Proceedings of the 47Th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals

Proceedings of the 47th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals

Overview of High-Calcium Limestone Resources in Illinois for Flue-Gas Desulfurization Systems

Zakaria Lasemi and Shane K. Butler

Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

To cite this article: Zakaria Lasemi and Shane K. Butler, 2015, Overview of high-calcium limestone resources in Illinois for flue-gas desulfurization systems, in Z. Lasemi, ed., Proceedings of the 47th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 587.

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ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 615 E. Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820-6918 http://www.isgs.illinois.edu

Overview of High-Calcium Limestone Resources in Illinois for Flue-Gas Desulfurization Systems

Zakaria Lasemi* and Shane K. Butler Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

ABSTRACT upsurge occurred in response to envi- abrasion, and high absorption are gener- ronmental regulations set by state and ally more of a concern than high purity Stringent pollution control require- federal governments that have made it with respect to the CaCO needed for ments imposed by regulatory agencies 3 necessary for coal-fired power plants desulfurization. Limestone purity needs have accelerated the installation of to be equipped with limestone-based to be even higher for manufactured limestone-based flue-gas desulfuriza- scrubber systems to reduce emissions products such as lime (CaO) or when tion (FGD) systems in coal-fired power of sulfur dioxide (SO ) and other pollut- used for other chemical and pharma- plants. This trend toward increasing 2 ants. Stringent SO control requirements ceutical applications, such as raw mate- numbers of FGD units is expected to 2 have accelerated plans for installation rial for heartburn medicine and dietary continue into the future as long as of limestone-based flue-gas desulfur- supplement pills. coal remains a viable source of fuel for ization (FGD) systems. With partial generating electricity. Because of the funding from the Illinois Department of For this study, maps, primarily ones importance of high-calcium limestone Commerce and Economic Opportunity from previous studies showing locations as a scrubbing agent in FGD systems, it through the Office of Coal Development of potential high-calcium limestones, is essential that issues associated with and the Illinois Clean Coal Institute were digitized and updated when pos- the transport, availability, and suitabil- (ICCI), the Illinois State Geological sible (Lasemi et al. 2011 and manuscript ity of high-calcium limestone resources Survey conducted several statewide in preparation). A number of 7.5-minute be addressed. Nearby sources of suitable studies characterizing limestone and bedrock geologic maps of southern and limestone raw material must be found to dolomite resources mined from Illinois southwestern Illinois that show the feed existing and new scrubber installa- quarries to identify the best sorbent surficial distribution of bedrock are also tions and to aid in the selection of proper for desulfurization (Lasemi et al. 2004, available from the Illinois State Geologi- resources for desulfurization systems in 2005, 2008). The samples for these stud- cal Survey. These maps are a valuable the future. Illinois has abundant lime- ies were primarily collected from quarry source of information for delineating the stone and dolomite resources; however, stockpiles. Because of the large scope of distribution of bedrock units containing high-calcium limestone is not readily the projects, bed-by-bed examination high-calcium limestone resources (e.g., available throughout the state. The suit- and delineation of zones containing the Nelson and Devera 1995; Nelson et al. ability of high-calcium limestone for highest quality limestone [95% or better 1995a,b, 1999; Denny 2004; Denny and FGD applications also varies, and the calcium carbonate (CaCO )] were not Devera 2008; Denny et al. 2009; Devera most suitable limestone resources are 3 within the project time frames or bud- 2010; Denny and Seid 2014). Other pub- not widely available. The Illinois State gets. Nevertheless, the results of these lications dealing directly or indirectly Geological Survey conducted a state- studies were well received by the utili- with high-calcium limestone resources wide study through a grant from the ties industry and other industries using in Illinois include Stith et al. (1997), Illinois Clean Coal Institute to inventory limestone for desulfurization. Cloos and Baxter (1981), Goodwin and and characterize high-calcium lime- Baxter (1981), Lamar (1957, 1959), Lamar stone resources. This paper provides a Limestone-based desulfurization tech- and Harvey (1966), and Lamar and Will- brief overview of the distribution and nologies in coal-fired power plants are man (1931). properties of existing and potential a proven means of meeting the clean high-calcium limestone resources in air standards. Illinois has abundant We also examined a number of quar- Illinois. A more detailed report on the limestone and dolomite resources (e.g., ries that had the highest potential for location and characteristics of these Krey and Lamar 1925; Goodwin and containing high-calcium limestone high-calcium limestone resources will Harvey 1980; Goodwin and Baxter 1981; resources. We visited the key quarries appear in a subsequent publication. Goodwin 1983; Mikulic 1990; Lasemi et and made detailed descriptions of the al. 1999, 2004; Lasemi and Norby 2001). potential high-purity limestone zones. Most limestone quarries in Illinois pro- In most cases, detailed descriptions INTRODUCTION duce construction-quality aggregates were made from available cores drilled The demand for high-calcium lime- primarily for asphalt and concrete pave- at or near the quarry properties. Quarry stone has increased in recent years. This ments. For such uses, hardness, ease of and core samples were characterized

