Chapter 533 Credit Unions
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Modernizing Financial Services: the Glass-Steagall Act Revisited
MODERNIZING FINANCIAL SERVICES: THE GLASS-STEAGALL ACT REVISITED National Association of Federally-Insured Credit Unions NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FEDERALLY-INSURED CREDIT UNIONS | NAFCU.ORG | 1 INTRODUCTION: Since the financial crisis, the credit union industry has experienced significant consolidation in the financial marketplace while the largest banks have reaped record profits and grown in both size and scope. From 2008 to 2017, the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) chartered only 29 new federal credit unions while, during that same period, 2,528 credit unions closed or merged out of existence. The post-crisis regulatory environment has contributed to this decade-long trend of consolidation, but credit unions have also faced barriers to growth in the form of field of membership rules, capital requirements, and limits on interest rates, among many other restrictions. Accordingly, while it is essential to promote regulatory relief that reduces compliance burdens, credit unions also need modern rules to evolve and grow. Regulatory burden and the pressure to consolidate affects more than just the credit union industry. Community banks have experienced similar declines.1 The lack of new charters among community institutions illustrates the extent to which complex and poorly tailored regulations have put a stranglehold on growth and, by extension, limited consumer financial services. In recognition of these trends and the need for regulatory relief, Congress recently passed the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (S. 2155). S. 2155 garnered bipartisan support and helped alleviate some burdens associated with reporting under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and the NCUA’s member business lending rules, and provided new safe harbors for compliance with federal consumer financial protection laws. -
Concise Encyclopedia of the Great Recession, 2007-2010
THE CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE GREAT RECESSION 2007–2010 Jerry M. Rosenberg The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2010 Published by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.scarecrowpress.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright © 2010 by Jerry M. Rosenberg All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rosenberg, Jerry Martin. The concise encyclopedia of the great recession 2007–2010 / Jerry M. Rosenberg. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8108-7660-6 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8108-7661-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8108-7691-0 (ebook) 1. Financial crises—United States—History—21st century—Dictionaries. 2. Recessions—United States—History—21st century—Dictionaries. 3. Financial institutions—United States—History—21st century—Dictionaries. I. Title. HB3743.R67 2010 330.9'051103—dc22 2010004133 ϱ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America For Ellen Celebrating fifty years of love and adventure. She is my primary motivation. As a lifelong partner, Ellen keeps me spirited and vibrant. -
How Laws and Regulations Affect Credit Unions
C H A P T E R O N E HOW LAWS AND REGULATIONS AFFECT CREDIT UNIONS his chapter covers the chartering, structure, and oversight of federal credit unions, Tincluding a discussion of the Federal Credit Union Act, the various sources of authority issued by the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), the role of NCUA as insurer, and the role of state regulators. We also briefly discuss federal financial institution legislation and regulation in consumer protection, employment, and other areas of interest to credit union directors. CHARTERING, STRUCTURE, AND OVERSIGHT AUTHORITY Like any other financial institution, credit unions are governed by the laws that allow them to be organized and maintained. The Federal Credit Union Act is the legal founda- tion for federal credit unions. In addition, most states have their own credit union laws, giving credit unions a dual structure for chartering and regulatory oversight. The National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) is the independent agency that exercises regulatory oversight of federal credit unions. NCUA has authority over managing the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF) and examining both federal credit unions and federally insured state-chartered credit unions. Individual state credit union acts also name the regulatory agency, establish the agency’s power and authority, establish the form, structure, and powers of state-chartered credit unions, and specify share insurance requirements. 1 Federal Credit Union Act The Federal Credit Union Act is the law that established NCUA. It also defines the basic structure of federal credit unions in such areas as chartering, field of membership, and loan and investment powers. -
Policy Issues Related to Credit Union Lending
