1. INTRODUCTION from Bounded to Juxtapositional—New Histories of the Gulag
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IBCE~L1ul!Jc1l!JI] JAN-MAR 1985
);>.L. 8 6-3 6 TOP SECRET iJOl]JllJlilCb ~l!CSlJJCilOV\J lil~CSlllCB\J r-----------J u (!1[5(!J ~(!1[5 l!I~ 0015UJfill5 f 00 UJ~~l1~lllfil IBCE~l1Ul!JC1l!JI] JAN-MAR 1985 VIDEO TELECONFERENCING (U) ••••••••••••• ; • • • • • • • \ ••••••••••• 1 LETTER TO THE EDITOR (U) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• '·. ~ . ;., ••••••••••• 4 A MESSAGE TO CRYPTANALYSTS EVERYWHERE (U} ••••••• 'THE MAD HATTE!t' .\ ••.••••••• 5 I WOULDN'T HAVE MISSED IT FOR THE WORLD! (U) .... Mary Ann Hsrris'on.\ .......... 6 SHELL GAME (U) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• W.E.S ••••••• ~ •• 1, •• ;, ••••••••• 8 BOOK REVIEW: \ EASE MY SORROWS (U.) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• l • \ ! ........ 9 BULLETIN BOARD ( U) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• '· ••• \••••••••••• 13 A NOTE ON IMPROVING CRYPTOLOGIC RESEARCH (U) .... Nathaniel C . ) Gerkon ........ 14 FOOD FOR THOUGHT (U) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• )•••• l ••••••••• • 15 ATRAVELER'STALE(UL ......................... I • !.... , ..... 16 TYME SHELL (U) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I !............... 17 ON EXCELLENCE ( U) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·•••••••••••••• 18 FROM THE PAST (U) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 NSA-CROSTIC NO. 60 (U) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• D.H.W •••••••••••••••••••••• 20 THIS B6Cl:l'MEN'f CON~AINS 60913\VOIUl MAT~Rll:L 81'*8BIPil!B BY ff!Hif85Sll lt5 ! BS9m':SSIF¥ 9H1 9rigiRa,iR@ 1 TOP SECRET lsa•2;s e PatowiG 0 tion Req·dred Declassified and Approved for Release by NSA on 10-16-2012 pursuant to E 0. 13526, MOR Case # -
Was Stalin Necessary for Russia's Economic Development?
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES WAS STALIN NECESSARY FOR RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT? Anton Cheremukhin Mikhail Golosov Sergei Guriev Aleh Tsyvinski Working Paper 19425 http://www.nber.org/papers/w19425 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 September 2013 The authors thank Mark Aguiar, Bob Allen, Paco Buera, V.V. Chari, Hal Cole, Andrei Markevich, Joel Mokyr, Lee Ohanian, Richard Rogerson for useful comments. We also thank participants at the EIEF, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Harvard, NBER EFJK Growth, Development Economics, and Income Distribution and Macroeconomics, New Economic School, Northwestern, Ohio State, Princeton. Financial support from NSF is gratefully acknowledged. Golosov and Tsyvinski also thank Einaudi Institute of Economics and Finance for hospitality. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of their colleagues, the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, the Federal Reserve System, or the National Bureau of Economic Research. At least one co-author has disclosed a financial relationship of potential relevance for this research. Further information is available online at http://www.nber.org/papers/w19425.ack NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2013 by Anton Cheremukhin, Mikhail Golosov, Sergei Guriev, and Aleh Tsyvinski. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. -
The Economics of Forced Labor: the Soviet Gulag: List of Acronyms
Hoover Press : Gregory/Gulag DP0 HGRESGACRO rev1 page 199 List of Acronyms AOPDFRK Archive of Socio-Political Movements and Formations of the Republic of Karelia BAM Baikal-Amur Mainline BAMLag Baikal-Amur Camp BBK White Sea–Baltic Combine BBLag White Sea–Baltic Camp CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union Dalstroi Far North Construction Trust GAMO State Archive of the Magadan Region GARF State Archive of Russian Federation Glavk (pl. glavki) Main Economic Administration Glavpromstroi Main Administration of Industrial Construction Gosbank State Bank Gosplan State Planning Commission GUGidroStroi Main Administration of Hydraulic Construction Gulag Main Administration of Camps GULGMP Main Administration of Camps in Mining and Metallurgy Industry Hoover Press : Gregory/Gulag DP0 HGRESGACRO rev1 page 200 200 List of Acronyms GULLP Administration of Camps in Forestry and Wood Processing GULPS Main Administration of Camps for Industrial Construction GULSchosDor Main Administration of Camps for Highway Construction GULZhDS Chief Camp Administration of Railway Construction GUShDS Main Administration of Railroad Construction GUShosDor Main Administration of Roadway Construction ITL Corrective Labor Camp KVO Cultural-Educative Department MGB Ministry of State Security MVD Ministry of Internal Affairs Narkomtrud People’s Commissariat (Ministry) of Labor Narkomvnudel See NKVD NEP New Economic Policy NKVD People’s Commissariat (Ministry) of Internal Affairs Norillag Norilsk Labor Camp Norilstroi Norilsk Construction Administration Politburo Supreme -
Bulgakov and Solzhenitsyn— Two Soviet Writers in the Shadows of Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky
The exclusive license for this PDF is limited to personal website use only. No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted commercially in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. Chapter 13 AN INTERVIEW WITH DIANA SHEETS: BULGAKOV AND SOLZHENITSYN— TWO SOVIET WRITERS IN THE SHADOWS OF TOLSTOY AND DOSTOYEVSKY Keywords: Bulgakov, doubling, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Solzhenitsyn, The Days of the Turbins, The First Circle, The Gulag Archipelago, The Master & Margarita, The White Guard MFS: While it would take a book of about 1,000 pages to compare and contrast Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, we are going to examine briefly two extraordinary 20th century Russian writers—Mikhail Bulgakov (1891-1940) and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918-2008)—both of whom wrote pioneering literature and resisted Soviet tyranny. But before discussing their work in detail, let’s begin with the literary concept of doubling. How does it apply to these two writers? DS: Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, two Russian literary giants, are celebrated for having published some of the world’s greatest fiction. Nevertheless, we would be amiss not to extol the tremendous accomplishments of Bulgakov and Solzhenitsyn who managed to create pioneering literature, despite the nearly overwhelming oppression of Soviet totalitarianism. -
M..Gruntm An, Blazing the Trail. the Early History of Spacecraft and Rocketry , AIAA, Reston, Va., 2004 P
Early History of Spacecraft and Rocketry Fig. 13.6. Tomb of a Soviet rocket pio- neer Fridrikh A. Tsander in Kislovodsk, Russia. An artistic model of the GIRD-X rocket is at the top right corner of the stone. , Tsander was fascinated with interplanetary flight since his childhood years in his na- tive Riga (present Latvia). He graduated as engineer and went to work to Moscow and eventually became the head of the Moscow GIRD group. Tsander remained devoted to spaceflight through all his life. Even the names of his children were in- fluenced by his passion: daughter Astra and son Merkuri. When on vacations at a resort at the North Caucasus, Tsander con- tracted typhus and died in 1933. The in- scription on his tomb reads: “Pioneer of the Soviet Rocketry; Enthusiast of Inter- planetary Flight; Fridrikh Arturovich Tsan- der; 1887-1933.” Photo courtesy of Vik- tor Soloviev, Moscow, Russia. (Katyusha, the nickname of the Soviet solid-propellant missile M-13, literally stood for an affectionate diminutive of the Russian girl's given name equivalent to Katherine.) The M-13 projectiles, or Katyusha's, were 5.1 in. (132 mm) in diameter and 6 ft (1.8 m) long. The projectile mass was 92.5 lb (42 kg), including a 48.2-lb Katyusha (21.9-kg) explosive warhead. The rocket range reached 3 miles (4.8 3 km). Katyusha missiles proved to be 27 highly reliable and were used for many years after the war had ended. The missile also became a favorite heavy weapon of assorted Soviet- sponsored guerillas during the Cold War. -
Economic and Political Reform in China and the Former Soviet Union
UC Irvine CSD Working Papers Title Economic and Political Reform in China and the Former Soviet Union Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8mf8f3kt Author Bernstein, Thomas Publication Date 2009-09-25 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California CSD Center for the Study of Democracy An Organized Research Unit University of California, Irvine www.democ.uci.edu The contrast between the two cases is well known: China’s economic reforms were stunningly successful whereas those of Gorbachev failed. Moreover, his political reforms set in motion forces that he could not control, eventually bringing about the unintended end to communist rule and the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Why this difference? Numerous variables are at issue. This paper focuses on the policies, strategies, and values of reformers and on opportunities to carry out economic reforms, which favored China but not the SU. A common explanation for the difference is that the leaders in both countries decoupled economic from political reform. China, it is said, implemented wide ranging economic reforms but not political reforms. In contrast, Gorbachev pursued increasingly radical political reforms, which ultimately destroyed the Soviet political system. 1 Actually, both pursued economic reforms and both pursued political reforms. However, there is a vital distinction between two types of political reform, namely those undertaken within a framework of continued authoritarian rule and those that allow political liberalization (PL). This distinction defines the two cases. PL entails the dilution of the rulers’ power in that independent social and political forces are permitted or are able to organize, and media are freed up to advocate views that can challenge the foundations of the existing system. -
New Economic Policy of India
