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Project 107 – Sexual Offences: Pornography and Children

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Project 107 – Sexual Offences: Pornography and Children PROJECT 107 SEXUAL OFFENCES: PORNOGRAPHY AND CHILDREN DISCUSSION PAPER 149 DATE: April 2019 CLOSING DATE FOR COMMENT: 30 July 2019 ISBN: 978-0-621-47287-5 © Copyright South African Law Reform Commission First Published April 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY ..............................................................................XII ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..................................... XV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................ XVII DRAFT AMENDMENT BILL .................................................. XXIV LIST OF SOURCES ............................................................ XXXVIII CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE INVESTIGATION ............. 1 A INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1 B A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 7 C BACKGROUND AND SCOPE ................................................................................................................... 9 D METHODOLOGY AND PURPOSE OF THE DISCUSSION PAPER ................................................................. 11 E PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE INVESTIGATION .................................................................................... 11 F LEGISLATIVE DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA ................................................................................. 12 1 DTPS Integrated ICT Policy White Paper ............................................................................ 13 2 Department of Communications and the Film and Publication Board: Legislative review of the Films and Publications Act .......................................................... 15 a. Draft Online Regulation Policy .............................................................................................. 15 b. Films and Publications Amendment Bill 2015 ................................................................... 15 c. Other developments ................................................................................................................. 16 3 Department of Justice and Constitutional Development: .............................................. 17 a. The Cybercrimes Bill ................................................................................................................ 17 b. Judicial Matters Amendment Act 8, of 2017 ...................................................................... 18 G OUTLINE OF THE DISCUSSION PAPER ................................................................................................. 19 CHAPTER 2: ACCESS TO OR EXPOSURE OF A CHILD TO PORNOGRAPHY ...................................................................... 21 A. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 21 B. OVERVIEW OF THE ISSUE PAPER ........................................................................................................ 22 1 General position ........................................................................................................................ 22 2 The current law .......................................................................................................................... 23 C. SUBMISSIONS .................................................................................................................................... 27 1 What is considered to be pornography? ............................................................................ 27 2 Is exposure of children to pornography a problem in South Africa? ......................... 30 a. The internet ................................................................................................................................. 30 b. Advertising and publications ................................................................................................. 32 c. Broadcasters .............................................................................................................................. 33 d. Exposure by parents, other adults and peers ................................................................... 34 ii 3 What are children being exposed to? .................................................................................. 36 4 Is the exposure of children to pornography inadvertent or do children deliberately view it? ....................................................................................................................... 37 a. The internet ................................................................................................................................. 38 b. Advertising and publication ................................................................................................... 39 c. Broadcasters and parental supervision .............................................................................. 40 5 What are the effects of exposing children to pornography? ........................................ 40 a. Psychological and behavioural functioning ...................................................................... 40 b. Addiction ..................................................................................................................................... 43 c. More vulnerable to abuse ....................................................................................................... 44 d. Long term problems with relational and sexual functioning ........................................ 44 6 Does the law adequately address concerns around children‘s exposure to pornography? ................................................................................................................................. 45 7 What is the appropriate legal response to children at risk of exposure to pornography? ................................................................................................................................. 47 a. The internet ................................................................................................................................. 47 b. Advertising and publications ................................................................................................. 48 c. Broadcasters .............................................................................................................................. 49 d. Parents, care-givers and other parties ................................................................................ 49 e. Criminal law response ............................................................................................................. 50 f. Education and awareness raising ........................................................................................ 52 8 Is it, or should it be, an offence to expose children to any material of a sexual nature, even if that material does not fall within the definition of ‗pornography‘ in the Sexual Offences Act but is ‗contemplated in the Films and Publications Act, 1996‘? ................................................................................................................................................ 53 9 Exposure through broadcasting: are broadcasters allowed (or should they be allowed) to screen films which cinemas may not exhibit and which distributors may not sell or hire out? .............................................................................................................. 54 10 If the purpose of prohibiting the distribution or exhibition of films in the categories of ―Refused Classification‖, ―XX‖ or ―X18‖, whether classified or not, is to protect children, why should broadcasters be allowed to screen such films? This question is asked because it is known that children watch more films on TV than in cinemas .............................................................................................................................. 55 11 To what extent is the FPA applicable to regulatory authorities of broadcasters and publishers? .............................................................................................................................. 57 12 Do broadcasters and publishers who are exempt from the regulatory authority of the FPA meet the objectives of the FPA as required? .................................................... 60 a. Broadcasters and television .................................................................................................. 60 iii b. Internet and online regulation ............................................................................................... 61 c. Publishers and books .............................................................................................................. 61 13 Should broadcasters and publishers be obliged through legislation to provide consumer advice to enable adults to make informed viewing, reading and gaming choices, both for themselves and for children in their care so as to protect children from exposure to disturbing and harmful materials and from premature exposure to adult experiences? ................................................................................................. 62 14 Do service providers provide adequate protection to children who use child- oriented services? ........................................................................................................................
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