This article was previously presented at the 47th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, held May 15–17, 2011, in Champaign, Illinois. Page numbers shown are not final. *Corresponding author: [email protected].

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 587 1 chemically [X-ray fluorescence (XRF)], calcium limestone zones. A few quarries eastern Missouri, contains a 55-ft (16.8- mineralogically [X-ray diffraction already do selective mining; others will m) high-purity limestone interval in the (XRD)], and petrographically (polarized be amenable to such practices if demand upper part underlain by a 65-ft (19.8-m) light microscopy) to better constrain arises. interval that is less pure, with a high the high-purity limestone zones within magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) content. those quarries (Lasemi et al. 2011 and The upper high-purity interval presently manuscript in preparation). Distribution of the High-Calcium supplies the scrubber stone for the wet Limestone Resources in Illinois FGD system of a major coal-fired power This paper provides a brief overview of Rock units from which high-calcium plant in west-central Illinois. the research project conducted as part of limestone is currently produced or the grant from the Illinois Office of Coal that have potential for future produc- In Jackson and Union Counties in Development through ICCI regarding tion mainly include (1) the Ordovician extreme southern Illinois, the Lower the distribution of high-calcium lime- Kimmswick Limestone; (2) the Lower Devonian Backbone Limestone is a stone resources in Illinois (Lasemi et al. and Middle Devonian Backbone, Grand relatively pure limestone (95 to 98 wt% 2011). A more comprehensive treatment CaCO ) up to 43 ft (13.1 m) thick (Lamar Tower, and Wapsipinicon Limestones; 3 of the results from this project, along and (3) the Middle Mississippian Burl- 1959). The Backbone Limestone outcrops with maps of potential high-calcium ington, Ullin, Salem, and Ste. Genevieve in the Shawnee National Forest, but the resources, will be the subject of a subse- Limestones, and the Upper Mississip- chance for mining at this location is quent publication. pian Glen Dean and Haney Limestones minimal because of the thick overbur- (Figure 1). den and environmental considerations involved with surface mining. The RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Ordovician Kimmswick is at or near Middle Devonian Grand Tower Lime- About one third of the nation’s coal- the surface at Thebes, Illinois. Various stone crops out near Mountain Glen burning power plants that use desulfur- companies that are prospecting for inside the Shawnee National Forest ization units to remove SO2 emissions high-calcium limestone have conducted (Lamar 1959). It is a high-purity lime- are located in the six-state region of extensive studies in the area, which is in stone, up to 97.5 wt% CaCO3. At present, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Penn- close proximity to the Mississippi River. no quarry operation is extracting this sylvania, and West Virginia (Foose and In Calhoun County, the Kimmswick limestone, and because of its location Barsotti 1999). In 1989, only 29 of the Limestone is exposed along the Mis- within the Shawnee, this limestone is more than 160 coal-fired electric power sissippi River bluffs in Sections 32 and not likely to be available in the near plants within this region used FGD 31, T 11 S, R 2 W (Rubey 1952; Devera future. The Middle Devonian Wapsipini- units. By 1994, the number of FGD units 2010). Proximity to the Mississippi River con Limestone (Grand Tower equivalent; had increased to 40. This trend toward provides a relatively inexpensive mode Figure 1) is mined in Rock Island County increasing numbers of FGD units has of transportation. About 75 ft (22.9 m) and in a nearby underground mine (Lin- continued to date, following implemen- of Kimmswick is exposed here, with the wood Mine) across the Mississippi River tation of the U.S. Clean Air Interstate upper 55 ft (16.8 m) being of the high- east of Buffalo in Scott County, Iowa. Rule. The result has been an increased est purity. The Kimmswick was also The high-calcium limestone is mined demand for high-purity limestone to mined underground near Valmeyer, selectively from the Otis Member of remove gaseous sulfur oxides. Illinois, before the mine closed in the the Wapsipinicon Limestone. Available

