Children Born of War

1) General

Becirbasic, Belma and Dzenana Secic, 2002, ‘Invisible Casualties of War’, Star Magazine, Sarajevo, BCR No. 383S

Carpenter, R. Charli (ed.),Born of War. Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones (Bloomfield: Kumarian Press, 2007)

Carpenter, Charli R., ‘International Agenda-Setting in World Politics: Issue Emergence and Non-Emergence Around Children and Armed Conflict’, (2005) [http://www.du.edu/gsis/hrhw/working/2005/30-carpenter-2005.pdf]

D.Costa, Bina, War Babies: The Question of National Honour in the Gendered Construction of Nationalism: From Partition to Creation (unpublished PhD thesis, Australian National University, 2003) [http://www.drishtipat.org/1971/docs/warbabies_bina.pdf]

Ismail, Zahra, Emerging from the Shadows. Finding a Place for Children Born of War (unpublished M.A. Thesis, European University Centre for Peace Studies, Austria, 2008)

McKinley, James C. jr., ‘Legacy of Rwanda Violence: The Thousands Born of Rape’, New York Times, 25 September 1996

Mochmann, Ingvill C. 2017. Children Born of War – A Decade of International and Interdisciplinary Research. Historical Social Research 42 (1): 320-346. doi: 10.12759/hsr.42.2017.1.320-346.

Parsons M. (ed), Children. The Invisible Victims of War (DSM, 2008)

Voicu, Bogdan und Ingvill C. Mochmann, 2014: Social Trust and Children Born of War. Social Change Review 12(2): 185-212

Westerlund, Lars (ed.), Children of German Soldiers: Children of Foreign Soldiers in Finland 1940—1948 , vol. 1 (Helsinki: Painopaikka Nord Print, 2011)

Westerlund, Lars (ed.), The Children of Foreign Soldiers in Finland, Norway, Denmark, Austria, Poland and Occupied Soviet Karelia. Children of Foreign Soldiers in Finland 1940– 1948 vol. 2 (Helsinki: Painopaikka Nord Print, Helsinki 2011)

2) Gender-Based Violence in Wars and Conflicts

2a) General

Allen, Beverly, Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia (Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota Press, 1996)

Barstow, Anne Llewellyn, (ed.) War's Dirty Secret: Rape, Prostitution, and Other Crimes Against Women (Cleveland: The Pilgrim Press, 2000)

Bechdolf, Ute, ‘Grenzerfahrungen von Frauen. Vergewaltigungen beim Einmarsch der französischen Besatzungstruppen in Südwestdeutschland’, in Kleiner Grenzverkehr: Deutsch-französische Kulturanalysen, U. Jeggle and F. Raphaël (eds) (Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 1997) 189—208 Beck, Birgit, ‘Vergewaltigung von Frauen als Kriegsstrategie im Zweiten Weltkrieg?, in Gewalt im Krieg. Ausübung, Erfahrung und Verweigerung von Gewalt in Kriegen des 20.Jahrhunderts,. (Münster: A. Gestrich (Jahrbuch für Historische Friedensforschung, 1995), 34—50

Beevor, A. ‘They raped every German female from eight to 80’, The Guardian, 1 May 2002 [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/may/01/news.features11]

Benedict, Helen, ‘Why Soldiers Rape’, In These Times 13 August 2008 [http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3848/]

Brown, S. E. (2017). Gender and the genocide in Rwanda: women as rescuers and perpetrators. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

Brownmiller, S., Against our will: Men, women and rape (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975)

Card, Claudia, ‘Rape as a Weapon of War’, Hypatia 11 (4) (1996), 5—18

Carpenter, Charli R., ‘Surfacing Children: Limitations of Genocidal Rape Discourse’, Human Rights Quarterly, 22 (2000), 428-477

Cohen-Pfister, L., ‘Portraying mass wartime rape in the documentary: Befreier and Befreite and Calling the Ghosts’, West Virginia University Philological Papers, 2004.

Farwell, Nancy, ‘War Rape: New Conceptualizations and Responses’, Affilia, 19 (2004) 389—403

Gertjejanssen, Wendy Jo, Victims, Heroes, Survivors. Sexual Violence on the Eastern Front during World War II, (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, 2004)

Gikes, M., ‘“There was No One Who Could Escape This Horrible Situation”: Gender Based Violence in the American Viet Nam War, 1954-1975’, Dissertation Abstracts International Section C, 67, 4, 2006, p. 582

Harris, Ruth, ‘The “Child of the Barbarian”: Rape, Race and Nationalism in France during the First World War’, Past and Present 141 (1993), 170—206

Hicks, G. The Comfort Women: Japan's Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War (New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995)

Hughes, Donna M. and Kathleen Foster, ‘War, Nationalism and Rape: Women Responded by Opening a Center Against Sexual Violence in Belgrade, Serbia’, Women's Studies International Forum 19 (1996): 183—184