Policy Issues Related to Credit Union Lending ,name redacted, Specialist in Financial Economics November 18, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R43167 Policy Issues Related to Credit Union Lending Summary Credit unions make loans to their members, to other credit unions, and to corporate credit unions that provide financial services to individual credit unions. There are statutory restrictions on their business lending activities, which the credit union industry has long advocated should be lifted. Specific restrictions on business lending include an aggregate limit on an individual credit union’s member business loan balances and on the amount that can be loaned to one member. Industry spokespersons have argued that easing the restrictions on member business lending could increase the available pool of credit for small businesses. Credit unions also lack sources of capital beyond retained earnings, and alternative supplemental capital sources would allow them to increase their lending while remaining in compliance with safety and soundness regulatory requirements. Community bankers, who often compete with credit unions, argue that policies such as raising the business lending cap would allow credit unions to expand beyond their congressionally mandated mission and could pose a threat to financial stability. Members of the 114th Congress have introduced legislation that would allow credit unions to expand their lending activities. H.R. 989, the Capital Access for Small Business and Jobs Act, was introduced and referred to the House Committee on Financial Services on February 13, 2015. H.R. 989 would redefine net worth for credit unions to include additional sources of supplemental capital. In addition, H.R. -
2021 Key Federal Issues
2021 KEY FEDERAL ISSUES 2021 CUNA GAC Update Credit Union Difference • Established by Congress over 80 years ago, credit • We anticipate credit union opponents will unions have a strong, positive reputation as seek, as they did in the 116th Congress, to have member-owned, community-centered financial legislation introduced that would eliminate the cooperatives. income tax exemption for credit unions, either across the board or focused on large asset • Congress designated credit unions as not-for- profit credit unions and subject credit unions to the organizations because of their unique structure Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). and mission within the financial service industry. • Michigan credit unions are adamantly opposed • Banks were created and operate under their own to any such legislation and ask for support in distinct structure with a mission different from defeating this or similar legislation. credit unions. • Credit unions are not subject to the CRA for • Congress has long recognized that different many reasons, among them: structures necessitate different tax treatments, not only in the financial service sector but ° At no time in our 100-plus year history have throughout other areas of our economy. credit unions engaged in “redlining”, we are member owned financial institutions that • Banks can raise capital for the equity and bond serve the needs of our members, markets. Credit unions can only raise capital ° We are committed to serving diverse and through retained earnings. historically underserved communities, • Credit union boards are drawn from members, ° 75% of credit union branches are in middle, elected by the members and serve as unpaid moderate and low-income communities, and volunteers. -
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act July 2010 the DODD-FRANK WALL STREET REFORM and CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT
Understanding the New Financial Reform Legislation: The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act July 2010 THE DODD-FRANK WALL STREET REFORM AND CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT For more information about the matters raised in this Legal Update, please contact your regular Mayer Brown contact or one of the following: Scott A. Anenberg Charles M. Horn +1 202 263 3303 +1 202 263 3219 [email protected] [email protected] Michael R. Butowsky Jerome J. Roche +1 212 506 2512 +1 202 263 3773 [email protected] [email protected] Joshua Cohn David R. Sahr +1 212 506 2539 +1 212 506 2540 [email protected] [email protected] Thomas J. Delaney Jeffrey P. Taft +1 202 263 3216 +1 202 263 3293 [email protected] [email protected] Table of Contents Index of Acronyms / Abbreviations .................................................................................................xv The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ................................................ 1 A. Summary ................................................................................................................... 1 B. A Very Brief History of the Legislation ...................................................................... 1 C. Overview of the Legislation ...................................................................................... 2 1. Framework for Financial Stability ................................................................. 2 2. Orderly Liquidation Regimen ....................................................................... -
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
