:
KXTKA MEMOIR Of THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.
TWO HIEEOGLYPHIC PAPYEI FEOM TANIS.
I.—THE SIGN PAPYRUS (a Syllabary), by F. Ll. Geiffith.
II.- THE GEOGRAPHICAL PAPYRUS (an Almanack), , by W. M. F. Peteie. WITH REMARKS BY PROFESSOR HEINRICH BRUGSCH.
FIFTEEN PLATES OF FACSIMILES
AND INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF TEE COMMITTEE.
LONDON
TRUBNER & CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL, E.G.
1889.
EXTRA MEMOIR OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND,
TWO HIEEOGLYPHIC PAPYEI FEOM TANIS.
L—THE SIGN PAPYRUS (a Syllabary), by F. Ll. Griffith.
II.—THE GEOGRAPHICAL PAPYRUS (an Almanack), by W. M. F. Petrie. WITH EEMARKS BY PEOFESSOE HEmEICH BEUGSCIi.
FACSIMILES AND INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE.
LONDO^f:
TRUBNER & CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL, E.G.
"/^f 1889. :
LONDON PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, ST. JOHN'S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL ROAD, E.G. CONTENTS.
T. The Sign Papyeus (by F. Ll. Griffith) . . 1
TRANSOfllPTlON OP PlATES 1 —21 .... 7
II. The Geographical Papyrus (by W. M. F. Petrie) . 21 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2014
https://archive.org/details/twohieroglyphicpOOgrif I. THE SIGN PAPYEUS.
By F, Ll. Griffith/
This papyrus is tlie first native list of hiero- the parallel lists of hieroglyphics and hieratic
gljpliics that lias come down to us from on its dark pages—is a very considerable one.
ancient times. It is at once higUy interest- Some account of the discovery and condition of
ing and very disappointing. It is of tlie these papyri, the first obtained in the Delta, highest interest as being the only document may be interesting. bearing upbn the system by which the Egyp- In the spring of 1884, after the survey of tians arranged and taught their huge syllabary. the temple area at San had been completed,
It is disappointing, because we find so little Mr. Petrie turned his attention to the remains
of it. It struck him that system in it. We should have expected a more the town encircling logical arrangement of the signs, and more those houses which had been burnt would yield results. case of fire, the method in naming them ; more indication of the most profitable In a fixed order in the alphabetical signs, if not owner would snatch up his valuables, leaving some correspondence with the order of that the mass of the household property to the flames. alphabet which the Phoenicians seem to have The house falling in would cover them with borrowed from the Egyptians. From the con- rubbish, from which the unfortunate man would
siderable care with which the list has been not care to disinter his burnt and broken jars,
prepared, and from its extent, we must suppose tools, and papyri. The reddened earth and
that if any rigid method was customary it bricks betray the site to the modern explorer, in friable and easily- would have been adopted here ; and we are and a few days' work the driven to conclude that the Egyptians possessed searched rubbish yields him all that the fire ^ no such system. has spared. Putting this theory into practice,
Apart from its value in the history of Mr. Petrie obtained a large collection of pottery writing, the papyrus forms a kind of dictionary and other antiquities, together with a number which will give the philologist valuable hints of papyri. In some cases the documents stowed for determining the meaning of many doubtful away in a corner of the house had been damaged words. beyond recovery. Lying in a basket on the
The collection fi^om which it was selected for mud-floor the damp had reached them, and the top, had publication by Mr. Poole—who first detected with the weight of rubbish on reduced them to a mass scarcely distinguishable
from the clay beneath ; and although the writing ' This memoir was written, and the plates drawn, in was still partly legible, it was found impossible Not. 1885. I made some additions in 1886, when my much-regretted friend, Mr. H. T. Talbot, read through the to remove even fragments of any value. Others, proofs. although not actually burnt, had been baked B 2 THE SIGN PAPYRUS.
violently by the heat of the conflagration, and sides of which can thus be seen. The fragments lying amongst less compact rubbish, had better are kept in place under the glass with shell-lac. resisted the destructive damp of the marshes. The task of mounting the papyri was a simple, A number of these were recovered and brought although a delicate one. The rolls had been to England. They are of a yellowish-brown crushed flat, and so consisted of a series of flakes,
colour, soft, and with a tendency to turn to each the same breadth as the crushed roll. The dust on being handled. Large flakes, however, flakes were removed with a paper-knife from can be separated from some of them, so as to each side of the roll alternately, the order thus
leave the written surfaces successively visible, obtained being fairly correct. In some cases it but the flakes cannot be preserved. Copies was found more convenient to divide the roll in must therefore be made of these by an Egyptolo- the middle, and, beginning from the centre, to gist standing by as they are gradually taken to take flakes alternately from each half. pieces. Amongst them are several minutely Some of the papyri were found to have been written demotic documents, with the red and rolled tightly round a piece of reed, others
black ink well preserved. were without this central support. Some still The most satisfactory class in the collection showed the thread with which they had been are those that have been carbonized. Some of tied. The papyrus described in this report these, too, have become a homogeneous mass that seems to have been wrapped round with a piece
cannot be induced to flake. Of others little torn from another document, while the geogra- remains but white ash. A few, though flaking phical papyrus had a religious text on a separate
easily, are of too thin a substance to be pre- sheet rolled up with it. served, while a large number, probably, as Mr. Mr, Petrie found some papyri associated Petrie suggests, through the use of a vegetable with glazed pottery figures of the style of the
ink, have lost the writing wholly, or it is too thirtieth dynasty. But most of those that faded to be read. This, however, may be due have been mounted are of Roman date. In to the practice of erasing a text when no longer these the writing is in linear hieroglyphic, a required, to give place to a new one. Notwith- small and neat hieratic, demotic of several standing all this, Mr. Hunt, of the MSS. Depart- styles—from large and coarse to fine and very ment of the British Museum, to whom the task minute,—and Greek. The Greek papyri give of mounting the papyri was intrusted (and to the names of several emperors, the name of a
whom great praise is due for the care and dis- private person, Hadrian, being perhaps the
crimination with which he has executed it, latest indication of date in the collection. under Mr. Petrie's directions), has filled sixty The best preserved papyri are stifi", with a
frames, of an average surface of two square feet, shiny surface, as if blackleaded; the ink is with fragments of 166 papyri. Some of these black, or yellowish where it was originally red.
