DOCSLIB.ORG

Sadae (Serving the Great) in Korea–Great Power(S) Relations Since 1392

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sadae (Serving the Great) in Korea–Great Power(S) Relations Since 1392 SADAE (SERVING THE GREAT) IN KOREA–GREAT POWER(S) RELATIONS SINCE 1392 by Kong Chan MA Deakin, MBA ANU, BA S Dakota Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Deakin University February, 2016 Acknowledgments For my PhD study, I am unusually fortunate to have Professor Baogang He and Dr. David Hundt as my supervisors and I wish to express my deepest indebtedness to them. During the past five years of research and writing, Professor He and Dr. Hundt have been exceptionally kind and patient to me, providing me with invaluable suggestions that saved me from lots of errors and inspired me to refine my ideas. This thesis simply could not have been completed without their gracious guidance and unstinting encouragement to me. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my wife, who has always been the source of unconditional love and tireless support. Abstract Sadae (‘serving the great’) was the core of Joseon Korea’s relations with Ming/Qing China for over five centuries, from 1392 until 1910. Since the end of the colonial period under the Japanese rule (1910–45), the legacies of Sadae have continued to influence the foreign policy of both Korean states towards the great powers. The Korean interpretation of Sadae diverges from that of the Chinese, so Sadae needs to be studied in more detail in order to comprehensively understand Korea’s relations with the great powers throughout history. Such an understanding is imperative to the analysis of contemporary international relations (IR) in Northeast Asia, because it can help us avoid over-generalised conclusions such as predictions that a Sinocentric order will inevitably re-emerge in the region. This thesis adopts a constructivist-cum-realist approach to study both the ideational and material factors that are related to Sadae’s formation and practice. It uses a research methodology of historical inquiry in order to analyse historical evidence concerning Joseon–Ming/Qing relations. The primary source of data for the thesis is The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. The main policy implication of this study is that Sadae was a multi-faceted concept and it was implemented in different ways by Joseon political elites. The thesis thus suggests that the possibility for a re-emergence of the pre-modern Sinocentric order in the Asia–Pacific region is minimal because China is not able to offer an ideology that can appeal to others like Confucianism did in the past. The Korean experience of managing its relations with the great powers, however, is of significant value to those middle powers that are facing or will be facing a trilateral dilemma as a result of Sino–US competition. Theoretically, the main implication is that the constructivist-cum-realist approach proposed in this thesis can provide scholars who specialise in the IR of Northeast Asia with a comprehensive and balanced analytical framework for examining events in the region. This approach will help them better analyse not only state security and international trade, but also historical complexity and cultural nuance in interstate relations. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Korea–Great Power(s) Relations in Historical and Cultural Context……………………………………………………………. 1 1.1 History and Culture in Northeast Asian International Relations……………………………………………………….. 2 1.2 Sadae: the Core of Korea–Great Power(s) Relations in History………………………………………………………..... 9 1.3 Research Methodology and Thesis Structure..……………….... 13 Chapter 2: Review of the Realist and Constructivist Literatures, and the Hybrid Approach to Studying Sadae…..…………………………………. 18 2.1 Realism………………………………………………………... 19 2.2 Constructivism…………………….…………………………... 26 2.3 The Constructivist-cum-Realist Approach to Studying Sadae... 35 Chapter 3: Background, Rationale and Practice of Sadae………….………… 41 3.1 Background of Sadae…………..……………………….…….. 