Hynes, M., K. Robertson, J. Ward, and C. Crouse. A Determination of the Prevalence of Gender-based Violence among Conflict-affected Populations in East Timor, Disasters, 28, 3, 2004

Kappeler, Susanne, Mira Renka, and Melanie Beyer (eds.), Vergewaltigung, Krieg, Nationalismus: Eine Feministische Kritik (Munich: Verlag Frauenoffensive, 1994)

MacKinnon, C.A., ‘Rape, genocide, and women’s human rights’, Harvard’s Women’s Law Journal, 17 (1994), 8—12 Meinen, Insa, Wehrmacht und Prostitution in besetzten Frankreich (Bremen: Edition Temmen, 2002)

Salzman, Todd, E., ‘Rape Camps as a Means of Ethnic Cleansing’, Human Rights Quarterly 20 (2) (1998), 348—378

Seiffert, Ruth, ‘The Second Front: The Logic of Sexual Violence in Wars’, Women’s Studies International Forum 19 (1-2) (1996), 35—43

Seifert, Ruth. ‘Rape in Wars: Analytical Approaches’, Minerva: Woman & War, 11 (2) (1993), 17—32

Seifert, Ruth, ‘War and Rape: A Preliminary Analysis’, in Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina Alexandra Stiglmayer (ed.) (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 54—72

Stiglmayer, Alexandra (ed.), Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1994)

Csete, J. Human Rights Watch. 2002. “The War within the War: Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo” http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/drc/.

Groves, G, Resurreccion, B, Doneys, P. ‘Keeping the Peace is Not Enough: Human Security and Gender-based Violence during the Transitional Period of Timor-Leste’, Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 24, 2, (2009), pp. 186-210

Robertson, K. “Case Study on Gender-Based Violence in Timor Leste”, PRADET Timor Lorosa’e, prepared for UNFPA Women, Peace, and Security Project, 2005

Wood, Elisabeth Jean, ‘Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When Is Wartime Rape Rare?, Politics and Society 37 (1) (2009), 131—162

2b) Rape as a Weapon of War

Abler, T. S. “Scalping, Torture, Cannibalism and Rape: An Ethnohistorical Analysis of Conflicting Cultural Values in War.” Anthropologica XXXIV, 3-20, 1992.

Card, C. “Rape as a Weapon of War” Hypatia 11, 4, 1996.

Donohoe, Martin, ‘War, Rape and Genocide: Never Again?’, Medscape, 18 April 2004 [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/491147]

Gingerich, T. and Leaning, J. “The Use of Rape as a Weapon of War in the Conflict of Darfur, Sudan” (Boston MA: Harvard University School of Public Health, Program on Humanitarian Crises and Human Rights, 2004)

Hardy, J. ‘Everything Old is New Again: The Use of Gender-Based Terrorism Against Women’, Minerva: Woman & War, 19, 2, 2001, pp. 3-38

Heinecken, L. Van Der Waag-Cowling, N. ‘The Politics of Race and Gender in the South African Armed Forces: Issues, Challenges, Lessons’, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 47, 4, 2009, pp. 517-538

Littlewood, R., 'Military Rape', Anthropology Today, 13, 2, 1997, pp. 7-16 McCormick, R. W. “Rape and War, Gender and Nation, Victims and Victimizers: Helke Sander’s Befreier und Befreite” Camera Obscura 46, 16, 1, 2001, pp. 99-141

Skjelsbak, I. ‘Sexual Violence in Times of War: A New Challenge for Peace Operations’, International Peacekeeping, 8, 2, 2001, p. 69

Smith-Spark, L, ‘How Did Rape Become a Weapon of War?’, BBC News Online 8.12.2004 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4078677.stm]

2b) Sexual exploitation and wartime prostitution

Boling, D. Mass Rape, Enforced Prostitution, and the Japanese Imperial Army: Japan Eschews International Legal Responsibility? (Baltimore, 1995)

Chung, H-K. “Your Comfort Vs. My Death: A Korean Woman’s Reflection on Military Sexual Slavery by Japan”, Minjung-Theology, Korean Association of Minjung Theology, 1, 1995, pp. 149-170

Coronel, S. and Ninotchka, R., ‘For the Boys: Filipinas Expose Years of Sexual Slavery by the United States and Japan’, Ms., 10, Nov-Dec 1993.

Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Preventing Sexual Violence Initiative (2017). Principles for Global Action on tackling the stigma of Sexual Violence in Conflict. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/645636/PSVI_ Principles_for_Global_Action.pdf

Haberling, W. ‘Army Prositution and Its Control: An Historical Study’, in Morals in Wartime: General Survey from Ancient Times, Morals in the First World War, Morals in the Second World War, M.D. Victor Robinson (ed.) (New York, 1943)

Hicks, G. The Comfort Women: Japan’s Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War (New York and London, 1995)

Moon, K. H. S. Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in United States-Korean Relations (New York, 1997)

Tanaka, Y. Japan’s Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II and the US Occupation edited by Mark Selden, Asia’s Transformations (London & New York, 2002)

2c) Rape as a war crime

Aafjes, Astrid. Gender Violence: The Hidden War Crime, (Washington, D.C.: Women, Law and Development International, 1998)

Barstow, A. L. (ed.) War’s Dirty Secret: Rape, Prostitution, and Other Crimes Against Women. (Cleveland, 2000)

Beck, Birgit. ‘Rape: The Military Trials of Sexual Crimes Committed by Soldiers in the Wehrmacht, 1939-1944’, in Home/Front: The Military, War and Gender in Twentieth-Century Germany, Karen Hagemann and Stefanie Schüler-Springorum (eds), (Oxford and New York: Berg, 2002), 255—273 Engle, K. ‘Feminism and Its (Dis)contents: Criminalizing Wartime Rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina’, The American Journal of International Law, 99, 4, 2005, pp. 778-816

Goldstein, J. and Anne Tierney, Recognizing Forced Impregnation as a War Crime Under International Law: A Special Report of the International Program, (New York: Center for Reproductive Law & Policy, 1993)

Greer, G. ‘Rape: the Oldest and Newest War Crime’, 20 June 2008 [http://www.ippf.org/NR/exeres/AD977915-0C90-4BFB-90EE-27D4DEBC704B.htm]

Henry, Nicola, ‘The Impossibility of Bearing Witness: Wartime Rape and the Promise of Justice’, Violence Against Women, 16, 10, 2010, pp. 1098-1119

Hillman, E. L., ‘Front and Centre: Sexual Violence in US Military Law’, Politics and Society 37, 1, 2009, pp. 101-129

MacKinnon, C. A., ‘Crimes of War, Crimes of Peace’, On Human Rights: the Oxford Amnesty Lectures 1993, 1993, pp. 83-109 http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/uclawo4&div=9&g_sent=1&collection=j ournals

Niarchos, Catherine N., ‘Women, War and Rape: Challenges Facing the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia’, Human Rights Quarterly 17 (4) (1995), 649—690

Simons, Marlise, ‘For First Time, Court Defines Rape as War Crime’, The New York Times, 28 June 1996

Thomas, D. Q. and Regan E. R. ‘Rape In War: Challenging the Tradition of Impunity’, SAIS Review of International Affairs, 1994, pp. 81-99

2d) Health and psychological effects of rape

Folnegovic-Smalc, V. “Psychiatric Aspects of the Rapes in the War against the Republics of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina” in Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia- Herzegovina, edited by Alexandra Stigmayer (Lincoln and London, 1994) pp. 174-179

Koss, M. P., Figueredo, A. J., Prince, R. J. “Cognitive Meditation of Rape’s Mental, Physical, and Social Health Impact: Tests of Four Models in Cross-sectional Data” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 4, 2002

Krog, A., ‘Locked into Loss and Silence: Testimonies of Gender and Violence at the South Africa Truth Commission’ in Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence, edited by Caroline O.N. Moser and Fiona C. Clark (London & New York, 2001)

Phillops, S. R., The Systematic Rape of Bosnia’s Muslims: Genocide, the Physical and Psychological Effects of the Victim and the Victim and the Community, and the Morality of Indifference (Emory University, 1997)

Pine, Rachel and Julie Mertus, Meeting the Health Needs of Victims of Sexual Violence in the Balkans (NY: Center for Reproductive Law and Policy 1994) ‘Rape in War Is Common, Devastating, and Too Often Ignored’, PLoS Med 6(1), 27 January 2009 [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000021]

Roth, M., ‘Transforming the Rape Culture That Lives in My Skull’, in Transforming a Rape Culture, edited by Emilie Buchwald, Pamela, R. Fletcher and Martha Roth, (Minneapolis, 1993)

Vranic, S., Breaking the Wall of Silence: the Voices of Raped Bosnia (Zagreb, 1996)

2) World War II

2a) Relationships between foreign soldiers and local women

Beck, B., ‘Rape: The Military Trials of Sexual Crimes Committed by Soldiers in the Wehrmacht, 1939-1944’, in Home/Front: The Military, War and Gender in Twentieth-Century Germany (Oxford and New York, 2002), 255—273

Bennett, J. A. and Wanhalla, A.: Mothers' Darlings of the South Pacific: The Children of Indigenous Women and U.S. Servicemen, World War II. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.

Bergen, D., ‘Sex, Blood, and Vulnerability: Women Outsiders in German-Occupied Europe’, in Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany, Robert Gellately and Nathan Stoltzfus (eds), (Princeton and Oxford, 2001)

Bissiscombe, Perry, ‘Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the US Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945—1948’, Journal of Social History 34 (2001), 611—47.

Bland, Lucy (2017). Interracial Relationships and the “Brown Baby Question”: Black GIs, White British Women, and Their Mixed-Race Offspring in World War II. Journal of the History of Sexuality, Volume 26 (3), pp. 424-453.