are mere scraps, and will probably afford no They have been thoroughly charred ; most in information, but many are of real value, not fact have had the largest part burnt away. only giving a connected sense, but containing All, except two, are from the house of matter of high interest, as the two specimens Bakakhuiu, whose numerous rolls contained copied by Mr. Petrie and myself will show. religious as well as legal texts. Some were, The papyrus fragments have been mounted perhaps, connected with the plans of a new in frames formed by two sheets of glass, held or restored temple. The geographical and other apart by a thin piece of cardboard round the lists in the papyrus, which Mr. Petrie has
edges to allow for wrinkles in the papyri ; both copied (No. 103), with the scraps of a similar THE SIGN PAPYRUS. 3
one (Nos. 130 and 131), where tlie entries of evident that this last was the outside fold of the nomes, feasts, marshlands, &c., are corrected roll, and that the Egyptian owner had turned
hj notes in minute hieratic at the foot,^ and in the end of the papyrus, probably owing to its especially the columns of hieroglyphics in being torn, and to prevent damage to the papyrus 118, in which the gods grant divine writing at the edge. Two small fragments gifts to a king or emperor, whose cartouche is placed by the side of this page must have unfortunately left blank, seem as if they were belonged to an outside wrapping, for which a sketches and notes to be expanded on some piece of papyrus torn from some religious work temple-wall at Tanis. in hieratic was made to do duty. The beginning of the roll can be recognized in the three frag- The Sign Papyrus was found in the house of ments which, when placed together, appear
Bakakhuiu. It fills two large frames, and forms doubly forked below. This indicates another one of the most complete documents in the col- turning in of the edge. We may therefore lection. The crushed roll has been burnt at the consider that we have the commencement of
lower end, the fire spreading up one side, so that the roll, since part of the external wrapping
while the top is nearly complete, the twenty- even is preserved. five pairs of fragments taper to a point at the The writing is in many parts easily legible, bottom throughout. The papyrus was divided especially when light is thrown at right angles into thirty-three pages, which are not numbered, upon the flakes.^ Horizontal and vertical lines but the order of which can be found from a are, however, difficult to distinguish from the comparison of the arrangement of the fragments lines of the papyrus, and the play of light on as mounted with the order to be obtained from the shiny and irregular surface adds to the their form and contents. Only one fragment difficulty. Six narrow strips at the end,
still remains without a likely place. making together about five inches, are blank, As arranged in the fi'ames, the pairs of frag- and the last two pages have lost much of the ments are in most cases kept together, but the writing, probably on account of the tightness order of the successive pairs is often the reverse of the roll round the stick in that part, causing
of the correct one, and at the beginning of the the flakes to adhere together. There is no papyrus, through no fault of the mounter, there writing on the back. The pages follow each is considerable confusion. A succession may other from right to left ; the papyrus was rolled be noticed from the large flakes two inches from left to right. The thirty-three pages are
across, which come from the outside of the roll, divided into columns, the first of which contains where the fire burnt them unequally, to the a row of hieroglyphic signs, enclosed by vertical narrow but little damaged strips from the lines. To the left of them are hieratic tran-
centre. There is an abrupt change of form in scriptions of the same signs. The remainder
the middle of the fourth page of the final of the page contains corresponding groups in arrangement, the pairs on the right being re- hieratic. The width of each page is two inches, versed copies of those on the left of that point, that of the hieroglyphic column alone half an
while the first piece to the left is the most inch. The total length of the papyrus as it
fragmentary of all, through crushing. It is
2 I have to thank Mr. Petrie for helping me over the
difficulties of lighting, as also for much assistance in pre- ^ Unfortunately, only the lower edges of these papyri are paring the work for publication. In the copy I have preserved, showing portions of nome-standards, and the marked the burnt edges with a fringe, as these are of great rare corrections. importance in determining the position of fragments.
I 4 THE SIGN PAPYEUS.
existed vrhen rolled up for the last time was animals, heads of birds, head of reptile. On
therefore nearly six feet. page 13, bird's wing, crocodile's tooth (?), The number of signs contained in a page followed by the crescent of the moon, figures of seems to have varied. The largest number of sky, stars, and disks, which are continued on which traces are now left in a page is fourteen. page 14. The setting sun leads to the earth From the succession in some of the early pages and its symbols. From this point regular
it seems probable that this was about the classification ceases. The remainder of page original average. The thirty-three pages may 14 is devoted to some round and oval objects. then have contained 462 signs, not a large Yases appear on the next page, as also on
number in comparison with a complete list of pages 16, 20, 22, and 23 ; plants on 16, 27, hieroglyphic signs. It will be seen that many and 31, and so forth. In most cases the signs classes of signs are represented, including a are connected with those that precede and large proportion of the most usual signs that follow in some way by form, and often fall into occur in hieratic. Yet no birds, figures of groups, but there is no principle observed gods, or numerals, occur in the remaining- throughout. I have noticed no instance in fragments. which the hieratic form can be supposed to As to the order of the signs, the first page have influenced the arrangement, nor does
is headed by the bee, a royal emblem. Then phonetic value have any share in it, either with follows a male child. Figures of men, denoting regard to similarity of sound or number of dignities, are followed by other male human syllables. I am inclined to think that the
figures extending into page 2. It is possible alphabetic signs are separated, not so much for
that the first sign of page 1 is to be considered phonetic reasons, as for the different part they as the end of a list of divine or royal figures played from the rest of the signs of the hiero-
which occupied a page torn oflF in ancient glyphic system. The order of the Egyptian times. The unplaced fragment (A. 13°) cannot alphabet, as given in the papyrus, has been no be assigned to this position. standard for the arrangement of the remainder
The list was probably preceded by a title, of the signs.