42 3.1.1 Confucian Sinocentrism……………………………...…. 43 3.1.2 Proliferation of Confucianism in Korea………………… 47 3.2 Rationale of Sadae…..………………………………………… 50 3.2.1 Ideational Aspect of Sadae……………………………… 50 3.2.2 Material Aspect of Sadae……………………………….. 54 3.3 Sadae in Practice………………………………………………. 58 3.3.1 Confucianisation of the Domestic Society……………… 59 3.3.2 Foreign Relations within the Tribute System…………… 63 3.4 Understanding the Different Faces of Sadae………………….. 67 Chapter 4: Sadae in the Era of Ming’s Unipolar Order (1392–1608)................ 72 4.1 The Reign of Taejo (1392–8)………………………………….. 73 4.2 The Reign of Taejong (1400–18) ……………………………... 77 4.3 The Reign of Sejong (1418–50)……………………………….. 82 4.4 The Reign of Sejo (1455–68) …………………………………. 91 4.5 The Reign of Seongjong (1469–94)…………………………… 94 4.6 The Reign of Yeonsangun (1494–1506)………………………. 100 4.7 The Reign of Jungjong (1506–44)…………………………….. 101 4.8 The Reign of Myeongjong (1545–67)………………………… 106 4.9 The Reign of Seonjo (1567–1608)…………………………...... 110 Chapter 5: Sadae in the Era of Changing Polarity (1608–1800): a Bipolar, an Imaginary Bipolar, and a Unipolar Order…………………………. 121 5.1 Joseon between Ming and Manchu…………………………… 122 5.1.1 The Reign of Gwanghaegun (1608–23)…………….….. 122 5.1.2 The Reign of Injo (1623–49)…………………………… 132 5.2 Joseon between the Fallen Ming and Qing….……………….. 144 5.2.1 The Reign of Hyojong (1649–59)…….……………..…. 146 5.2.2 The Reign of Hyeonjong (1659–74)…….……………… 150 5.2.3 The Reign of Sukjong (1674–1720)….………………… 153 5.2.4 The Reign of Yeongjo (1724–76)….…………………… 159 5.3 Joseon: Accepting Qing as the Only Great (from 1776)……… 164 Chapter 6: Sadae in the Modern Era (1800–1910): the End of Ideational Sadae and the Continuation of Material Yongdae…………………………… 172 6.1 Joseon: Resisting the New ‘Barbarians’ – the Western Powers (1800–73)…………………………………………………….. 173 6.2 Decline of Joseon’s Ideational Sadae towards Qing (1874 – mid-1884)………………………………………………..…… 180 6.3 Yongdae: Joseon’s Strategy to Seek Independence in a Multipolar Order (mid-1884 – 1910)…………………………………….. 196 Chapter 7: ‘Anti-Sadae’ and Yongdae: the Legacies of Sadae in the Contemporary Era (1910 – Present)………………………………………………….. 214 7.1 The Rationale of ‘Anti-Sadae’ and Yongdae………………… 215 7.2 The Combined Application of ‘Anti-Sadae’ and Yongdae…... 228 Chapter 8: Conclusion: Sadae, History and Culture, and Contemporary Northeast Asian International Relations………………………………………….. 241 8.1 The Three Faces of Sadae……………………………………. 242 8.2 Implications…………………………………………………... 248 8.3 Contributions…………………………………………………. 251 8.4 Suggestions for Further Research…………………………….. 255 References……………………………………………………………………. 257 Appendix 1: Glossary of Key Terms…………………………………………. 283 Appendix 2: Monarchs of Joseon and China (Ming and Qing)………………. 285 1 Chapter 1 Korea–Great Power(s) Relations in Historical and Cultural Context The Korean Peninsula has been strategically important to great powers’ rivalry since the pre-modern time. For over six centuries, Korea was and is deeply involved in every competition between the great powers in the region: Ming China and feudal Japan (late 16th century), Ming and Qing (early to mid 17th century), Qing China and modern Japan (mid to late 19th century), modern Japan and Tsar Russia (late 19th to early 20th century), the two ideologically different blocs of capitalism and communism (during the Cold War), and the United States and China (at present and at least in near future). Managing the relations with great powers thus has been dominating the working agenda of the country/countries on the peninsula. From the realists’ perspective, the goal of Korea’s foreign policy should focus on surviving in the ‘fights between the whales’, and to bandwagon with either the incumbent or the rising great may seem to be the only course of action that is left for Korea. However, a substantial amount of evidence in the Korean history indicated that material forces (i.e. military and economic power) were not the only factor that determined the making of Korea’s relations with the great powers; ideational concerns (i.e. historical and cultural influence) also contributed to the shaping of the Korea–great power(s) relations – and this has to be understood with a constructivist approach. In this thesis, it is therefore suggested that a better way to study the Korea–great power(s) relations is to employ a conceptual approach that combines realism and constructivism, whereby factors of either the material or the ideational aspect that contribute to the making of Korea’s foreign policy towards the great power(s) will not be neglected in the analysis of Northeast Asian interstate relations. This hybrid approach can help to avoid drawing over-generalised conclusions such as that of Kang (2003, p.67), who expected the re-emerging of a hierarchical Sinocentric order in modern East Asia and believed that ‘if the system is experiencing a return to a pattern of hierarchy, the result may be increased stability’ in the region. 2 To examine the Korea–great power(s) relations in history, one has to study the ٣ε), because it remained as the core of ,practice of Sadae* (serving the great Korea’s foreign relations towards the great powers for centuries. It was a policy formally initiated with the establishment of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392 that defined the Joseon–Ming relationship, and it was terminated officially with the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895 that proclaimed the independence of Korea. As a practice that is well known in China and Korea, however, Sadae is interpreted differently in these two countries. While Sadae is viewed in China as a spontaneous action of the Koreans driven by their admiration for China’s supremacy, Sadae in Korea is considered a pragmatic strategy employed by the Koreans to use China in order to serve Korea’s national interests. Due to the competing interpretations of Sadae, the concept needs to be studied in more detail. How the practice of Sadae varied over time during the five centuries of the Joseon Dynasty is the research question of this thesis, and the central argument is that Sadae was not a single-dimensional concept; it was complex.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Perempuan Korea Dalam Film Serial Drama Korea “Jewel in the Palace”
    Perempuan Korea dalam Film Serial Drama Korea “Jewel in The Palace” SKRIPSI Diajukan sebagai Salah Satu Syarat untuk Mendapatkan Gelar Sarjana Ilmu Sosial dalam Bidang Antropologi Oleh : Indri Khairani 130905027 DEPARTEMEN ANTROPOLOGI SOSIAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 1 Universitas Sumatera Utara UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK PERNYATAAN ORIGINALITAS Perempuan Korea dalam Film Serial Drama Korea“Jewel in The Palace” SKRIPSI Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa dalam skripsi ini tidak terdapat karya yang pernah diajukan untuk memperoleh gelar kesarjanaan di suatu perguruan tinggi, dan sepanjang pengetahuan saya tidak terdapat karya atau pendapat yang pernah ditulis atau diterbitkan oleh orang lain, kecuali yang secara tertulis diacu dalam naskah ini dan disebut dalam daftar pustaka. Apabila dikemudian hari ditemukan adanya kecurangan atau tidak seperti yang saya nyatakan di sini, saya bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku. Medan, Januari 2018 Penulis Indri Khairani i Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRAK Indri Khairani, 2018. Judul skripsi: Perempuan Korea dalam Film Serial Drama Korea “Jewel in The Palace”. Skripsi ini terdiri dari 5 BAB, 113 halaman, 18 daftar gambar, 57 daftar pustaka Tulisan ini berjudul Perempuan Korea dalam Film Serial Drama ―Jewel in The Palace”, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perjuangan sosok seorang perempuan Korea yang tinggal di dalam istana “Gungnyeo” pada masa Dinasti Joseon di anad 15 dalam sebuah drama seri Jewel in The Palace Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis wacana, dan model analisis yang digunakan adalalah analisis wacana dari Sara Mills yang merupakan model analisis wacana yang menaruh titik perhatian utama pada wacana mengenai feminisme.
