THE: E:NGINE:E:R WINTE:R 1978-1979

Soviet Combat Engineers page 6 UNITED STATES ARMY ENGINEER CENTER AND FORT BELVOIR

Commander/Com mandant EDITORIAL STAFF MG James L. Kelly PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICER Deputy Commander/ MAJ Sandor I. Ketzis Assistant Commandant BG Charles J. Fiala EDITOR Jerome J . Hill

Deputy Assistant Commandant ILLUSTRATOR COL Robert S. Kubby SSG Mike Furr

Command Sergeant Major THE ENGINEER is an authorized quarterly publication of the CSM lucion L. Cowart U.S. Army Engineer Center and Fort Belvoir. It is published to provide factual and in-depth information of interest to all Ar· my engineers and engineer units. Articles , photographs and art work of general interest may be submitted for considera­ tion to Editor, THE ENGINEER Magazine, U.S. Army Engineer Center and Fort Belvoir, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060. Views and DIRECTORATES opinions expressed herein are not necessarily those of the Department of the Army. Funds for printing THE ENGINEER were approved by HQ, Department of the Army, January 1, Directorate of Combat Developments 1974. COL Henry J. Hatch SUBSCRIPTIONS: Individual paid subscriptions are no longer available due to a change in policy necessitated by con­ Directorate 01 Training straints on personnel authorizations. The magazine is COL Robert E. Conroy available through normal free distribution to active army units and reserve compone nts, service schools and post libraries, Directorate of Training Developments education and training centers, and engineer staff sections COL Francis J. Waiter world wide. Single complimentary copies are also available upon written request. Directorate of Evaluation TELEPHONE: Commercial 703-664-5001/3556; Autovon LTC James L Spencer 354-5001/3556. POSTMASTER: Controlled circulation postage paid at Mer­ Defense Mapping School rifield, VA 22116. COL Edward K. Wintz

UNITS

Engineer Center Brigade COL George H. Hilt

Engineer Training Br.gade COL Kerwood W. Barrand TH€ €NGIN€€R

THE COVER

Soviet combat engineers perform many, but not all, of the same func­ tions as their U.S. counterparts. Ma· jar Arthur J. Parr, Jr., examines the staff and organization 01 Soviet corn­ bat engineers beginning on page 6. Cover art by Staff Sergeant Mike Furr. THE: E:NGINE:E:R \JOLUM€ 8 WINTE:R 1978-1979 NUMB€R4

~E: ~TURE: ARTICLE:S

6 SOVIET CO M BAT EN GINEERS: STAF F AND ORGANIZATION Major Arthur J. Parr, Jr.

12 FASCAM IN DEFENSE OF CITIES Major George F. Smi th page 73 16 TH E TOPOGRAP HIC ELEMENT OF COMB AT POWER Major Craig R. Hutchinson

19 TH E MEDIUM GIRDE R BRIDGE: PANACEA OR PROBLEM? Major Harvey G. Rams ey

22 THE RODRIGUEZ TACTICAL TRAINING RANGE Lieutenant Colonel John B. Wheeler

page 79 26 THE INTERACTIVE MAPPING SYSTEM CW2 Herbert H. Kressler

30 PSYCHOLOGY AND MILITARY LEADERSHIP C W4 Charles E. Dunn

page 30

DE:PARTME:NTS

2 NEWS & NOTES 34 OFF ICER CAREER INFO

4 EaUIPMENT UPDATE 36 ENLIST ED CAREER INFO

5 LETT ERS TO THE EDITOR 38 NCO CHANNELS

29 COMMANDER'S UPDATE 39 RESERVE COMP ONENTS

33 TACTICAL PROBLEM 40 THE SCHOOL SOLUTION News & Notes ___

FTX Troop s of the 5th E nginee r Bat tali on (Co mbat), G uard T raining Area. Mark T wain Nati on al US Ar my T rain ing Center E ngi neer and Fort Fo rest . Weldon Spring, and Stock ton Lak e . Th c Leonard W ood, pr ep are to attach the deck plate to FTX cu lminated an eight-week train ing cycle dur­ the superstruct ure of a Class 60 float bridge during ing wh ich eac h company of th e batt alion rotat ed to the ir Field T rain ing Exercise last fall. The FTX , ea ch tr aining a rea to practice different combat con sidered th e most comprehe nsive ever for the 5th e nginee r operatio ns. (U .S. Army photo by I LT Battalion , covered 5.400 squa re miles with training David Faltot ) sites at Fort Leonard W ood. Wappap ello National

MOS 12B SURVEY M ilita ry Occupati on al Special­ LAB OF THE YEAR ty 12B. Combat Engineer, was onc of six MOSs surveyed dur ing The U .S . Army En gin eer T opographic Lab orat or ies th e first quarter of FY 79 to pr o­ (ETLJ. Fort Belvoir, VA, has won the U. S. Army vide feed back on job skills a nd Laboratory of th e Year award for scientifi c and technical tr aining. Results of th e su rvey ach ievem ent in mapping, military geography informa­ sh ould be read y for M OS tion, and geographic inte lligence systems. A total of 32 management officials and train­ laboratories competed for the 1978 awa rd. ing centers early this year. ac­ Spec ific ac hievements which help ed ETL win the cordin g to MILPERCEN. T he pr estigi ou s award included: development of the Digital pur pose of MO S surveys is to get Inter active System for im age interpretation and spec ial soldiers' opinions and cri tiques of product research and development; developm ent of a job qua lifica tions . specific duties Print Head System to place map nam es a nd symbo ls; performed a nd benefits of job development of digit al input-output display equipment tr aining. Resul ts are studied to (D IO DE) which automa tes techniques for editing car­ arrange fut ure training a nd togr aphic data; and developmen t of mathe ma tica l and testi ng to correspond more closely computer techniqu es for sto ring mill ion s of terra in data points. with duties ra ther tha n job J descriptions.

2 WI NTER 1978-79 CITY BUILDERS When members of the 34th Engineer Battalion of Fort Riley, KN , set their minds to a task. they seem to be able to accomplish wonders. For exa m­ ple, with th e assis tance of the 203rd Engine er Bat­ talion. a Missouri Nat ional Guard uni t, th ey con­ structe d an entire city in less than three months. A littl e ha rd to believe. bu t neverth eless true. Of course, th e city con sisted of ju st 13 wooden buildings, but it will do just fine for tr ain ing pur­ poses. Th e single and two-story structures were designed an d built to pro vide a combat-in-cities tr aining environment for infan try . armo r and milita ry police uni ts at Fan Riley. The " city" is located abo ut four miles north of the installation's new troo p billets on a fou r-acre trainin g site .

NEW OCE DIR ECTORATE PEOPLE A new directorate has been established • Private First Class Andrew D. Leach, Co mpa ny in the Offi ce of th e Chief of Engineers A. 307th Eng ineer Batt alion (ABN). was selecte d (OCE), replacing the Milita ry Const ruc ­ as the 82nd Airbo rne Division " Trooper of the tion and Faci lities Engineering Direc­ Month" for Octobe r 1978. Leach is a 20-year-old to rates. T he new Directorate of Military Combat Const ruction Specialist from EI Paso, TX. Progr am s. headed by Major General • Colonel LeeRoy Nunn, Jr., has been selected to Will iam R. Wray. is de sign ed to suceed Colonel George R. Robertson as the Alas ka st re a m line military programs a n d Distri ct Engineer. effective this June. Colonel strength en support to the Army. Nunn is curre ntly att endi ng the Army War College.

NEW INSIGNIA

A new shoul der sleeve insignia for milita ry personnel assign ed to U .S. Army Corps of En gin eers division s and distri cts is now being distributed . T he new insigni a is a 2 'l4-inch squ are with white border. placed poin t up . Th e background \s divided in half vert ically with white and sca rlet . It bears a castle tower divided in half with sca rlet and white. Opened dividers are centered abo ve a gridlined globe. both divided in half with white and scarlet. The globe symbolizes activities of Eng ineer divisions a nd distri cts. the dividers symbolize design and planning, and the tower is symbolic of the constr uction mission .

THE ENGINEER 3 Equipment Update _

MGB TEST ANALYSIS The U.S. Army Test and Evalua­ tion Command's analysis of the test report on the Medium Girder Bridge has been forwarded to the Troop Support and Aviation Materiel Com­ mand in St. Louis for a final decision on the MGB. The test report, based on three years of testing and evalua­ tion by the Materiel Testing Direc­ torate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, had been labeled "very favorable" by test director Wil1iam Deaver.