since there is no endorsement to the papyrus, The hieroglyphics in the papyrus are some- and its loss is to be regretted. It was to times very delicately drawn. The reptile's
prevent further damage to the written portion head (p. 12) in the original is a good instance that the end was turned in, and an extra sheet of Egyptian skill, but the scribe has made a
wrapped round outside. slip in the figure of the priest, where the On page 3 we see figures of women, and water pours over his back instead of his seated figures, which are continued to the hands. middle of page 4, where the mummy appears As to the hieratic signs, they are carefully in the hieratic. Page 5 brings us to reptiles written in a peculiar, rather small hand. In and animals, pages 6 and 7 deal with alphabetic the second column the scribe has written the signs. At the end of page 7 the series of parts hieratic equivalent of the hieroglyphic sign
of the human body begin. This is carefully alone. In a few cases, however, he has substi-
arranged from the head, with eyes, ears, beard, tuted the group in which it usually appears.
&c., the neck, breast, and back (p. 8), hair and At page 26. 8. the simple sign is evidently
arms (p. 9), fingers, heart, &c. to legs (p. 10). omitted by error. On page 11 we see symbols for flesh and bone, The object of the first two columns is clear
egg, &c. On page 12, legs, horns, and heads of enough. A parallel list of hieroglyphic and —
THE SIGN PAPYRUS.
hieratic signs would be as useful to a student Nor, again, are these groups a series of notes
of Egyptian writing then as now. illustrating the use of the sign in practice. The object of the third column is fairly clear For the particular sign does not always appear after a little study. The hieratic notes con- in them ; as, for instance, p. 1.4, = tained in it consist sometimes simply of the |J f^^^- On the other hand, a need must have been completed group of the corresponding sign with felt in Egypt of some means of distinguishing its phonetic complement or determinative, as, hieroglyphic signs viva voce, both in the schools for instance, 20. 4. ; 14. 2. = 1 1 ^ = J ^^1 and in ordinary life. Names must therefore sometimes of the phonetic transcription, with have been attached to the immense hieroglyphic
the sign as a determinative, e.g. 16. 1. cr^ = syllabary, and taught with care, from the earliest times. If we consider the third column "^^1^^ . If two values are indicated, they are as devoted to the names of the signs, separated by a point on the level of the bottom we shall find a fair explanation. of the characters, as for instance 13. 9, where The following are some of the commoner
• 0^^' ® = f] • again, a phrase of ™ ra ^ forms of the names many can be ^ ; interpreted several groups occur, as may in several ways : 0 o 8.1, m= = 8.2. I. If contained in one group, they are either 1 I r:1P^'^^; (1) the simple names of objects represented by
the signs as pictures; as page 14. 3, = , This third column seems to contain names '"^ ' *earth;'12.1, =f haimch :' the mirror by which the signs were ordinarily known, is apparently called ' see face,' 27. 6. or might be recognized. It evidently was | p. not intended as a syllabary of phonetic The scribe has not always taken the trouble to
values, for in so many cases the sign is repeat the sign in such cases as = ' aA,' not transcribed, while in others the note is p. 29. 5; ^ ='seC p. 25. 2. expanded into a phrase ; nor a glossary of (If the object occurs in pairs, the name of the ideographic meanings, for the alphabetic signs sign is in the dual, as = ' which are included have no such meaning; | J ^ H sandals,' nor again of explanations of the form, that = ' the eye-brows,' = <^ ' the
is, very condensed descriptions of the sign, lips,' p. 11. 6, p. 8. 3 and 5.)
• for in the group | , 10.2 Or the group may be derived from | =| '^.^ ] (2) the has no known concrete meaning. ideographic or symbolic meaning of the sign,
"We might, however, possibly translate 'the or that indicated by the action in the case
finger pointing.' This would be as, a new shade of human beings ; ^* = ^gc:^^* 'sit,'
of meaning for the root zi and is ^, unneces- p.3. 12; 1=*-^^^ I -adoration,' =]=]'=] = fl] o => o sary. Again in 0 = ® . (a (| ra inii'god.' cannot in any way be a description of the sign Two groups may form one word = (| ^ ' o , and we are prevented from translating the ^I]p5,p.l5.2; = disk of day,' ' p_ 24.8. or in the day-time ' (itself an ^ awkward expression), by the point dividing the These names are derived from the ideographic words. meaning of the signs. — • —
THE SIGN PAPYRUS.
II. If the name is contained in two or more The spelling of the words agrees with the groups, it may be (1) a compound name of the Roman date attributed to the papyrus ; and as object formed by a noun and participle : to the grammar, although the article does not
' occur, except perhaps in p. 30. 7. the par- ' wood-cut, .^r-^ = (| Q. c:^ ^ ticipial forms used in the compound names are ll'l. p. not found, I believe, in inscriptions or papyri = ' weeping-eye,' earlier than the eighteenth dynasty. These ^ ^ (] P ^ ^ p. 8."!. names, however, may belong to a popular dialect in which such forms can have existed — * [] n ° zv inverted-eye,' p. 8. 2. 1 I A^VW^A at a much earlier period, and it must be In this class of name the second member remembered that they were probably never distinguishes two of a class by detail of the written down except for occasional teach- form. ing in schools. There is no careful principle
Or it may be (2) formed by a noun followed in their construction. Probably no complete by another in the genitive, as— list was ever drawn up, and perhaps it was ® not until the decline of the ancient learning J ' the disk of the sun,' J in Roman times that such written lists were 13. 11. p. made at all. The names probably embody
' crescent of the ancient and original ideas about the form, mean- ) ' ^ ing, and sound of the signs, as for instance moon,' p. 13. 4, opposed to = cs:?