early 1990s. The Kimmswick Limestone data indicate that the CaCO3 content of High-purity limestone resources (>95% consists primarily of light gray, relatively the Otis generally exceeds 94.5%. The CaCO ), now considered the most 3 coarse-grained, fossiliferous (crinoidal- Middle Devonian Lingle Limestone suitable for FGD applications, are not bryozoan), high-calcium limestone. The (St. Laurent Formation of Nelson et al. widely available throughout the state. upper part of the Kimmswick (More- 1995b) is also mined in central Illinois They are mostly confined to rocks of the dock Member) is exceptionally pure in near Tuscola in Douglas County, north- Mississippian System and the Ordovi- western Illinois, northeastern Missouri, western Illinois, but its CaCO3 content cian Kimmswick Limestone (Figure 1), and southern Illinois near Thebes. Cal- rarely exceeds 95%. which are at or close to the surface in the cium carbonate content of the upper western and southern parts of the state, Kimmswick ranges between 94% and An area rich in high-calcium limestone especially near the Mississippi and Ohio 98% (Baxter 1970; this study), making resources includes the St. Louis Metro Rivers. Very little high-purity limestone this formation an excellent source of East region in southwestern Illinois is found in the northern part of the state, high-calcium limestone for various (Baxter 1960, 1965; Lasemi et al. 1999; where dolomite of the Ordovician and applications. Because of its high purity, Lasemi and Norby 2001; Denny 2004; Silurian Systems predominates (Figure the Kimmswick is an excellent source Denny and Devera 2008; Denny et al. 2). Often, high-calcium limestone beds of limestone for FGD in coal-burning 2009). The St. Louis Metro East region as are interlayered with low-purity inter- power plants. The Kimmswick is pres- defined in this study extends from Alton vals. It is quite rare for high-calcium ently being mined near Cape Girardeau (Madison County, Illinois) to Prairie du limestone to constitute the bulk of a rock and Clarksville, Missouri. The Kimms- Rocher (Randolph County, Illinois) and formation. Therefore, selective mining is wick at the Huntington Quarry, north- Ste. Genevieve (Ste. Genevieve County, necessary to be able to extract the high- Missouri). Mississippian limestones

2 Circular 587 Illinois State Geological Survey Herrin Coal Mbr Springfield Coal Mbr

Colchester Coal Mbr

Figure 1 Stratigraphic column for the Illinois Basin. Intervals shown in blue indicate rock formations that contain high-calcium limestone. From Lasemi et al. (2003).

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 587 3 (! ( ! (! (! (! (!(! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (!(! (! (! (!(! (! (! (!(! (! (!(! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! ! (! (! (! (!(! # ! (! (! (! (! (! ( (!(! ( (! (! (! (!(! (! (! (!(! (!(! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (!(! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (!(!(! (! ! (! (! (! ! (! (! (!(! ! ( (! ! (! (! (! (! ( (! (! ((! (! (!(!( (!(! (! (! (! (! (!(!(! (! (! (! (! (!! (! (! (! (! ! ( ! (! ( (!(! (! (! (! (! (! ! (! (! (!(! (! (! (! ( (! (! (! ! (! (! ! ( (! ! #(! ( (! (! ( (! (!(! # ! (! (! (! (! (! (! ( (! (! (! (! (! (! (! (!(! !(! ! !(!#(! (! ( (! (! (! !( !( (! (!(! #(!#(! !( !( IA (! (! (!(! (! # !( !( (!(! (! (!

(! ! limestone quarry and underground mine(! sampled/examined for this pr(!oject (! (! (! (! (! (! # cores only/no quarry (! !((!!( (! (! (! !( limestone quarry ! ( !( (! dolomite quarry # (! limestone/dolomite quarry # (! (!(! # !( !( new mine—rock (! type undetermined (! (! # # coal mine !( !( !( !( coal-burning (! (! # power plant (! (! (!# # (! (! # rivers and lakes ! (! (! ( ! (! (! # (! (! (! !( mostly Ordovician dolomite (! ! (! (!( with some Silurian dolomite (! !( (! !( !( !( (! (! !( (! mostly Silurian dolomite with ! (! (!( (! some Ordovician dolomite (!(! (! # (! # !( !( (! # mostly Mississippian limestone with (! !( # #(!(!# some Devonian and Silurian limestone (! (! (!(! and dolomite (some Mississippian >95% C(!aCO ) (! (! 3 (! !(!( (! (! !( high-purity limestone of Mississippian and(! (! !( # (! some Ordovician and Devonian (! (! (! (!(! !( (! mostly upper Mississippian limestone ## # with some Silurian limestone ! (! ( (! IN mostly upper Mississippian limestone ! (! (!(! (! (! (some high-calcium limestone) (! (! (! mostly Devonian cherty limestone # KY (! (! # (some high-calcium limestone) (! (! !((!!( (! (! 0 40 mi areas where thin Pennsylvanian (! !(# !( !( limestones, mostly <5 feet, occur locally 0 50 km (!(! (90–92% CaCO ) ## (! (! 3 areas where Pennsylvanian limestones (! (! (! 5 to 20 feet thick have been quarried (90–92% CaCO3)

