Model 2000 BASIC Reference 26-5103
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• Running GRAPHICS.BAS: l I A Demonstration of • High Resolution Graphics We have added a file, GRAPHICS.BAS. to your MS-DOS svstem di.~k ette. This program demonstrates some of the high resolution graphics availahle with BASIC. To use the program, you need the CM-1 Color Monitor and a Monochrome Graphics Option board upgraded with the Color Graphics Option kit. Note: If you have a VM-1 Monochrome Monitor and the Morn Kim ime Graphics Option Board, you can run the program after removing the color-related statements and changing the SCREEN 3 statements to SCREEN 4. (See Mudel 2000 BA'i!C Reference for more information on these statements.) If you do not rlan to use GIW>J llCS.BAS, mu may delete the file from the diskette, as described in Chapter 8 of /11trodlfctio11 tot/le ,1/odd 2000. Otherwise, run the file by tvping (at the system prompt): BASIC GRAPHICS.BAS rum8) When finished, return to MS-DOS by typi11g: SYSTEM CEBilB) Tandy Corporation Part No. 875926 7 ('"°";" . \ 1!;AMS AND C:JNOIHONS OF SALi:: A:-.lO LICENSE Of 11AC:IO SHACK ANJ 1A\IOY COMPUTER EOJlPMENl ANO SOFTWARE PURCHASED fROM A RAOlO SHACK COMPANY·OWNEO COMPUTER CENTER RHAll STORE OR FROM A RADIO SHAC. fRANCHISff OR OEAlER Al 'IS AtHHORilEO LOCAflON LIMITED WARRANTY CUSTOMER OBLIGATIONS CL'STOMER assumes h.111 respons1b1hty thal included with lhe E.owpment or l•censed oiher re4u1:eme--1!s of CUSTOMER CUSTOMER assumes lull respons1b1hty !01 ihe cond1hon and ellechve.,ess ol lhe operat•ng ernmorimel'lt 11" w" ch :he Eo111oment ;;qd Software are to luncl1or, and !or Hs msta'lal on RADIO SHACK llMlTED WARRANTIES ANO CONDITIONS Of SALE For a penod ol rnnei)• i90J calendar days lr:Jm !tie dale ol the RacM Shack sales <locumeni received uoon ptnchase ol t~e Eau1pme1'l AAOlO SHACK warrants 10 !he on~H1a! CUSTOMER lflal lhe Equipment and !he rned1um upcn which !he Sollware 1s slored is lree horn manufactunng G"elects This warranty is only applic:able to p:urchase-s of Radio Shack and Tandy Equipment by the ori11inal customer lrom Madio Shack company-owned compuler centers, relail slores and lrom Aalfio Shack lram::Msees and dealen at its authori1ed IGcation. The warranty 1s vouj 1! !he Eouiprre~l s case Of ciJbinet has been ;}perted. or if the fou1pmen'. or So!twa1e has bee1 subm::led IC 1mpropef or abnormal vse_ I! a ma11uractorm~ defecl is d.uuve1ed durmg the SfJted warqinly 11eriod !he de!ectwe Eau1pment mus! be rr,turneo 10 a Ramo Sh.;u:k Conpuler Center a Radm Shack 1eta1l s!ore. pari1op;,hnQ Ra{!10 Shack hanchisee or R;id10 9111c~ deaier 101 rnpa1r. along w1lh a copy o: tt«e sares doct1me111 o: lease ag•eemen! Ttie or:g1na1 CUSTOMffl S so:e and e(c!us1ve remedy m !he even! at a defect is lirr1ted !o the correction a! fhe deiec! by repatr :epiacemeri! -01 re!und ol !he i;u1chase p11ce ;ii RAOIO SHACKS eiert;on and so;e elipense RADIO SHACl!: !las no o!ll!garm01 10 replace or reww expendable 1!ems 8, RADIO SHACK makes no warranty as to Ille ttes1gn. capat11tily, capac1tv. 01 su1lab1hly !or use a! !he Softwaie exctp! as prnv1t!ed m this parag1apti Sollwa'e is hcensed on an AS IS basis w1th0u! wananlv 1he ong1naf CUSTOMERS exclus•ve remedy •n lhe even! ot a Software rnanufaclurmg de!ecl. is 1ls repair or rep!acemeol w1th.r1 !h1r!y l30! calendar days of tt>e date ol the Rud!O Sh«Ck sales document received upon license 0J 1r-,e sonware. The <1efec1ive Soltware shall be returned to a Racho Shack Cor1pu\e1 Cenle• a Aad1{} Sf1ack ~ela1I s!OtlL part1t1palm9 Radio Shack lra:nch see 01 Radio Shack de:aier along w1lh the sales document Excepi as p;ov1deC herem ro employee ;u;;e<1t. lranch1see_ dealer or other person ·s aut~onted to QM:! anv wa11,~n11es of my na1tPe on beha!f ol RAOlO SHACK Except as provided h':rt!in. Radio Shack makes no upress warranUes, ar;d any implied warranty of merc.hantabiti1y or fitneH for a particular purpose is limited in l1$ duration lo the thnatton of the wtitten limited wananlies sel for1.h herein. Some slates do no! allow l1m1lat1ons on how :ong an 1mo11ed wa:rantv lasts so lhe above hm11at10111s1 rna·~ no! app!v 10 CUSTOMER UMITATlON OF UABILITY Except as prnvfded herein. Radio Shack shall have no liab1h1y 1:.r res.panstbility 10 customer or HY oUm person or enlity wilh res9ec110 any liability, lnu or damage nund or alteg:ed to be c.ilused direttly tH irtdlretlly by "Equipment" or "Sottware·· sold. leased, licensed or furnished by Radio Shack. including. bul nDI limited 1<L any inlerruplion of service. luss u1 business or 8 2 1 0 =~~il~,~~'3i~ G~~~is b~r ,;:~1 ee~rer~~~I :,a;:3:,~ r:rs~~~n1~J~~e~1~"s p::1~to~~~:;~oqnu:!1:~r ~~E~~~e~ a~;~·i~~ ~;t ::':~; ·~-r~:e~u o~~:~~ warranty or Ir; any ma•rner arising oul ol ot connecled with lhe sale, lease. lkerue. use or anticipated ute ol lhe "E!Ju1pmenl' or "So11ware" Nolwi1hstaruHno the above limllatlons and wanantles. Hallio Shack i liabilily hereunder !or damag's imamed by customer Dt oth~rs shall Ml e~eeed ihe amounl paid by customer !or the particular "Eq\lipment'' or "Software" involved RADIO SHAC!