MINE CLEARING ROLLER Pre-production tests on the first two Track Width Tank Mounted Mine Clearing Roller Systems are scheduled to begin in May at Aber­ the roller assemblies clears tilt rod field units by the first quarter of deen Proving Ground, MD. mines. It can survive blasts from two Fiscal Year 1981. The production contract was 22-pound high-explosive mines. FAMECE is the latest mobility awarded last August to Chrysler Cor­ Under battle conditions, the rollers concept for combat engineer sec­ poration. It called for the production can be released in less than 30 tionalized construction equipment. of 15 mine clearing rollers at a cost seconds using a hydraulic disconnect It utilizes a common power module of $1.5 million . system. which is capable of rapid coupling The system consists of a retrofit (within 30 minutes) to any of eight FAMECE kit, mounting kit. roller kit and fix­ different work modules to form a ture kit. It weighs less than 10 tons Type classification of the Family highly mobile, combat support con­ and can be mounted in the field by a of Military Engineer Construction struction vehicle . tank crew in less than IS minutes for Equipment (FA MECE) is expected The vehicles consist of a heavy use day or night under all weather on or about 15 February. If the deci­ road grader, a 2'/2-yard loader, two conditions. sion is to buy. the Army will pur­ compactors (vibratory smooth The roller is about 90 percent ef­ chase approximately ISO complete drum /pneumatic and tamping fective against pressure fused mines vehicles at a cost of$18 million. Bar­ foot/pneumatic), a dumper with buried up to four inches when travel­ ring unforeseen delays in the produc­ 10-ton payload that is also used as a ing up to 10 miles per hour. A tion schedule, the first vehicles sq uad carrier, a dozer, a weighted chain suspended between should be in the hands of engineer 2,SOO-gallon water distributor, and a 10-cubic-yard scraper, All modules will be liftable by mediu m lift helicopter, and complete vehicl es will be air droppable. Final testing of FAM ECE pro­ totypes is being conducted in Alaska and at Fort Knox, KY, by the U,S. Army Armor-Engineer Board. The latter tests are being conducted to determine the relative differences in capabilities between FAMECE and commercial construction equipment. Operational testing of FAMECE was ) completed last year at Fort Bragg, N.C., and Fort Campbell, KY ,

4 WINTER 1978-79 Letters to the Editor _

Sir: In response to M Al Kish' s art icle th e U.S . Army Reserve , incl uding " Combat Engineers and the Heavy their logos to make it official. Division" in the Fall 1978 issue, I There are TWO reserve com­ have to reply for two reasons. ponents, th e other being the Na­ Reason one is a moral obligation tion al Gu ard . It is both the oldest . to the USAES. For a 21-month and th e larg est, of the two . More peri od between 1975 and 1977. he per sonnel belong to it, in active and I debated command and control training units, than in the USAR . in print. In the history of THE And as En gineers, we perform the ENG INEE R Magazine thi s is the same tasks and find ourselves a real only subject to spark controversy and part of "the Army engineering com­ a con tinuing dialogue. munity." The second and more pertinent in the forma tion of T Fs. It also may Perhaps your Reserve page could reason is to pr ovide info rmation. I'm be a TF itself in an offensive opera­ include both logos, or rotate between in complete agreeme nt with the ar­ tion tha t includes a river crossing, th e two. so that all your readers ticle! The USAES has been teac hing for exa mple. But , as pointed out, in know we are also a part of the On e and the DA print copy of FM 5-100, the active defense, th e subordinate Army Team. Engineer Combat Operations (1979 un its are mostly depleted. Its role? publishing date), clarifies the com ­ Simply its fut ure pla nni ng. In an LEONARD L. LORGE positi on of Task Forces. Eit her the FTX during peacetime this is hard to CW4 , MI ARNG divisional or non -divisional engineer impossibl e to simulate. Both recon­ Assistant Adju tant ba ttalion must furnis h a sma ll staff naisan ce info rmat ion and higher when th ey create a T F. Other lessons level intelligence are meshed with learned are now doctrine. T he little engineer capabilities and anticipated red schoo lho use at Ft Belvoir mu st situations. Its a full time job in war­ We regret the omission of th e Na­ point out, however . tha t the task tim e. The payoff is in winning bat­ tional Guard from our R ES ER VE organizat ion has minor er ror s. The tles and saving lives. Don 't sell group COM PONENTS section in th e last minus ( -) sign s are omitted from and bri gade headquarters short. thr ee editions of THE ENGINEER the 17th and 62nd battalions under Maga zine. but we are experiencing divisional troop s three tim es. DOUGLAS K. LEHMANN problem s in obtaining input on N G Th e command and control annex Major , CE activities. It is not our int ent ion to of FM 5-100 clearly states th e op ­ exclude the Guardfrom these pages. tions for task organization . These because. as yo u point out. it is th e are not precise formulae. The com­ largest and oldest of our two reserve mander mu st weigh these carefully components. However. if we are as par t of the total combined arms Dear Sir : unable to obtain inf orm ation pe r­ operation. Hopefully he ha s active ly The inside back cover of your taining 10 Guard activities, we can 't part icipated in the conc ept ional FALL 1978 issue includes the state ­ print it. That 's where yo u. and pl ann in g. F e ed b a c k f rom ment " THE ENGINEER maga zine others lik e yo u. can help. Let us REFORG ER 78 confirms this is a is designed as a medium for know what 's happening out th ere. fac t. Therefore, th e em phasis has d is s emin at ing i nfo r matio n Tell yo ur unit p ublic aff airs officers changed and the Chief of Engineer's th roughout the Army engineering to get with the program . We concern in his interview response on commu nity. " recognize that the A rmy engineering page 5 can also b e allayed. This On page 39 is your RESERVE com m unity includes the National br ings me to th e answer for " wha t is COMPONENTS page. Whil e the Guard. but witho ut your help. th e role of the enginee r group head­ word COMPONENTS is plu ral, you coverage of Guard activities in THE qu arters." Th e group mu st also be only present inform ation of interest ENGINEER isn 't lik ely to improve a prep ared to dispatch part of its staff to, or pertaining to. one component, great deal.- Editor

THE ENGINEER 5 Soviet Combat Engineers

staff andorganization

6 WI NTER 1978-79 "Soviet military-engineering art has proved its complete superiority over bourgeois military art in the years of the Civil War and the Intervention, and especially on the fields of combat of the Great Patriotic War . . . . Soviet military·engineering art, guided in its development by Soviet military science, will be the most advanced in the future as well. "

IT IS DOUBTFUL that any Western military engineer engin eer." is a br oadly-applied designation for a whole would have ack nowledged the superiority claimed above ran ge of military-technical specia lties embra cing all by the Soviet author in 1954. Yet, in 1961 the Soviet arms and services. A military engineer may be an ar­ Union fielded its ribb on bridge. a revolutionary new tillery enginee r, radio-electronics engineer, or a com­ design of ta ctical floa tin g bri dge. Nea rly a decad e and a mand systems eng ineer as well as a con struction engi nee r half later, the U. S. Arm y paid the Soviets the supr eme or an engin eer in a combat unit. En gineer support . compliment of fieldin g a new sta ndard ribbon -type however , generally refers only to com ba t engineer tr ain ­ floating bridge: a reverse-engineered copy of the Soviet ing, preparati on, and measures in support of th e various bridge . Soviet engineers provide th eir tactical uni ts and aspects of combat operations, mobility and disposition of form ations with pr ofessional , minutely-planned and troops. It does not inclu de railroad constru ctio n and dynamic support in all phas es of combat. whether in rep air, pipeline constructio n and maint enance, or ca r­ postulated nuclear or non-nuclear situations. The man ­ togr aphical preparation and supply. ner in which this support is organized, the uni ts outfitted IN OTHER WORDS, the Soviets und erstand and employed, is an appro priate topic for detailed study. " milit ary enginee r' in a br oader sense than it is usually In the Soviet Army's vocabulary the term, " military applied in th e West, while their conc ept of "engineer

ENGI;l EER BATTALION, NOTORIZ ED RIFLE OR TAN K DIVISION

I -----,

Headqua r t e rs 59 89 9 Engi neer 113-117 9 I I Road ...•. I ·· ...... ,- . Enginee r Engi neer Engi neer Engi neer I He adquarters Engi nee r Engi nee r Bri dge Position Reconnais­ Serv Mi ne- Sappe r Road sance l ayi ng Cons t r uc­ (Field For­ 8 tion tification) Mot or i zed Rifle Di vi s i on Tank Division

30 Officers 31 Officers 378 Enlisted 4 82 39 ,54 401 Enlisted

IPonton h Boat I ~ NOTE: Only s ubor di nat e pl at oons depicted

THE ENGINEER 7 Soviet T·62 tanks crossing PMP ribbon bridge

...... •• ....,. w , _ •

-~ support" doe s not encompass some Western combat tions for more effectiv e applicati on of the means of at­ engineer functions. In this article the generic term tack, unhindered movement of friendly troops in the " engineer" and the terms " combat engineer" and "sap­ vicinity of the enemy and th e effecting by them of per" will be used to describe those units (subunits) nor­ maneuver on the battlefield; and also for their defense mally ascribed to engineer support of ground and river­ from the destructive means of the enemy . .. . The basic crossing mobility (less repair functions) in division-sized goals of engineer support to combined arms combat in­ units. clude: the creation of favorable conditions for the deploy­ Soviet combat engineers proudly trace their historical ment of subunits and their swift transfer to the offensive ; antecedents to Russian fortification specialists in the th e effecting of maneuver and successful forcing of water eighth and ninth centuries. Road construction and obstacles at high speed ; and, with rega rd to modern maintenance is claimed to date to Ivan the Terrible's weapons, increasing the sta bility and viability of subunits assault on Kazan in 1552. Regular engineer units were in the defense." first formed in the 18th centu ry, when Peter the Great af­ Engineer tasks common to all forms of combat opera­ firmed the creation of a company of mine preparers tions include: reconnaissance of the enemy and the ter­ (1702) and ponton teams (1704), and founded a regiment rain , in close coordination with combat reconnaissance; of military engineers in 1712. preparation and maintenance of routes of movement and Nearer to the present, engineer regiments were formed maneuver; surmounting of natural and man-made in 1941 in all military districts and regions, consisting of obstacles and barriers; demolitions work and the con­ about one thousand personnel comprising a staff, two struction of obstacles; fortification and camouflage of engineer battalions, one technical battalion, and support positions , areas, command posts and rear facilities; ex­ and service subunits. During the Great Patriotic War ploration for sources of water and its supply and (World War II) more th an 200 brigades, battalions and puritication; measures to camout1age troop movements separate companies were awarded the honorary designa­ and operations; and engineer actions to eliminate th e tion, "Guards." The expe rience of the war provides a after-effects of nuclear attack. history rich with examples of individual and unit bravery AS STATED ABOVE, engineer measures are not the and self-sacrifice, constantly referred to in Soviet function solely of engineer units. "With the sharp in­ military journals as the source of object lessons for crease in the scale and scope of engineer measures, the psychological preparation and inspiration of engineer role of the basic troop arms in the accomplishment of troops in today's Soviet Army . many tasks of engineer support has increased," In order - SOVIET engineer authors contend that".. . . practice to avoid excessive reliance on speci ali zed engineer has shown that the greater the degree of mobilization, machines, which may not be available in the required the greater the dependency on the trafficability of terrain numbers in certain circumstances, tanks and other and the condition of roads, and the more complex the tracked vehicles can be fitted with a number of special defense against modern means of destruction." Rivers, "strap-on" items (dozer blades, mine-clearing plows, mountains and other natural obstacles now present a etc.). more serious hindrance to troop movement than they Further , eac h subunit should also contain severa l per­ previously did. Overcoming these obstacles requires a sonnel competent to perform certain other engineer high degree of engineer support measures by all tro ops , ta sks , such as min e and countermine warfare, the use of to include specialized support by engineer units. demolitions materials , and so forth . Thi s not only lessens The basic goal of engineer support is "to create condi­ reliance on engineer troop units, but also insures that