Bos, P. ‘Feminists Interpreting the Politics of Wartime Rape: Berlin’, Journal of Women in Culture & Society, 31, 4, 2006, pp. 995-1025

Burds, Jeffrey, ‘Sexual Violence in Europe in World War II, 1939—1945’, Politics and Society, 37 (1) (2009,) 35—73

Diedrichs, M., Wie geschoren wordt moet stil zitten, De omgang van Nederlandse meisjes met Duitse militaire (Amsterdam: Boom,2007)

Domentat, T., Hallo Fräulein: Deutsche Frauen und amerikanische Soldaten (Berlin 1998)

Dowling, Siobhan, ‘Sexual Violence in World War II: New German Study Looks at Rape Trauma 60 Years On’, Spiegel Online 22 October 2008 [http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,585779,00.html]

Drolshagen, E. D, Nicht ungeschoren davonkommen: Das Schicksal der Frauen in den besetzten Ländern, die Wehrmachtssoldaten liebten (Hamburg,1998)

Drolshagen, E.D., Der freundliche Feind: Wehrmachtssoldaten iim besetzen Europa (München: Droemer, 2009) Goedde, Petra, GIs and Germans. Culture, Gender and Foreign Relations 1945—1949 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003)

Grossmann, Atina, ‘A Questions of Silence: The Rape of German Women by Occupation Soldiers’, in West Germany under Construction: Politics, Society and Culture in the Adenauer Era, Robert G. Moeller (ed.), Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997, 33—52

Harris, Kenneth, ‘Oversexed, Overfed, Over Here’, The New York Times, 12 February 1995

Maria Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002)

Johnson, D., ‘Red Army Troops Raped Even Russian Women As They Freed Them From Camps’, The Daily Telegraph, 24 January 2002 [http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/uclawo4&div=9&g_sent=1&collection= journals]

Kleinschmidt, Johannes, ‘”German Fräuleins” – Heiraten zwischen amerikanischen Soldaten und Deutschen in der Besatzungszeit 1945-1949’, Frauen in der einen Welt 4 (2) (1992), 42—58.

Kleinschmidt, Johannes, ‘Amerikaner und Deutsche in der Besatzungszeit – Beziehungen und Probleme’, in Besatzer - Helfer - Vorbilder, Amerikanische Politik und deutscher Alltag in Württemberg-Baden 1945 bis 1949, Dokumentation des Symposiums vom 11.10.1996 im Stuttgarter Rathaus, Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg,Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg (ed.), (Stuttgart, 1996), 35—54

Knauth, Percy, ‘Fraternization: The word takes on a Brand-New Meaning in Germany’, Life, 2.7.1945, 26

Kuwert, P. et al., ‘Trauma and current posttraumatic stress symptoms in elderly German women who experienced wartime rape in 1945’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198 (2010), 450—451

Kuwert, P. and H.J. Freyberger, ‘The unspoken secret: sexual violence in World War II’, International Psychogeriatrics 19 (4) (2007), 782—784

Lilienthal, G. Der 'Lebenborn e.V.' Ein Instrument nationalsozialistischer Rassenpolitik (Stuttgart, 1985)

Lilly, Robert, Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007)Messerschmidt, James W., ‘Review Symposium: The Forgotten Victims of World War II: Masculinities and Rape in Berlin, 1945’, Violence Against Women, 12, (2006), 706—12

Miller, V.,‘Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II’, Cultural & Social History, 6 (3) (2009), 385—387

Modell, John und Duane Steffey, ‘Waging War and Marriage: Military Service and Family Formation 1940—1950’, Journal of Family History 13 (1988), 195—218

Pfau, Ann Elisabeth, Miss YourLovin. GI, Gender and Domesticity in WWII. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008) Reynolds, David. J., Rich Relations: The American Occupation of Britain 1942—1945. London: HarperCollins, 1996.

Scheck, R. ‘Collaboration of the Heart: The Forbidden Love Affairs of French Prisoners of War and German Women in Nazi Germany*’, The Journal of Modern History, 90, 2, (2018), pp. 351-382

Smith, L, ‘GIs in West End were led astray by “young sluts and vicious debauchery”’, The Times, 1 November 2005

Stelzl-Marx, B. ‘Freier und Befreier. Zum Beziehungsgeflecht zwischen sowjetischen Besatzungssoldaten und österreichischen Frauen.’

Swillen, Gerlinda (2016). De wieg van WO II. Oorlogskinderen op de as Brussel-Berlijn. Brussels: ASP.

Teo, Hsu-Mind, ‘The Continuum of Sexual Violence in Occupied Germany, 1945-49’, Women’s History Review, 5 (2) (1996), 191—218Virgili, F., ‘La France 'virile'. Des femmes tondues á la Libèration, (Paris, 2000) b) Children Born of War and Occupation

Aßmann, Anna-Lena; Kaiser, Marie; Schomerus, Georg; Kuwert, Philipp; Glaesmer, Heide: “Stigmatisierungserfahrungen deutscher Besatzungskinder des Zweiten Weltkrieges“, Trauma & Gewalt 04 (2015), 0294 - 0303

Bauer, I., ‘“Leiblicher Vater: Amerikaner (Neger)”. Besatzungskinder österreichisch- afroamerikanischer Herkunft’, Früchte der Zeit. Afrika, Diaspora, Literatur und Migration, ed. by Helmuth A. Niederle, Ulrike Davis-Sulikowski and Thomas Fillitz, (Wien 2001), 49—67.