\ shalt 110! be tiable 1or any dam<19es caused by delay in dellvenn.g or lmrnshmo Eawpmeol and o• Sol!waJe No action ansmg our of any cta1med breach of l!ns Wan-anfy 01 tra11sac11ons under ftus W,manly may be brot1Qh! lhan !wo 121 f~~~~~~ ;~ ;:1e ~~~aert ;;~~;v~;~.:s~c~~~~r~r more lhan !our ;41 vears al!e1 the ctate o• lhe Radio S>iack sales 101 !he 1 5 1 Some slates do not ailow !he llm1ta1!01 or exc!us1ori ol mc1den1tll 01 conseqvenl•<il tl<images so me Above hrnil<if•(irVSt 01 cxc1us+ontsi may nol anply 1o CUS10MEfi STATE lAW RIGHTS 1hc warranties granted 1"-erem gwe lhe original CUSTOMER speci'1c !egJi ngh!s Jnd ori11mal CIJSHJMER '!My !Mve otr.e1 11ohts wh1c~ v~rv ir:;r:' stale to state GW®-BASIC Software: Copvright 1983 Microsoft Corporation. Licensed to Tandv Corporation. All Rights Reserved. MS®-DOS Software: Copyrighc 1983 Microsoft Corporation. Licensed to Tandv Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Model 2000 BIOS Software: Copyright 1983 Tandy Corporation. All Rights Reserved. BASIC Reference Manual: COpyright 1983 Microsoft Corporation and Tandy Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction or use without express written permission from Tand\• Corporation, of any porcion of this manual is prohibited. While reason able efforts have been taken in the preparation of this manual to assure its accuracy, Tandy Corporation assumes no liabilirv resulting from any errors or omissions in this manual, or from the use of the information contained herein. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Introduction This manual is about the popular GW-BASIC from Micro soft. BASIC for MS-DOS is an "interpreter." When you run a program, it executes each statement one at a time. This makes it quick and easy to use. It also allows you to take advantage of many MS-DOS features, such as: • Faster running programs • Expanded graphics capabilities About this Manual This is a reference manual, qot a tutorial. We assume you already know BASIC and are using this manual to quickly find the information you need. If you do not know BASIC, many excellent books are available at your local bookstore written in a tutorial fashion to teach you BASIC. Section I Operations. This section shows how to load BASIC. It also demonstrates how to write, run, and save a BASIC program on disk. Section II The BASIC Language. This section includes a definition for each BASIC keyvvord (state ments and functions) in alphabetical order. In addi tion, it shows how to write a program to store data on disk Notations CAPITALS material that must be entered exactly as it appears. italics words, letters, characters, or values you must supply from a set of accept able entries. ... (ellipsis) items preceding the ellipsis may be repeated. X'NNNN NNNN is a hexadecimal number. O'NNNN NNNN is an octal number. (KEYNAMEl a key on your keyboard. b a blank space character (ASCII code 32). For example, in BASICbbPROG two spaces are between BASIC and PROG. Terms buffer a number in the range 1 to 15. This refers to an area in memory that BASIC uses to create and access a disk file. Once you use a buffer to create a file, you cannot use it to create or access any other files; you must first close the file. You may only access an open file with the buffer used to open it. [parameters] information you supply to specify how a command is lo operate. Pa rameters enclosed in brackets are optional. [arguments] expressions you supply for a function to evaluate. Arguments enclosed in brackets are optional. syntax a command with its parameter( s ), or a function with its argument(s ). This shows the format to use for entering a keyword in a program line. line a numeric expression that identifies a BASIC program line. Each line has a number between 0 and 65529. integer any integer expression. It may consist of an integer or of several integers joined by operators. Integers are whole numbers between 32768 and 32767. 2 string any string expression. It may consist of a string, or of several strings joined by operators.