Figure 2 Statewide limestone and dolomite resource map showing active quarries and mines, and locations of the quarries or underground mines studied. Resource map compiled and modified from an unpublished map by J.E. Lamar, Illinois State Geological Survey.

4 Circular 587 Illinois State Geological Survey 7,000 17.66Å 8.84Å 5.9Å 4.44Å 3.56Å2.98Å

6,000 XRD Bulk Mineral Diffractogram ISGS core number 14703 Monroe County, 76.7′ 5,000 1. Calcite = 98.3%

s) 2. Quartz = 1.7% 1

unt 4,000 o y (c it

ns 3,000 te In

2,000

1,000 1 2 2 0 510 15 20 25 30 2θ (∘)

Figure 3 Example X-ray diffraction trace showing a high-purity limestone. are the most widely exposed bedrock Chemical, Mineralogical, and or other methods to obtain a more accu- formations in the St. Louis Metro East Petrographic Characterization rate picture of the purity of the lime- region. In general, bedrock in the region stone. Because of the proprietary nature dips toward the Illinois Basin to the To identify potential high-calcium of the data, specific details regarding east-southeast from the north (i.e., Alton limestone zones for future extraction, the analytical results are not included in area) and to the east-northeast from the limestone units from selected quarries this section but will appear in a subse- south (i.e., Prairie du Rocher area). As were characterized chemically, min- quent publication. a result, thick Mississippian limestone eralogically, and petrographically. The units (Valmeyeran and lower Chesterian results showed that high-purity lime- strata) are progressively more deeply stone zones could be clearly identified Petrographic Analysis buried beneath the predominantly in active quarries by using chemical and Petrography refers to a description of the siliciclastic rocks of the upper Missis- mineralogical data (Figures 3–5). These constituents and texture of a limestone sippian and Pennsylvanian System. data can be used as a guide for selecting made by viewing a translucent thin sec- Substantial erosion during the Pennsyl- the most suitable limestone for scrubber tion of the rock through a petrographic vanian Period resulted in thinning or systems. This information also provides microscope. High-calcium limestones complete removal of Chesterian strata the quarry operators with a means for are quite variable with regard to grain (Weller and Weller 1939), exposing the selectively extracting the high-purity composition and texture. Some lime- thick Mississippian limestone intervals limestone when needed. Two charts stones are composed of a mixture of in many areas, especially in the bluffs showing the distribution of XRD (min- fossil fragments of various sizes and of the Mississippi River. Overburden, eralogical) and XRF (chemical) data are shapes, whereas others may consist of which includes the Quaternary deposits shown as examples in Figures 6 and 7. microcrystalline calcite with few or no and upper Mississippian (Chesterian) The data clearly allow for identification visible fossil remains. Some limestones and Pennsylvanian siliciclastics, thick- of zones that have the highest potential are made up of rounded grains called ens to the east away from the bluffs to as a source of high-calcium limestone ooids that may show a radial or tan- more than 200 ft (61 m) within 3 to 10 (Figure 8). Quick identification of high- gential microstructure. Yet others may miles (4.8 to 16.1 km). In areas of thick purity zones can be made by using bulk contain grains of variable roundness overburden, underground mining is pack, semiquantitative XRD analysis and shape that consist of very finely economically more feasible than an methods. Once potential high-calcium crystalline calcite. Some high-calcium open pit quarry operation, which would limestone zones are identified, they can limestones are soft, absorbent, and require the removal of a substantial be further analyzed by chemical analy- porous, whereas others are dense, with amount of overburden material. sis techniques such as XRF spectroscopy very little porosity. The wide variability

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 587 5 17.66Å 8.84Å 5.9Å 4.44Å 3.56Å 2.98Å 2,500 XRD Bulk Mineral Diffractogram ISGS core number 15223 Monroe County, 54.0′ 2,000 1. Calcite = 68.0% 1 2. Dolomite = 22.9% s) 1,500 3. Quartz = 9.1% unt y (co it 1,000 Intens

500 3 2 1 3 2 0 5101520 25 30 2θ (∘)

Figure 4 Example X-ray diffraction trace showing a more impure dolomitic limestone.