8 WI NTER 1978-79 subunits will have a certain level of organic "engineer" and the timely return of the unit to his control. When th e support on hand to fulfill the necessary tasks and reduce attachment is not thus limited, th e supported com ­ the time required to accomplish engineer support in mander must clarify the details of the mission , provide general. security, etc . Engineer units are organic in the Soviet ground forces 5. As a rule, organic engineer units are used only for units down to and including maneuver regiments. This tasks in support of the unit of which they are a part. At­ pr ovides these units the opportunity independently to tached engineer units may not be diverted to other tasks; resolve the basic ta sks of engineer support. When they must work only on assigned missions of engineer necessity requires. at the option of the seni or com­ support of combat operations. mander, additional engineer units may be attached for 6. Removal of even one man from the normal crew of general support or to accomplish specific tasks. General an engineer machine substantially degrades the effec­ principles of employment, or guidelines for use of tiveness of the machine and subu nit performance. The org anic and attached engineers, ma y be enumera ted as optimum working day for a man (10 hours) and a follows: machine (IS hours) may be extended in extreme cir­ 1. Concentrate engineer efforts on th e main or critical cumstances to demand more from the men and to stress ar ea. machines to their technical limits, at the option of th e 2. Use assets pr operly. Proper use refers not so mu ch combined arms commander. to the application of the capabilities of a given ma chine, 7. Centralized control is preferred during the prepara­ bu t to the centralized application of un its in accordance tion of an offensive, during construction of fortifications with tactical requirements, and minefields , during river crossin g operations, and in 3. Consider the inh erent engineer capabilities of all other rapidly arising situ ati ons. Decentralized control, organizations. When combat tr oops ar e detailed to per­ however. is preferred at the start of the offensive, or form engineer tasks, organic or attached units may also when swit ching to the defens e. be in tegrated. 8. Bridge or crossing sites and passages through 4. Attached eng ineers are most ofte n used with minefields, etc. , are usually maintained and serviced by org anic en gineers, except when the senior commander the un it which emplaced the bridge (established th e specifies the mission (intent or use ) and the period of at­ crossing) or cleared the passage. t achment. In such a case, he must als o stipulat e the 9. Always maintain an engineer reserve to meet new det ails of the task, provide covering forces and support, requirements or replace losses .

.. .: ;- ;" . ­ ---

Heavy sell-propelled tracked amphibious ferry (GSP)

THE ENGINEER 9 t) Camo uflage and deception measures are applied by all units. This N1 S, usu ally a major at maneuver regime nt level. - -.., , participates directly in the work ofthe staff, coordinating his actions with those of the other chiefs of services, but primarily cooperating with th e chief of staff and the assistant chief of staff for operation s (pomoshchnik nachal 'nika shtabo- L, or PNSh-l). He contributes to the reconnaissence plan, the combat order, the river­ crossing graphic and the plan of CBR defense; he works out the details of the plan of engineer support, the com ­ bat disposition of the engineer subunits, and the dispo si­ tion of comba t units assigned to eng ineer tasks. Alth ough th e N1S's organization of engineer support of Truck·mounted multiple span bridge (TMM) the unit is quite logically based on his com ma nder's deci ­ sion, he is also responsive to the directives of th e NIS at the next higher level, so that there is a direct technical IN ANY GIVEN tacti cal situa tion, with th e possible connecting line between engineer staff officers at all exception of a lesser degree of emphasis du ring th e levels . preparation of the defense, the bulk of engineer pla nn ing THE GENERAL sequence of staff-planning pro­ and control authority rests with th e chief of eng ineer ser­ cedures followed by the NIS ma y be briefly sum marized. vices (nachal'nik inzhenernoi sluzhby, or NIS) locat ed as On receipt of the commander' s warning order, or his a member of the commander's special staff at all levels concept of the operation . the NIS quickly clarifies the down to maneuver regiment. "The regim ental chief of mission and conducts an estimate of the situation from engineer services both in peace and in time of war is an eng ineer's point of view. He considers initial responsible for organization of engineer support of the reconnaissan ce-intelligence data avail able (map studies, regiment; preparati on (training) of regimental personnel military-geographic studies, long -range reconnaissance in engineer matters; support of the regiment with information) and issues an alert to th e engineer sub unit engineer equipme nt, to include maintenan ce in working com mande rs in order to allow them max imum prepara­ order of th at equipment; and combat and mobil ization tion time. He next works out his pr oposals and recom­ readiness of th e engineer-sapper subunits of the reg i­ mendations for the plan ofengineer support of the opera ­ ment." It must be assumed th at chiefs of engineer serv ­ tion, to include: the sequence and timing of engineer ices at higher levels perform essentially the same broad tasks; forces detailed to engineer tasks and reinforce­ duties. ment of engineer subunits; location , dispo sition and As noted above, the NIS is a "chief of service," a posi­ maneuver of engineer subunits; and mutually supporting tion which finds its closest U. S. equivalent in the com ­ operations with units and subunits of other arms and mander's special staff. The NIS is th e direct chief (staff services. supervisor) of all organic and attached engineer subunits, and as such, his directives and th e decisions of Th e N1S then presents to the comma nder his analysis the commander comprise the basis for orga nization of of the terrain and the situation , pointing out area of dif­ engin eer support. In the orga nization and planning of ficulty or threat , and indicating how his plan recom ­ engineer tasks. the NIS assures th at : mend s dealing with the anticipated problem s. The com ­ mander ma y require the NIS or his engine er subunit a) Th e plan complies with the commander 's concept commander to report on other ma tt ers of int erest , such of the oper at ion and his deci sion , in accordance with the as the capabilities of assigned or att ached eng ineer concrete realities of the tactical situation. subunits , along with additiona l recommendations for b) Engineer ta sks are executed in a timely fa shion. their employment. c) Act ions by engineer un its are conducted with due When th e plan is accepted and affirmed by the com ­ concern for security, so as not to inadvertently divulge mander , it is signed by the NIS and counter-signed by the nature of th e plan to the enemy. the chief of staff to become a part of the combat order for d) Eng ineer tasks are clea rly defin ed so as to conc en ­ the oper ation. Specifics of tasks assigned to engin eer trate efforts in the direction of th e main effort or on subunits are refined as preparation s move forward . Both critical defense sectors. the NIS and the engineer subunit commander(s) closely e) In accordance with the developing tactical situa­ monitor th e fulfillment of the assigned mission and tion, and in close coordination with combat forc es, pr epare to shift or reassign asset s to address problem engineer units maneuver correctly in res ponse to re­ ar ea s or meet newly-arisen task s during the course of th e quirements. opera tion.

10 WINTER 1978-79 TYPES OF ENGINEER units in the Soviet ground bridging and amphibious transport. forces include reconnaissance, sapper, road, position The division- level engineer battalion has five special­ (field-fortification), bridge construction , camouflage, ized companies. Tactical employment of engineer units, crossing-assault, ponton, and special subunits for however, does not always follow strict organizational obst acles , countermine warfare, water supply and other lines. The specialized equipment of ponton bridge and functions. All these types of units and subunits have been assault crossing units limits their application in general discussed in recent issues of Soviet military journals, with engineer support roles . Tactical employment of sapper, two exceptions: the subject areas of camouflage and engineer-reconnaissance, road and road-bridge subunits water supply continue to be of concern , but specific generally involves the formation of one or more of the engineer units charged with carrying out these functions following functional groupings: engineer reconnaissance are not noted. patrol, reconnaissance/obstacle-clearing detachment, The organizational data presented in the tables repre­ mobile obstacle detachment, and movement support sent the findings and, in some cases, the opinions of the detachment. author. They are not official Department of Defense For example, the mobile obstacle detachment (pod­ (DOD) or Department of the Army (DA) holdings. They vishnoi otriad zagrazhdenii-« POZ), deployed to blunt are composites based to some degree on open-source enemy armored thrusts or seal off flanks or penetrations, Soviet, East German and Polish military publications. may be based on a sapper platoon, but usually is formed Probably no Soviet engineer company or battalion con ­ around (or consists wholly of) a sapper minelayer platoon forms precisely to these organizational figures. Regional equipped with self-propelled minelayer vehicles or towed and other variations may create fairly wide deviations minelayer trailers, augmented by anti-tank guns or from these rough guides. They may, nevertheless, serve missiles. The movement support detachment totriad for a general analysis of the type of combat engineer sup­ obespecheniia dvizheniia-OOD) may also be formed port at division and maneuver regiment level. around any sapper unit, but this function is normally Within the maneuver elements of a regiment, tank assigned to elements of the road- bridge platoon (at dozers are available on the basis of one per tank bat­ maneuver regiment level) or the road company of the talion, and mine clearing plows on the basis of one per divisional engineer battalion. tank platoon (nine per battalion). both are normally transported on 7-ton or 5-ton trucks. THE ENGINEER company of the maneuver regiment has nine or more additional plow sets , and roller plow Major Arthur 1. Parr. Jr.. is currently assigned to the sets are available, probably on the basis of one per tank Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as a Presidential battalion in the regiment. Th e company also has road Translator on the Washington-Moscow hotline. He is a construction, position preparation, mine and counter­ Russia-East Europe Foreign Area Officer who has served mine warfare, reconnaissance, and short gap bridging with the 1st Infantry Division and the 5th Special Forces capabilities-in short, some capability for every type of Group (airborne) in Vietnam. and with the Defense In­ engineer support available in the division except float telligence Agency as a Soviet Ground Forces Analyst.

