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AMERICAN BIOGRAPHIES American Inventors, Entrepreneurs, and Business Visionaries CHARLES W. CAREY, JR. h To my mother, Jean Carey, and to the memory of my father, Charles W. Carey h American Inventors, Entrepreneurs, and Business Visionaries Copyright © 2002 by Charles W. Carey, Jr. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any in- formation storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Carey, Charles W. American inventors, entrepreneurs, and business visionaries / Charles W. Carey, Jr. p. cm. — (American biographies) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-8160-4559-3 1. Inventors—United States—Biography. 2. Businesspeople—United States— Biography. 3. United States—Biography. I. Title. II. Series. CT214 .C29 2002 338.092'273—dc21 2001053252 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Joan M. Toro Cover design by Cathy Rincon Printed in the United States of America VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Note on Photos iv List of Entries v Author’s Note ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii A to Z Entries 1 Bibliography and Recommended Sources 386 Entries by Invention/Business Type 388 Entries by Year of Birth 392 General Index 395 NOTE ON PHOTOS Many of the illustrations and photographs used in this book are old, histori- cal images. The quality of the prints is not always up to modern standards, and in some cases the originals are from glass negatives or are damaged. The content of the illustrations, however, made their inclusion important despite problems in reproduction. LIST OF ENTRIES Acheson, Edward Goodrich Busch, Adolphus De Forest, Lee Amos, Wally Candler, Asa Griggs Disney, Walt Anderson, Joseph Reid Capone, Al Donovan, Marion O’Brien Anderson, Mary Carey, James Sheil Dorrance, John Thompson Arden, Elizabeth Carlson, Chester Floyd Drake, Samuel Armstrong, Edwin Howard Carnegie, Andrew Drew, Richard Gurley Ash, Mary Kay Carnegie, Dale Duke, James Buchanan Astor, John Jacob Carothers, Wallace Hume du Pont de Nemours, Éleuthère Baekeland, Leo Hendrik Carrier, Willis Haviland Irénée Bañuelos, Romana Acosta Cartwright, Alexander Joy, Jr. Durant, William Crapo Barnum, P. T. Carver, George Washington Duryea, Charles Edgar, and Beach, Alfred Ely Case, J. I. James Frank Duryea Bell, Alexander Graham Case, Steve Eastman, George Bendix, Vincent Hugo Chouteau, René Auguste Edgerton, Harold Eugene Berliner, Emile Claiborne, Liz Edison, Thomas Alva Birdseye, Clarence Cohen, Ben, and Jerry Elion, Gertrude Belle Bissell, George Henry, and Greenfield Ellison, William Edwin Laurentide Drake Colgate, William Evans, Oliver Blackton, James Stuart Colt, Samuel Everleigh, Ada, and Minna Blake, Lyman Reed Cone, Moses Herman, and Everleigh Blanchard, Thomas Ceasar Cone Farnsworth, Philo Taylor Blodgett, Katharine Burr Coolidge, William David Field, Cyrus West Bloomingdale, Alfred Schiffer Cooper, Kent Field, Marshall Bluhdorn, Charles G. Cooper, Peter Fitch, John Bogardus, James Cornell, Ezra Flagler, Henry Morrison Bok, Edward William Coston, Martha Hunt Flanigen, Edith Marie Borden, Gail Cottrell, Frederick Gardner Fleischmann, Charles Louis Brown, John Curtiss, Glenn Hammond Flora, William Brown, Marie Dutton Daché, Lilly Forbes, Malcolm Stevenson Brown, Rachel Fuller, and Daly, Marcus Ford, Henry Elizabeth Lee Hazen Davenport, Thomas Forten, James Brush, Charles Francis Davis, Benjamin Jefferson Franklin, Benjamin Buick, David Dunbar Day, Benjamin Henry Frasch, Herman Burroughs, William Seward Deere, John Fuller, Alfred Carl v vi American Inventors, Entrepreneurs, and Business Visionaries Fuller, R. Buckminster Huizenga, Harry Wayne Mergenthaler, Ottmar Gabe, Frances Hunt, H. L. Milken, Michael Robert Gates, Bill Hunt, John Wesley Monaghan, Tom Gates, John Warne Hyatt, John Wesley Morgan, Garrett Augustus Gayley, James Icahn, Carl Celian Morgan, J. P. Genovese, Vito Insull, Samuel Morris, Robert Gernsback, Hugo Jacuzzi, Candido Morse, Samuel F. B. Getty, J. Paul Jobs, Steven Paul, and Stephen Muller, Gertrude Agnes Gillette, King Camp Gary Wozniak Munsey, Frank Andrew Glidden, Joseph Farwell Jones, Amanda Theodosia Naismith, James A. Godfrey, Thomas Joyner, Marjorie Stewart Noble, Edward John Goldman, Sylvan Nathan Julian, Percy Lavon Norton, Charles Hotchkiss Goldmark, Peter Carl Kaiser, Henry John Noyce, Robert Norton Goodyear, Charles Keith, B. F., and E. F. Albee Oakes, Ziba B. Gordy, Berry, Jr. Keith, Minor Cooper Ochoa, Esteban Gorrie, John Kellogg, John Harvey, and W. K. Olds, Ransom