17.66Å 8.84Å 5.9Å 4.44Å 3.56Å 2.98Å

2,500 XRD Bulk Mineral Diffractogram ISGS core number 7597 Madison County, 140.7′

2,000 1. Calcite = 52.9% 2. Quartz = 43.6% 1

s) 2 1,500 3. Chlorite = 2.5% ount 4. Illite = 0.7% y (c it 5. Kaolinite = 0.3% 1,000 Intens

500 2

1 3 4 53 4 3 4 5 5 5 53 4 4 4 3 0 510 15 20 25 30 2θ (∘)

Figure 5 Example X-ray diffraction trace showing an impure limestone with significant amounts of quartz and other impurities.

6 Circular 587 Illinois State Geological Survey Core number 14703, near Renault, Monroe Co. % Calcite % Dolomite % Quartz % Clay 020406080100 020406080 100 0510 15 024 32 37 47 52 57 67 69 73 77 82 86 91 97 101 106 112 117 122 129 133 134 t) (f 138 h

pt 143 De 148 153 158 163 172 180 184 188 194 200 204 210 216 220 224 247 267 287 307 327 347

Figure 6 Example of mineralogical data [based on X-ray diffraction (XRD)] obtained from a core from Monroe County. High-calcium limestone zones (indicated by the high calcite content) are clearly identi-

fied based on mineralogy. Chemical analysis shows that the actual CaCO3 content may be a few percentage points higher than the amount measured by XRD.

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 587 7 CaCO3 % MgCO3 % SiO2 %Fe2O3 %Al2O3 %S % 50 1000040020 30 30.0 0.5 0

–50

–100

–150

–200 t)

–250 Depth (f

–300

–350

–400

–450

–500 Figure 7 Example of chemical50 data (based100005 on X-ray05 fluorescence) obtained05 from a05 core. The high-calcium05 limestone

zones are clearly identified based on the high CaCO3 content (calcalated from the percentage of CaO).

8 Circular 587 Illinois State Geological Survey Elevation depth (ft) 0 Oolitic limestone, relatively soft 580 Limestone, fine to medium, dense Oolitic limestone, relatively soft and absorbent 20 560 Oolitic limestone, relatively soft and absorbent

40 Oolitic limestone, relatively soft and absorbent 540 Limestone, slightly cherty, dense Oolitic limestone, relatively soft, cherty at base 60 one 520 Oolitic limestone, relatively soft Oolitic limestone, relatively soft

80 Limest ve 500 Limestone, very fine, very cherty, very dense

vie Oolitic limestone, dolomitic at top Limestone, very fine, cherty, dense 100 Oolitic limestone, mostly relatively soft and absorbent; Gene 480

e. common near vertical fractures, dolomitic at top

St Limestone, fine to coarse, cherty, dense 120 460 Oolitic limestone, mostly relatively soft and absorbent

140 Limestone, very fine, cherty, very dense 440 Oolitic limestone, mostly relatively soft and absorbent

160 Very fossiliferous limestone (reef rock), dense 420 Dolomite, very fine, relatively soft

Limestone, very fine to medium, dense 180 400 Dolomitic limestone, very fine, relatively soft Limestone, very fine to coarse, dense Dolomite, very fine, relatively soft 200 Limestone, very fine to medium, dense

380 one Limestone, finely granular, cherty, very dense 220 360 Limestone, fine to medium, dense

Louis Limest Louis 240 Limestone, very fine, very cherty, very dense

St. 340

260 Dolomitic limestone, very fine, relatively soft 320 Limestone, fine to medium, dense Limestone, very fine to medium, cherty, dense Limestone, very fine to medium, dense

Dolomite and dolomitic Coarse fossiliferous Weathered limestone Coarse fossiliferous limestone, relatively soft limestone, relatively soft and voids limestone, dense

Cherty limestone, Very cherty limestone, Shaly limestone, soft Sandy limestone, very dense dense dense to very dense Oolitic limestone, Oolitic limestone, dense relatively soft Shale, very soft Limestone, dense

Figure 8 Geologic column from a quarry in Union County, Illinois, showing well-developed oolite beds (in yellow) in the Ste. Genevieve Limestone. These oolitic beds are often very high purity and are an excellent source of high-calcium limestone for sulfur sorbent use.