Notes to the Reader 1. This document is extracted from Committee Print 108-B of the Committee on Financial Services of the U.S. House of Representa- tives, and was prepared at the direction of that Committee. 2. Any material contained within brackets ø¿ is not part of the text of the law but is inserted as an aid to the reader. 3. Citations have been included to enable the reader to locate the same material in the United States Code (U.S.C.). These citations are not a part of the text of the law in which they appear. For changes after the revision date of this excerpt (September 30, 2004) to provisions of law in this publication that have citations to the U.S. Code, see the United States Code Classification Tables pub- lished by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives at http://uscode.house.gov/uscct.htm. REVISED THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30, 2004 GRAMM-LEACH-BLILEY ACT Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) ø12 U.S.C. 1811 note¿ SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act’’. * * * * * * * TITLE II—FUNCTIONAL REGULATION Subtitle A—Brokers and Dealers * * * * * * * SEC. 206. ø15 U.S.C. 78c note¿ DEFINITION OF IDENTIFIED BANKING PRODUCT. (a) DEFINITION OF IDENTIFIED BANKING PRODUCT.—For pur- poses of paragraphs (4) and (5) of section 3(a) of the Securities Ex- change Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. -
(Infographic) | Hiway Credit Union
Credit Union HISTORY For more than 100 years, credit unions have provided fi nancial services to their members in the United States Credit unions are unique depository institutions created not for profi t, but to serve their members as credit co-operatives. A BRIEF HISTORY OF CREDIT UNIONS IN THE UNITED STATES 1800s ENGLAND & GERMANY The earliest fi nancial Distinguishing features of these early co-operatives date back credit unions included: to the beginning of • Democratic governance 19th century in England. • Each member has one vote, regardless A few decades later, of the size of the member’s deposits credit unions took root in Germany. These early • Member-elected board of directors credit unions became the • Volunteer based model for today’s credit unions in the United States. 1900 LÉVIS, QUEBEC, CANADA The credit union concept Alphonse Desjardins crossed the Atlantic to Lévis, Quebec, where Alphonse Desjardins organized La Caisse populaire de Lévis. A former journalist and 1909 the French-language MANCHESTER, 1 stenographer for the NEW HAMPSHIRE Canadian House of Commons, Desjardins Desjardins helped a group became aware of of Franco-American moneylenders charging Catholics organize outrageous interest. In St. Mary’s Cooperative response, he organized Credit Association. This this fi rst credit union fi rst credit union in the in North America to United States opened its provide a ordable credit doors in 1909. to working-class families. 1909 CU ACT MASSACHUSETTS CREDIT UNION ACT Edward Filene As a result of the e orts of Edward Filene, a merchant and philanthropist, and Pierre Jay, the Massachusetts Banking Commissioner, the 1920s Massachusetts Credit Union GROWING Act became law on April 15, POPULARITY 1909. -
Federal Credit Union Charter Application Guide
NCUA National Credit Union Administration Federal Credit Union Charter Application Guide Office of Consumer Protection Division of Consumer Access 1775 Duke Street Alexandria, VA 22314-3437 September 2014 (Version 1.0) Federal Credit Union Charter Application Guide SEPTEMBER 2014 (VERSION 1.0) National Credit Union Administration Office of Consumer Protection Division of Consumer Access 1775 Duke Street Alexandria, VA 22314-3437 (703) 518-1140 [email protected] Questions regarding this guide and new federal credit union charters should be directed to the above telephone number/email address. When NCUA is referenced in this guide, please use the above contact information to contact or submit application materials to NCUA. NCUA National Credit Union Administration 0 Using this Guide This guide provides direction on applying for a Federal Credit Union Charter. The guide’s five parts include step-by-step guidance and examples to help your proposed federal credit union (PFCU) group navigate the process successfully. It is most efficient to complete Parts 1 through 3 in the order listed. Each Step within a Part is also in suggested order of completion. We recommended you submit each Part for NCUA review and feedback before proceeding to the next Part. Any Step within a Part may also be submitted when completed. Each submitted Step or Part will be reviewed by NCUA as to its adequacy and NCUA will let the PFCU know when they should proceed to the next Step or Part. NCUA must find all Steps have been satisfactorily completed before a charter can be approved. Part 1, Preliminary Work, Steps 1 through 3 - This Part covers what you should research before starting the chartering process. -
The Community Reinvestment Act & Credit Unions