Brauerhoch, A: ‘”Mohrenkopf”. Schwarzes Kind und weiße Nachkriegsgesellschaft in TOXI’ Frauen und Film, 60 (1997), 106—130.

Borgersrud, L. Staten of krigsbarna: En historisk undersøkelse av statsmyndighetenes behandling av krigsbarna i de første etterkrigsårene (University of Oslo, Department of culture studies, 2004)

Drolshagen, E. D. Wehrmachtskinder - Auf der Suche nach dem nie gekannten Vater (München: Droemer, 2005)

Ellingsen, D. Warring, A. Björnsdóttir, I. B., Kvinner, Krig og Kjærlighet (Oslo-Gjovik, 1995)

Ellingsen, D. Krigsbarns levekår. En registerbasert undersøkelse. Statistics Norway, Rapport Nr. 2004/19 (Oslo, 2004)

Ericsson, Kjersti and Simonsen, Eva: Krigsbarn i fredstids, (Universitetsforlaget, 2005)

Eyferth, K. Brandt, U. Hawel, W. Farbige Kinder in Deutschland. Die Situation der Mischlingskinder und die Aufgaben ihrer Eingliederung (München, 1960)

Fehrenbach, Heide. Race After Hitler. Black Occupation Children in Postwar Germany and America. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005) Frankenstein, L: Soldatenkinder. Die unehelichen Kinder ausländischer Soldaten mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Mischlinge (München: W. Steinbach, 1954)

Gomes. Catarina. (2013, July 13th). The Search for my Portuguese Father. Retrieved from: http://www.catarina-gomes.com/2017/02/03/the-search-for-my-portuguese-father/?lang=en.

Grieg, Kai. „The War Children of the World.“ War and Children Identity Project (WCIP). Bergen, 2001.

Kleinau, E., Mochmann, Ingvill C. (2015): „Wehrmachts und Besatzungskinder: Zwischen Stigmatisierung und Integration.“ Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 65. JG, 16-17/2015, 34-40. Kleinau, E. (2015): “Ich wollte unbedingt zur Schule, ich bin so gern zur Schule gegangen.” Aus Besatzungskinder. Die Nachkommen alliierter Soldaten in Österreich und Deutschland. Barbara Stelzl-Marx, Silke Satjukow (Hg.). (Wien: Böhlau Verlag), 166-180.

Latotzky, A. Kindheit hinter Stacheldraht. Mütter mit Kindern in sowjetischen Speziallagern und DDR-Haft. (Leipzig, 2001)

Lemke Muniz de Faria, Yara-Colette, Zwischen Fürsorge und Ausgrenzung. Afrodeutsche "Besatzungskinder" im Nachkreigsdeutschland (Berlin: Metropol Friedrich Veitl-Verlag, 2002)

Lemke Muniz de Faria, Yara-Colette, 'Germany's Brown Babies Must be Helped! Will You? U.S. Adoption Plans for Afro-German Children, 1950-1955, Callaloo 25 (2) (2003), 342-362 Miertsch, Martin; Glaesmer, Heide; Mochmann, Ingvill C.; Kaiser, Marie; Freyberger, Harald J.; Terock, Jan; Ødegaard, Ketil J.; Kuwert, Philipp: “Norwegische »Wehrmachtskinder« Psychosoziale Aspekte, Identitätsentwicklung und Stigmatisierung“, Trauma & Gewalt 04 (2015), 0304 - 0313

Mochmann, Ingvill C. and Stein Ugelvik Larsen. „The forgotten consequences of the war, The life course of children fathered by German soldiers in Norway and Denmark during WWII – some empirical results.“ Historical Social Research 33 (2008): 347—63.

Mochmann, Ingvill C., S. Lee and B. Stelzl-Marx (eds.), Focus: Children born of war: Second World War and beyond: Kinder des Krieges: Zweiter Weltkrieg und danach. Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung, Special Issue, 34 (3) (2009).

Mochmann, Ingvill C. und S. Lee (2015): „Kinder des Krieges im 20. Jahrhundert.“ Aus Besatzungskinder. Die Nachkommen alliierter Soldaten in Österreich und Deutschland. Barbara Stelzl-Marx, Silke Satjukow (Hg.). (Wien: Böhlau Verlag), 15-38.

Mochmann, Ingvill C. (2015): „Das International Network for Interdisciplinary research on Children Born of War (INIRC). Stärkung der Rechte der Kinder des Krieges durch Forschung, Vernetzen und Wissenstransfer.“ Aus Distelblüten. Russenkinder in Deutschland. Winfried Behlau (Hg.). (Ganderkesee: Con-Thor Verlag), 144/151.

