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Proceedings of the 47Th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals Proceedings of the 47th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals Overview of High-Calcium Limestone Resources in Illinois for Flue-Gas Desulfurization Systems Zakaria Lasemi and Shane K. Butler Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign To cite this article: Zakaria Lasemi and Shane K. Butler, 2015, Overview of high-calcium limestone resources in Illinois for flue-gas desulfurization systems, in Z. Lasemi, ed., Proceedings of the 47th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 587. Full terms and conditions of use: http://isgs.illinois.edu/terms-use This article may be used only for the purposes of research, teaching, and/or private study. Commerical use or systematic download- ing (by robots or other automatic processes) is prohibited without explicit ISGS approval, unless otherwise noted. For more informa- tion, contact [email protected]. Please scroll down—article is on subsequent pages. ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 615 E. Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820-6918 http://www.isgs.illinois.edu Copyright © 2015 University of Illinois Board of Trustees. All rights reserved. For permissions information, contact the Illinois State Geological Survey. Overview of High-Calcium Limestone Resources in Illinois for Flue-Gas Desulfurization Systems Zakaria Lasemi* and Shane K. Butler Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ABSTRACT upsurge occurred in response to envi- abrasion, and high absorption are gener- ronmental regulations set by state and ally more of a concern than high purity Stringent pollution control require- federal governments that have made it with respect to the CaCO needed for ments imposed by regulatory agencies 3 necessary for coal-fired power plants desulfurization. Limestone purity needs have accelerated the installation of to be equipped with limestone-based to be even higher for manufactured limestone-based flue-gas desulfuriza- scrubber systems to reduce emissions products such as lime (CaO) or when tion (FGD) systems in coal-fired power of sulfur dioxide (SO ) and other pollut- used for other chemical and pharma- plants. This trend toward increasing 2 ants. Stringent SO control requirements ceutical applications, such as raw mate- numbers of FGD units is expected to 2 have accelerated plans for installation rial for heartburn medicine and dietary continue into the future as long as of limestone-based flue-gas desulfur- supplement pills. coal remains a viable source of fuel for ization (FGD) systems. With partial generating electricity. Because of the funding from the Illinois Department of For this study, maps, primarily ones importance of high-calcium limestone Commerce and Economic Opportunity from previous studies showing locations as a scrubbing agent in FGD systems, it through the Office of Coal Development of potential high-calcium limestones, is essential that issues associated with and the Illinois Clean Coal Institute were digitized and updated when pos- the transport, availability, and suitabil- (ICCI), the Illinois State Geological sible (Lasemi et al. 2011 and manuscript ity of high-calcium limestone resources Survey conducted several statewide in preparation). A number of 7.5-minute be addressed. Nearby sources of suitable studies characterizing limestone and bedrock geologic maps of southern and limestone raw material must be found to dolomite resources mined from Illinois southwestern Illinois that show the feed existing and new scrubber installa- quarries to identify the best sorbent surficial distribution of bedrock are also tions and to aid in the selection of proper for desulfurization (Lasemi et al. 2004, available from the Illinois State Geologi- resources for desulfurization systems in 2005, 2008). The samples for these stud- cal Survey. These maps are a valuable the future. Illinois has abundant lime- ies were primarily collected from quarry source of information for delineating the stone and dolomite resources; however, stockpiles. Because of the large scope of distribution of bedrock units containing high-calcium limestone is not readily the projects, bed-by-bed examination high-calcium limestone resources (e.g., available throughout the state. The suit- and delineation of zones containing the Nelson and Devera 1995; Nelson et al. ability of high-calcium limestone for highest quality limestone [95% or better 1995a,b, 1999; Denny 2004; Denny and FGD applications also varies, and the calcium carbonate (CaCO )] were not Devera 2008; Denny et al. 2009; Devera most suitable limestone resources are 3 within the project time frames or bud- 2010; Denny and Seid 2014). Other pub- not widely available. The