Eli Gould, Jay Kellogg Otis, Elisha Graves Graham, Bette Nesmith Kelly, William Parker, Colonel Tom Grandin, Temple Kennedy, Joseph Patrick Perkins, Thomas Handasyd Gray, Elisha Kettering, Charles Franklin Perot, Ross Green, Hetty King, Don Pinckney, Elizabeth Lucas Gregg, John Robert King, Richard Pinkerton, Allan Griffin, Merv Kluge, John Werner Pinkham, Lydia Estes Hall, Charles Martin Knight, Margaret Pittman, Robert Warren Hammer, Armand Knight, Sarah Kemble Polese, Kim Handler, Ruth Kraft, James Lewis Post, C. W. Harriman, E. H. Kroc, Ray Pritzker, Abram Nicholas Hearst, William Randolph Kwolek, Stephanie Louise Pulitzer, Joseph Hefner, Hugh Marston, and Land, Edwin Herbert Pullman, George Mortimer Christie Ann Hefner Latimer, Lewis Howard Pupin, Michael Idvorsky Helmsley, Harry, and Leona Lear, William Powell Rock, Arthur Helmsley Leslie, Miriam Rockefeller, John Davison Henry, Vickie Lea Levitt, Abraham Rosenthal, Ida Henson, Jim Little, Arthur Dehon Rudkin, Margaret Fogarty Hershey, Milton Snavely Little, Royal Sanders, Harland David Hewitt, Peter Cooper Lockheed, Malcolm, and Allan Sears, Richard Warren Hill, James Jerome Lockheed Sholes, Christopher Latham Hilton, Conrad Nicholson Luce, Henry Robinson Siebert, Muriel Hollerith, Herman Marriott, John Willard Singer, Isaac Merritt Hopper, Edna Wallace Marsh, Charles Wesley Sinofsky, Brian Hopper, Grace Masters, Sybilla Righton Slater, Samuel Houdry, Eugene Jules Matzeliger, Jan Ernst Smith, Willi House, Royal Earl Mauchly, John William, and John Sperry, Elmer Ambrose Howe, Elias Presper Eckert, Jr. Stanley, Francis Edgar, and Hughes, Howard Robard, Sr., McCormick, Cyrus Hall Freelan Oscar Stanley and Howard Robard McCoy, Elijah Stevens, Robert Livingston Hughes, Jr. McMahon, Vince Stewart, Martha List of Entries vii Strauss, Levi Van Andel, Jay, and Rich DeVos White, Eartha Mary Magdalene Strong, Harriett Vanderbilt, Cornelius Whitney, Eli Sutter, John Wachner, Linda Joy Wilson, Kemmons Swift, Gustavus Franklin Walker, Madame C. J. Winfrey, Oprah Tesla, Nikola Walker, Maggie Woods, Granville T. Thompson, J. Walter Waller, Frederic Woolworth, F. W. Thomson, Samuel Walton, Sam Wright, Wilbur, and Orville Thorp, John Wanamaker, John Wright Tilghman, Benjamin Chew, and Wang, An Wrigley, William, Jr. Richard Albert Tilghman Ward, Montgomery Yale, Linus, Jr. Trippe, Juan Terry Wells, Henry Yerkes, Charles Tyson Tupper, Earl Silas Westinghouse, George Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma Turner, Ted Weyerhaeuser, Frederick AUTHOR’S NOTE ny compilation of important people, no matter If this book has two messages, the second is A how many are included, is sure to leave out that you do not have to be famous to have been someone who somebody else thinks should have an important contributor to the growth of busi- been included. Trying to capture the history of ness activity in the United States. To this end I American invention and entrepreneurialism in less have included a number of lesser-known, one than 300 individual essays necessitates leaving out might say obscure, people who serve as represen- lots of people who probably should have been in- tatives of the vast body of small inventors and cluded. Therefore, let me explain my rationale for local businesspeople who have made their com- who was included in this book and who was not. munities better places to live. And if this book A few people are so famous that they would has three messages, the third is that inventors have been included in anyone’s book about Amer- and entrepreneurs are a colorful lot. To this end ican inventors, entrepreneurs, and business vision- I have included people who became involved in aries. These people include Thomas Edison, Henry invention and business in unusual ways, who suc- Ford, Bill Gates, Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, ceeded (or failed) because of unusual circum- Oprah Winfrey, John Jacob Astor, and a few oth- stances, or who simply had a good story to tell. It ers. Beyond these individuals, it becomes necessary is my opinion that success in business—indeed, to pick those people who allow the author to tell a any endeavor—is one part hard work and brains story about the nature of invention and en- and one part luck, and so I have included as trepreneurialism in America. To this end I wanted many people as I could who succeeded because to include people from all categories of American they were both good and lucky. life—men, women, blacks, whites, Hispanics, I hope your favorite
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