Mochmann, Ingvill C.and Sabine Lee, 'The Human Rights of children born of war: case analyses of past and present conflicts', Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung, 35.(3) (2010), 268-298

Mochmann, I.C. and Larsen, S. U. ‘Kriegskinder in Europa’ In Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Nr. 18-19/2005, 34-38, 2005.

Muth, Kerstin, M., Die Wehrmacht in Griechenland - und ihre Kinder, Eudora-Verlag, 2008. Oelrich, Waldemar. „Die unehelichen Besatzungskinder der Jahrgänge 1945 bis 1954 in Baden-Württemberg.“ Statistische Monatshefte Baden-Württemberg 2 (1956): 38–9.

Parra, T. S. (2017). The Hollow Shell: Children Born of War and the Realities of the Armed Conflict in Colombia. International Journal of Transitional Justice, Volume (0), pp. 1-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijx029

Picaper, Jean-Paul and Norz, L. Enfants Maudits (Syrtes, 2004)

Remmers, W.and Norz, L. Né maudit - verwünscht geboren - Kriegskinder, EXPERIENZAWASt, Band 2, (Berlin: Verlag Adrian Chirita C & N, 2008)

Simonsen, E., ‘Into the Open – Or Hidden Away? The Construction of War Children as a Social Category in Post-War Norway and Germany’, NORDEUROPA forum 2/2006, (2006), 25—49

Schrep, B. ‘Kinder der Schande’, Der Spiegel, 28/1995.

Stewart, B. W. 'I feel out of place': children born into the Lord's Resistance Army and the politics of belonging, (published Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017)

Swillen, Gerlinda (2016) Verwekt door de Tweede Wereldoorlog Oorlogskinderen op de as Brussel-Berlijn. Voorspel–Geboorte–Onthaal. Vrije Universiteit Brussel.

Venken, M. & Röger, M. (2015) Growing up in the shadow of the Second World War: European perspectives, European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire, 22:2, 199-220, DOI: 10.1080/13507486.2015.1008410

3) Balkan Wars

Allen, B. Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia (London, 1996)

Lambert, S. S., Covering Rape in Ethical Conflict: the Case of the Bosnian War, a Content Analysis of The New York Times’ Coverage of Rape for the Years 1992 and 1993 (Indiana University, 1996)

Seifert, R., ‘War and Rape: A Preliminary Analysis’, in Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina’, Alexandra Stiglmayer (ed.) (Lincoln and London, 1994)

Stiglmayer, Alexandra (ed.), Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Lincoln, 1994)

4) East Timor

Csete, J. Human Rights Watch. 2002. “The War within the War: Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo” http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/drc/.

Groves, G, Resurreccion, B, Doneys, P. ‘Keeping the Peace is Not Enough: Human Security and Gender-based Violence during the Transitional Period of Timor-Leste’, Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 24, 2, (2009), pp. 186-210

Robertson, K. “Case Study on Gender-Based Violence in Timor Leste”, PRADET Timor Lorosa’e, prepared for UNFPA Women, Peace, and Security Project, 2005 5) Rwanda

Dixon, Violet. K., ‘A Study in Violence: Examining Rape in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide’ [http://www.studentpulse.com/89/a-study-in-violence-examining-rape-in-the-1994-rwandan- genocide], 14 December 2009

Human Rights Watch/Africa. “Shattered lives: sexual violence during the Rwandan genocide and its aftermath” Violence & Abuse Abstracts, 5, 1, 1999

McKinley, J. C. Jr. “Legacy of Rwanda Violence: the Thousands Born of Rape” The New York Times, September 23 1996, 1

Nowrojee, Bianfer. Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath. NY: Human Rights Watch 1996

6) Biographies, Autobiographies and Recollections or Children Born of War

Bass, T. A. Vietnamerica, The War Comes Home. (New York, 1996).

Baur-Timmerbrink, U., Wir Besatzungskinder: Töchter und Söhne alliierter Soldaten erzählen. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, 2015.

Behlau, W. (Hrsg.), Distelblüten. Russenkinder in Deutschland. Ganderkesee: Con-Thor Verlag, 2015.

Heidenreich, Gisela, Das endlose Jahr. Die langsame Entdickung der eigenen Biographie – ein Lebensborn-Schicksal (Frankfurt: Fischer, 2004)

Hügel-Marshall, Ika. Daheim unterwegs. Ein deutsches Leben. Berlin: Orlanda Verlag, 1998.

Livingston, G., ‘A Look at Interracial Adoption: An Act of Hope. My Black Son, His White Family and Our Together’, Washington Post, June 30 1996.