= zi <=> ; but in course of time, ' S the lips.' (| 1] P being transmitted principally by word of mouth, Here the second group marks distinction by they became much modified in form. the derivation of the sign.
Or it may (3) consist of two groups separated The Transcription will be seen to be in- by a point complete, but I have thought it right to add
it, partly because the work will fall into the I /www the latter group distinguishes this from hands of some who are not acquainted with other disks by its phonetic value; thus hieratic, but who will be interested to know something of the contents of the third column also hieratic = i • 3^ ]] ^ | in order to draw their own conclusions about the ' the finger, qemam,' opposed to | hieratic papyrus; partly also to justify my reading of
a I 1 , the finger simply | the original to those who are familiar with the The name-forms seem to have no reference script. It also affords a convenient means of to the classes of signs as alphabetic, ideographic, adding such notes as seem required. M. Naville determinative, &c. was able to spare several valuable hours during As to the date of the papyrus, there is no his short stay in England in 1885 for the tedious first of doubt of its having been written in the Roman task of comparing the pages my copy period. It is not a direct copy of an earlier list, with the original. The corrections and sug- although it may be an adaptation and selection gestions which he made are noted in the from a list of Ramesside times. course of the Transcription. TKANSCRIPTION OF PAGES I TO XXI.
Bee. (Sign of royalty in Lower Egypt.)
Human being as child.
e Chief.
Elder.
Prince.
Ruler.
Old age. 1^ 1 High. I Fall.
Speak.
Adore. w
Turn back.
Build.
lost 4
1 The printed hieroglyphics do not always represent exactly the form in the original, The most important instances are marked with an asterisk (*). The reading of the first sign was suggested by M. Naville. THE SIGN PAPYEUS.
III.
1. Female figure.
2. Lower Egypt.
A/VWV\ 3. jfrAf 1 Suckle.
Priestess.
(?) Person, people seated (? ?)
6. Person eating, speaking.
* 2 Woman carrying.
lost.
9. (female) Call.
10. lost.
11. Sit (?)
13. (female) Sit.
14. lost.
IV.
1. Companion.
Guardian.
/wvw\ Pure. AAW\A
Falling.
(f) Great statue. ^
6. Mummy. (I)
1 I owe the determination of the first two characters to M. Naville.
2 The reading of this sign was suggested by M. Nayille.
' The hieroglyphic sign in the original is incorrect.
* M. Naville's determination. TRANSCRIPTION OF PAGES I TO XXI. IV.
7. AAA/W\
/VWVS Q
V.
1. iiiii Tadpole (?).
^ iiiii
3. Body.
Urseus.
^ (^m)(?) Snake.
«^ Worm. \ W )(•) '^(^
7. (^w nut) (?)
lost
4^
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
VI.
1. Mouth of human being.
String twisted, tied.
' Of the fragments of this page, lA 2, was evidently on the outside of the roll, while the piece lA 3 to the end of the papyrus was turned in. This is therefore the most likely place for a lost page ; moreover there is no distinct connection between the fragments I A 1 and 2. lA 3 and 4 are probably portions of the outer wrapping.
^ N.B. Alphabetic signs.
^ M. Naville's suggestion, which is certainly correct.
* M. Naville reads this ; I think however that the calf is correct.
' The continuity of pages .5 and 6 is not certain. This list of alphabetic signs includes four (?) <:::>, U, ^ D, and
(?) that might have been placed in the next series of parts of the human body. On the other hand, two alphabetical
c ) ,
10 THE SIGN PAPYRUS. VI. 3. u The arms " ka."
4. measuring line. (3
5. if]) Measuring line.
6. VI /
7. (— Bolt.
8. lost
.... 9. (3 ^
signs, and K^^, are included in the animal series preceding. The scribe "'i-^i seems to have aimed at making each list as
he came to it complete at the expense of the others. In the alphabetic list no stringent order, phonetic or otherwise,
is observed, nor does the arbitrary order here adopted influence in any way the arrangement of the other signs.
On page 7 fourteen signs remain. If we take this as the original number on page 6, and assume that the
alphabetic list begins at the top of page 6, we obtain fourteen on page 6, and ten on page 7 = 24 alphabetic signs.
There are twelve certain signs remaining in the hieroglyphic and first hieratic column. These arranged in the usual
phonetic order are as follows : a; <=> s-^- P, i, ; |, ®, |, ; A, U, S; Of the remaining twenty-six
signs that are usually considered alphabetic, or might have stood in the list, namely, • (3^ ^ J
''-^ the two reptiles and have appeared on the preceding page : the birds and animals, five in number,
may perhaps be relegated to the bottom of pages 4 and 5 : <^ is equivalent to '^^^ on the last page : five others, (9 and or may be replaced as in the transcription.
Thirteen signs remain, namely, (|(| , J and or Of these the first may well have been omitted, the third seems to occur on page 17, the sixth may not have been is unlikely in considered alphabetic. The last ^ doubtful and this position. The total would thus be twelve certain + five probable -|- nine = twenty-six, or two more than the estimate. These two may have found a place at the bottom of pages 5 and 6, making fifteen signs to a page.
the fragments of page 8 is included one, 1 13°, with remains With A of five hieratic groups. It is evidently from the right hand fragment of a pair. The groups perhaps broken may be transcribed as follows :
(JO)) L6g(?) [
Wooden instrument used in winnowing (?)
_J /WWVN 3. A/V\/VVN /WW\A Lake, water, (--(?)) /WWV\ I
Lotus , , , m w
This is rather a tour de force, but the fragment is a puzzle. It certainly does not belong to page 8 ; but being mounted with it, it should be placed near it, nor can any place be found for it with the other fragments. Also a page near the outside would be more probably damaged and lost than those inside, and t'.iis part of the papyrus was near TRANSCRIPTION OF PAGES I to XXI. 11 VII.
