Ancient

Mrs. Sullivan’s Core Rome Geography

• Roman cooking was different than now • One dish described by an ancient writer was dormice cooked in honey and poppy seeds • Romans had no potatoes or tomatoes • Pasta had not yet been invented during that time • Citizens in Rome had vast quantities of ornate and elaborate dishes • The poor had access to kitchen but bought not food from many bars or Theropolia Rome Geography

• Diets were centered on bread, beans, lentils, and not that much meat • Only large meals were for dinner • Disguising food was done by putting sauces, herbs, or spices on the dish • The look of food was as important as the taste Rome Geography

• They grew many different kinds of wheat to make bread • There was hard labor in the fields by farmers • They had a lot of wheat for the nutrients • They had good fertile soil • They got flour by crushing two rocks together and the flour was collected at the bottom Rome Geography

• Water supply advanced in many Roman cities • The great aqueducts supplied many water outlets including public fountains in the streets • Bath houses had their own supply or water, as did public toilets • Larger private houses often had water from a main and also collected rain water from the roof • Elaborate systems of lead pipes fed the water to these places under gravity and after use a system of underground sewers carried the waste away Rome Geography

• There were a lot of dogs one dog was the guard dog • The Romans had dog collars • Bears were for entertainment for kings, sometimes they would obtained includes Polar Bears, Indian tigers, and rhinoceroses • Animals were used to carry food and more they pulled baskets called panniers • Elephants were used for war Rome Geography

• Had Boar, Oxen, and Lamb • Shepherd boys had a bag for young sheep • Liked thrill of chasing wild Boar Rome Geography

• In January it was 45 degrees Fahrenheit or 7 degrees Celsius • In July it was 78 degrees Fahrenheit or 26 degrees Celsius • They had rain, snow, and moisture in the air during winter • Also had a warm Mediterranean climate in summer Roman Jobs

• – Roman soldiers were paid – The army worked and traveled in Legions the were about half the army – Auxiliary soldiers were soldiers from conquered lands Roman Jobs

• Making Leather – Skins had to be treated so they wouldn’t rot – Process was called tanning – Soaked the skin in a solution of alum and salt

• Mining – One man would use a hand-crank to lower another man into the mine – A wheel has bucket shaped paddles that filter water and sand to find gold. Roman Jobs

• Metal work – Romans used a number of different methods for extracting metals from ore – A model of a object was made into wax the model was then coated with clay was hated till the wax inside was melted – A mold of molten bronze was pored into the clay when the bronze was solid they broke the clay seal and removed the bronze Roman Jobs

• Engineering – Romans had good pluming. For example they had public toilets and fountains – There sewer systems had a lot of valves – Romans used chisels to carve metal and wood Jobs in Rome

• Glassblowing – Blew in to tube to make bubble of molten glass – Rolled over another tube to make neck – Other tub inserted on other end first tub twisted off – Base of glass shaped and top hollowed out while still hot Jobs in Rome

• Wine makers – Ripe grapes taken in put vats – Crushed using feet – Juice then strained in large jars – Left for ninety days Jobs in Rome

• Medicine – No medical school but as a child apprentice watched doctors performing operations – Roman doctors tackled delicate and dangerous operations like removal of the cataracts or a hole in the head – Later they stared making artificial legs and arms Roman Government

• Rome was ruled by monarchs • Later the idea of kings became unacceptable • Rome was formed into a republic • The consuls were appointed for one year to lead the citizens • In war, a military dictator was elected • He saved up his power when he was in trouble Roman Government

• Early in the , legions were organized by age – Triarii: elderly men – Principles: 30 to 40 years old – Early Roman property Hastas: 18 to25 years old • owners all had to participate in fighting • Had to bring their own weapons • Later rulers established that the army was paid and that weapons were supplied • Participation wasn’t required anymore Roman Government

• Warships – Rome had very feared war ships – Some of their ships had catapults and had movable bridges to invade other vessels – Powered by many rowers Roman Government

• Warships – Rome had very feared war ships – Some of their ships had catapults and had movable bridges to invade other vessels – Powered by many rowers Roman Government

• Structures – Romans most efficient and practical builders – Different structures: roads, aqueducts, temples, bridges, sewers, and amphitheaters – These structures stand thousands of years Roman Government