Löhr Meek, P. A. Lebensborn 6210 (Kristiansund, 2002)

Rains, Olga, Lloyd Rains, and Melynda Jarratt (eds), Voices of the Left Behind (Toronto: Project Roots, 2004)

Schmitz-Köster, D. ‘Deutsche Mutter, bist du bereit...’: Alltag im Lebensborn (Berlin, 1997)

Schmitz-Köster, D. Der Krieg Meines Vaters. Als deutscher Soldat in Norwegen (Berlin, 2004)

Simon, Alfons Maxi, unser Negerbub. Bremen: Gesellschaft für christlich-jüdische Zusammenarbeit, 1952.

Winfield, Pam. Melancholy Baby: The Unplanned Consequences of the G.I.s' Arrival in Europe for World War II. Westport: Bergin & Garvey, 2000.

Winfield, Pam. Bye Bye Baby: The Story of the Children the GIs Left Behind. London: Bloomsbury, 1992.

Yarborough, Trin, Surviving Twice. Amerasian Children of the Vietnam War (Washington: Potomac Books, 2006) 7) Responses to Issues Relating to Children Born of War

Aaldrich, G.H. and Th. A. can Baarda. Conference on the Rights of Children in Armed Conflict: Final Report on a conference Held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands (The Hague: International Dialogue Foundation, 1994)

Baker, J. ‘The Children They Left Behind’, Lest We Forget, 4, 2, 1996. [http://lestweforget.hamptonu.edu/page.cfm?uuid=9FEC4352-FCC8-C499- 64C306903814BD7A]

Bennett, A. ‘The Reintegration of Child Ex-Combatants in Sierra Leone with Particular Focus on the Needs of Females’, 2002. [www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/000025.doc]

Brysk, A,.’Children Across Borders: Partimony, Property or Persons?’, in Brysk A. and G. Shafir (eds.) People Out of Place: Globalization, Human Rights, and the Citizenship Gap (New York, 2004)

Doek, J. Article 8: the right to preservation of identity; Article 9: the right not to be separated from his or her parents (Leiden, Boston, 2006)

Goodman, E., ‘Sloughing Off Fatherhood’, The Boston Globe Newspaper Company, October 9 1982

Harris, R. ‘The “Child of the Barbarian”: Rape, Race and Nationalism in France during the First World War’, Past and Present 141, (1993) 170—206

Jordan, M., ‘Born of Rape’, Miami Herald, July 1, 1995

McGrory, M., ‘Bring Home Our Children of War’, Washington Post, November 22 1981.

Naik, A., ‘Protecting Children From The Protectors: Lessons From West Africa.’ 2002 [www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR15/fmr15.7 .pdf]

Powell, S., ‘East Timor’s Children of the Enemy’, The Weekend Australian, March 10 2001.

Provencher, R., War Babies. (Montreal, Quebec: Macumba Productions: 2002) [Film]

Smith, H., ‘Rape Victims Babies Pay the Price of War’, The Observer, April 16 2000.

UNICEF, Children Born of War Rape in Bosnia-Herzegovina: A Preliminary Study. (Sarajevo: UNICEF 2005)

Weitsman, P., ‘Children Born of War and the Poitics of Identity’, (Ford Institute Working Paper: University of Pittsburgh, 2005)

Livingston, G. “A Look at Interracial Adoption: An Act of Hope My Black Son, His White Family and Our Together.” Washington Post, June 30 1996.

Wax, Emily, ‘Rwandans Are Struggling to Love Children of Hate’, Washington Post, March 28 2004

8) The Rights of the Children Born of War

Besson, S. ‘Enforcing the child’s rights to know her origins: contrasting approaches under the convention on the rights of the child and the European Convention on Human Rights’, International Journal of Law, Policy, and the Family, 21, 2, pp. 137-159

Choudhry, S. Fenwick, H. ‘Taking the rights of parents and children seriously: confronting the welfare principle under the human rights act’, Oxford Journal of Legal studies, 26, 3, 2005, pp. 453-492

Cullen, H. Children’s Rights, The European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights (Oxford, 2004)

Davis, M. F. Powell, R. ‘The International Convention on the Rights of the Child: a catalyst for innovative child care policies’, Human Rights Quarterly, 25, 3, 2003, pp. 689-719

Detrick, S. ‘A commentary on the United Nations convention on the rights of the child’, International Journal of Children’s Rights, 9, 1, 2001, pp. 63-67

Doek, J. ‘The United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of the Child and children belonging to minority groups’, in Synergies in minority protection: European and international law perspectives (Cambridge: 2008)

Grover, S. ‘On recognizing children’s universal rights: what needs to change in the convention on the rights of the child’, International Journal of Children’s Rights, 12, 3, 2004, pp. 259-271

Kilkelly, U. ‘The Child and the European Convention on Human Rights’, Cambridge Law Journal, 60, 3, 2001, pp. 626-628

Payne, L. ‘Twenty years on: the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in the United Kingdom’, Children and Society, 23, 2, 2009, pp. 149-155

Plazy, J-M. ‘Droits de l’enfant et incapacité juridique de l’enfant entre droit international et legislation nationale’ (‘Children’s rights and the legal incapacity of children between international law and national legislation’), Informations sociales, 140, 2007, pp. 28-37