Illinois State gets. Nevertheless, the results of these lications dealing directly or indirectly Geological Survey conducted a state- studies were well received by the utili- with high-calcium limestone resources wide study through a grant from the ties industry and other industries using in Illinois include Stith et al. (1997), Illinois Clean Coal Institute to inventory limestone for desulfurization. Cloos and Baxter (1981), Goodwin and and characterize high-calcium lime- Baxter (1981), Lamar (1957, 1959), Lamar stone resources. This paper provides a Limestone-based desulfurization tech- and Harvey (1966), and Lamar and Will- brief overview of the distribution and nologies in coal-fired power plants are man (1931). properties of existing and potential a proven means of meeting the clean high-calcium limestone resources in air standards. Illinois has abundant We also examined a number of quar- Illinois. A more detailed report on the limestone and dolomite resources (e.g., ries that had the highest potential for location and characteristics of these Krey and Lamar 1925; Goodwin and containing high-calcium limestone high-calcium limestone resources will Harvey 1980; Goodwin and Baxter 1981; resources. We visited the key quarries appear in a subsequent publication. Goodwin 1983; Mikulic 1990; Lasemi et and made detailed descriptions of the al. 1999, 2004; Lasemi and Norby 2001). potential high-purity limestone zones. Most limestone quarries in Illinois pro- In most cases, detailed descriptions INTRODUCTION duce construction-quality aggregates were made from available cores drilled The demand for high-calcium lime- primarily for asphalt and concrete pave- at or near the quarry properties. Quarry stone has increased in recent years. This ments. For such uses, hardness, ease of and core samples were characterized This article was previously presented at the 47th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, held May 15–17, 2011, in Champaign, Illinois. Page numbers shown are not final. *Corresponding author: [email protected]. Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 587 1 chemically [X-ray fluorescence (XRF)], calcium limestone zones. A few quarries eastern Missouri, contains a 55-ft (16.8- mineralogically [X-ray diffraction already do selective mining; others will m) high-purity limestone interval in the (XRD)], and petrographically (polarized be amenable to such practices if demand upper part underlain by a 65-ft (19.8-m) light microscopy) to better constrain arises. interval that is less pure, with a high the high-purity limestone zones within magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) content. those quarries (Lasemi et al. 2011 and The upper high-purity interval presently manuscript in preparation). Distribution of the High-Calcium supplies the scrubber stone for the wet Limestone Resources in Illinois FGD system of a major coal-fired power This paper provides a brief overview of Rock units from which high-calcium plant in west-central Illinois. the research project conducted as part of limestone is currently produced or the grant from the Illinois Office of Coal that have potential for future produc- In Jackson and Union Counties in Development through ICCI regarding tion mainly include (1) the Ordovician extreme southern Illinois, the Lower the distribution of high-calcium lime- Kimmswick Limestone; (2) the Lower Devonian Backbone Limestone is a stone resources in Illinois (Lasemi et al. and Middle Devonian Backbone, Grand relatively pure limestone (95 to 98 wt% 2011). A more comprehensive treatment CaCO ) up to 43 ft (13.1 m) thick (Lamar Tower, and Wapsipinicon Limestones; 3 of the results from this project, along and (3) the Middle Mississippian Burl- 1959). The Backbone Limestone outcrops with maps of potential high-calcium ington, Ullin, Salem, and Ste. Genevieve in the Shawnee National Forest, but the resources, will be the subject of a subse- Limestones, and the Upper Mississip- chance for mining at this location is quent publication. pian Glen Dean and Haney Limestones minimal because of the thick overbur- (Figure 1). den and environmental considerations involved with surface mining. The RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Ordovician Kimmswick is at or near Middle Devonian Grand Tower Lime- About one third of the nation’s coal- the surface at Thebes, Illinois. Various stone crops out near Mountain Glen burning power plants that use desulfur- companies that are prospecting for inside the Shawnee National Forest ization units to remove SO2 emissions high-calcium limestone have conducted (Lamar 1959). It is a high-purity lime- are located in the six-state region of extensive studies in the area, which is in stone, up to 97.5 wt% CaCO3. At present,
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