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 587 9 in composition and physical properties power plants, and the production of Baxter, J.W., 1965, Limestone resources can also influence their reactivity with chemical-grade calcium carbonates. of Madison County, Illinois: Cham- respect to sulfur capture regardless of paign, Illinois State Geological their purity. Our work documents that not all high- Survey, Circular 390, 39 p. calcium limestones behave the same Thin-section petrography is an impor- when used as sorbents for desulfur- Baxter, J.W., 1970, Limestone and dolo- tant tool for characterizing limestone ization. Variations in grain size, the mite resources of Jersey County, Illi- quality. This method provides valuable amount of sparry calcite cement and nois: Champaign, Illinois State Geo- information regarding the suitability of cement crystal size, the relative pro- logical Survey, Circular 448, 26 p. various limestones for desulfurization portion of microcrystalline matrix, the and other industrial applications. In types of constituent grains, and the Cloos, M., and J.W. Baxter, 1981, Subsur- selecting limestone for these uses, the amounts of residual porosity all have face variation in the high-calcium major emphasis is often placed on the significant influences on sulfur capture Dolbee Creek Limestone in western Illinois: Champaign, Illinois State purity of the rock (95% CaCO3 or better), efficiency in FGD scrubbers. and petrographic characteristics are Geological Survey, Illinois Mineral generally ignored. Detailed thin-section Notes 78, 23 p. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS petrography showed that high-calcium Denny, F.B., 2004, Bedrock geology of limestones can vary significantly in This paper is an excerpt from a report the Prairie Du Rocher Quadrangle, their petrographic characteristics and prepared with support, in part, by grants Randolph and Monroe Counties, texture. These differences can affect -cal made possible by the Illinois Depart- Illinois and Ste. Genevieve County, cination behavior during CaO produc- ment of Commerce and Economic Missouri: Champaign, Illinois State tion and can influence the effectiveness Opportunity through the Office of Coal Geologic Survey, Illinois Prelimi- of the limestone in capturing SO in the Development and the Illinois Clean Coal 2 nary Geologic Map IPGM Prairie Du flue-gas scrubber systems of coal-burn- Institute. Neither the authors and the Rocher-BG, 1:24,000. ing power plants as well as its suitability University of Illinois, nor any of its sub- for other industrial applications (Harvey contractors, nor the Illinois Department Denny, F.B., and J.A. Devera, 2008, Bed- et al. 1974; Lasemi et al. 2011). of Commerce and Economic Opportu- rock geology of Elsah Quadrangle nity, Office of Coal Development, the (Illinois portion), Jersey and Madison Illinois Clean Coal Institute, nor any Counties, Illinois: Champaign, Illi- CONCLUSIONS person acting on behalf of either, (1) nois State Geological Survey, Illinois High-purity limestone resources (>95% makes any warranty of representation, Geologic Quadrangle Map IGQ Elsah-