Quennerstedt, A. ‘Balancing the rights of the child and the rights of parents in the Convention on the Rights of the Child’, Journal of Human Rights, 8, 2, 2009, pp. 162-176

Ronen, Y. ‘Redefining the child’s rights to identity’, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 18, 2, 2004, pp. 147-177

Salazar-Volkmann, C. ‘30 years after the war: Children, families, and rights in Vietnam’, International Journal of Law, Policy, and the Family’, 19, 1, 2005, pp. 23-46

Schiessl, Christoph. ‘An element of genocide: rape, total war, and international law in the twentieth century’, Journal of Genocide Research, 4, 2, (2002), pp. 197-210

Willems, J. ‘The Convention on the Rights of the Child: orientation and conceptualization of children’s rights’ in Developmental and autonomy rights of children: empowering children, caregivers and communities (Antwerp, New York: 2007)

9) Advocacy: Sexual Exploitation, Violence, and Children Born of War

Amnesty International (ed.), Lives blown apart: Crimes against women in times of conflict (London, 2004)

Amnesty International, (ed.) Democratic Republic of Congo Mass rape: Time for remedies (London, 2005)

Denov, M. and Lakor, A. A. ‘When war is better than peace: The post-conflict realities of children born of wartime rape in northern Uganda’, Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 65, 255-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.014

Keck, Margaret and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, 1998)

Khushalani, Y., Dignity and Honour of Women as Basic and Fundamental Human Rights (Boston, 1982)

Hughes, D. M. and Foster, K., ‘War, Nationalism and Rape: Women Responded by Opening a Center Against Sexual Violence in Belgrade, Serbia’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 19, 1-2, 1996

Medica Mondiale. “Violence against women in war: Handbook for professionals working with traumatised women”, Mabuse, 2005

Nowrojee, Bianfer, Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath, (New York, Washington, London, Brussels: Human Rights Watch, 1996)

Interagency Standing Committee. ‘Guidelines for Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings: Focusing on Prevention of and Response to Sexual Violence in Emergencies’, Geneva, 2005

International Rescue Committee. Final Report: Sexual Gender-Based Violence Program, Rwanda. (Nairobi, Kenya, 2004)

Lindsey-Curtet, Charlotte, Florence Tercier Holst-Roness, and Letitia Anderson, ‘Addressing the Needs of Women Affected by Armed Conflict’ (Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 2004)

UNHCR (ed.), The Gender-Based Violence Global Technical Support Project. “Checklist for Action: Prevention and Response to Gender-Based Violence in Displaced Settings, Adapted from a checklist developed by UNHCR, Geneva, 2003’ (Arlington, 2003)

UNHCR (ed.), Synopsis, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Against Refugees, Returnees, and Internally Displaced Persons: Guidelines for Prevention and Response (UNHCR: 2003) (Arlington, 2004) [www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/3f696bcc4.pdf].

Copelon, Rhonda, ‘Suffering Gender: Reengraving Crimes Against Women in Humanitarian Law’, Hastings Women’s Law Journal 5 (1994) 243—265.

Gullace, N. F., ‘Sexual Violence and Family Honor: British Propaganda and International Law During the First World War’, The American Historical Review, 102 (3) (1997), 714—747. Justice and Reconciliation Project (2015). Alone Like a Tree: Reintegration Challenges facing Children Born of War and Their Mothers in Northern Uganda. Uganda: Justice and Reconciliation Project (JRP). Retrieved from: http://justiceandreconciliation.com/wp- content/uploads/2015/06/Alone-Like-A-Tree-Reintegration-Challenges-Facing-Children-Born- of-War-and-Their-Mothers-in-Northern-Uganda1.pdf

Justice and Reconciliation Project (2015). We Are All the Same: Experiences of children born into LRA captivity. Uganda: Justice and Reconciliation Project (JRP). Retrieved from: http://justiceandreconciliation.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/We-Are-All-The-Same- Experiences-of-children-born-into-LRA-captivity-2015-12-22.pdf

Mukasa, N. (2017) War-child mothers in northern Uganda: the civil war forgotten legacy, Development in Practice, 27:3, 354-367, DOI: 10.1080/09614524.2017.1294147

Niarchos, C. N., ‘Women, War and Rape: Challenges Facing the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia’, Human Rights Quarterly, 17 (4) (1995), 649—690.

Theidon, K., ‘Hidden in Plain Sight: Children Born of Wartime Sexual Violence.’ Special Issue, “The Death of the Secret: Public and Private in Anthropology,” Current Anthropology vol. 56 Supplement, 2015.

Trexler, R. Sex and Conquest: Gendered Violence, Political Order, and the European Conquest of the America (New York, 1995).

Turshen, M. “The Political Economy of Rape: An Analysis of Systematic Rape and Sexual Abuse of Women during Armed Conflict in Africa” in Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence, edited by Caroline, O.N. Moser and Fiona C. Clark (London & New York, 2001).