    [Show full text]
  • Yun Mi Hwang Phd Thesis
    SOUTH KOREAN HISTORICAL DRAMA: GENDER, NATION AND THE HERITAGE INDUSTRY Yun Mi Hwang A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2011 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1924 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence SOUTH KOREAN HISTORICAL DRAMA: GENDER, NATION AND THE HERITAGE INDUSTRY YUN MI HWANG Thesis Submitted to the University of St Andrews for the Degree of PhD in Film Studies 2011 DECLARATIONS I, Yun Mi Hwang, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2006; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2006 and 2010. I, Yun Mi Hwang, received assistance in the writing of this thesis in respect of language and grammar, which was provided by R.A.M Wright. Date …17 May 2011.… signature of candidate ……………… I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Korea: from Hermit Kingdom to Colony
    WORLD HISTORY: 1750–1914 KOREA From Hermit Kingdom to Colony By MiChael J. seth the World encroaches on the hermit Kingdom At the end of the eighteenth century, Korea was a land with more than a millen- nium of political unity, proud of its rigid adherence to Confucian cultural norms, and at peace with its neighbors. Under the reigns of two able kings, Yŏngjo (1724– 1776) and Chŏngjo (1776–1800), Korea prospered. In the nineteenth century, however, the state entered a period when weak kings were dominated by power- ful clans related to the monarch through royal marriages. Some historians see this as a sign that Korea was entering a decline after 1800. There was an uprising in the northwest in 1811–1812, a rice riot in Seoul in 1833, and some small scale peas- ant uprisings in the countryside, mainly aimed at local officials. Yet, its political and social institutions appeared quite stable. The social and economic domination of the country by the hereditary yangban elite (the high- est social class of Korea during the Chosŏn dynasty, 1392–1910), who competed for government office by taking the civil service exams, was secure. There was a Korea, the ”Hermit Kingdom.“ 1904. Image source: library of steady rise in population in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, but Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington. this was matched by improvements in agricultural production. The number of famines appears to have declined after 1750. Traditional arts and letters flourished well into the nineteenth century. A number of scholars, later called the Sirhak, or Practical Learning faction, were actively examining political, economic, and social issues.
    [Show full text]
  • DPRK/North Hamgyong Province: Floods
    Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) DPRK/North Hamgyong Province: Floods Emergency Appeal n° MDRKP008 Glide n° FL-2016-000097-PRK Date of issue: 20 September 2016 Date of disaster: 31 August 2016 Operation manager (responsible for this EPoA): Point of contact: Marlene Fiedler Pak Un Suk Disaster Risk Management Delegate Emergency Relief Coordinator IFRC DPRK Country Office DPRK Red Cross Society Operation start date: 2 September 2016 Operation end date (timeframe): 31 August 2017 (12 months) Overall operation budget: CHF 15,199,723 DREF allocation: CHF 506,810 Number of people affected: Number of people to be assisted: 600,000 people Direct: 28,000 people (7,000 families); Indirect: more than 163,000 people in Hoeryong City, Musan County and Yonsa County Host National Society(ies) presence (n° of volunteers, staff, branches): Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Red Cross Society (DPRK RCS) Red Cross Red Crescent Movement partners actively involved in the operation: International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Other partner organizations actively involved in the operation: The State Committee for Emergency and Disaster Management (SCEDM), UN Organizations, European Union Programme Support Units A. Situation analysis Description of the disaster From August 29th to August 31st heavy rainfall occurred in North Hamgyong Province, DPRK – in some areas more than 300 mm of rain were reported in just two days, causing the flooding of the Tumen River and its tributaries around the Chinese-DPRK border and other areas in the province. Within a particularly intense time period of four hours in the night between 30 and 31 August 2016, the waters of the river Tumen rose between six and 12 metres, causing an immediate threat to the lives of people in nearby villages.
