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New Perspectives on the Early China Mission Enterprise: A Study of the Weixian Station's Educational and Medical Enterprises, 1883-1920 John Robert Stanley School of Oriental and African Studies Ph.D. Thesis ProQuest Number: 10672881 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672881 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract This study looks at the secular enterprises of the American Presbyterian missionaries in Weixian, Shandong, between its founding in 1883 and 1920. The ideas presented are important for both the studies of missions and social change in China. During the period covered by this study boarding and country schools for boys and girls were begun, and hospitals were built catering to the changing needs of medical care in the area. The station has been recognized as the most influential in the Shandong mission for these endeavors. It is therefore important to study how these institutions came into being and how they changed over this period. This thesis brings out many ideas that have never been fully explored at the station level in the Protestant missionary movement in China. The first among these is the increasing decision-making power of the foreign lay personnel in the station. These individuals took stronger control over the enterprises after 1900, which brought them into conflict with the evangelists over religious objectives. The conflict started with the move of the missionaries to make the mission’s work more relevant to the Chinese situation. This idea will be explored in the analysis of in the curriculum of the schools and the itinerant medical care provided to the local population. It was one step towards the indigenization of the secular enterprises. A second step was the increased administrative power that the missionaries gave to the Chinese church members in the educational work, and the role that the assistants played in the success of the medical enterprise. In addition to supporting the station’s enterprises, many of the Chinese educational workers, particularly the female teachers, and medical assistants left the employ of the station and took a leading role in developing the local area. Although many different ideas are brought out in this study, the guiding thread throughout is the development of cooperation in the missionary secular enterprises. 2 Acknowledgements Throughout the course of this study many people have offered help and suggestions which were most helpful. Without this assistance the final version of the thesis would not have come about. First, I need to thank my supervisor Dr. R. G. Tiedemann who tirelessly read initial copies of each chapter and multiple versions of the final draft. His familiarity of the archives in the US and materials in China allowed me to go directly to the relevant material without wasting too much valuable research time. His in-depth knowledge of the China missions and Chinese social history was most helpful in improving this work. Additionally, Dr. Joseph Lee, of Pace University, gave much of his time to reading and commenting on the ideas this study explores. However, this project was more than just the writing. On two research trips to China and the US many individuals aided my search for materials on Weixian. In the US the entire staff of the American Presbyterian Historical Association should be given due recognition for their knowledge of the library's holdings. I should also like to thank Kathleen Lodwick who gave excellent advice on the holdings in the Presbyterian Archives and materials that I might find in China. From March to June 1999 I made a four-month research trip to Shandong to look for more material than could be found in the missionary archives. The partial funding for this trip was obtained from the University of London Central Research Fund. While there I was helped by a number of individuals. From the Shandong University Dr. Liu Tianlu, Dr. Tao Feiya, Dr. Su Weizhi, and Ms. Liu Xian helped me gain access to information in Jinan. I should also like to thank Dr. Xu Gendi. On a more personal note I should also like to thank Mr. Yu Xinli of the foreign department, Enneth and Sharon Frohman, and Ms. Liu Xian who made life in Jinan easier for me to adjust to. In Weifang the list of individuals who helped my research grew. The most prominent among these was Mr. Li Fengyi who helped procure free housing for me at the Weifang Waiguoyuyan Xuexiao (Weifang Foreign Languages School), and gave me any information available on the history