1, I ^ Water plant.
Stomach.
lost.
4.
5.
s
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
the outside of the roll (c/. supra). A right hand fragment would here contain the name column. On the whole, it
seems probable that the fragment is the last remainder of a lost pair to be inserted between 4-5 or 5-6. If we look
upon the fragments on the left of page 4 (i.e., starting from 1 A 2) as consecutive, and take the known measurement
that the first second pairs three-quarters of inch has of two inches to a page, we find between and an been burnt away ;
between the next two, a quarter of an inch ; between the next, one-eighth or thereabouts ; while the next pairs practically join. If, however, we allow that a pair has been lost between the first and second, the proportion in the gaps will be
this more nearly equalised, say f, f, |, g, 0. At least proves that there is a possibility of inserting a pair between
pages 5 and 6. Also, if we attempt to place it near the beginning of the papyrus, it must be alphabetical, for there is
no indication of any other category into which it might fall in any of the early pages. And if it is alphabetical, it
must precede page 6, for at page 7 another series begins. But supposing that it precedes page 6, and therefore
corresponds partly to fragments 1 A 3 and 1 A 6, it forms part of the first of two lost pages of fourteen signs each at
least, of which the right hand one contained alphabetic signs which were continued into page 7. There would indeed
be room enough for all the birds and animals belonging to the alphabetic section, and much more besides. Altogether
the small fragment is a puzzle.
At page 7, No. 11, the series of parts of the human body begins. 12 THE SIGN PAPYRUS. VIII.
i. Eye weeping. C5 I
Eye inverted.
I I A'WWV
3. The eyebrows.
51 The ears.
The lips.
The tongue.
Tooth, the teeth (?)
(?)
(?)
10. (?)
11. (J) Beard.
12. (q)i:T Throat.
13. (V) Breast.
14. (^) Back-bone.
IX.
1. Ribs.
2. Lock of hair. it) "Hi,
3. Hair (?)
4.
lost.
7. A> 0 lost. TEANSCRTPTION OP PAGES I TO XXI. 13 IX.
^ Q lost.
9.
11.
12. ^(?)
13.
X.
1. Finger.
Finger qmam (see p- 6, col. 1, line 26).
Thumb (?), cla,w.
Arms grasping, embracing.
n e Chest (?), shoulder (?), neck (?).
Heart.
(3 o I I] Heart (?)...
Flesh (?).
/WW\A /www AVWNA (?) Urinare.
10. Testicles.
11. Vulva.
12. Leg.
13. Leg . . .
14. lost.
^ This looks like a false concord : but probably is to be read 4^5^' nctJCJUHaj, unless dufhpt is au ° independent phrase. •
14 THE SIGN PAPYRUS. XI.
I. Flesh. (] e j
zi Bone. 2, 1 1
3. x=>c Fat.
4. s (?)
5. Egg-
(5. II Soles of feet (sandals).
( Dog.
S. Pig(?) dog(?).
!). ...qp...
10. Eye of Horus (hawk).
XII. ® (—sm 1. Haunch, foreleg (?), shoulder (?).
2. Leg, nem.
3. Halter.
4. \ lost.
5. V 15
G. (?) '5
I • 5?
«. 5>
9. ^* 55
10. t 55
1 This looks as if mi might be a root-word = hide or tail.
2 M. Naville showed me the connection of these signs, which fixes the position of the small fragment. 1
TRANSCRIPTION OF PAGES I TO XXI. 15 XII.
11. lost. lost.
12.
13.
XIII. Year. 1.
Wino
Crocodile's tooth (?).
Lip (crescent) of the moon.
o I
Sky.
rising ^(sie) (?) Sky (1). , |M !\ ;i P
Sky raining.
Sky and star.
o Disk hru. i f I ^AAA/^A .
10. Radiancy.
11. Disk of the sun.
12. Moon.
Moon (crescent). 13. ()«)
XIV.
(3 I V/ \\ I 1 Radiant disk. 1. {0> o
Horizon.
Land.
o 1 1 sand (three holes, iVai'i.7/e). 4. 1 I Three grains of
£^ w I
1 This word I owe to M. Naville, who collated the copy to the end of page 14. 10 THE SIGN PAPYRUS. XIV. A Land dfb.
(?) Foundation. 10 AW\AA 1\iy I
17 I 1 I
8. lost.
(©) Sep (a kind of cake).
10. (0?) Cycle.
11. lost.
12.
XV. Canopy. 1. m y fl!l:1(?)
K_ Embalmed.! I] e (1 6 1 ^ (|
111 Gods.
lost.
XVI. House. 1.
2. Fields, or field.
Loaf of bread.
Tie of linen.
1 i.e., duly buried and therefore deified, being assimilated to Osiris. This notion is common in the religious texts.
The name of the hatchet neter means god, but this word was no doubt required for another sign ^ . Why the above expression was chosen for the name of the hatchet sign is not easy to understand, since the hatchet seems to have no
' ' ' parlance a connection with burial ; probably the notion of hatchet was lost in that of god,' and perhaps in common deceased person was spoken of as the god, or neter, so and so, where in inscriptions we find mad Jcheru. Granting this, the
commonest application of the word neter furnished a name for the sign ; but I know of nothing to support the view that netei' was generally applied to deceased persons. (For the exact meaning of 7ieter, see Mr. Renouf's Hibbert Lectures, 1870.)
* An important transcription, which however scarcely settles the question as to the reading of the sign. TKANSCEIPTION OF PAGES I TO XXL 17 XVI.
5. Hide . .
0 Vase.
^^^^^^^^ Libation vase. ll 0 ® IV
Bunch of herbs.
Bunch of flowers, reeds (?)
10. ZTct, papyrus.
11. Thicket of papyrus, meA, or dc/Azt-plant.
12. Thicket of res-plant. J 1 ^ ^1
13. lost.