Engineer obstacle-clearinq vehicle (IMR)

THE ENGINEER 11 FASCAM

in defense of cities

Major George F. Smith

Large scale city fighting in World War II, Korea, and ideal locations for antitank strongpoints. Vietnam was a relatively rare occurrence primarily Built-up areas supplement or extend obstacle systems. because doctrine stressed the notion that built-up areas Building complexes are in themselves obstacles to a were to be isolated and bypassed rather than risking cost­ mechanized force. Therefore. with minimal effort and ly, time consuming operations in a difficult environment. materials, a built-up area can become a significant But urban sprawl in the highly industrialized countries of obstacle to advance. Passage can be blocked, canalizing Western Europe has forced a departure from that doc­ enemy armor into open natural terrain interlaced with trine. anti-armor fires and reinforced with mines and other An examination of the traditional avenues of approach obstacles. The built-up area can itself become one huge into and through West Germany quickly establishes the tank and soldier killing zone with an insatiable appetite. importance of urban sprawl to modern tactics. These The skillful integration of built-up areas into the total historical avenues are no longer unobstructed routes defense scheme enhances and strengthens defensive com­ suitable for fast moving armor operations but are fre­ bat power to attrit, delay and eventually defeat a quently blocked or narrowed by a series of urban areas. numerically superior force . Soviet doctrine stresses that offensive formations at­ tacking across highly developed regions will encounter at THE USE OF MINES IN THE CITY least one large built-up area every 70 kilometers and numerous villages and clusters of structures that restrict To maximize the defender's advantage within the city, and even block traditional avenues of approach. Since defenses are organized in depth. Depth is achieved by Soviet attack doctrine also stresses that Soviet forces will selecting and preparing a series of mutually supporting advance 60 kilometers per day, it is obvious that confron­ battle positions, strongpoints and obstacles throughout tations could occur in built-up areas. the built-up area. Retired British Major General J.F.C. Fuller has writ­ The proper selection and location of obstacles im­ ten that the defense "should command the roads leading mediately increases or multiplies our available combat toward and through the area being held. The knots in the power. Properly employed, obstacles (in particular. road are villages , hamlets and small towns . These knots mines) greatly increase the killing capability of our anti­ are also tank-proof. Therefore, small towns and villages tank weapons by increasing the amount of time that a are the first areas that must be considered." These target is in the "target window ." While obstacles are "knots in the web," as Fuller characterizes them, are discussed in most of the literature concerning combat in

12 WINTER 1978-79 built-up areas, details concerning the proper use of comes within range of anti-tank guided missiles and tank mines is sorely lacking. In fact, the new famil y of scat­ and artillery fire from strong, mutually support ing battle terable mines (FASCAM) is rarely mentioned. positions and strongpoints of the main battle area ar­ The Combat inCities Report, published by the Infan­ ranged in depth throughout the built-up area . try School, concluded paradoxically that standard pat­ Success is achieved by an int egrated defensive scheme tern minefield construction time precludes its use in between forces in the city and forces defending adja­ many cases, but that mines can be used effectively along cent terrain. The key to defense within the city is the str eets and at intersections within the city and at critical strongpoint, where squad and platoon leaders will often choke points along likely avenues of approach into the be required to fight independent battl es without detailed built-up area . One must hastily add that the built-up orders. The skillful use of min es and obstacles will great­ area, itself, is a choke point. ly enhance the defensive capability of these mutually sup­ Supporting the Report's conclusion concerning con­ porting strongpoints. ventional mines is an extract from a KETRON, Inc., Technical Report, which states, "The current inven tory THE USE OF FASCAM of mines is not suitable for use in the city. Both off-route The use of scatterable mines in the covering forc e area and scatterable mine s would assist in controlling specific forward of the built-up are a is essent ially no different areas by canalizing movement of enemy forces and slow­ than in the normal defense. Prior to the battle, maximum ing the rate of enemy advance." Before isolating on use mu st be made of the Ground Emplaced Mine Scat­ the employment of FASCAM in cities, it is first necessary tering System (GEMSS) and MS6 to rapidly emplace to discuss current U.S. doctrine regarding the defense of minefields along likely avenu es of approach to enhance a built-up ar ea so that FASCAM can be logicall y in­ the effectiveness of covering anti-tank weapons. troduced . Particula r attention must be given to obstacles on the flanks of the city since it would be the defend er' s inten­ DEFENSE OF A BUILT·UP AREA tion to force the attacker into the city. As th e covering The defense begins well forward of the city on terrain force withdraws, Artillery Delivered Anti-vehicle, Anti­ suitable for a balanced combined arms covering force tank and Anti-personn el Min es (ADAT M an d ADAPM) designed to wear down the att acker and cause him to can be effect ively employed in front of enemy form ati ons reveal his int entions before reaching the bu ilt-up area. to assist in breaking contact- and further attriting the As the attacker approaches th e periphery of th e city, he enemy. As the enemy come s within range of the Main

THE ENGINEER 13 RESPONSIVE DELIVERY MODES FOR SCATT ERABl E MIN ES

MIN £ OISP£NSING SU BS YSTEM- llIl.5 6 r, · G ATO A MIN E SY Sn.M

GUN DISP ERS AL SYSTEMS -

Battle Area (MBA) , the Surface Launched Unit-Mine rate of descent, would virtually insure its penetration of System (SLUMINE) can rapidly seed the obvious roof tops and cause the int erior of many buildings to be avenues of enemy approach and close breaches in ex­ mined. The effecti veness of an anti-tank mine in a base­ isting minefields. The range of the SLUMINE prohibits ment is limited. its use forward of the MBA. The ADAPM, however, could be used since it is not Within the city itself, the various types of scatterable heavy enough to penetrate roof tops . In fact, anti­ mines must be emplaced to support each b attle position personn el mines emplaced on roofs would be effect ive in and strongpoint. The uses for FASCAM inside the built­ blocking that traditional avenue of approach by infan­ up area are limited only by the imagination of the trymen in the city . defender. Because employment of these mines within the city is the heart of the issue , each mine system will be GEMSS considered separately in an examination of several possi ­ The GEMSS is ideally suited for the rapid emplace­ ble applications. ment of mines throughout the city. Streets and boulevards can be mined as easily as parks and ARTILLERY DELIVERED MINES cemetaries. However , mined area s mu st be marked to (ADAPM AND ADATM) preclude friendly casualties. In most cases the defender's Since the effectivenes s of artillery may be degraded routes of withdrawal and lateral movement will be above due to restricted observation, proximity of friendly forces or below gro und, thus reducing th e con cern for mines in to enemy troops, the corresponding requirement for pin­ th e street. Th e defender will use the street far less than point accuracy, and frequent attachment of art illery sec­ the attacker . However , counterattack rout es mu st be tions to infantry platoons and squads, the ADAPM and kept open . The limiting characteristic of the GEMSS is ADATM should rarely be used within the city. Further­ its long self-destruct time. Areas mined with it are essen­ more, the weight of the ADATM mine, coupled with its tially denied to defender use.

14 WINTER 1978-79 SEQUEN C E F O PERA T I O N S fOR M O DU LA R PAC K MINI N G SYSTEM (MOPMS )

l - , .--",, -; , - ... ,o; '"

1\1-56 HEUCOPTER DISPENSED SYSTEM MA NUALLY EMPLACED MINE SYSTEM (MEMS) This system is not curren tly in de velopment , but could This system co uld not b e used once the battle in the prove very useful in urban combat . The M EMS is essen­ streets begins due to its high vul ne rabi lity. However, tially an ADAPM which is activated by pulling a pin a nd before the battle begins . it could be used to mine large. throwi ng the mine int o pl ace , Consider th e effec t of leav­ open are as su ch as parks. ;11 tobah ns, and the like, ing one of th ese in each room of a building as the defen der withdraws. Simi lar employm ent could be effec­ SL UMINE tive on nat ro oft op s, in a lleys and doorways. and par­ SLUM lN E is capabl e of covering large a reas rapidl y. ticula rly in traffi cabl e sewers. Extrem e contro l of su ch a Therefore. like th e MS6. it h as li mit ed effectiveness syste m would be ne cessary to prevent friendly cas ualties within t he city. although it is not vulnerab le to ai r re sulting from over-enth us ias tic employment. defense fir e like the MS6. Its principal lise wit hin the bu ilt-up ar ea m igh t be to con tain a penetra tion in an CONCLUS IO N ope n a.rea or to re-seed a br ea ch in a G EMSS field, also The family of scatterable mines has t rul y added a new in an ope n a rea . The low angle of tire of th e SLUMINE dimen sion to mine warfare an d th e mechanized bat­ rocket severel y lim its its application in areas contain ing tlefield . No lon ger is mine warfare limited to open terrain .all buildings. The SL Jh1I NE la u ncher would be m ore on the traditional battlefield. FA SCAM will enable th e effect ively employed firing SLL FA E a l soft targets . defend ers of cit ies to more effecti vely and efficiently empl oy their a nti-tank weapo ns to kill the enemy a nd win MODULAR PACK MINE SYSTEM (MOPMS) the first battle . T his system has th e greatest utility of an y F ASCAM system for co mbat in cities. It is ea sily transport ed an d do es not rUl'.l:rc a la u nch system . It call be placed easily in sup port of sq uad ar.d platoon strongpoin ts, activated ... when re q uired . "mel recovered if LO t em ployed, Not only would it be effec t ive in th e streets agains t tanks a nd Major George F. Smith is current ly assign ed as th e Ex ­ :,'lk1 ",rs, but it could be devasta ting if employed in side a ecutive Offi cer oJ the 565th Engineer Battalio n, b uilding following wit rdrawal by defenders an d j ust USAREUR . In his p reviou s assignm ent as Proj ect Of­ prior to enemy seizure. T he expend iture of t he M OPrv,iS ficer at the A rm or and E ngineer Board. Fort K l1OX . K Y , could be ex tr emely effective if the b ui ld ing is a critica l he designed tes ts f or th e A rt ill ery Deli vered str ong point . A ntitank M ine.