of the No. 2 Middle School. In addition to his help Mrs. Shao Ping of the Weifang Medical School, Mr. David Chen, and Mr. Zhang Jianguei were able to locate information on Weifang's history for me. On a non-work related basis I should thank LeRoy and Jane Ramsey, Mike Williams, Robbie, and the staff and students at the Weifang Foreign Languages School. I also want to thank my parents, Charles and Christian Stanley, who provided support during this process. They gave me moral support and also helped out financially 3 when money got tight. I would also like to thank other members of my family who have been wholly supportive of my venture into this field. Finally, I would like to give due attention to Esperanza, my wife, who continuously read chapters at every stage. Most importantly, she kept my energy and motivation levels high at the most difficult times. Without her time and support I may have wavered off course, but she never allowed that to happen. 4 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 3 List of Tables 7 List of Illustratioins 8 Chapter 1: Introduction 9 A. Three-Self Principle and Institution Building 9 B. Social Change and the Missionary Movement 13 C. Weixian as the Focal Point 19 D. Note on the Limitations of Sources and Terminology 21 Chapter 2: General Information on the China Missions 24 A. Beginnings of the Missionary Movement 24 B. Introduction to Missionary Secular Enterprises 30 1. Missionary Education 30 a. Position of Chinese Education 30 b. Primary and Secondary School Systems 32 c. Focusing on Higher Education 34 2. Missionary Medicine 38 a. Medical Practice in China Prior to the Protestant Enterprise 38 b. Phase I: Dispensaries and Hospitals 40 c. Phase II: Further Professionalization and Modernization 42 d. Phase III: The China Medical Board of the Rockefeller Foundation 44 e. Outlook of the Medical Enterprise 47 C. The American Presbyterians in China and Shandong 48 1. Beginning the World and China Missions 48 2. The Shandong Mission 49 a. The Shandong Mission’s Educational Movement 55 b. The Medical Enterprise in the Shandong Field 61 c. The Chinese Church in the Shandong Mission 67 3. Summary 71 Chapter 3: Establishing the Weixian Institutions, 1883-1900 72 A. Opening the Weixian Station 72 B. History of the Weixian School System Before 1900 79 1. The First School 79 2. Expanding the School System 81 3. Improvements, Professionalism and Expansion of the School System in the 1890s 83 a. The Search for a Full-Time Director in the Boys’ Academy 83 b. Chinese Participation and Self-Support 85 c. Opening Secondary Education for Women 93 d. Curriculum Development and Teacher Training 96 C. The Beginning of Weixian's Medical Institutions 101 1. The First Doctors: Horace Smith and J. M. Mathewson 101 2. The Mateer Memorial Hospital and Dispensary 104 3. A New Generation of Doctors 107 4. Chinese Support of the Medical Enterprise 111 5. Chinese Assistants and Doctors 113 6. Medical Work in the Field 115 D. Summary 117 Chapter 4 Recovery and Expansion, 1900-1910 119 A. The Boxers in Weixian 119 B. Expanding the School System After 1900 124 1. Professional Educators for Weixian 126 5 2. Expanding the High Schools 128 3. Solving Financial Problems on the Road to Expansion 132 4. A Move Towards Chinese Relevance in the Curriculum 138 5. Chinese in the Educational System 143 C. Recovery and Expansion in the Medical Enterprise after the Boxers 145 1. Reestablishing the Medical Enterprise 145 2. Taking the Enterprise outside the Compound Walls 151 3. Chinese Assistants 155 4. Self-Support in the Medical Enterprise 157 D. Summary 157 Chapter 5 Finalizing the Modern Institutions, 1910-1920 159 A. Chinese Expansionists and Administrators in Education 159 1. Primary School Expansion 160 2. Secondary School Expansion 164 3. Chinese Influence in the High Schools 168 B. Taking on the Evangelists in the Medical Field 176 1. New Personnel and Administrative Changes 176 2. Overcrowding and Problems with the Facilities 178 3. The China Medical Board of the Rockefeller Foundation 182 4. 1914 Flood and Changes in the Hospital 183 5. Ruth Brack and the Nurses Training School 186 6. Treating Patients Outside the Station 190 7. Chinese Support and Medical Modernization 191 8. A New Hospital for Weixian 193 9. Climax of the Medical vs. Evangelical Missionary Rift 196 C. Summary 198 Chapter 6: Conclusion 200 Appendices Appendix A: Constitution and Course of Study at the Chefoo Girls' School 205 Appendix B: Short Biographies of Educational
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