XVII. (3 Wood, cut. 1.
Seed (?) of acacia (?). 2.
Seed of date.
lost.
ahauti. 5. Arms y I w
Fight.
Place, 7. (-=)
=0= ra =0= Milk jug.
10. (3 ^ Subjugate.
11. S (?)
Zl ^ £! A a 12. (?) Arm presenting.
^ For the determinative, cf. 'papyrus.' * masculine like Coptic Oje. (j •Q' X^i D THE SIGN PAPYRUS.
Hill country.
Uast (Thebes).
tiserti, . . . BACAP vulpes (Brugsch).
Hoe (?) ; the name mrau would refer to the fastening together of the wood.
lost.
.... papyrus. (3
Complete.
Black.
y CM) Net, snare.
C. W J
Porter's knot.
Utensils, an, or writing utensils.
r\ Knife (atf).
Knife.
^ o (;_^ (?)) Adz
tJ- East.
West.
lost.
" For remainder, see plate. TEANSCEIPTION OF PAGES I TO XXI. 19 XX.
1. C/. sceptre. I 1^ - f ^ ^
, . , (!) P ^ p ^ I
Sceptre dms.
I
I (1)
Vessels (?) to be full.
(3 \> Vessels (?), {sd)to be squeezed out, empty. - - 'J 1 ,„
=0= Flower vase (?). 1 ^
10.
-2. I
11. Great.
12.
13. (*-) Arrow. T w
XXI.
1. Shenu or Menu.
1^ Sem (herb).
Basket of metal worker (?)
Javelin.
—
6.
I
From this point many of the groups are difficult, and there would be little gained by further transcription. I will only add the name of the sledge used in conveying stone from, the deep- - cut quarries "^Sr = rrr i "jackal," xxix, 1. The phonetic equivalent of this sign is Z>a.
;
II. THE GEOGEAPHICAL PAPYEUS.
By W. M. R Petrie.
B. one side of the roll were burnt to white ash,
leaving the other side carbonized ; hence we {Paper presented to the Committee, July 28, 1885.) only have about ^ to f of the whole length, in On my return from Egypt this summer, Mr. a series of separate strips, "8 to 2*2 inches wide, Poole showed me some of the papyri which and each about four inches long, in place of the I had brought last year from San, and which, whole height of the roll. From these I gather despite their completely charred state, had been that the papyrus was a sort of religious Grazetteer satisfactorily unrolled by Mr. Hunt, of the and Calendar, divided into thirteen parts. MSS. Department. Among these were two Part 1. A list of great festivals, &c., beginning which Mr. Poole saw to be of particular interest. with the new year. One was a hieroglyphic-hieratic sign-book, of Part 2. A list of the nome capitals in succes- which some three hundred hieroglyphic signs, sive columns, naming the sacred bark, sacred with their transcriptions and pronunciations tree, cemetery, feast-day, forbidden objects, written in hieratic, still remain. As Mr. Grifl&th agathodaimon, land, and lake of each city. is now engaged on this, I will leave this on one The town-names are altogether burnt away. side. The other papyrus contained parts of a The first four remaining are not identical with calendar of feasts, and two mentions of the any of the Edfu list, though they should, by name of Khufu. I at once said that it ought to their position, be Tentyra, Diospolis parva, be published, so that students could work on it Abydos, and Panopolis; but the rest are the without the vast risk of its travelling. As no same as at Edfu (excepting some curious varia- other copyist was available for such an illegible tions), and we still have here Hermopolis, manuscript, the whole of it being burnt entirely Hibiu, Cynopolis, . . . Memphis, Letopolis, black, I set aside other matters, and have pro- Apis, . . . Busiris, Athribis, Cynopolis, and duced a copy of all the fragments, ready for Sebennytus. Towards the end, however, it the lithographer. It is hoped that proofs may appears as if two nomes had been omitted, as shortly be in the hands of students ; but mean- there is not space for all the number. The last while I may give a few notes on the points column gives the title of each of the lines, I have observed, the copying, however, having "name of tree," "name of cemetery," &c. taken so much time that I cannot attempt to Part 3. Lists comprising the sacred animals, work on the reading. and apparently arranged according to them. The original papyrus was about twenty-five We see the piebald bull, Hapi, the black bull, feet long, and probably about six inches high Ka-ur, the white bull, Be-lchat ; the ram, it was rolled up as usual, and both ends and monkey, panther, pig, jackal, and the birds 22 THE (JEOGRAP HICAL PAPYRUS. follow. Lakes, cemeteries, and sacred trees are Part 9. List of about thirty gods, with various also given in connection with some town- entries to each, arranged alternately east and names ; for instance, tlie tree Aslit is given to west. l*i-Bast, rectifying an erroneous sign at Edfu. Part 10. A long address in horizontal
Part. 4. Apparently mentions various priests columns, naming Khufu. and goddesses. Part 11. A long address in vertical columns,
Part 5. Similar to Part 2, giving trees, ceme- naming Khufu. teries, feasts, forbidden things, agathodaimons, Part 12. A diagram of six hours (?), with lands, and lakes, of more than fifty places, of text.