CaCO3) in Illinois are mostly confined express or implied, with respect to the BG, 1:24,000, https://www.isgs.illi- to rocks older than the Pennsylvanian accuracy, completeness, or usefulness nois.edu/maps/isgs-quads/bedrock- System and are at or near the surface in of the information contained in this geology/statemap/elsah (accessed the western and southern parts of the report, or that the use of any informa- December 15, 2015). state, especially near the Mississippi and tion, apparatus, method, or process Ohio Rivers. Very little high-purity lime- disclosed in this report may not infringe Denny, F.B., R.J. Jacobson, and W.J. stone is found in the northern part of the privately owned rights; or (2) assumes Nelson, 2009, Bedrock geology of Val- state, where dolomite of the Ordovician any liabilities with respect to the use of, meyer Quadrangle, Monroe County, and Silurian Systems predominates. or for damages resulting from the use of, Illinois: Champaign, Illinois State any information, apparatus, method, or Geological Survey, Illinois Geologic The Kimmswick Limestone, the lower process disclosed in this report. Gregory Quadrangle Map IGQ Valmeyer-BG, 2 member of the Burlington, the Harrods- Durant helped with the preparation sheets, 1:24,000. burg Member of the Ullin, and the upper of digital maps and charts. The paper Denny, F.B., and M.J. Seid, 2014, Bedrock Warsaw, Salem, and Ste. Genevieve are, benefited from helpful review by Brett for the most part, medium- to coarse- geology of Hardin County, Illinois: Denny and John Nelson, both at the Illi- Champaign, Illinois State Geologi- grained bioclastic or oolitic limestones. nois State Geological Survey. In some cases, these coarser limestones cal Survey, USGS-STATEMAP con- are somewhat porous and soft. These tract report STATEMAP Hardin-BG factors make the limestones less suitable REFERENCES 1:48,000; report, 20 p. for some construction purposes. How- Baxter, J.W., 1960, Salem Limestone in Devera, J.A., 2010, Bedrock geology of ever, these coarser grained limestones southwestern Illinois: Champaign, Foley Quadrangle, Calhoun County, are generally pure, with more than 95% Illinois State Geological Survey, Cir- Illinois: Champaign, Illinois State CaCO content, making them an excel- 3 cular 284, 32 p. Geological Survey, USGS-STATEMAP lent raw material for the manufacture of contract report STATEMAP Foley-BG, CaO, the capture of SO2 in coal-burning 2 sheets, 1:24,000.

