IBCE~L1ul!Jc1l!JI] JAN-MAR 1985
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1. INTRODUCTION from Bounded to Juxtapositional—New Histories of the Gulag
1. INTRODUCTION From Bounded to Juxtapositional—New Histories of the Gulag Michael David-Fox The Gulag has long been approached as a bounded system, a network of camps isolated in the remote corners of the Soviet space. The main metaphor behind Solzhenitsyn’s epochal 1973 Arkhipelag GULAG (Gulag Archipelago) of a vast chain of islands was, in part, intended to bridge the veil of silence that surrounded the camps much like water surrounds enclaves of land. Solzhenitsyn popularized the previously little-known acronym (Glavnoe up- ravlenie ispravitel´no-trudovykh lagerei i kolonii, or the Main Administra- tion of Corrective Labor Camps and Colonies of the GPU/NKVD and later MVD), turning it into a metonym for not just the NKVD network of labor camps but, by extension, all Soviet camps—and later, in its most expansive usages, Stalinist repression writ large. This symbolic meaning attached to the term no doubt helped reify the Gulag as a discrete entity separated from the Soviet mainland. Early scholarly contributions to the history of the Gulag were not only heavily influenced by Solzhenitsyn’s metaphor but often took a systemic ap- proach by treating the network of camps and colonies as a whole. The most significant examples of this came before the “archival revolution” of the 1990s, which was marked by a statistical war over the total number of victims.1 In addition, the history of the Gulag was very much bounded chronologically, largely by the years of Stalinism, since the camps as a mass system of forced labor arose under secret police supervision in 1930, shortly after Stalin con- solidated sole power, and were radically reduced several years after his death during Khrushchev’s Thaw.2 Finally, there was little if any comparison to the history of camps or forced labor in other times and places. -
Bulgakov and Solzhenitsyn— Two Soviet Writers in the Shadows of Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky
The exclusive license for this PDF is limited to personal website use only. No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted commercially in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. Chapter 13 AN INTERVIEW WITH DIANA SHEETS: BULGAKOV AND SOLZHENITSYN— TWO SOVIET WRITERS IN THE SHADOWS OF TOLSTOY AND DOSTOYEVSKY Keywords: Bulgakov, doubling, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Solzhenitsyn, The Days of the Turbins, The First Circle, The Gulag Archipelago, The Master & Margarita, The White Guard MFS: While it would take a book of about 1,000 pages to compare and contrast Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, we are going to examine briefly two extraordinary 20th century Russian writers—Mikhail Bulgakov (1891-1940) and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918-2008)—both of whom wrote pioneering literature and resisted Soviet tyranny. But before discussing their work in detail, let’s begin with the literary concept of doubling. How does it apply to these two writers? DS: Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, two Russian literary giants, are celebrated for having published some of the world’s greatest fiction. Nevertheless, we would be amiss not to extol the tremendous accomplishments of Bulgakov and Solzhenitsyn who managed to create pioneering literature, despite the nearly overwhelming oppression of Soviet totalitarianism. -
M..Gruntm An, Blazing the Trail. the Early History of Spacecraft and Rocketry , AIAA, Reston, Va., 2004 P
Early History of Spacecraft and Rocketry Fig. 13.6. Tomb of a Soviet rocket pio- neer Fridrikh A. Tsander in Kislovodsk, Russia. An artistic model of the GIRD-X rocket is at the top right corner of the stone. , Tsander was fascinated with interplanetary flight since his childhood years in his na- tive Riga (present Latvia). He graduated as engineer and went to work to Moscow and eventually became the head of the Moscow GIRD group. Tsander remained devoted to spaceflight through all his life. Even the names of his children were in- fluenced by his passion: daughter Astra and son Merkuri. When on vacations at a resort at the North Caucasus, Tsander con- tracted typhus and died in 1933. The in- scription on his tomb reads: “Pioneer of the Soviet Rocketry; Enthusiast of Inter- planetary Flight; Fridrikh Arturovich Tsan- der; 1887-1933.” Photo courtesy of Vik- tor Soloviev, Moscow, Russia. (Katyusha, the nickname of the Soviet solid-propellant missile M-13, literally stood for an affectionate diminutive of the Russian girl's given name equivalent to Katherine.) The M-13 projectiles, or Katyusha's, were 5.1 in. (132 mm) in diameter and 6 ft (1.8 m) long. The projectile mass was 92.5 lb (42 kg), including a 48.2-lb Katyusha (21.9-kg) explosive warhead. The rocket range reached 3 miles (4.8 3 km). Katyusha missiles proved to be 27 highly reliable and were used for many years after the war had ended. The missile also became a favorite heavy weapon of assorted Soviet- sponsored guerillas during the Cold War. -