THE EN INEER 15 The Topographic Element of Combat Power

Major Craig R . Hu tchinson

SEVERAL new " How to Fight" manuals have been publis hed and a detailed knowledge of FM 100-5 (Opera­ tions), FM 101-5 (Command and Cont rol of Comba t Operations), and TC ]01-5 (Control and Coordination of Division Operations) is nec essary to keep ab reast of the situ ation. However , if you search th ese manu als for the topographic element of combat power , you will not find it in bold print. In fact you have to read between th e lines to find it at all. You may find clues to the topographic element of com ­ bat power in FM 5-100 (Engineer Combat Operations) , FM 100-10 (Combat Service Support), and FM 10] -10-1 (Staff Officers Field Manual; Organizati on, Technical, and Logistical data). However . two new field manuals (FM 21-32 Topographic Support an d FM 5-146 Engineer Top ographic Units) discu ss th e topographic elem ent of combat power in detail. Since the new manuals won 't be published until later this year, let's examine the topogr aphic elements of comba t power today. First, what is the topographic elem ent? To find out, let's go to the new FM 101 -5 which presents a systems ap­ pr oach to ope rations and defines functional systems for corps down thru battalions. Specificall y. it includes the following corps functional system s: Command, Control. and Communication s (C3); Man eu ver; Engineer; In­ telligence; Fire Support ; Air/Ground Operati ons; Elec­ tronic Warfare; Air Defense Artillery ; and Combat Ser­ vice Support. THE TOPOGRAPHIC elem ent is not expl icitly state d her e. but one can pick up its tracks in th e engineer system , which equates to mobility/ countermobil ity and survivability and is composed of divisional and cor ps engineer un its. According to FM 5-100, in corp s engin eer

16 WINTER 1978-79 units you will find a cartographic company of the EXAM PLE 1 engineer topographic battalion, theater army. It is in this cartographic company that the topographic element can SEQUENCE OF COM MAND TOPOGRAPHIC AN D STAF F ACTIONS" ELEMENT STAFF INTERFACE be found. Topographic elements and their functions are defined by FM 5-100 as follows: 1. Mission received . I 2. Information to CO and MAP DISTRIBUTION-Operating the corps map stall sections. 1. Update maps and G2/G3/G4 graphic portion 01 the supply and distribu tion system down to division level. Intelligence Prepara­ MAP UP-DATING-Planning and supervising tion of the Battlefi eld (IPB) dat a base. local map revision to meet the needs of the corps. 2. Provide updated maps. PRINTING-Producing revised maps, map sup­ 3. G a l her te rr aln plements, overprints, sketches, drawings, and terrain in­ analysis materials. 3. Miss ion analysis and telligence material to meet the needs of the corps. CO's planning guidance. ANALYSIS-Provide terrain intelligence, predic­ 4. Staft estimates. Provide terrain ana­ lysis inpul for the G2 /G3 tion, and analysis of the effects of terrain factors on IPS. military operations to corps and divisions. 5. C O ' s e s tim a t e In ­ eluding dec ision and CO's SURVEYS-Provide survey information required concept. by the combat elements in support of their modern 6. Preparation at plan s or Printing of IPS reo G3/G4 orders. po rts and OPLA Ns or weapons systems. OPORDs on overlays. But, what is combat power? It is not explicitly defined 7. Approval of plans or ord ers. in the new FM 100-5. The Command and Gen eral Staff 8. Issue of plans or Di stribution 01 topo­ G2 /G 3JG4 College defines combat power as leadership and the orders. graphic produc ts. 9. 5taft/Command super­ Prinling o f Frag G3JG4 functions of land combat under the influence of environ­ vision. Orders on topograph ic ment and tactics. Specifically, "A unit's ability to prod ucts. 10 . Mission Accompli sh . develop and apply combat power is directly dependent on ed. the unit's capabilities for performing the functions of " From Superseded FM 101·5 land combat, i.e ., firepower; intelligence; mobility; com­ EXAMPLE 2 mand, control, and communications (C3); and combat service support." If firepower and mobility are equated TOPOGRA PHIC MILITARY ESTIMATE ELEMENT STAF F INT ERFAC E with fire support and maneuver in the corps functional 1. Mi ssion Analysis 1. Update maps and G2JG3/G4 systems previously presented, one can see that the fu nc­ a. What must be done graphic portion of IPB tions of land combat are a subset of the corps functional and whe n? dala base. b. Restate for clarity. 2. Provide updated systems. Thus, performing land combat can equate to maps. managing the corps functional systems and we have a 3. G ather te rrain analysis materials. working definition for combat power: it is the command, 2. Situation and Courses Provide terrain snaly­ G2/G3/G4 leadership, and management of a unit's functional of Action sis Input for the IPS. a. What is the situation? systems within the influence of environment and tactics. (1) What enemy lo rces THE QUESTION remains as to how the functional are oppos ing us an d where? systems are managed in order to obtain combat power (2) How can the terr ain be used to gain an advan­ from the topographic element? According to FM 101-5, tage? each functional system within a unit interfaces with every (3) What is the eff ect 01 the wealher? other system in the unit. Thus, the engineer system inter­ (4) What frie ndl y forces facing with all other systems provides the topographic ara available? b. Whal are fe asible element in som e form to the other systems. FM 21-32 courses of acti on to ac­ (Topographic Support) and FM 5-146 (Engineer complish the mission? 3. Ana/ysis {Wargam aj and Provide terrain analy­ G21G 31G4 Topographic Units) provide the details of this interface Comparison 01 Courses 01 si s and printed grap h· Ac tion lcs as required. and thus the answer to our question. However, let's ex­ a. Wargame courses of amine the topographic element interface between the action . b. Wh at i s lhe best engineer system and C3 system. co urse of action and why? The C3 system consists of: The Commander and Staff; 4. Decision Of Rec om ­ 1. Printi ng of IPB Re· G2/G3/G4 mendafion {Concepfl ports and OPLANI Communications; Staff Organization; Staff Procedures; OPORDs overl ays. and Decision Making. The topographic element inter­ a . Re fine t h e b e s l 2. Issu e 01 maps and course of action into a rel ated topog raph ic face between the engineer system and the C3 system in­ clear d eci si on /r e c o m · products. mendation. cludes assisting the commander and staff in communica­ b. Announce th e de ­ tions. staff procedures. and decision making. Examples cisionfrecommendation. c. Commander issue s 1 and 2 illustrate how the topographic element interfaces co nce pt. in staff procedures and decision making in the C3 d. Issue plans/orders. system. "F rom new FM 101·5

THE ENGINEER 17 PART OF the command and staffs combat power in support was no lower than the corps headquarters. The the C3 system lies in the accuracy and timeliness of their 649th is exercising its tactical top ographic task force on actions interfacing with the military estimate and deci­ corps and division FTXs and CPXs as requested. This sion process. As illustrated above, the topographic ele­ provides terrain analysis for th e exerci se areas and ) ment contributes to that accuracy and timeliness. In results in the production and distribution of necessary -' making staff estimates, the topographic element sup­ products to meet corps and division needs. ports the Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (l PB) THE TASK FORCE consists of a terrain analysis ele ­ by providing: ment and a Tactical Information Printing (TIP) element. a. Up-to-date maps (changes in roads, vegetation , The two elements work together in order to satisfy re­ and obstacles); quired response times for a timely sequence of command b. Terrain Analysis (cross-country movement maps, staff actions at corps and division level. For example, the underground complexes, possible enemy drop zones, task force maintains up-to-date map changes in a format utility complexes); ready for tactical information printing on standard pro­ c. Rapid printing. ducts, including changes in roads, autobahns, quarries, The functional systems of a unit interface within the and vegetation, as well as other up-to-date IPB informa­ unit and with the functional systems in th e units above tion the corps or division G2 requires. and below. Through such interface, the use of the To meet the needs of the modern battlefield, TI P can topographic element for communicating OPLANs and overprint and provide 500 copies of any single-color map OPORDs with graphic overlays and overprints further in the area of operations within one hour. One objective achieves its combat power. is for the corps and divisions to provide hard copies of Thus. the topographic element provides combat power topographic products used and devel oped in the se­ in the C3 system by assisting in providing more accurate quence of command and staff actions and military and timely staff procedures, decision making and com­ estimate and decision process as far down as company munications. level if time permits. This eliminates some of the time IT IS EASY to see combat power in the barrel of a wasted in "gathering" around th e situation map and loaded gun pointing at you. It is not so easy to see com­ provides for more rapid dissemination of IPB reports. bat power in a combination of a sequence of command OPLANs and OPORDs. and staff actions and a military estimate and decision The T3F is augmented with a map distribution ele­ process which resulted in pointing the loaded gun at you . ment to assist in bulk map distribution at corps level and However, the sequence of command and staff actions also with a survey elem ent to assist the corps in bringing and the military estimate and decision process are key control forward. tools in the C3 system for commanders and their staffs. Is the topographic element of combat power a require­ and the topographic element is an integral part of its ment of the peacetime force structure? In order to employment. maneuver forces , you must be able to direct them as Who has the staff action for coordinating the rapidly and accurately as possible. This requires terrain topographic element of combat power in the corps? FM analysis and survey as well as distribution of the graphics 101-5 indicates the responsibility remains with the Assis­ and data necessary for weapons systems, estimates, tant Chief of Staff, Intelligence (G2). Actually, the G2 OPLANs, and OPORDs to combat commanders prior to recommends engineer topographic troop assignments in the first battle. Only combat commanders can decide if it coordination with the corps engineer. Therefore, if you is required for our peacetime force structure, for they are looking for topographic support to meet your C3 must be pr epared for the first battle on very short noti ce . needs, check with your G2 section. The 649th Engineer Battalion in Europe is currently providing a tactical topographic task force (T3F) in direct support to the US corps in Europe in order to keep Major Craig R. Hutchinson is currently assigned as the corps in tune with the topographic element of combat the Com mal/del'. 517th Engineer Detachment (Terrain}, power. In addition, the battalion is providing a T3F to attached to the 649th Engineer Battalion. U5AREUR . support the divisions as required. This is a change to He served as the 5 -3/or the 649th/or 19 months prior to previous and current doctrine, where direct topographic his current assignment.