• Structures – Rome built many aqueducts to support its large city with no water – The harbor at had a circular shape and the outside wall was seven feet thick – The coliseum of was used for gladiators fights and could hold 5000 people Roman Government

• Rome was founded by 753 B.C.E • Archaeologists found evidence that Rome could have been a city before • Early rulers like tribe chiefs • Historians found records that say there were 7 kings in Rome Roman Government

• First 3 kings were legendary • All the information on those kings are gone •3rd king, was warlike •4th king, Ancus Mariuse built the first bridge across Tiber river • Roman Government

• Government – Also founded seaport city Ostia at mouth river – Next three kings Estruscans – First Estruscan king Lucius Tarquinius Rome Family and Society Clothes • The clothes that the Romans wore varied • The average working people wore tunics that went to their knees and holes at the top to put their head and arms out of. • The wealthier had much larger and comfortable tunics with a a toga (a thick cloak) Rome Family and Society Social Structure • Poor Romans couldn’t always support a child but emperor sometimes gave the family money to support their child. Rome Family and Society Slaves • The women of the household would have to be in charge of the slaves that worked without pay. • The slaves also had to stay in the mood of their owners or else they would be beaten. • Some slaves had been bought from pirates. • When slaves got expensive Romans captured slaves by waylaying passing travelers. • Troublesome slaves wore chains. • Old slaves did odd jobs and were looked after for the rest of their life. Rome Family and Society Homes • Poor families lived in apartments made out of wood . • Their apartments caught fire a lot. • Rich families lived in elegant Mansions called Domi. Rome Family and Society Traditions • Rich people went to public bath houses and slaves cleaned them. • They had no soap so covered themselves in oil and scrap it off. • They had and exercise yard. • They left clothes in the cloakroom but some people sometimes stole them. Rome Family and Society Family Structure • The head of the family was the dad. • He could kill his wife or children. Then it stopped. • The women were respected for the household and raising children. • Girls got home schooled and boys went to real schools. Rome Family and Society Festivals • February 13th-21st they had ceremonies for their dead parents. • April 4th-10th they held games to honor the Great Mother. • April 12th-19th they held games to honor of corn. •July 6th-13th festivals connected with religious ceremonies to god . • September 5th-19th festivals, games and feasts for . On the 13th a banquet for the senators and magistrates. Roman Culture Religion • Romans worshipped their gods • Jupiter was the god of the Roman state • Jupiter was the sky god who symbols the eagle and the thunderbolt • Romans also worshipped gods of people that they conquered • Each god had its’ own shrine • When emperors died, many were worshipped as gods • If there was no reason for something, they conclude that is was an from the gods. • For many years Christians had to worship in secret Roman Culture Buildings • The Romans created buildings with arches to make them stronger and larger. • The Romans invented concrete • Entertainment buildings were very important. Roman Culture The Coliseum

• The Coliseum was opened by Emperor Titus in A.D. 80. • It held about 50,000 people. • The Coliseum was designed to have easy access and so that the Romans wouldn’t get lost. • Vaults, corridors, and stairways led to seats. • Arched vaults were on the ground floor. • 80 entrances for crowds, marked with numbers to help guests find their seats. • There was a massive iron chandelier suspended above the arena to allow Romans to watch killing and bloodshed for amusement. • During intermission, Romans would be sprinkled with perfume to mask the scent of blood. Roman Culture Music and Art

• The Romans created flutes, cymbals, spiral horns, pan pipes and tubas • Romans played for festivals, entertainment, theatrical shows, and processions. • were the most popular form of art in Rome • Often marble statues were painted • Murals were painted on houses • were made from stone, cotta, glass, and placed on floors • Many of our words and letters today come from the language of the Roman empire. Roman Culture Baths • Baths in Rome were not desirable to live near • There was a building which contained boiling water in tubs • Rich and poor people went to baths • The Romans went to the have baths during their social hour to get massages, play games, and make work and business deals • Many workers were needed for cleaning the baths, keep fires going to warm the baths, giving out snacks and drinks, and plucking hair from the armpits of the customers. Roman Culture Games

• Some types of Roman games were chariot races, gladiatorial combats, slaughter of wild animals, and circuses • They would also borrow festivals, religion, and pastimes from the Greeks mostly • The Romans used to have the Greek language • Upper class Romans usually rejected Greek- style games as unmanly.