    [Show full text]
  • Transformation of the Dualistic International Order Into the Modern Treaty System in the Sino-Korean Relationship
    International Journal of Korean History (Vol.15 No.2, Aug.2010) 97 G Transformation of the Dualistic International Order into the Modern Treaty System in the Sino-Korean Relationship Song Kue-jin* IntroductionG G Whether in the regional or global scale, the international order can be defined as a unique system within which international issues develop and the diplomatic relations are preserved within confined time periods. The one who has leadership in such international order is, in actuality, the superpowers regardless of the rationale for their leading positions, and the orderliness of the system is determined by their political and economic prowess.1 The power that led East Asia in the pre-modern era was China. The pre- modern East Asian regional order is described as the tribute system. The tribute system is built on the premise of installation, so it was important that China designate and proclaim another nation as a tributary state. The system was not necessarily a one-way imposition; it is possible to view the system built on mutual consent as the tributary state could benefit from China’s support and preserve the domestic order at times of political instability to person in power. Modern capitalism challenged and undermined the East Asian tribute GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG * HK Research Professor, ARI, Korea University 98 Transformation of the Dualistic International Order into the ~ system led by China, and the East Asian international relations became a modern system based on treaties. The Western powers brought the former tributary states of China into the outer realm of the global capitalistic system. With the arrival of Western imperialistic powers, the East Asian regional order faced an inevitable transformation.
    [Show full text]
  • Number 3 2011 Korean Buddhist Art
    NUMBER 3 2011 KOREAN BUDDHIST ART KOREAN ART SOCIETY JOURNAL NUMBER 3 2011 Korean Buddhist Art Publisher and Editor: Robert Turley, President of the Korean Art Society and Korean Art and Antiques CONTENTS About the Authors…………………………………………..………………...…..……...3-6 Publisher’s Greeting…...…………………………….…….………………..……....….....7 The Museum of Korean Buddhist Art by Robert Turley…………………..…..…..8-10 Twenty Selections from the Museum of Korean Buddhist Art by Dae Sung Kwon, Do Kyun Kwon, and Hyung Don Kwon………………….….11-37 Korean Buddhism in the Far East by Henrik Sorensen……………………..…….38-53 Korean Buddhism in East Asian Context by Robert Buswell……………………54-61 Buddhist Art in Korea by Youngsook Pak…………………………………..……...62-66 Image, Iconography and Belief in Early Korean Buddhism by Jonathan Best.67-87 Early Korean Buddhist Sculpture by Lena Kim…………………………………....88-94 The Taenghwa Tradition in Korean Buddhism by Henrik Sorensen…………..95-115 The Sound of Ecstasy and Nectar of Enlightenment by Lauren Deutsch…..116-122 The Korean Buddhist Rite of the Dead: Yeongsan-jae by Theresa Ki-ja Kim123-143 Dado: The Korean Way of Tea by Lauren Deutsch……………………………...144-149 Korean Art Society Events…………………………………………………………..150-154 Korean Art Society Press……………………………………………………………155-162 Bibliography of Korean Buddhism by Kenneth R. Robinson…...…………….163-199 Join the Korean Art Society……………...………….…….……………………...……...200 About the Authors 1 About the Authors All text and photographs contained herein are the property of the individual authors and any duplication without permission of the authors is a violation of applicable laws. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY THE INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS. Please click on the links in the bios below to order each author’s publications or to learn more about their activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Christian Communication and Its Impact on Korean Society : Past, Present and Future Soon Nim Lee University of Wollongong