18 WINTER 1978-79 · ~ ..r- .

-~ ---- . -

THEMEDIUM GIRDERBRIDGE

panacea or problem?

M ajor Harvey G. Ramsey

T he Medium Girder Bridge is here; we mu st now th e Bail ey bridge which it compliments! pr epare to cope with it. The int roduction of the MGB J have used the word "compliment" because it is in­ into our units in Europe will pr ovide an additional cluded in the bri ef doctrinal statement concerning the dimension to th e engineer ca pabi lity on the battlefield. employment of MGB which follows: It s impact will be felt most significa ntly in two critical a . The Med ium Girder Bridge and Bail ey bridge will resources areas-time and manpower. be used as complimentary system s pending fielding of a T he positive qualities of th e MGB have been mech anically launched system. demonstrated in both field test s and actual opera tions. It b . MGB should be used forw ard in the Main Battle can be con st ructed faster and with less manpower than Are a (MBA).

THE ENGINEER 19 c. Bailey bridge should be used in Lines of Com­ problem which reduces its value on lines of communica­ munication (LaC). tion. Its estimated life is 10,000 class 60 crossings. The d. TOE units should be pure MGB or Bailey bridge more we train with the bridge, the shorter will be its rather than composite. useful combat life. Stated doctrine implies that the .,.,' e. Maximize availability of the MGB on the battlefield bridge will be a dynamic battlefield asset. This is to say it by replacing emplaced MGB with Bailey bridge when will enhance the main battle area; being emplaced and possible. removed as battlefield mobility requirements arise. Loss f. Recommended basis of allocation for the MGB is of useful life due to erection. extraction , and hostile fire two sets per division. have yet to be determined. It is safe to assume that con­ The purpose of this article is not to tout the obvious tinued use will contribute to existing problems of metal advantages of the MGB or to diminish the value of Bailey fatigue. Our current system for determining fatigue con­ by unfair comparison. Rather it is my intention to point ditions is simply to check for cracks in the outer lugs of out that the MGB has critical limitations which must be panel jaws . When cracks appear. the bridge can still sus­ considered by the commander in the field. Since some of tain at least 1,000 MLC 60 crossings. Hopefully, we will the MGB's weaknesses are strengths of the Bailey be able to observe cracks immediately and thus accurate­ system, I suggest that perhaps our current thoughts on ly estimate the remaining life. allocation and deployment of these two bridges do not d. Limited replacement parts-Limited procurement, take maximum advantage of the capabilities and limita­ only 34 sets, results in limited replacement parts. Europe tions of each system. is programmed for only 12 sets . Given the doctrinal framework, let's examine the ad­ e. R edu ced repair capability-Since MGB is made of vantages and disadvantages of MGB more closely. an exotic metal, repair at unit level will be virtually im­ possible. ADVANTAGES f. Flexibility-Use of the MGB is rather rigid. Time may produce additional knowledge about uses of the a . Speed of construction-The MGB allows equipment. Flexibility of the Bailey bridge is legend. significantly faster construction rates. For example, a g. Cost-One set of MGB is expected to cost class 60 MGB 103 feet long can be built in 90 minutes. $420,000. Bailey bridge, currently on hand, had a pro ­ An equivalent Bailey bridge would take about five hours. curement cost of $35,391 per set. When the cost of erec­ b. Reduced resources-The 103 foot MGB could be tion sets and pallets is considered, MGB will cost about constructed by only 25 soldiers. The equivalent Bailey ) $3,800 per foot, compared to about $270 per foot for the would require 71 soldiers. Bailey . c. Interoperability-Our NATO allies are largely Since we are preparing for a battlefield characterized equipped with MGB. Equipping our units with MGB by aggressive movement. where does the MGB tit in? would promote compatibility on the battlefield. Obviously, the Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge d. Palletization-«The MGB is stored on pallets in the (AVLB) will best satisfy the need for gaps less than 60 unit. This enhances construction site organization and feet. Th e MGB can be used to span gaps between 60 and significantly improves upload problems from depots or 100 feet. Remember, under no circumstances can we bridge parks. utilize MGB for gaps greater than 103 feet. Under current doctrine. the MGB will be issued to DISADVANTAGES Corps Panel Bridge companies. These units will a. Limited capacity-The MGB cannot be con­ download, or reduce, their present supply of Bailey . In structed in any manner to allow passage of vehicles return , they will be charged with the responsibility to greater than class 60. Allied nations apparently plan to maintain, transport and install the MGB. Installation of use the bridge as their primary tactical bridging equip­ the bridge is a new mission for the Panel Bridge Com­ ment. They have developed ancillary equipment to offset panies. It's a mission which causes some concern in view this deficiency. The US Army has not initiated action to of the described modern battletield. The vision of a procure ancillary equipment. dump truck-mounted Corps bridge company bouncing around "forward in the main battle area," installing and b . Limited length-MGB is currently limited to removing MGB, is ludicrous. lengths of 103 foot military load class (MLC) 60. There is Considering bridging requirements on the future bat­ no capability within existing equipment to install the tlefield and comparing the equipment altern atives. the bridge with intermediate supports. Addition of the cable case favoring current doctrine becomes quite tenuous. reinforcing system will extend the class 60 length to 162 Figure 1 describes the battlefield in terms of bridging feet but this reinforcing system is not expected to be equipment. available until calendar year 1980 at the earliest. Gaps up to 60 feet encountered in the brigade areas c. Limited life-The MGB is made of an aluminum­ are best bridged by AVLB . As the brigade moves, these zinc-magnesium alloy. It has a well identified fatigue bridges may be left in place. If not, they may be replaced

20 WINTER 1978-79 FIXED BRIDGES or~ THE BA TT LEFI ELD

II XXX BAILEY XXX

I

...... ,»-,

..0 XX BA ILEY XX l/1 C 0 n l/1 llJ L AVLB 4­ ~lGG 0 X BAILEY r·1 GG BA ILEY '0 x llJ ~14T6 L c::( CLAS S 60 FI XED SPANS

FU3 A FI XED BRID GI NG U ~LI K ELY FEBA !\VLB DUE TO HIGH VISIBILITY BAI LE Y

0 ' 60' 100 I GA P in DTH

FIGURE 1

by MGB , Bailey, M4T6, or class 60 fi xed spa ns . If the I believe we should combine the best of our ava ilable bridge is expec ted to remain in place for an extended assets by creating compos ite Bailey brid ge/MGB com­ period or if it is on an LOC, the bridge should be re­ pan ies. At present, the TOEs of th e two companies are placed by Bailey since MG B has a life span and capacity alm ost ident ical. The retention of Bailey bridge as lim itat ion. Bridges in Division and Corps area s sho uld be pr im ary equip ment would allow each company to res­ Bailey for the same reaso ns. pond to its most likely requirements. We do not currently Assa ult gap crossings using Bailey bridge have been tak e ad vantage of a significa nt advantage of the cond ucted, although rarely and at great expense. in th e MGB-its palleti zation . Beca use of this chara cteristic, it past. Neither the Bailey bri dge nor the MGB is an assa ult can be more easily upl oad ed in truc ks, helilift ed or brid ge. Sign ature of both br idges on th e modern bat­ moved by aircraft to construction sites and installed by tlefield will miti gate aga inst their use. If. however. such th e bridge company, a Corps company or a division 's crossings are to be accomplished on the battl efield , th ey combat or bridge company. I suggest we keep the Bailey favo r th e use of MGB . Ga ps 60 to 100 feet in th e rear of br idge in the panel bridge companies. uploaded in tr ucks the brigade area are th e most likely candidat es for use of for rapid deployment, and maintain, at th e same place. MGB. In the Corps area . the MGB shoul d be replaced palletized MGB, ready for deployment to th e critical by the higher-capacity. longer-life Bailey brid ge. gap. Since existing equipmen t limits MGB to 103 feet. MGB is a significant addition to our fa mily of tactical wider ga ps m ust be bridge d by Bailey. Longer term in­ bridging. It has practical limitations, but also many ad ­ tro duction of th e cable reinforcing system will expand vantages. The prudent engi neer will underst and a ll its the MGB to gaps of 162 feet. cha racteristics and deploy it to best support the ta ctical I have arriv ed at an untenable position in dir ect op­ commander in th e field . position to curre nt doctrine. I have argued that the in­ herent limitations of MGB , coupled with limited pro­ curement, mitigate ag ainst extensive employme nt of thi s III br idge on th e battlefield . Yet th e two bridge companies in Europe are bein g con verte d to MGB . Current doctr ine Major Harvey G.' Ramsey is 'currently assigned as requires MGB to be installed by its owning unit forward Chief ofthe Com bat Operations Division. Directorate of • in the main battle area . I suggest th at this conce pt is fol­ Training. USAES. He is {1 previous contributor to TH E ly. ENGINEER Magazin e.

