DOCSLIB.ORG

AUDACITY in ADVERSITY LGBT Activism in the Middle East and North Africa WATCH

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
AUDACITY in ADVERSITY LGBT Activism in the Middle East and North Africa WATCH HUMAN RIGHTS AUDACITY IN ADVERSITY LGBT Activism in the Middle East and North Africa WATCH Audacity in Adversity LGBT Activism in the Middle East and North Africa Copyright © 2018 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-35904 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org APRIL 2018 ISBN: 978-1-6231-35904 Audacity in Adversity LGBT Activism in the Middle East and North Africa Glossary .............................................................................................................................. i Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 4 I. Background ..................................................................................................................... 6 Legal Context ........................................................................................................................... 6 Criminalization of Same-Sex Conduct ................................................................................ 6 Prohibitions on Expression of Gender Identity.................................................................... 8 Prohibitions on Freedom of Expression and Association ................................................... 10 Absence of Rights-Based Legal Gender Recognition .......................................................... 11 Absence of Non-Discrimination Legislation ....................................................................... 13 Social, Political, and Religious Context ................................................................................... 13 Politicized Islam and the 2011 Uprisings ........................................................................... 13 Violence and Conflict ....................................................................................................... 16 Family and Community Pressure and the Risks of Being “Out” .......................................... 21 II. Effective Activism in Constrained Spaces ...................................................................... 24 Building Community .............................................................................................................. 29 Staying Safe ........................................................................................................................... 31 Digital Security ................................................................................................................. 34 Building Alliances ................................................................................................................... 36 Reaching the Movable Middle ................................................................................................ 40 The Arts and Cultural Production ..................................................................................... 40 Mainstream Media Outreach ............................................................................................ 44 Social Media Campaigning .............................................................................................. 46 Underground Outreach ..................................................................................................... 50 Direct Outreach to Potential Allies .................................................................................... 51 Ensuring Access to HIV Prevention and Treatment ................................................................... 53 Changing Abusive Practices, Policies and Laws ....................................................................... 55 Forced Anal Exams ........................................................................................................... 56 Making Use of the International System .................................................................................. 59 The Universal Periodic Review and UN Treaty Bodies ......................................................... 59 The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights .................................................. 62 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 63 Annex: Laws Prohibiting or Used to Punish Same-Sex Conduct and Gender Expression in the Middle East and North Africa ............................................................................................ 64 Algeria ................................................................................................................................... 64 Bahrain ................................................................................................................................. 64 Egypt ...................................................................................................................................... 65 Iraq ....................................................................................................................................... 66 Jordan .................................................................................................................................... 67 Kuwait .................................................................................................................................... 67 Lebanon ................................................................................................................................ 68 Libya ..................................................................................................................................... 69 Mauritania ............................................................................................................................. 69 Morocco ................................................................................................................................ 69 Oman ..................................................................................................................................... 70 Palestine ................................................................................................................................ 71 Qatar ...................................................................................................................................... 71 Saudi Arabia ........................................................................................................................... 