eighteen are preserved ; the place-names which Part 13. A long statement dealing with are all the entries burnt away, and none of have fabulous numbers, as hundreds of thousands, I been able to identify with those in the list of and millions. nomes. This may be a list of towns in some may hope for district or nome. It also ended with a column We some interesting results when this shall have been studied in naming each class. connection with other calendars and geographical lists. Part 6. A list of sacred fish, &c., and deities It is by the merest chance that this document to which they belong, arranged according to is not complete, as many other rolls were which localities. I discovered ; and it shows us the great im- Part 7. A list of feast days, of deities, and of portance of the closest attention to papyri, processions of sacred barks ; over a hundred even when found under most unfavourable entries originally. circumstances. The demotic and hieratic pa- Part 8. Another list of fifty or sixty feast pyri await examination, and many of them are days, not of deities. perfect. : —
The Geographical Papyrus has not been laid l^*" Tableau. Liste synoptique des 13 mois de Pannee moderne des Egyptiens, avec les noms des fetes des aside during the three and a half years that have mois et avec les (noms des ?) beures du jour en ordre elapsed since Mr, Petrie copied it. On the con- consecutif et distribuees, par des motifs que j'ignore, trary, with his leave I have at various times spent sur les 1 3 mois en question. hours, and even days, in verifying the words that 2*^ Tableau. Les noms des 12 heures de la nuit. geme fableau. Les 30 jours de la lune avec les noms cor- occur in it, by means of the G-eographical Dic- respondants des divinites lunaires de chaque jour. the temple lists, the copy, and the tionary, i^™" Tableau. Sujet astronomique en rapport avec la lune extremely obscure original. At length, in accord- ou le soleil. Les chifFres ajoutes au mot pour la ance with the wish expressed in Mr. Petrie's report, mesure (schoinos) indiquent, a ce qu^il parait, [| proofs were sent to Professor H. Brugsch, who des calculs astronomiques. returned them covered with annotations, and 5^"'^ Tableau. Tableaux des nomes de la haute et de la basse Egypte, avec les indications et designations des accompanied by the followiag letter : arbres sacres, des Serapees, des fetes, des -choses de- Monsieur, fendueSj des serpents Agathodemous, des territoires et Quoique je n'aie eu que quelques heures a ma disposi- • des terrains inondes. tion pour examiner les feuilles imprimees que vous avez geme Tableau. Listes et noms des pretres et pretresses des eu la bonte de recommander a mes examens, je peux sanetuaires situes dans lesdits nomes. vous assurer de ma plus haute surprise apres avoir jete qeme Tablcatc. Liste de metaux (p. ex. p=^ ba-ni-pe, la le premier coup d''oeil sur les textes. Les travaux que fer) et d'autres mineraux.—Noms des animaux divins j''ai faits pendant presque 40 annees pour reconstruire veneres dans un nombre de villes du pays (Apis de les notions geographiques et calendriques des anciens Memphis, Mnevis d^Heliopolis, Bakhis d'Hermonthis, Bgyptiens, ont eu leur precedent ! Un Egyptien vivant le bouc de Mendes, etc.). a I'epoque Romaine, peut-etre vers Pepoque de la compo- S'eme Tableau. Les fetes principales fetees dans le courant sition du tableau calendrique sculpte sur les murailles de I'annee et rapportees aux jours correspondants du du temple d'Esneh, se fat amuse a reunir toutes ces calendrier moderne. notions et sur le modele d'un tableau synoptique pour 9^*"" faciliter leur eonnaissance a ses lecteurs. Mais quel Tableau. Liste de Thierarchie a la cour royale d'apres les titres dommage que le papyrus renfermant son travail a du des dignitaires, y compris les metiers occupes h. la cour. souffrir par les deplorables laeunes qu'il offire ! Heu- Le tout se termine par un texte explicatif avec des I'eusement il en est reste assez pour servir £t nous guider historiques sur les idees de l''aneien compositeur et ecrivain des notions qui meritent une etude particuliere divers tableaux. D'apres mes observations, qui ne font sur I'original. que corroborer vos propres vues, la composition embrasse A further contribution from the same hand les sujets suivants que j'ai traites dans mon Thesaurus having been most kindly promised, the publication (Inseriptt. Astron.) et dans le Dictionnaire Geographique, was delayed for a time. Meanwhile sans avoir pu pressentir que j'ai eu mon devancier. En the original voici le resume was re-examined, proving the correctness of several 24 THE GEOGRAPHICAL PAPYRUS. emendations in the calendrical lists which the mois de I'an sous la forme connue a I'epoque greeo- " romaine (voir le Thesaurus," p. 472 suiv.). Mis en ilhistrious Egj'ptologist had suggested to me. Un- Tapport avec les 12 heures du jour, le premier mois happily a serious illness intervened, but on his (Thoth) y porte le nom de © [v^], le seconde celui de recovery Professor Brugscli was good enough to -^pi x^~P^ (d'oii I'appelation de ce mois Vha-op/ii) , le send me the following valuable and interesting 3feme est indique par le groupe c'est le mois de la observations. ; deesse Hathor representee par le scribe du papyrus par Plus j'ai etudic les tristes fragments du precieux I'image d'une vache couchee. Malheureusement les papyrus de Tanis, plus j'ai trouve I'occasion de me con- noms des mois suivants ont disparu par suite de la vaincre que sa valeur principale consiste dans les notions facheuse mutilation du papyrus, a la seule exception calendriques qu'il renferme. II confirme ce que j'ai