THE ENGINEER 21 ~ . - ~ - ' - ..--­ --­

,"

Tlte RoJrlguez Tae#leal Training Range

Lieut enant Colon el John B. Wh eeler

22 WI NTER 1978-79 The silence of the valley is shattered as high·explosive mor­ tar and artillery rounds whoosh overhead and rip jagged craters into the enemy hill mass just 200 meters away. VT fuse warheads burst much closer, peppering friendly TOW and fighting bunkers with white-hot shrapnel. Air Force fighter bombers scream out of the sky and release their deadly payloads. The earth trembles as bombs explode on target. Suddenly the artillery and airstrikes shift and M·60 tanks roar toward the objective, stopping only to fire. Cobra gunships rake the hill with rockets and cannon fire. Finally, infantry soldiers charge the pulverized objective, firing on the move.

THE NARRATIVE above describes not an actua l bat­ was exca vated an d leveled , for ming an d placing of con ­ tle, but a training exercise conducted regularly by crete floor s was initiated. T his first ph ase of con struction soldiers of th e Second Infan try " Indi anhead" Division at presented no real problems and progressed smoo thly. a un iqu e train ing site 14 kilom eters northeast of division However, when th e tim e came to form and po ur rein­ headquarters at Camp Casey, Korea . The Rod riqu ez forced concrete walls and roofs, it became eviden t th at T actica l T raining Ran ge, a project of the Indianhead' s the average 12B Combat Engi neer is not familiar with 2d Engineer Bat talion (Combat) , affords soldiers of th e steel work. con crete fini shing. and man y ot her construc­ 2d Divis ion and the ir Air Fo rce counterparts the rare op ­ tion skills normally ass ociated with heavy const ru ction portunity to participate in live-fire exercises that come as projects. On-the -job -tra ining a nd experience gained on close as po ssibl e to replicating the act ual pa ce an d the bu nker pr oject significantly imp roved the com bat pr essure of joint a ir/ land com bat. engineers' ba sic ski lls and improved unit morale. In the fa ll of ]977, th e 2d Engineers were assigned the NUMEROUS other problems m ade the bunker pro­ task of comp leti ng th e first ph ase of th e range project­ ject a real cha llenge. Logistical support and vehicle constructing 20 reinforced concrete fighting and TOW maintenan ce was diffic ult because line platoons were hunkers-before the onset of the har sh Korean winter. separa ted fro m th e Com pa ny CP by severa l mil es of very The bu nker project , called "Little Line Papa ," was to in ­ poorl y maintained road . Truck loads of const ruction clu de 18 fighting bu nker s and two specially-des igne d materia ls had to be delivered dai ly and per sonnel shu t­ rein forced concrete bu nkers to ho use the groun d­ tled back to ga rrison frequ en tly for showers and ad­ mou nted TOW anti -ta nk weapons syste m. Wor king m in istra tive m att ers. Commun icati on s was also closely with the Division G-3, the enginee rs patterned th e disconcerting. All com mun ications with the battalion defensive positions after similar fightin g positions found and company had to be mad e through Rad io Wire In ­ througho ut the Republic of Korea. tegrat ion ( RWI), an un responsive mode due to heavy use While plans, blueprints and materials were being p ro­ by other uni ts in the division . Sec urity was a 24-ho ur-a­ duce d, Charlie Co mpany of the 2d Enginee rs conducted day con sideration. Aro und-the-clock guards, hig h­ site planni ng a nd su rveying in conj unction with Division intensity per imeter ligh tin g and triple concertina fenci ng G-J to determine exactly where eac h bunker sho uld go to were necessary to hold down materia l and equipment best utilize the existi ng te rrain. Excavation into a losses. ridgeline began immedi ately. As soon as each bunker site But the most bothersome and frustrating problem ,

THE ENGINEER 23 fr om an eng ineer sta ndpoi nt, was th e int ermittent use of maud bunker. This project was finished in five days. the ra nge fo r live fire tr aining exercises. Eventua lly inter­ With its completion , C Company engi neers returned to ruptions became so fre que nt that engineers were pe rm it­ Ca mp Castle and were replaced by A Co mpa ny personnel ted to continue work during such exercises. who focused the ir attention on the fin al phase of th e pr o­ As Charlie Compan y engineers developed expertise, jec t- the 200- meter Movin g Target System. production accelera te d . Desp ite the freque nt interrup­ T he purpose of the system was to im pr ove tions , const ruction on 14 two-man bunkers. on e large TOW I Dragon and tank gunnery acc uracy. Cons tr uc tio n command bunker. two hu gh TOW bunkers a nd th ree gu idance given to the 2d En gineer Battali on was simply small D ra gon firing position s was complete d in only th at th e ta rget be realistic. Translated. this meant that 1 2 / 2 mo nths - well a hea d of th e cold weather. the target had to be life-sized. move uphill a nd down hili T o test th e stre ng th a nd du rab ility of the bun kers for (as well as on level gro und) and vary in spee d up to 20 live fir e exe rcises. a series of tests was cond ucted. Hand mph. grena des placed at bunker entra nces were co mmand Complicating require me nts was th e fact tha t the deton at ed to see if schra pne l would pene trate th e en­ syste m would be so me 10 miles fro m U. S. compo und tra nces . It did not. A 10S-MM Howitzer round was th en and would not be continua lly guarde d after its comple­ com ma nd deton at ed on top of th e comma nd bunker a nd tion. This required th at the syste m be cap abl e of one of the two-man bu nkers. each of which had eight disassembly after ope ration so th at all moveabl e com­ inches of rein fared conc rete roof a nd two feet of earth pon en ts could be sec ured. After mu ch discu ssion , a and rock overburde n. Again th e bunkers withstood the syste m was conceived which would meet all re­ test. " Little Line Papa" was read y. quirem en ts. AIR FORCE target s were th e seco nd ph ase of th e con­ The movi ng ta rget ran ge con sisted of fo ur ma in com ­ stru ction at Rodriquez Range. Th e targets. con stru cted pon en ts: the runway (upo n which th e ta rge t cart rides). a ap proximately 900 met er s down ran ge fr om "Little Line reinfor ced concrete bunker (to pro tect the personnel re ­ Papa," were design ed to pr ovide reali st ic close air sup ­ quired to op er ate th e syste m). the power system . and a port targets during combined arms exe rcis es. tar get ca rt. T he targets con sisted of two simula ted bunker posi­ CONSTRUCTION of th e runway becam e th e mission ti ons dug int o a mountainside and a sim ula ted Nort h of the 1st Pla toon, A Company. 2d Enginee r Battal ion . Korean missile sit e complet e with telepho ne poles for After the site was surveyed, do zers were p ut to work cut ­ missiles . Th ese were po sitioned ins ide earth revetm ents tin g a slot in a gently sloping hill. A con crete sla b (the I and were connected by tr ench lines to simulate a com­ runway) would lie in thi s slot protected from the weapon tire aimed at th e target movin g alon g its surface. By put­ - ting the ru nway on a hillside. th e u pi down hil1 re­ qui rements would be met a nd th e natural vegetation /(fl above and be low the runway would be preserved as well. i:lil Faced with cos t probl ems a nd the threat of th eft from J : I: I . ~ nearby indigenous personnel, it was deci de d that slots i i cut in th e surface of th e concrete runway would be used instea d of 400 meters of angle iron to guide th e cart as it moved . To mak e the slots. two pa rallel pieces of 4" x4" lu mb er were se t in the runway. and conc rete poured a round the m. Th ese pr ovided two parallel 3" deep slots when th e two pieces of lu mb er were re moved after the concrete cured . T he sla bs were poured in 20- foot sections a nd rein ­ forced with wire mesh to provide strength aga inst ex­ tr em e te mp eratures. A " lea p frog" pouring meth od was used to allow one full day of curing before expansio n jo ints wer e placed and adjacent sla bs comp leted. Th e plat oon was split into three cre ws. One crew surveyed and const ructed the forms , a not he r crew operated the mixer s and moved the co ncrete. a nd the third crew " worked" the conc rete, fi nis hed the surfa ce, and placed metal rollers along the center line of the runway. The rollers guide the " drive" rope whic h makes a single con­ ti nu ou s loop from one end of the ru nway to the ot he r a nd is tied off to the ta rge t cart on bo th ends . The runway was 722 feet long an d was border ed by