72 Sudan .................................................................................................................................... 72 Syria ....................................................................................................................................... 73 Tunisia ................................................................................................................................... 73 United Arab Emirates .............................................................................................................. 74 Yemen .................................................................................................................................... 75 Glossary Bisexual A sexual orientation in which a person is sexually or romantically attracted to both women and men. Cisgender The gender identity of people whose sex assigned at birth conforms to their identified or lived gender. Gay Synonym in many parts of the world for homosexual; often used to refer to the sexual orientation of a male whose primary sexual and romantic attraction is towards other males. Gender Social and cultural codes used to distinguish what a society considers “feminine” and “masculine” conduct and/or characteristics. Gender A person’s internal, deeply felt sense of being female or male, neither, identity or both. A person’s gender identity does not necessarily correspond to their sex assigned at birth. Gender A descriptor for people who do not conform to stereotypical non- appearances, behaviors, or traits associated with their sex assigned at conforming birth. Heterosexual Sexual orientation of a person whose primary sexual and romantic attractions are toward people of a different sex. Homophobia Fear of, contempt of, or discrimination against homosexuals or homosexuality, usually based on negative stereotypes of homosexuality. Homosexual Sexual orientation of a person whose primary sexual and romantic attractions are toward people of the same sex. Intersex An umbrella term that refers to a range of traits and conditions that cause individuals to be born with chromosomes, gonads, and/or genitals that vary from what is considered typical for female or male bodies. “Intersex” originated as a medical term
Load more

Recommended publications
  • This Alien Legacy RIGHTS the Origins of “Sodomy” Laws in British Colonialism WATCH
    HUMAN This Alien Legacy RIGHTS The Origins of “Sodomy” Laws in British Colonialism WATCH This Alien Legacy The Origins of “Sodomy” Laws in British Colonialism Copyright © 2008 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-419-2 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org December 2008 1-56432-419-2 This Alien Legacy The Origins of “Sodomy” Laws in British Colonialism I. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 Three Trials ......................................................................................................... 1 Colonial Laws and Contemporary Defenders ........................................................ 4 II. “Sodomy,” Colonialism, and Codification ........................................................... 13 III. Colonial Power on the Street and over the Body ..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Situation of LGBT Persons Version 2.0
    COUNTRY REPORT SEPTEMBER 2019 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) Morocco Situation of LGBT persons version 2.0 © 2019 The Danish Immigration Service The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 2100 Copenhagen Denmark Phone: +45 35 36 66 00 newtodenmark.dk September 2019 All rights reserved to the Danish Immigration Service. The publication can be downloaded for free at newtodenmark.dk The Danish Immigration Service’s publications can be quoted with clear source reference. Front page photo: https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/63789/vers‐vague‐ migrants‐lgbt‐marocains.html MOROCCO - SITUATION OF LGBT PERSONS 2.0 List of Content Disclaimer ...........................................................................................................................................3 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive summary ............................................................................................................................. 5 Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Background: changes over time in norms and values ....................................................................... 8 2. Situation of LGBT persons in Morocco ............................................................................................. 9 2.1 The legislative framework relating to sexuality ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of the Yogyakarta Principles Working Group Meeting
    Yogyakarta Principles Working Group Meeting Summary The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law Global Arc of Justice Conference Los Angeles, California March 11-12, 2009 In March 2009, 33 experts and advocates from around the globe meet for two days to discuss the implementation of the Yogyakarta Principles, a set of principles on the application of international human rights law to sexual orientation and gender identity. The working group meeting was part of the Williams Institute’s four day international Global Arc of Justice conference and funded by an anonymous donor. The meeting was convened by Brad Sears, Julie Dorf, David Cruz, Andrew Park, and Boris Dittrich. The participants came from over twenty countries representing Africa, Asia, South Asia, the Caribbean, Eastern Europe, Latin America, North America, and Western Europe. (See Appendix 1). The working group session focused on addressing the following topics: The history and background of the Yogyakarta Principles Recent examples of their use to illustrate how they can be implemented Critiques of the Principles and recommendations for revising them, and Recommendations for implementing the Principles for academics, lawyers, NGOS, and advocates. The work of the working group included the following: A core group of organizers planned the meeting and invited the participants; Background research on the Principles was gathered, organized, and sent to participants (See Appendix 2); A number of the participants were contacted in advance o to help frame the agenda, gather further research, and provide preliminary input; The roundtable met for a day and a half at the Williams Institute at UCLA Law; and This report was drafted, circulated for feedback, and finalized.
