the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Since then, Plasmodium genomics has continued to lead the way in the study of the genome biology of parasites, both in breadth—the number of Plasmodium species’ genomes sequenced—and in depth— massive-scale genome re-sequencing of several key species. Here, we review some of the insights into the biology, evolution and population genetics of Plasmodium gained from genome sequencing, and look at potential new avenues in the future genome-scale study of its biology. Keywords: Plasmodium; malaria; genomics; methylomics; methylation 1. Introduction Since the genome of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum was published in 2002 [1], alongside that of its mosquito vector [2] and its human host (Consortium and International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2001) [3], malaria genomics has led the way in the study of eukaryotic pathogens. Since then, a growing number of Plasmodium species’ genomes have been sequenced and large-scale population resequencing Citation: Pegoraro, M.; Weedall, G.D. studies have been carried out in P. falciparum and several other species. These efforts have Malaria in the ‘Omics Era’. Genes allowed the evolutionary and population genomics of malaria parasites to be studied in 2021, 12, 843.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ecologically Framed Comparison of the Potential for Zoonotic Transmission of Non- Human and Human-Infecting Species of Malaria Parasite
    YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 94 (2021), pp.361-373. Perspectives An Ecologically Framed Comparison of The Potential for Zoonotic Transmission of Non- Human and Human-Infecting Species of Malaria Parasite Nicole F. Clarka,b and Andrew W. Taylor-Robinsonc,d,* aInstitute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia; bCollege of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Australia; cInfectious Diseases Research Group, School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia; dCollege of Health & Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Australia The threats, both real and perceived, surrounding the development of new and emerging infectious diseases of humans are of critical concern to public health and well-being. Among these risks is the potential for zoonotic transmission to humans of species of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, that have been considered historically to infect exclusively non-human hosts. Recently observed shifts in the mode, transmission, and presentation of malaria among several species studied are evidenced by shared vectors, atypical symptoms, and novel host-seeking behavior. Collectively, these changes indicate the presence of environmental and ecological pressures that are likely to influence the dynamics of these parasite life cycles and physiological make-up. These may be further affected and amplified by such factors as increased urban development and accelerated rate of climate change. In particular, the extended host-seeking behavior of what were once considered non-human malaria species indicates the specialist niche of human malaria parasites is not a limiting factor that drives the success of blood-borne parasites. While zoonotic transmission of non- human malaria parasites is generally considered to not be possible for the vast majority of Plasmodium species, failure to consider the feasibility of its occurrence may lead to the emergence of a potentially life-threatening blood-borne disease of humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasmodium Ovale Wallikeri
    Calderaro et al. Malaria Journal 2013, 12:321 http://www.malariajournal.com/content/12/1/321 RESEARCH Open Access Accurate identification of the six human Plasmodium spp. causing imported malaria, including Plasmodium ovale wallikeri and Plasmodium knowlesi Adriana Calderaro*, Giovanna Piccolo, Chiara Gorrini, Sabina Rossi, Sara Montecchini, Maria Loretana Dell’Anna, Flora De Conto, Maria Cristina Medici, Carlo Chezzi and Maria Cristina Arcangeletti Abstract Background: Accurate identification of Plasmodium infections in non-endemic countries is of critical importance with regard to the administration of a targeted therapy having a positive impact on patient health and management and allowing the prevention of the risk of re-introduction of endemic malaria in such countries. Malaria is no longer endemic in Italy where it is the most commonly imported disease, with one of the highest rates of imported malaria among European non-endemic countries including France, the UK and Germany, and with a prevalence of 24.3% at the University Hospital of Parma. Molecular methods showed high sensitivity and specificity and changed the epidemiology of imported malaria in several non-endemic countries, highlighted a higher prevalence of Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae underestimated by microscopy and, not least, brought to light both the existence of two species of P. ovale (Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri) and the infection in humans by Plasmodium knowlesi, otherwise not detectable by microscopy. Methods: In this retrospective study an evaluation of two real-time PCR assays able to identify P. ovale wallikeri, distinguishing it from P. ovale curtisi, and to detect P. knowlesi, respectively, was performed applying them on a subset of 398 blood samples belonging to patients with the clinical suspicion of malaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Genomics of Ape Plasmodium Parasites Reveals Key Evolutionary Events Leading to Human Malaria
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2016 Comparative Genomics of Ape Plasmodium Parasites Reveals Key Evolutionary Events Leading to Human Malaria Sesh Alexander Sundararaman University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Evolution Commons, Genetics Commons, and the Microbiology Commons Recommended Citation Sundararaman, Sesh Alexander, "Comparative Genomics of Ape Plasmodium Parasites Reveals Key Evolutionary Events Leading to Human Malaria" (2016). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2046. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2046 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2046 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Comparative Genomics of Ape Plasmodium Parasites Reveals Key Evolutionary Events Leading to Human Malaria Abstract African great apes are infected with at least six species of P. falciparum-like parasites, including the ancestor of P. falciparum. Comparative studies of these parasites and P. falciparum (collectively termed the Laverania subgenus) will provide insight into the evolutionary origins of P. falciparum and identify genetic features that influence host tropism. Here we show that ape Laverania parasites do not serve as a recurrent source of human malaria and use novel enrichment techniques to derive near full-length genomes of close and distant relatives of P. falciparum. Using a combination of single template amplification and deep sequencing, we observe no evidence of ape Laverania infections in forest dwelling humans in Cameroon. This result supports previous findings that ape Laverania parasites are host specific and have successfully colonized humans only once. To understand the determinants of host specificity and identify genetic characteristics unique to P.