    University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year Christian communication and its impact on Korean society : past, present and future Soon Nim Lee University of Wollongong Lee, Soon Nim, Christian communication and its impact on Korean society : past, present and future, Doctor of Philosphy thesis, School of Journalism and Creative Writing - Faculty of Creative Arts, University of Wollongong, 2009. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3051 This paper is posted at Research Online. Christian Communication and Its Impact on Korean Society: Past, Present and Future Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Wollongong Soon Nim Lee Faculty of Creative Arts School of Journalism & Creative writing October 2009 i CERTIFICATION I, Soon Nim, Lee, declare that this thesis, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of Creative Arts and Writings (School of Journalism), University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Soon Nim, Lee 18 March 2009. i Table of Contents Certification i Table of Contents ii List of Tables vii Abstract viii Acknowledgements x Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Christianity awakens the sleeping Hangeul 12 Introduction 12 2.1 What is the Hangeul? 12 2.2 Praise of Hangeul by Christian missionaries
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Line: the Art of Korean Writing
    LACMA Exhibition Checklist Beyond Line: The Art of Korean Writing Introduction Suh Se Ok Person, c. 1990 Ink on paper 55 1/2 × 54 3/4 in. National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea Kim Choong Hyun Poem on the Diamond Mountains, in Hangeul Script, c. 1900 Pair of hanging scrolls; ink on paper a-b) image: 50 × 24 3/4 in. each Los Angeles County Museum of Art Prehistoric Unknown Bangudae Petroglyphs, mid-20th century Ink on paper Imprint (total 3 pieces of hanging scrolls): 153 9/16 × 241 5/16 in. a): 153 9/16 × 86 5/8 in.; b): 153 9/16 × 76 in.; c): 153 9/16 × 86 5/8 in. Woljeon Museum of Art Icheon Unknown Letter Paper, 1392–1910 Paper Sheet (each): 10 15/16 × 19 3/8 in. Total 6 pieces National Museum of Korea Unknown Ink Stone Case 10 × 14 3/8 × 8 3/4 in. Robert Nicolais Pair of Inksticks Soot Each: 6 × 3 7/8 × 1 in. Ok Whan Kim Inkstick Soot 7 × 2 3/8 × 5/8 in. Ok Whan Kim Inkstone with Grape Design in Relief 16 × 12 × 2 in. Weight: 15 lb. Jun Soo Lee Unknown Writing Brush Animal hair and wood Length: 16 in. Sang H Han Writing brush Animal hair and wood Length: 14 in. Sang H Han Writing brush Animal hair and wood Length: 12 in. Sang H Han Unknown Water Dropper in the Form of a Lion, Joseon dynasty (1392–1910), 19th century Molded porcelain with blue painted decoration under clear glaze Height: 2 7/8 in.; length: 4 3/4 in.
    [Show full text]
  • Korean Students in New York City, 1907-1937 Jean H. Park Submitted
    Exiled Envoys: Korean Students in New York City, 1907-1937 Jean H. Park Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2021 © 2021 Jean H. Park All Rights Reserved Abstract Exiled Envoys: Korean Students in New York City, 1907-1937 Jean H. Park This dissertation follows the activism of Korean students in New York City and the trajectory of their American education as it applied to Korea’s colonization under the Empire of Japan. As a focused historical account of the educational experiences of Korean students in New York from 1907 to 1937, this dissertation uses archival evidence from their associations, correspondence, publications, and the institutions they studied at to construct a transnational narrative that positions the Korean students operating within and outside the confines of their colonial experience. The following dissertation answers how the Korean students applied their American education and experiences to the Korean independence movement, and emphasizes the interplay of colonization, religion, and American universities in contouring the students’ activism and hopes for a liberated Korea. Table of Contents List of Charts, Graphs, Illustrations ................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iii Dedication
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Korean Islanders Encounters with the British Navy in the 1880S: the Port Hamilton Affair of 1885-1887