Nikolay Vladimirovich Timofeeff-Ressovsky (1900-1981
Copyright 2001 by the Genetics Society of America Perspectives Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics Edited by James F. Crow and William F. Dove Nikolay Vladimirovich Timofeeff-Ressovsky (1900±1981): Twin of the Century of Genetics Vadim A. Ratner Institute of Cytology & Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Don't treat science with savage seriousness. N. V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky ikolay Vladimirovich Timofeeff-Ressovsky born Moscow University, participated in various intellectual N September 7, 1900, would now be 100 years old. circles, sang as a ®rst bass in the Moscow military chorus, He was of the same age as the ªCentury of Genetics.º was a load-carrying worker, and ®nished Moscow Univer- This is especially notable now, at the border between sity in 1922. Later he talked about this grim period two millennia, ªa time to cast away stones, and a time (Timofeeff-Ressovsky 2000, p. 106): ªI think, never- to gather stones together.º It is remarkable that the theless, that all in all the life was merry±very few hungry, personality and fate of Nikolay V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, very few frozen. Rather, people were young, healthy, N.V., re¯ect the most crucial, tragic, and dramatic events and vigorous.º of the century. In 1922 N.V. began his work as a scientist at the Insti- N. V.'s roots were in the nineteenth century, in Rus- tute of Experimental Biology with Professor N. K. Kolt- sian history and classics. His genealogy is living Russian sov. Nikolay Konstantinovich Koltsov was an outstanding history: It contains the Cossaks of the legendary Cossak ®gure in Russian biological science. -
ASIF A. SIDDIQI Professor, History Department Fordham University, 624 Dealy Hall, 441 E
ASIF A. SIDDIQI Professor, History Department Fordham University, 624 Dealy Hall, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458 phone: 718.817.3939 / fax: 718.817.4680 e-mail: [email protected] ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS 2013- Professor, History Department, Fordham University 2010-13 Associate Professor, History Department, Fordham University 2005-10 Assistant Professor, History Department, Fordham University ADMINISTRATIVE APPOINTMENTS AT FORDHAM 2017- Director, O’Connell Initiative on the Global History of Capitalism Spring 2015 Associate Chair and Director of Undergraduate Studies, History Department Fall 2014 Associate Chair and Director of Graduate Studies, History Department 2011-13 Associate Chair and Director of Undergraduate Studies, History Department VISITING POSITIONS 2015-16 Eleanor Searle Visiting Professor of History, California Institute of Technology Long-Term Fellow, The Huntington Library 2013-14 Charles A. Lindbergh Chair in Aerospace History, National Air & Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution 2008-09 Visiting Scholar, Program in Science, Technology, and Society, MIT 2004-05 Visiting Scholar, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Cambridge, MA EDUCATION Ph.D., History, Carnegie Mellon University, 2004. Dissertation: “The Rockets’ Red Glare: Spaceflight and the Russian Imagination, 1857-1957.” M.B.A., University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 1998. M.S., Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, 1992. Thesis: “Effects of Technological Change in Agriculture on Distributive Justice in Bangladesh.” B.S., Electrical Engineering, Texas -
Making the Russian Bomb from Stalin to Yeltsin
MAKING THE RUSSIAN BOMB FROM STALIN TO YELTSIN by Thomas B. Cochran Robert S. Norris and Oleg A. Bukharin A book by the Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. Westview Press Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford Copyright Natural Resources Defense Council © 1995 Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................. List of Tables ................................................... Preface and Acknowledgements ..................................... CHAPTER ONE A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SOVIET BOMB Russian and Soviet Nuclear Physics ............................... Towards the Atomic Bomb .......................................... Diverted by War ............................................. Full Speed Ahead ............................................ Establishment of the Test Site and the First Test ................ The Role of Espionage ............................................ Thermonuclear Weapons Developments ............................... Was Joe-4 a Hydrogen Bomb? .................................. Testing the Third Idea ...................................... Stalin's Death and the Reorganization of the Bomb Program ........ CHAPTER TWO AN OVERVIEW OF THE STOCKPILE AND COMPLEX The Nuclear Weapons Stockpile .................................... Ministry of Atomic Energy ........................................ The Nuclear Weapons Complex ...................................... Nuclear Weapon Design Laboratories ............................... Arzamas-16 .................................................. Chelyabinsk-70 -