10 Circular 587 Illinois State Geological Survey Foose, M.P., and A.F. Barsotti, 1999, Use Lasemi, Z., S.B. Bhagwat, G.B. Dreher, Lasemi, Z., R.D. Norby, J.E. Utgaard, of limestone resources in flue-gas A.G. Ianno, S.P. Koenig, Y. Lu, D.G. W.F. Ferry, R.J. Cuffey, and G.R. Dever desulfurization power plants in the Mikulic, R.D. Norby, M. Rostam- Jr., 2003, Mississippian carbonate Ohio River valley, in K.S. Johnson, ed., Abadi, R.D. Norby, G.L. Salmon, L.R. buildups and development of cool- Proceedings of the 34th Forum on Smith, and J.D. Steele, 2005, Inven- water-like carbonate platforms in the the Geology of Industrial Minerals, tory of Illinois limestone resources for Illinois Basin, Midcontinent U.S.A., in 1998: Norman, Oklahoma Geological FGD and FBC desulfurization units: W.M. Ahr, P.M. Harris, W.A. Morgan, Survey, Circular 102, p. 273–278. Champaign, Illinois State Geological and I.D. Somerville, eds., Permo- Survey, Final Technical Report, ICCI carboniferous carbonate platforms Goodwin, J.H., 1983, Geology of carbon- 04-1/3.2C-1, 30 p. plus appendices. and reefs: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Society ate aggregate resources of Illinois: for Sedimentary Research, SEPM Spe- Champaign, Illinois State Geological Lasemi, Z., S.B. Bhagwat, G.B. Dreher, cial Publication No. 78 and American Survey, Illinois Mineral Notes 87, 12 p. S.P. Koenig, H.E. Leetaru, Y. Lu, D.G. Association of Petroleum Geologists, Mikulic, R.D. Norby, M. Rostam- Memoir 83, p. 69–95. Goodwin, J.H., and J.W. Baxter, 1981, Abadi, and J.D. Steele, 2004, Inven- High-calcium, high-reflectance lime- tory of Illinois limestone resources Mikulic, D.G., 1990, Cross section of stone resources of Illinois: Geological for flue-gas desulfurization units: the Paleozoic rocks of northeastern Society of America Bulletin, v. 92, no. Champaign, Illinois State Geological Illinois: Implications for subsurface 9, p. 621–628. Survey, Final Technical Report, ICCI aggregate mining: Champaign, Illi- Goodwin, J.H., and R.D. Harvey, 1980, 03-1/1.1E-1, 30 p. plus appendices. nois State Geological Survey, Illinois Minerals 106, 14 p. Limestone resources of Adams and Lasemi, Z., G. Durant, S. Butler, B. Brown Counties, Illinois: Champaign, Denny, S. Maddix, and S. Raduha, Nelson, W.J., and J.A. Devera, 1995, Geo- Illinois State Geological Survey, Cir- 2011, Mapping high-calcium lime- logic map of the Jonesboro and Ware cular 512, 20 p. stone resources near Illinois coal- Quadrangles, Union County, Illinois: Harvey, R.D., R.R. Frost, and J. Thomas, fired power plants: Champaign, Champaign, Illinois State Geological Jr., 1974, Lake marls, chalks, and Illinois State Geological Survey, Survey, Illinois Geologic Quadrangle other carbonate rocks with high dis- Final Technical Report, ICCI Map IGQ14, 1:24,000. solution rates in SO —Scrubbing 10/10A-3, 39 p., http://www.icci.org/ 2 Nelson, W.J., J.A. Devera, and J.M. liquors: Champaign, Illinois State reports/10Lasemi10A-3.pdf (accessed December 15, 2015). Masters, 1995a, Geologic map of the Geological Survey, Environmental McClure and Mill Creek Quadran- Geology Notes 68, 22 p. Lasemi, Z., Y. Lu, M. Rostam-Abadi, S. gles, Alexander and Union Counties, Krey, F., and J.E. Lamar, 1925, Limestone Butler, and D. Ruhter, 2008, Lime- Illinois: Champaign, Illinois State resources of Illinois: Champaign, Illi- stone fines—An economically viable Geological Survey, Illinois Geologic nois State Geological Survey, Bulletin source of sorbents for desulfuriza- Quadrangle Map IGQ15, 1:24,000. 46, 392 p. tion? Champaign, Illinois State Geological Survey, Final Technical Nelson, W.J., J.A. Devera, and J.M. Mas- Lamar, J.E., 1957, Chemical analyses of Report, ICCI 06-1/10.1A-1, 30 p. plus ters, 1995b, Geology of the Jonesboro Illinois limestones and dolomites: appendices. 15-minute quadrangle, southwestern Champaign, Illinois State Geological Illinois: Jonesboro, Mill Creek, Ware, Survey, Report of Investigations 200, Lasemi, Z., and R.D. Norby, 2001, Depo- and McClure 7.5-minute quadran- 33 p. sitional cycles in the Salem Limestone gles: Champaign, Illinois State Geo- of southwestern Illinois: Implications logical Survey, Bulletin 101, 68 p. Lamar, J.E., 1959, Limestone resources for predicting limestone quality and of extreme southern Illinois: Cham- reserves, in R.D. Hagni, ed., Studies Nelson, W.J., L.R. Follmer, and J.M. paign, Illinois State Geological on ore deposits, mineral economics, Masters, 1999, Geologic map of the Survey, Reprint Series 1966M, 27 p. and applied mineralogy, with empha- Dongola Quadrangle, Alexander, sis on Mississippi Valley-type base Pulaski, and Union Counties, Illinois: Lamar, J.E., and D.H. Harvey, 1966, metal and carbonatite-related ore Champaign, Illinois State Geological Geology of cement raw materials in deposits: University of Missouri–Rolla Survey, Illinois Geologic Quadrangle Illinois: Champaign, Illinois State Press, p. 373–383. Map IGQ19, 1:24,000. Geological Survey, Report of Investi- gations 211, 81 p. Lasemi, Z., R.D. Norby, J.A. Devera, B.W. Rubey, W.W., 1952, Geology and mineral Fouke, H.E. Leetaru, and F.B. Denny, resources of the Hardin and Brussels Lamar, J.E., and H.B. Willman, 1931, 1999, Middle Mississippian carbon- Quadrangles, Illinois: Washington, High-calcium limestone near Morris, ates and siliciclastics in western Illi- DC, U.S. Geological Survey, Profes- Illinois: Champaign, Illinois State nois: Champaign, Illinois State Geo- sional Paper 218, 179 p. Geological Survey, Report of Investi- logical Survey, Guidebook 31, 60 p. gations 23, 26 p.

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 587 11 Stith, D.A., T.M. Berg, C.H. Ault, G.R. Columbus, Ohio Division of Geologi- of southwestern Illinois—Waterloo, Dever, J.M. Masters, S.W. Berkheiser, cal Survey, Information Circular No. Kimmswick, New Athens, Crystal C.M. Simard, and N.C. Hester, 1997, 59, 16 p. City, Renault, Baldwin, Chester, Limestone and dolomite availability and Campbell Hill Quadrangles: in the Ohio River valley for sulfur Weller, S., and J.M. Weller, 1939, Pre- Champaign, Illinois State Geological sorbent use, with observations on liminary geologic maps of the pre- Survey, Report of Investigations 59, obtaining reliable chemical analyses: Pennsylvanian formations in part 15 p.

12 Circular 587 Illinois State Geological Survey