NORTH CAROLINA BANKING INSTITUTE Volume 4 | Issue 1 Article 23 2000 The ommC unity Reinvestment Act & Credit Unions C. Blythe Clifford Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncbi Part of the Banking and Finance Law Commons Recommended Citation C. B. Clifford, The Community Reinvestment Act & Credit Unions, 4 N.C. Banking Inst. 607 (2000). Available at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncbi/vol4/iss1/23 This Comments is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Banking Institute by an authorized administrator of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Community Reinvestment Act & Credit Unions I. INTRODUCTION Banks and credit unions have been waging a war since the birth of credit unions. One of the most recent issues in this war involved whether credit unions should be regulated by the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (CRA).1 The issue was spawned by the last major battle between banks and credit un- ions, one that centered around a challenge by several banks to the National Credit Union Administration's (NCUA) interpretation of the "common bond" requirement for membership in a federal credit union.2 The statute requires a common bond of occupation or association or, alternatively, limits membership to "groups within a well-defined neighborhood, community, or rural dis- trict."3 The NCUA interpreted the "common bond" rule so as to allow several unrelated employer groups to be members of a sin- gle credit union.4 The Supreme Court sided with the banks, mak- 1. -
7535-01-U National Credit Union Administration 12 Cfr
7535-01-U NATIONAL CREDIT UNION ADMINISTRATION 12 CFR Parts 701, 706, and 790 RIN 3133-AE42 Technical Amendments. AGENCY: National Credit Union Administration (NCUA). ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act1 (Dodd-Frank Act) repealed NCUA’s rulemaking authority under the Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC Act).2 As a result, the NCUA Board (Board) is now repealing NCUA’s regulations governing unfair or deceptive acts or practices. The Board is also making a number of technical amendments to other NCUA regulations to conform them to the agency’s current central and field office structures. Additionally, the Board is amending NCUA’s payday alternative loans regulation to replace all references to “short-term, small amount loans” and “STS loans” with 1 Pub. L. 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010). 2 Section 1092(2) of the Dodd-Frank Act, amending 15 U.S.C. 57a(f). corresponding references to “payday alternative loans” and “PAL loans.” The latter terms more accurately reflect the nature and purpose of this loan product. DATES: The final rule is effective on [insert date of publication in the FEDERAL REGISTER]. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Frank Kressman, Associate General Counsel, Office of General Counsel, at 1775 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 or telephone: (703) 518-6540. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Background and Purpose of the Final Rule II. Regulatory Amendments III. Regulatory Procedures I. Background and Purpose of the Final Rule Why is the NCUA Board issuing this rule? Part 706 In 2010, President Obama signed into law the Dodd-Frank Act. -
Financial Services and Cybersecurity: the Federal Role
Financial Services and Cybersecurity: The Federal Role Updated March 23, 2016 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44429 Financial Services and Cybersecurity: The Federal Role Summary Multiple federal and state regulators oversee companies in the financial services industry. Regulatory authority is often directed at particular functions or financial services activities rather than at particular entities or companies. It is, therefore, likely that a financial services company with multiple product lines—deposits, securities, insurance—will find that it must answer to different regulators with respect to particular aspects of its operations. Five federal agencies oversee depository institutions, two regulate securities, several agencies have discrete authority over various segments of the financial sector, and several self-regulatory organizations monitor entities in the securities business. Federal banking regulators (the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Reserve, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) are required to promulgate safety and soundness standards for all federally insured depository institutions to protect the stability of the nation’s banking system. Some of these standards pertain to cybersecurity issues, including information security, data breaches, and destruction or theft of business records. The federal securities regulators (the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission) have asserted authority over various aspects of cybersecurity in securities markets and those who trade in them. This includes requiring publicly traded financial and nonfinancial corporations to file annual and quarterly reports that provide investors with material information, a category which could include information about cybersecurity risks or breaches. In addition, overseeing the securities industry are certain self-regulatory organizations—private organizations empowered by law or regulation to create and enforce industry rules, including those covering cybersecurity.