    [Show full text]
  • Radical Dissent, Feminist Survival: the Dialectics of Migration
    Kohl: a Journal for Body and Gender Research Vol. 3, No. 1 (Summer 2017) Radical Dissent, Feminist Survival: The Dialectics of Migration Roula Seghaier Kohl 3.1 2 Multiple local and regional events have informed the publication of this issue. We worked on it during “celebratory” times, when Beirut rejoiced on discourses of Pride, omitting pleas of women, migrants, and refugees, and when institutions commemorated World Refugee Day, stressing the humanitarian aspect of what they called a refugee “crisis.” Both events had powerful political and symbolic purposes. They served to reinforce the state’s grip on identitarian and national borders while legitimizing institutional discrimination against “others.” The naming of the migration the world is witnessing today as a “crisis” justifies the exceptional securitization measures Western host states are taking; overridden with the political spectacular, they emphasize the “unprecedented” nature of such forced migration. The omission of queer migrant voices from Beirut Pride purposefully displaced the focus from state authoritarianism to upper and middle class gay men’s “bread and circuses.” This issue was created from the dire need to reinvestigate, deconstruct, and gender migration as a phenomenon that is not modern, although complicated by the neoliberal age. While gender is no alien to migration, it is usually vulgarized through the rights approach, and stripped from all intersectionality by the liberal discourses on social mobility and economic opportunity acquisition for women of color. We wanted to trouble the gender-neutral, liberal, and/or quantitative depiction of the phenomenon. We aimed to expose the state-led media, pop culture, and NGO efforts that are complicit in the demonization of the migrants, essentialization of their cultures, and fetishization of their bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • State of the Art Volume 10 Issue 2 2017
    PSYCHOLOGY IN RUSSIA: STATE OF THE ArT Volume 10 Issue 2 2017 Editorial 2 Special section PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL AND GENDER IDENTITY The reliability and validity of a Russian version of the Lesbian Internalized Homophobia Scale 5 Horne Sh. G., Maroney M. R., Geiss M. L., Dunnavant B. R. Attitudes toward gay and lesbian individuals in Russia: An exploration of the interpersonal contact hypothesis and personality factors 21 Horne Sh. G., Maroney M. R., Zagryazhskaya E. A., Koven J. Striving for LGBTQ rights in Russian psychology and society: A personal narrative 35 Lunin I. I. Autobiographical memory in transsexual individuals who have undergone gender- affirming surgery: Vivid, self-focused, but not so happy childhood memories 42 Nourkova V. V., Ivanova A. A. Identity disclosure as a securityscape for LGBT people 63 Omurov N. Developing an affirmative position statement on sexual and gender diversity for psychology professionals in South Africa 87 Victor C. J., Nel J. A. Internalized homophobia in Russia 103 Yanykin A. A., Nasledov A. D. Gender-related individual differences Androgyny in dentists: The contribution of masculinity and femininity to mental health and well-being 117 Nikolaev E. L., Hartfelder D. V., Baranova E. A. Specifics of interpersonal trust among people with different gender identities 134 Zinchenko Yu. P., Zotova O. Yu., Tarasova L. V. Social psychology Psychological and legal aspects of the offensiveness of male and female cartoons and collages 149 Budyakova T. P. Changing the image of a conflict situation while training school students in mediation skills 165 Leonov N. I., Glavatskikh M. M. Psychological factors of social anxiety in Russian adolescents 179 Pavlova T.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Sense of Daesh in Afghanistan: a Social Movement Perspective
    \ WORKING PAPER 6\ 2017 Making sense of Daesh in Afghanistan: A social movement perspective Katja Mielke \ BICC Nick Miszak \ TLO Joint publication by \ WORKING PAPER 6 \ 2017 MAKING SENSE OF DAESH IN AFGHANISTAN: A SOCIAL MOVEMENT PERSPECTIVE \ K. MIELKE & N. MISZAK SUMMARY So-called Islamic State (IS or Daesh) in Iraq and Syria is widely interpreted as a terrorist phenomenon. The proclamation in late January 2015 of a Wilayat Kho- rasan, which includes Afghanistan and Pakistan, as an IS branch is commonly interpreted as a manifestation of Daesh's global ambition to erect an Islamic caliphate. Its expansion implies hierarchical order, command structures and financial flows as well as a transnational mobility of fighters, arms and recruits between Syria and Iraq, on the one hand, and Afghanistan–Pakistan, on the other. In this Working Paper, we take a (new) social movement perspective to investigate the processes and underlying dynamics of Daesh’s emergence in different parts of the country. By employing social movement concepts, such as opportunity structures, coalition-building, resource mobilization and framing, we disentangle the different types of resource mobilization and long-term conflicts that have merged into the phenomenon of Daesh in Afghanistan. In dialogue with other approaches to terrorism studies as well as peace, civil war and security studies, our analysis focuses on relations and interactions among various actors in the Afghan-Pakistan region and their translocal networks. The insight builds on a ten-month fieldwork-based research project conducted in four regions—east, west, north-east and north Afghanistan—during 2016. We find that Daesh in Afghanistan is a context-specific phenomenon that manifests differently in the various regions across the country and is embedded in a long- term transformation of the religious, cultural and political landscape in the cross-border region of Afghanistan–Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Governs the Making of Photocopies Or Other Reproductions of Copyrighted Materials
    Warning Concerning Copyright Restrictions The Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. If electronic transmission of reserve material is used for purposes in excess of what constitutes "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. University of Nevada, Reno Wedding Bells Ring: How One Organization Changed the Face of LGBT Rights in Argentina A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS, INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS BACHELOR OF ARTS, SPANISH by ANNALISE GARDELLA Dr. Linda Curcio-Nagy, Ph.D., Thesis Advisor May, 2013 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA THE HONORS PROGRAM RENO We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by ANNALISE GARDELLA entitled Wedding Bells Ring: How One Organization Changed the Face of LGBT Rights in Argentina be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS, INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS BACHELOR OF ARTS, SPANISH ______________________________________________ Dr. Linda Curcio-Nagy, Ph.D., Thesis Advisor ______________________________________________ Tamara Valentine, Ph.D., Director, Honors Program May, 2013 i Abstract During the 1970s, Argentina faced a harsh military dictatorship, which suppressed social movements in Argentine society and “disappeared” nearly 30,000 people. The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) community became a specific target of this dictatorship.