The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956 / Solzhenitsyn
The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956 / solzhenitsyn The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956 Author: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918-2008) Principal personages: First published: Arkhipelag GULag, 1918-1956: Opyt Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, a prisoner khudozhestvennogo issledovaniya, parts 1-2, 1973; Joseph Stalin, the Soviet dictator parts 3-4, 1974; parts 5-7, 1975 (English translation, G. I. Grigoryev, a soil scientist 1974-1978) V. M. Yakovenko, a freed prisoner Type of work: Memoir Type of plot: Historical Time of plot: Twentieth century The Story: A string of prisons and labor camps scattered throughout might sow unrest among their countrymen by describing the the Soviet Union is called the gulag archipelago because its relatively high standard of living they had seen in Europe and administrative title, the Chief Administration of Corrective the greater degree of personal freedom enjoyed by the Ger- Labor Camps, forms the acronym “gulag” in Russian and be- mans, even under the wartime rule of the dictator Adolf Hit- cause its far-flung prisons and camps, with their own laws ler. Reasoning that anyone who could survive a German pris- and their oppressed population of zeks (prisoners), resembles oner of war camp must have collaborated with his captors, a separate country made up of hundreds, perhaps thousands, Stalin has many of the returning prisoners charged with “aid- of islands. Vladimir Ilich Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik ing and abetting the enemy” and given “tenners” (ten-year Revolution of 1917 and the first head of the Soviet state, es- sentences). tablished this extensive prison system in 1918, ostensibly to In 1945, Solzhenitsyn is sent to a hard labor camp, from detain and “rehabilitate” Soviet citizens suspected of anti- which he is miraculously saved in 1946 when he lies on a Soviet or counterrevolutionary activity. -
Solzhenitsyn: a Political Analysis
SOLZHENITSYN: A POLITICAL ANALYSIS Jean-Marie Chauvier Introduction IT would be a relief if Solzhenitsyn were really a writer left over from the 19th century, a purely anachronistic spirit, a Great-Russian chauvinist with nothing ultimately very new or very credible to contribute to our understanding of Stalinism or of Soviet history and Soviet society. It would at any rate relieve the Left in the West of a daunting task- that of deciphering a message which, like many others that are now reaching it from the East, fails to offer an echo to the Western Left's hopes or illusions. However, in order to quell a fever it is not enough to smash the thermometer. Even if the diagnosis of "fever" is a plausible one, it still remains necessary not merely to justify this but also to explain how a body of writing inspired by such backward-looking ideas can have succeeded in fascinating, even stirring, by its "authenticity", its "skill in saying what is hardest to say", even those who belatedly discover, with astonishment, what the writer's political conclusions are. One still has to account for the pre-eminence of this body of writing in the Soviet literature of the last ten or fifteen years: the audience, the esteem, even the influence that it enjoys among the most outstanding representatives of Soviet prose and poetry, among the Soviet intelligentsia, and, in general, among Russian readers. And, finally, one has to account for the strange dread which it seems increasingly to have cast upon official circles in the USSR. -
Download a PDF of the Curriculum Unit
GULAG: SOVIET PRISON CAMPS AND THEIR LEGACY By David Hosford, Pamela Kachurin and Thomas Lamont A Project of the National Park Service and the National Resource Center for Russian, East European and Central Asian Studies, Harvard University NAME ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the National Park Service and the Bradley Foundation for underwriting this important project. We would like to personally thank Martin Blatt, Louis Hutchins, and Kathy Tevyaw of the National Park Service for their assistance and insight. Special thanks to Mary Giles, for her always cheerful assistance. This curriculum unit is dedi- cated to all those imprisoned in the GULAG system. T ABLE OF CONTENTS Day 1 Content Essay: 1 The Establishment and Scope of the GULAG System Day 1 Class Exercises and Homework 12 Day 2 Content Essay: 15 Daily Life in the Camps Day 2 Class Exercises and Homework 28 Day 3 Content Essay: 33 Coming to Terms with the GULAG Then and Now Day 3 Class Exercises and Homework 42 Biographical Sketches 43 Appendix: Excerpt from Dr. Jerzy Gliksman’s Testimony 53 to the United Nations Additional Resources for Teaching the GULAG 58 GULAG: SOVIET PRISON CAMPS AND THEIR LEGACY DAY ONE NAME ▲ 1 GULAG: SOVIET PRISON CAMPS AND THEIR LEGACY GULAG locations across Soviet Union ost countries have prison systems where those DEFINITION OF GULAG: NUMBERS DEBATE Mconvicted of crimes serve out their sentences. State Camp Administration A 1990 report by the Moscow Citizens of these countries believe that people who commit News stated that between crimes should be punished by being separated from the 1931 and 1953, 3,778,234 people rest of society and deprived of some of their freedoms. -