du dernier (Mesori), qui est appele tres-clairement : pretendu depuis de longues annees dans mes recherches calendriques, en d'autres termes I'existence de deux \[/ " m-ois du commencement de I'an," avec la annees, du moins pour la derniere epoque de I'histoire curieuse remarque qui I'aecompagne : '^descend egyptienne, dont Pune n'est pas different de I'annee le soleil " ou peut-etre " le jour." Le sens de cette religieuse, appelee ordinairement sothiaque, tandis que legende est facilement a comprendre ; il s'agit de la Pautre, Pannee civile, est identique a celle qu'on a deseente du soleil vers I'hemisphere inferieure dans la I'habitude de nommer I'alexandrine. La premiere seconde moitie de I'an. En parlant de la deesse Venus commen9ant a la rentree de chaque periode sothiaque qui deplore Adonis, Macrobe (Saturnall. I., c. xxi.) par la date du 1^"^ Thoth, correspondant au juillet ^^20 " s'exprime ainsi la-dessus : quod Sol annuo gressu per du caleudrier julieu, la seconde par la meme date du duodecim signorum ordinem pergens, partem quoque l^"" Thoth, mais cette fois correspondant au 29/30 aout hemisplicerii inferioris itigreditur, quia de duodecim sig- juHen, il en resulte necessairement le nombre de 40 jours nis Zodiaci sex superiora, sex inferiora censentur : et qui separe les dates identiques dans les deux calendriers, cum est in inferioribus et ideo dies breviores facit, le religieux et le civile. Les preuves evidentes nous lugere creditur Dea, etc. sont fournies par la trouvaille du papyrus de Tanis. D'apres le calendrier alexandrin le mois Mesori em- En etudiant attentivement la serie des fetes, accom- brasse les 30 jours a partir du 25 juillet jusqu'au 23 pagnees de leurs dates, sur les fragments du Part 7 aout jul., ou, les 5 jours epagomenes y compris, jus- (planclie IV.), on fera la curieuse observation que les qu'au 28 aout. D'apres le calendrier d'Esneh, de I'epoque letes du mois, au commencement des douze mois de romaine, deux jours avant le commencement du mois I'annee egyptienne, ne se trouvent pas a leurs places Mesori, ou le 29 Epiphi, la fete nommee qu'elles occupent dans les calendriers antiques. C'esfr f P O " celle de Sa Majeste " (deesse) etait celebree en I'hon- la ainsi que fete nommee f^te d'Hathor," neur du lever de la constellation d'Isis-Sothis, lequel —nom sous lequel se cache le nom grec Athyr pour le anciennement etait censee ouvrir la nouvelle annee. Le geme mois de I'annee egyptienne,— est notee sous la 29 Epiphi en question repond au 23 juillet jul., c'est-
date du l^'^ Choiak, c^est-a-dire au mois suivant celui a-dire a la date que les Alexandrins notaient comme d' Atbyr. En procedant on remarquera egalement que la jour du lever de I'etoile Sothis a leur epoque. C'est fete du mois de Choiak, nommee U U Kihak, se CO nfirme par les temoignages de Theon et de Ptolemee trouve inscrite sous la date du 1^^ Tybi, Un troisieme (voir linger, Chronol. de Manethon, pag. 51). On se exemple, c'est le dernier conserve sur les fragments du convainc done que le mois de Mesori portait de tout papyrus, se presente la au-dessous de date du mois droit le nom de \{/ " mois de I'ouverture, ou du Mechir; c'est le groupe encore assez reconnaissable commencement de I'an." II remplagait le mois antique
de Thoth et il fut cause que, de cette fa9on, toutes les ^ Ij^ qui, a I'epoque ptolemaique, par exemple, (voir fetes de mois avan9aient d'un mois entier les mois de mon " Thesaurus " a la page 472), sert a designer la fete I'ancien calendrier religieux. II en resulte necessaire- du mois de Tybi, mais non pas celle du Mechir, qui porte ment que les dates du papyrus de Tanis sont indiquees le nom de fohli-uer. Comme on le voit, d'apres I'annee alexandrine et que le papyrus doit avoir
les fetes des mois ne correspondent plus aux mois aux- ete compose a une epoque oxa le calendrier alexandrin quels elles appartiennent, mais elles les avancent d'un etait d'usage. mois entier. Avant de terminer cette petite remarque au sujet des Ce fait, dont on ne pourra pas s'en douter, est corro- notations calendriques qui serencontrent sur les fragments bore par les fragments du Tart 1 (a la planche I.), qui dudit papyrus, je voudrais encore fixer Fattention sur le ont conserve les derniers restes de la notation des 12 texte, mutile du reste comme tout ce qui precede, qui THE GEOGEAPHICAL PAPYEUS. 25
est public sur les dernieres planches de la publicatiou. pas h sauver ces mysteres inconnues au monde vivant, en Ce texte debute par uneformulebien connuepar d^'autres dressant en forme de tableaux les matieres sacrees de specimens d'un age de beaucoup anteriear a la redaction Pancienne sagesse sur le papyrus. II termine son tra- du papyrus. Le compositeur s'adresse a tous ceux qui vail par I'expression de son desir qu^en revanche de ses
vivent et qui vivront sur la terre, notamment aux classes actions, son nom le survive. Malheureusement il n'en savantes des pretres, pour leur recommander le souvenir est reste que quelques signes a la fin du papyrus. eternel de son nom et de ses oeuvres. Parmi les der- nieres, a ce qu^il parait, la composition du papyrus en I have to-day revised portions of the last two question occupa le premier rang-. Ayant visite un tom- plates. Mr. Petrie's division of the papyrus into beau appartenant a un dignitaire de la cour et de parts has been preserved, but I have added a I'epoque du roi C/ioufou-CheoTps, il eut la chance d^y decouvrir des textes et des objets sacres de la plus haute running number for the fragments. valeur. II cite, par exemple, uue coudee de Thot qu'il F. L. G., 30th Jan., 1889. avait trouvee sur le sol de la tombe. Bref, il ne tarda
EERATUM.
Transcription VI. 2. Dot only (.) between hai and kbs.
PL, II,
00 M CO 10 CD 0)0
lie i CO
Q. r;
Z o w
3 ti/
TTTTTTw-^
00 ffi
PL. III.
PL, IV.
(0
(0
mLuiiiuuu.
1 ^0 ^^^^
— PL, V.
'CO ^ S.
X H ^ ^ i- >^ ' )
(
rrn—rrrr-r
0) 3 >
i *
i C. if5 'O
I? it ^ tf i ^ ^ 1 6 1 44
( r TTTTTrrrrmrrnTTTTr'-TTrrriVm^^
-J ( I l -U
1
4
X4
W :3
n. X jliUiLLUlUJj
CO 'ft^
1- «v b- ' p .f ^
PL. VII.
PL. VIII.
00
PL. IX.
PL. X.
PL. XI.
PL. Xll
t PL. XIV.
PL. XV.
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