New economic policy of India VAM group Economic policy: Economic policy refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field. It covers the systems for setting levels of taxation, government budgets, the money supply and interest rates as well as the labor market, national ownership, and many other areas of government interventions into the economy. Pre-1991 economic scenario in India: ● Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience (which was seen by Indian leaders as exploitative in nature) and by those leaders' exposure to Fabian socialism. ● Nehru, and other leaders of the independent India, sought an alternative to the extreme variations of capitalism and socialism. ● In this system, India would be a socialist society with a strong public sector but also with private property and democracy. ● As part of it, India adopted a centralised planning approach. ● Policy tended towards protectionism, with a strong emphasis on import substitution, industrialisation under state monitoring, state intervention at the micro level in all businesses especially in labour and financial markets, a large public sector, business regulation. Drawbacks of Pre-1991 economic policy: 1.Licence raj: The “Licence Raj” or “Permit Raj” was the elaborate system of licences, regulations and accompanying red tape that were required to set up and run businesses in India between 1947 and 1990. 2.Import substitution: Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. ISI is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products and was intended to promote self reliance. -
Perestroika and the Collapse of the Soviet Union Laura Cummings the Late 1980S Were a Period of Change, Reform and Eventually Demise Within the Soviet Union
History Gorbachev’s Perestroika and the Collapse of the Soviet Union Laura Cummings The late 1980s were a period of change, reform and eventually demise within the Soviet Union. These political and economic reforms were spearheaded by Mikhail Gorbachev, who became General Secretary in 1985 and used his position to enact a series of humanitarian, democratic reforms aimed at improving the communist system from within. Under previous leaders, the Soviet economy stalled, party ide- ology drifted away from its Marxist roots and the government continued to wield an oppressive hand over the people. In an attempt to !x the "agging economy and re-energize party doctrine, Gorbachev introduced the philosophy of perestroika, meaning restructuring. Perestroika allowed for more freedoms in the market, in- cluding some market economy mechanisms. However, perestroika did not only deal with the economy; it dealt with politics as well. The political reorganization called for a multi-candidate system and allowed opposition groups to speak out against communism. Although the motivations and intentions of perestroika are debated in the historiography of the period, its importance to the Cold War is clear- ly evident. To some degree, perestroika contributed to the fall of communism and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Although Gorbachev was trying to save the system, his reforms contributed to its end. The fall of the Soviet Union, although it was not entirely surprising, rocked the world in 1991. A number of factors both behind the iron curtain and abroad contributed, in some way, to the collapse of the communist regime, including American rearmament, growing rebellious sentiments within the Soviet bloc and Gorbachev’s reform policies, speci!cally perestroika. -
Glasnot and Perestroika: an Evaluation of the Gorbachev Revolution and Its Opportunities for the West
Denver Journal of International Law & Policy Volume 16 Number 2 Winter/Spring Article 3 May 2020 Glasnot and Perestroika: An Evaluation of the Gorbachev Revolution and Its Opportunities for the West Harold E. Rogers Jr. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/djilp Recommended Citation Harold E. Rogers, Glasnot and Perestroika: An Evaluation of the Gorbachev Revolution and Its Opportunities for the West, 16 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 209 (1988). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Denver Sturm College of Law at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Denver Journal of International Law & Policy by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],dig- [email protected]. ARTICLES Glasnost and Perestroika: An Evaluation of the Gorbachev Revolution and Its Opportunities for the West HAROLD E. ROGERS, JR.* I. INTRODUCTION The Russian Bear is stirring from a long winter's nap, and to the surprise of the western world, is showing a new, friendly smile. The rea- son for the changed appearance, according to its new masters, is the effect of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) now sweeping Rus- sia. These changes are so broad and fundamental that they stir world speculation and hope that the cold war may be ending." The principal author of these changes is Mikhail Gorbachev who, in March, 1985, became General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party.' Since his appointment as Party General Secretary, Gorbachev has star- tled the world with a dazzling succession of new plans and proposals aimed at slowing the arms races, democratizing Soviet society," reforming * Harold E. -