Understanding Revolutionary Russia and the Soviet Union Through History and Literature, 50 Lesson Plans
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 406 275 SO 027 047 AUTHOR Schwartz, Donald, Ed.; And Others TITLE Understanding Revolutionary Russia and the Soviet Union through History and Literature, 50 Lesson Plans. INSTITUTION California State Univ., Long Beach. SPONS AGENCY National Endowment for the Humanities (NFAH), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 89 NOTE 144p.; This publication resulted from a 1989 summer institute at California State University, Long Beach. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher)(052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Communism; Foreign Countries; Literary History; *Marxism; *Russian Literature; Secondary Education; *Socialism; Social Studies; Teaching Guides; *World History IDENTIFIERS Russia; USSR ABSTRACT This resource book provides 50 learning activities with background materials for teaching about tsarist Russia and the emergence of the Soviet Union. Use of literature, history, geography, primary sources, various learning strategies are all included. The lessons provide study of 19th and 20th century events to Mikhail Gorbachev and perestroika. Many lesson plans reflect special requirements of the California History/Social Science Framework, which recommends the integration of literature, primary sources, and cooperative learning strategies. (EH) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** 50 Lesson Plans on UNDERSTANDING REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION THROUGH. HISTORY AND LITERATURE PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY taLLEN_Q5--_ TO THE EDUCATIONALRESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) c73 Xrhisdocument has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. 1:1 Minor changes have been made to 0 improve reproduction quality. -
Challenge to Apollo: the Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974 1 by Asif A
CHALLENGE TO APOLLO: THE SOVIET UNION AND THE SPACE RACE, 1945- 1974 NASA SP-2000-4408 CHALLENGE TO APOLLO: THE SOVIET UNION AND THE SP_CE R;_cE, ! 945- 1974 by gsif _. Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA History Division Office of Policy and Plans Washington, DC 2000 Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A,, 1966- Challenge to Apollo: the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945-1974 1 by Asif A. Siddiqi p. cm.--(The NASA history series) NASA SP ; 2000-4408 Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Astronautics--Soviet Union--History. 2. Space race--History. I, Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP : 4408. TL789.8S65 $47 2000 629,4'0947-dc21 00-03868400031047 To my mother and my father, who taught me the value o[ knowledge History is always written wrong, and so always needs to be rewritten. --_eorge Santayana You can't cross the sea merely by standing and staring at the water. --Rabindranath Tagore ¢ CHALLENGE TO APOLLO .......... TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ................................................... vii Preface ............................................................ ix Glossary .......................................................... xiii Chapter One: Presage .................................................. I Chapter Two: First Steps................................................ 23 Chapter Three: Stalin and the Rocket ....................................... 69 Chapter Four: Sputnik ................................................ II 9 Chapter Five: Designing -
The Streets of Kiev Are Now Running 'Orange'
From Dissidence to Statesmanship: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Vaclav Havel, & the Ideological Lie in the 20th Century Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Arnold, Troy Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 11:18:27 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193266 FROM DISSIDENCE TO STATESMANSHIP: ALEKSANDR SOLZHENITSYN, VÁCLAV HAVEL, & THE ‘IDEOLOGICAL LIE’ IN THE 20TH CENTURY by Troy R. Arnold ________________________ Copyright © Troy R. Arnold 2006 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF RUSSIAN AND SLAVIC STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS WITH A MAJOR IN RUSSIAN In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2006 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: __Troy R. Arnold_________________ APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: _____________________________________ ______ 2nd December 2005________ George Gutsche Date Professor of Russian and Slavic Studies 3 DEDICATION During the course of the research and composition of this work, my father passed from this sphere to the next.