    [Show full text]
  • Assays Targeting 18S Ribosomal RNA Genes for Identifying P. Vivax and P
    Chen et al. Parasites Vectors (2021) 14:278 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04764-9 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Loop-mediated isothermal amplifcation (LAMP) assays targeting 18S ribosomal RNA genes for identifying P. vivax and P. ovale species and mitochondrial DNA for detecting the genus Plasmodium Xi Chen1,2†, Jiaqi Zhang2,3†, Maohua Pan4, Yucheng Qin4, Hui Zhao2, Pien Qin4, Qi Yang2, Xinxin Li2, Weilin Zeng2, Zheng Xiang2, Mengxi Duan2, Xiaosong Li2, Xun Wang2, Dominique Mazier5, Yanmei Zhang2, Wei Zhao2, Benjamin M. Rosenthal6, Yaming Huang2,7* and Zhaoqing Yang2* Abstract Background: Loop-mediated isothermal amplifcation (LAMP) has been widely used to diagnose various infec- tious diseases. Malaria is a globally distributed infectious disease attributed to parasites in the genus Plasmodium. It is known that persons infected with Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale are prone to clinical relapse of symptomatic blood- stage infections. LAMP has not previously been specifcally evaluated for its diagnostic performance in detecting P. ovale in an epidemiological study, and no commercial LAMP or rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kits are available for specif- cally diagnosing infections with P. ovale. Methods: An assay was designed to target a portion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) among Plasmodium spp., the fve human Plasmodium species and two other assays were designed to target the nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA gene (18S rDNA) of either P. vivax or P. ovale for diferentiating the two species. The sensitivity of the assays was compared to that of nested PCR using defned concentrations of plasmids containing the target sequences and using limiting dilutions prepared from clinical isolates derived from Chinese workers who had become infected in Africa or near the Chinese border with Myanmar.
    [Show full text]
  • African Apes As Reservoirs of Plasmodium Falciparum and the Origin and Diversification of the Laverania Subgenus
    African apes as reservoirs of Plasmodium falciparum and the origin and diversification of the Laverania subgenus Linda Duvala,b,1, Mathieu Fourmentc,d, Eric Nerrienete,f, Dominique Roussetf, Serge A. Sadeuhf, Steven M. Goodmang, Nicole V. Andriaholinirinah, Milijaona Randrianarivelojosiai, Richard E. Paulb, Vincent Roberta,j, Francisco J. Ayalak,1, and Frédéric Arieyl aLaboratoire de Biologie Fonctionnelle des Protozoaires, Unité Scientifique du Muséum 504, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France; bLaboratoire de Pathogénie Virale, Institut Pasteur de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; cUnité de Virologie, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; dDepartment of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia; eLaboratoire HIV et Hépatites, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; fUnité de Virologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroun; gField Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, and Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar; hDépartement de Biologie Animale et Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences, Mahajanga, Madagascar; iUnité Paludisme, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; jUnité de Recherche Caractérisation et Contrôle des Populations de Vecteurs, Unité de Recherche 16, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 34000 Montpellier, France; kDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; and lUnité d’Epidémiologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur de Paris, 75015 Paris, France Contributed by Francisco J. Ayala, April 21, 2010 (sent for review February 26, 2010) We investigated two mitochondrial genes (cytb and cox1), one plas- against each other or against the cospeciation hypothesis, because tid gene (tufA), and one nuclear gene (ldh) in blood samples from only one P.
    [Show full text]