    [Show full text]
  • Archived News
    Archived News 2013-2014 News articles from 2013-2014 Table of Contents Alumna Yoko Ono profiled in The Independent 7 Julianna Margulies ’89 featured in WebMD Politics faculty member Samuel Abrams weighs article ................................................................ 13 in on NYC mayoral race ..................................... 7 Former faculty member Eugene Louis Faccuito Joan Scott MS '78 named Chief of Genetic wins Bessie Award ........................................... 13 Services in the Health Resources and Services Kioka Williams '12 awarded Fulbright U.S. Administration .................................................... 7 Student Program scholarship............................ 14 Chicago mayor Rahm Emanuel ’81 appears on Author Allan Gurganus ’72 featured in The New The Late Show with David Letterman................. 7 Yorker ............................................................... 14 Adriana Baer '04 profiled in The New York Writing Institute faculty member Dan Zevin wins Times................................................................... 8 Thurber Prize.................................................... 14 Actress Elisabeth Röhm ’96 aims to bring greater Lama Fakih '04 of Human Rights Watch featured awareness to the importance of saving for in New York Times article on Syria .................. 14 college................................................................. 8 Physics faculty member Scott Calvin attends You Don't Need Feet to Dance film screening to Steampunk expo ..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Transgender-Industrial Complex
    The Transgender-Industrial Complex THE TRANSGENDER– INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX Scott Howard Antelope Hill Publishing Copyright © 2020 Scott Howard First printing 2020. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be copied, besides select portions for quotation, without the consent of its author. Cover art by sswifty Edited by Margaret Bauer The author can be contacted at [email protected] Twitter: @HottScottHoward The publisher can be contacted at Antelopehillpublishing.com Paperback ISBN: 978-1-953730-41-1 ebook ISBN: 978-1-953730-42-8 “It’s the rush that the cockroaches get at the end of the world.” -Every Time I Die, “Ebolarama” Contents Introduction 1. All My Friends Are Going Trans 2. The Gaslight Anthem 3. Sex (Education) as a Weapon 4. Drag Me to Hell 5. The She-Male Gaze 6. What’s Love Got to Do With It? 7. Climate of Queer 8. Transforming Our World 9. Case Studies: Ireland and South Africa 10. Networks and Frameworks 11. Boas Constrictor 12. The Emperor’s New Penis 13. TERF Wars 14. Case Study: Cruel Britannia 15. Men Are From Mars, Women Have a Penis 16. Transgender, Inc. 17. Gross Domestic Products 18. Trans America: World Police 19. 50 Shades of Gay, Starring the United Nations Conclusion Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Introduction “Men who get their periods are men. Men who get pregnant and give birth are men.” The official American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Twitter account November 19th, 2019 At this point, it is safe to say that we are through the looking glass. The volume at which all things “trans”
    [Show full text]
  • The Global State of Lgbtiq Organizing
    THE GLOBAL STATE OF LGBTIQ ORGANIZING THE RIGHT TO REGISTER Written by Felicity Daly DrPH Every day around the world, LGBTIQ people’s human rights and dignity are abused in ways that shock the conscience. The stories of their struggles and their resilience are astounding, yet remain unknown—or willfully ignored—by those with the power to make change. OutRight Action International, founded in 1990 as the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, works alongside LGBTIQ people in the Global South, with offices in six countries, to help identify community-focused solutions to promote policy for lasting change. We vigilantly monitor and document human rights abuses to spur action when they occur. We train partners to expose abuses and advocate for themselves. Headquartered in New York City, OutRight is the only global LGBTIQ-specific organization with a permanent presence at the United Nations in New York that advocates for human rights progress for LGBTIQ people. [email protected] https://www.facebook.com/outrightintl http://twitter.com/outrightintl http://www.youtube.com/lgbthumanrights http://OutRightInternational.org/iran OutRight Action International 80 Maiden Lane, Suite 1505, New York, NY 10038 U.S.A. P: +1 (212) 430.6054 • F: +1 (212) 430.6060 This work may be reproduced and redistributed, in whole or in part, without alteration and without prior written permission, solely for nonprofit administrative or educational purposes provided all copies contain the following statement: © 2018 OutRight Action International. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of OutRight Action International. No other use is permitted without the express prior written permission of OutRight Action International.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural and Political Impact on Modern Kurdish Poetry in Erbil
    UNIWERSYTET ZIELONOGÓRSKI Przegląd Narodowościowy – Review of Nationalities • Mniejszość niemiecka nr 4/2015 Farhang Muzaffar Muhamad Juan Ibrahim Al-Banna Salahaddin University, Erbil Cultural and political impact on modern Kurdish poetry in Erbil Słowa kluczowe: literatura kurdyjska, współczesna poezja kurdyjska, kurdyjscy poeci, miasto Erbil, kurdyjska kultura i polityka Keywords: Kurdish literature, Modern Kurdish Poetry, Kurdish poets, the city of Erbil, Kurdish Culture and Politics Section One 1. The Introduction 1.1. Erbil − the past and the present (the general information about Erbil) Erbil is the most ancient city in the history, and one of the oldest towns in the world that have been continuously inhabited 1. Erbil was the capital of an ancient northern Mesopotamian province and today is a capital of the federal Kurdistan Region. It is situated approximately 350 kilometers north of Baghdad. For a long period of time, this city, which is famous for its great civilization, defended itself and its citadel from the barbarian invaders 2. Erbil has been the center of culture and education in the region. Many famous scientists, historians and leaders were born in the city of the Erbil, such as: 1. Sultan Muzaffar ad-Din Kokburi (1163-1232) "e brother-in-law of Salahaddin, made Erbil his capital from 1190 until 1232 and constructed several buildings that can still be seen at the foot of the upper town 3. 1 M. Streck, Irbil , [in:] M.". Houtsma, E. J. Brill’s First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 , vol. 3, New York 1987, pp. 521-523. 2 Fayzi, G. Soran, Bari Adebi Kudi le Shari Hewlêr , Erbil 2006, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Human Rights Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex People in Europe and Central Asia
    OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANS AND INTERSEX PEOPLE IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA FIND THIS REPORT ONLINE: WWW.ILGA-EUROPE.ORG THIS REVIEW COVERS THE PERIOD OF JANUARY TO DECEMBER 2019. Rue du Trône/Troonstraat 60 Brussels B-1050 Belgium Tel.: +32 2 609 54 10 Fax: + 32 2 609 54 19 [email protected] www.ilga-europe.org Design & layout: Maque Studio, www.maque.it ISBN 978-92-95066-11-3 FIND THIS REPORT ONLINE: WWW.ILGA-EUROPE.ORG Co-funded by the Rights Equality and Citizenship (REC) programme 2014-2020 of the European Union This publication has been produced with the financial support of the Rights Equality and Citizenship (REC) programme 2014-2020 of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of ILGA-Europe and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Commission. ANNUAL REVIEW OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANS, AND INTERSEX PEOPLE COVERING THE PERIOD OF JANUARY TO DECEMBER 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS KAZAKHSTAN INTRODUCTION KOSOVO* A NOTE ON DATA COLLECTION AND PRESENTATION KYRGYZSTAN HIGHLIGHTS, KEY DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS LATVIA INSTITUTIONAL REVIEWS LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA EUROPEAN UNION LUXEMBOURG UNITED NATIONS MALTA COUNCIL OF EUROPE MOLDOVA ORGANISATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE MONACO MONTENEGRO COUNTRY REVIEWS NETHERLANDS ALBANIA NORTH MACEDONIA ANDORRA NORWAY A ARMENIA POLAND AUSTRIA PORTUGAL AZERBAIJAN ROMANIA BELARUS RUSSIA BELGIUM SAN MARINO BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA SERBIA BULGARIA SLOVAKIA
    [Show full text]