Glasnost| the Pandora's Box of Gorbachev's Reforms
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1999 Glasnost| The Pandora's box of Gorbachev's reforms Judy Marie Sylvest The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Sylvest, Judy Marie, "Glasnost| The Pandora's box of Gorbachev's reforms" (1999). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 2458. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/2458 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY Tlie University of IVTONXANA Permission is granted by the autlior to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. ** Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature ** Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission Author's Signature ri a nh^ YYla LjJl£rt' Date .esmlyPYJ ?> ^ / ? ? Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. GLASNOST: THE PANDORA'S BOX OF GORBACHEV'S REFORMS by Judy Marie Sylvest B.A. The University of Montana, 1996 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The University of Montana 1999 Approved by: //' Chairperson Dean, Graduate School Date UMI Number: EP34448 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. -
1 Course Description and Objectives Course Requirements
PS 122: SOVIET, RUSSIAN, AND POST-SOVIET POLITICS Spring term 2013 T&Th 12 noon - 1:15 (Block F+) BRAK 225 Professor Oxana Shevel Office: Packard 308 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 627-2658 https://wikis.uit.tufts.edu/confluence/display/~osheve01 Office hours: Wed 2-4 pm, and by appointment Course website accessible through https://trunk.tufts.edu Course description and objectives In this course, you will be studying one of the most important countries of the 20th century, the Soviet Union, and the states – the Russian Federation (Russia) and 14 others – that were formed from its collapse. Approximately one third of the course will be devoted to an overview of political, economic, and social structures that defined Soviet communism. This historical overview will cover the time period from the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution through Gorbachev, “perestroika,” and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. In the remaining two-thirds of the course we will explore the unprecedented “triple transition” in national identities, political institutions and economic systems that followed the collapse of Soviet communism, and will examine and critically evaluate theoretical attempts to explain the different developmental trajectories upon which the 15 successor states of the Soviet Union have embarked. While Russia will receive the most extensive consideration, we will cover the other successor states as well. As we examine and compare developments in the region after 1991, we will consider topics such as state collapse and state formation, regime types, political and institutional changes, the politics of economic reform, the challenges of nationalism within the multinational state, causes and consequences of recent electoral revolutions, and others. -
Nikolay Vladimirovich Timofeeff-Ressovsky (1900-1981
Copyright 2001 by the Genetics Society of America Perspectives Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics Edited by James F. Crow and William F. Dove Nikolay Vladimirovich Timofeeff-Ressovsky (1900±1981): Twin of the Century of Genetics Vadim A. Ratner Institute of Cytology & Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Don't treat science with savage seriousness. N. V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky ikolay Vladimirovich Timofeeff-Ressovsky born Moscow University, participated in various intellectual N September 7, 1900, would now be 100 years old. circles, sang as a ®rst bass in the Moscow military chorus, He was of the same age as the ªCentury of Genetics.º was a load-carrying worker, and ®nished Moscow Univer- This is especially notable now, at the border between sity in 1922. Later he talked about this grim period two millennia, ªa time to cast away stones, and a time (Timofeeff-Ressovsky 2000, p. 106): ªI think, never- to gather stones together.º It is remarkable that the theless, that all in all the life was merry±very few hungry, personality and fate of Nikolay V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, very few frozen. Rather, people were young, healthy, N.V., re¯ect the most crucial, tragic, and dramatic events and vigorous.º of the century. In 1922 N.V. began his work as a scientist at the Insti- N. V.'s roots were in the nineteenth century, in Rus- tute of Experimental Biology with Professor N. K. Kolt- sian history and classics. His genealogy is living Russian sov. Nikolay Konstantinovich Koltsov was an outstanding history: It contains the Cossaks of the legendary Cossak ®gure in Russian biological science.