    Traditional Korean islanders encounters with the British navy in the 1880s: The Port Hamilton Affair of 1885-1887 Royle, S. A. (2016). Traditional Korean islanders encounters with the British navy in the 1880s: The Port Hamilton Affair of 1885-1887. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2016.05.001 Published in: Journal of Marine and Island Cultures Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights © 2016 Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Institution for Marine and Island Cultures, Mokpo National University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) which permits distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the author and source are cited. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Dpr Korea 2019 Needs and Priorities
    DPR KOREA 2019 NEEDS AND PRIORITIES MARCH 2019 Credit: OCHA/Anthony Burke Democratic People’s Republic of Korea targeted beneficiaries by sector () Food Security Agriculture Health Nutrition WASH 327,000 97,000 CHINA Chongjin 120,000 North ! Hamgyong ! Hyeson 379,000 Ryanggang ! Kanggye 344,000 Jagang South Hamgyong ! Sinuiju 492,000 North Pyongan Hamhung ! South Pyongan 431,000 ! PYONGYANG Wonsan ! Nampo Nampo ! Kangwon North Hwanghae 123,000 274,000 South Hwanghae ! Haeju 559,000 REPUBLIC OF 548,000 KOREA PART I: TOTAL POPULATION PEOPLE IN NEED PEOPLE TARGETED 25M 10.9M 3.8M REQUIREMENTS (US$) # HUMANITARIAN PARTNERS 120M 12 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea targeted beneficiaries by sector () Food Security Agriculture Health Nutrition WASH 327,000 97,000 CHINA Chongjin 120,000 North ! Hamgyong ! Hyeson 379,000 Ryanggang ! Kanggye 344,000 Jagang South Hamgyong ! Sinuiju 492,000 North Pyongan Hamhung ! South Pyongan 431,000 ! PYONGYANG Wonsan ! Nampo Nampo ! Kangwon North Hwanghae 123,000 274,000 South Hwanghae ! Haeju 559,000 REPUBLIC OF 548,000 KOREA 1 PART I: TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: COUNTRY STRATEGY Foreword by the UN Resident Coordinator 03 Needs and priorities at a glance 04 Overview of the situation 05 2018 key achievements 12 Strategic objectives 14 Response strategy 15 Operational capacity 18 Humanitarian access and monitoring 20 Summary of needs, targets and requirements 23 PART II: NEEDS AND PRIORITIES BY SECTOR Food Security & Agriculture 25 Nutrition 26 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) 27 Health 28 Guide to giving 29 PART III: ANNEXES Participating organizations & funding requirements 31 Activities by sector 32 People targeted by province 35 People targeted by sector 36 2 PART I: FOREWORD BY THE UN RESIDENT COORDINATOR FOREWORD BY THE UN RESIDENT COORDINATOR In the almost four years that I have been in DPR Korea Despite these challenges, I have also seen progress being made.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Archives Management
    Department of Archives Management 1. Educational Goal The goal of the Archives Management program is to teach theories and practices related to its expert knowledge, to cultivate business skills with accompanying high morality, and to make it possible for one to carry out duties competently and independently as an expert archive manager. 2. Educational Objective ①Cultivate specialists for collecting·preserving·managing various kinds of record; that are produced while operating public and private institutions. ②Cultivate specialists for preserving the memory of Korea, and discover in evaluating and arranging the literature related to Korea domestically and abroad. ③Cultivate specialists who can research and teach Archives Management. 3. List of Full-time Faculty Field of Area of Name Position Degree(University) Instruction Research Modern and Kwak Associate Ph.D. (Korea History of Contemporary Kun-Hong Professor University) Korea Korean History Lee Ph.D. (Sogang History of Acient history Professor Ju-Hyeon University) Oriental of china Modern and Ph.D. (Ruhr Lee Western contemporary Professor univ-taet-Bochum Jin-Mo History Western ) History Lee Ph.D. Modern and Assistant History of Kyoung-Y (Chung-ang Contemporary Professor Korea ong University) Korean History Personnel Administration, Ph.D. (Seoul Kim Cheol Associate Personnel Theory of National -Hoi Professor Administration Human University) Resource management Sung Ph.D. (Seoul Medieval Western Baek-Yon Professor National Western History g University) History Hahn Ph.D. Library & Information Kyung Professor (Chung-ang Information Science -Shin University) Science Digital Park Associate Ph.D. (Virginia Information Libraries & Sung-Hee Professor Tech University) Science Information System Information Information Services& Koo Joung Assistant Ph.D.
    [Show full text]