24 WINTER 1978-79 gravel. sandbags and dit ches as protecti on aga inst ero­ system consisung of two jeep wheel rims mounted at sion . Contin ua l surveying was essential to keep the run­ either end of the runway. At the far end of the runway way ab solutely straight. The lumber, when properly the hub was mounted on a moveabl e sled which sat on greased, could be pulled from the hardene d concrete the runway and which could be moved further awa y from with littl e diffi culty. The runway was completed in five the bunker by a block and ta ckl e affixed to a deadman at weeks. the extreme end of th e runway. THE CONCRETE bunker proj ect was undertaken by AT THE BUNKER end of th e runway. the wheel was the 2d Platoon. The bunker was built at right angles to mounted inside th e bunker on a sheet of half-inch steel th e runway and large enough to hold the one-qua rte r-ton plate. A jeep sha ft was connected to th e rim . This pr op tru ck which would be the power source to move the cart. shaft was th en modified so that it could be attac hed to An open slot three feet high was form ed in th e wall of the the rear differential plate of a jeep which is backed into bunker which faced the runway. The bunker walls and th e bunker . Rope is wound around the drum device, roof were eight inches thick and made of reinforce d con­ threaded through th e rollers along the runway, wound crete. Careful forming and cro ssbracing were necessar y around th e hub at the far end of the runway and back to allow a continuous pour of th e entire bunker at one over the top of the rollers ; both ends are tied off to the tim e. 1nitially. concrete was transferred from th e mixer cart. Th e rop e is tightened by pulling up slack at the cart by scoo ploa de r, but when th e " scoop" broke down , as mu ch as possible and th en using the block and tackle eng inee rs finished the job with wheelb arrow s. to elimina te all slac k. Power is supplied by th e jeep when its rear wheels are jacked off the gro und. In forward gear, th e cart moves in one dir ection , in reverse it moves in th e other direction and at any speed desi red! Th e fou rth compo nent of the system is the target cart. Nine feet long, two feet wide , and two feet high . it was welded together with four-inch angle iron . It ca n travel along th e runway fully protect ed from gunners either by th e slot cu t in t he side of the hill (the slot's wall s be ing four to six feet high ). or by a 12-1'00t high berm on level areas. T he ca rt's whee ls consist of M 113 Armo red Per­ sonnel Ca rrier road wheels mounted with jeep hearings and wheel spindles. The road wheels (2112 inches wide) rid e smoo thly in th e slots of the concrete runway. The cart can act ua lly travel at 20 MPH with out ju mping th e tr ack . The target itself is a simulated 1'-62 tank m ade out ofplywood, 2" x 4" lumber, and target cloth , The Mov­ ing Target System was completed in seven weeks . It has been extensively used in TOW/Dragon and tank gun ­ nery pr actice. The whole system ca n be set up in abo u t 30 minutes by six men. Additionally, all components sub­ ject to th eft can be removed at the end of operations and The pour took place in late November when evening safe ly secured. and morning temperatures dipped into the teens, hardly T he completion of the Moving Tar get Syste m marked ideal weather to cure concrete . To overcome this prob­ the end of construction at Rodriquez Ran ge. Th e entire lem. a tent was placed over and a spaceheater was project-20 fighting bunkers, th e Air Force target s and placed inside the blinker to maintain th e requi red the Moving Tar get System-cost approximately $20,000. temperature. Fo r seven da ys this " warming process" was Th e Ran ge continues to provide both Korean and U. S. used to insure proper struct ural strength before remov­ soldiers with realistic combined ar ms training. Equally ing th e forms. Finally, layer s of sa nd. rock, and sa nd­ import ant, it enabled many combat en gin eer s of the 2d bags were placed on th e top and sides to serve as a Engin eer Battalion to polish thei r construction skills and burster layer. Wh en comp leted. the bunker resembled a read y the mse lves for a sim ilar task in actu al combat . hugh dirt and roc k mound with one open end. Wh en the runway and bu nk er had been poured, the mech an ical syste m had to be designed to move th e target back and fort h along t he 200-meter track. This job was L ieutenan t Colonel John B. Wh eeler is currently ass igned to th e batt al ion's enginee r warrant officer who assigned as the Dire ctor of the Department uf Military combined his mechani cal experience with the talent s of Engineering , Directorate of Training. USAES. He com ­ his welder and ma ch inist. Usin g standa rd issu e manded the 2nd Engineer Battalion, 2nd Infantry Divi­ au tom otive parts. th ey put together a simp le power sion prior to his current assignment .

THE ENGINEER 2S - the interactive interactive MAPPING system system

CW2 H erh c! rt H. Kressler

A me asure of success in topography, a nd especially in additi on to planimetric detail) is a cco mplished on cartography, is rapid a n d accurate resp on se. The major analog or a na lytica l stere oplotters which. by us ing problem sh a red by many cartographers is their inab ility overlapping stero -p hotos, creat e th ree-d imen sional to produce or revise maps or rel at ed p roducts in th e m ode!'>. qu antity a nd va rious typ es de sired within a n adequate Va rious features are p ortrayed a ll a m a p compilation - resp ons e time. An In teract ive Mapping Syste m ca n pro ­ m a nuscrip t. T o prod uce a five-col or map, the features vide a means of accurate and rapid revis ion or com p ila­ are categorized according to the co lors in wh ich they will tion and a variety of new prod uct s or .. services. " But appear on the final p ro d uct , nd draft ed accura tely and befor e plunging into in teractive mapping , let's exa m ine nea tly on sepa ra te sheets or nat', (photographi c negatives two ph ases of the m ap-making process most widely or positives affinal drafted ma p features) . T his process is utilized- co mpilation a nd color sepa ration. calle d color sepa ration. There are diffe re nt m et rods of achieving colo r separa tion but the most widel y used is engraving . or sc ribing CONVENTI ONAL PRODUCTION METHODS selecte d fea tures 011 a coa ted, stable-b ase plastic sheet. Co lor sep aration must be applied to th e co m p ilation Map co m pila tion is th e incorpor a tion of data assem ­ m a nuscript as th e lithogra phic on set printing p rocess re­ bled fro m n umero us so urces su ch as other maps or q ui res sep a at e flats to prod uce p ress plates of each color ch arts, ae ria l photographs a nd field surveys. These t hat will a ppear on the final m a p. so u rces a re " com p iled ," i.e., gra p hica lly presented on a m a n uscript contai n ing a propert y oriente d projection COMP ONE NTS OF AN INTERACTIVE a n d gr id ofthe appropri a te spheroid at a specified sc ale. MAPPING SYSTEM Planimetric com pila tion (depic ting th e horizontal position of features on ly, no portrayal of eleva tion ) can P rior to ex plaining how an Interactive M apping be accomplished by visual interp ret a tion or with t he u sc Syste m will enhanc e th e map making ~I r lx e s s , it is of va rio us devices that all ow t he superim position of necessary !:., identify the system ' s majo r c.... rnro;,e nts- ·· " phot ography to an ex isting m a p; re vision s arc then di gitizer. p rocessor , edit station a nd fina \ outpu t plo:t rr. draft ed from the superi mposition. Planimetric cornpila­ Dig itizers an: used to m ea sure .x )_1. coordina tes witl: tion ca n also be achieved, when th e terrain is relati velv the operator assig ning a cod e for thc fea tures . Digirizers flat , by seg me nting the photogra phy into pi eces of a re usually operated m anually. but some use sca nners, ;\ relatively equal elevation a nd th en direct ly trac ing from d igit ii'.er station i ncludcs a CIl rsor. ;! detector ~; y ~ ; ern the ae rial photo or photomosaic. (us ua lly bu ilt into the working surfa ce) h I' measu ring the T op og ra phic com pila tion (portrayal of relief fea tu res cursor p osi tion, an alp h a nu me ric keyb oard interfa ced

26 WIN TER 1978-79 :,,,\ .~.;; \ - ~.:. . / ' =~ »j/» I

with a computer, and an edit station (usua lly a cathode­ edit station and processor in the com pila tion ph ase. ra y tu be device). In th e newest developmental syste ms an Aeri al ph otogr aphs are registered to a geogr aphically­ auto ma tic scanner is employed . related control base (gr id, existing map . etc .), using at T he processor is a computer and sto rag e device, com ­ least three known points. Digital compilation ca n then bin ed with appropria te software . It is th e heart of th e in­ be performed to specifications via th e digitizer. The teractive syste m . Speed , flexibility, and ca pa bility are digital data is then enco ded and sto red by th e processor . highly dependen t on the computer size and stor age T he data compi led is displayed and verifie d on the CRT capacity, and the efficiency ofits softwa re. T he adve nt of and, if necessary, refin ed at th e edit sta tio n. Next , color minicomputers has dr asti cally redu ced space and cost re­ separation of this digit ized compilati on can be ac ­ qu irem ents for th is compo nent a nd the avai lability of comp lished by successive selection of da ta (which was large capacity Random Access Devices (RAD) for labeled and stored upon input) to be produced on the sto rage has mad e th e use of mi nicomputers for mapping final output plott er. systems feas ible. Automated cartograph y becam e possible in the 19505 T he edit station can be a simp le pr oofin g plott er or a with th e adve nt of a utomatic plotters. It has progressed cat hode-ray t ube (CRT) device in which the digitized from simple tasks to complex drafting. fro m compilation data is displayed, thus permitting on-line, virtu ally real­ digiti zing by a manual (ha nd-held cursor) system to time visua l inspection and qu ali ty control. Correc tio ns, digit izing by an autom atic raster scanner. In the ea rly additions, and delet ion s ca n be made and data 1960s the Defen se Mapping Agency (DMA) int roduced red isplayed for vcrific iation prior to final dr afting. Th e an automated symbo ls and nam es placem ent syste m and fin al outp ut plotter may be used for this funct ion . but th e th e digitizing of terrain detail. Autom ated ph otogram­ CRT is genera lly preferred . metric compilation equipment facilitated the recording T hejlnal outp ut pl ott er produces a pencil. ink , scr ibe of profiles and conto ur det ail and greatly contributed to or film copy of the various " fla ts" of a map . Specifica­ th e development of a fast mean s of producing or­ tions for this plotter vary widely according to the pr eci­ tho photogra phs, which are prepared from perspective sion or qu alit y required by the customer. The "flats" ar e photos with compensa tion for tilt and relief. used for making press plat es for offset printing of th e In th e ea rly 1970s, compute r-assisted drafting eq uip­ fin al produ ct in larg e qu antities. ment. with soft ware to symb olize map det ail , was in­ tr oduced . Linear digitizati on and int eractive drafting INTERACTIVE MAPPING SYSTEMS was followed by a tot ally digital ed iting procedure. and The incorpora tion of an Interactive Ma pping System today a semi-aut om atic digital compilation procedure is into the map ma kin g process starts with th e digitizer , available. The fin al ste ps in the development of this

THE ENGINEER 27 syste m may be machine recogrntion of map features digitizers compleme nted by both vendor -supplied and followed by full y automated ca rtog ra phy. customer-developed software. Let' s exa m ine th e disadvantages and adv an tages of an The major LIS comp onents and thei r functions in­ Inter acti ve Mapping System when injected into a pro­ clude: a ca rtographic table con taining a cursor/ ca r­ duction environme nt. Disadvan tages focu s on th e high riage / gan tr y arrangement which ca n perform digitizing, initial cost of th e equipment needed to im pleme nt the plotting or intera ctive editi ng; a batch processi ng syst em syste m. Other causes for concern include operat ing and th at pr ovides softw ar e for an extensive set of ca r­ maintenan ce cost as well as train ing for opera tor and tog raphic processing fun ction s; and a Cartogra phic D ata ma inten ance personnel. Advantages include improved Base System fea ture class ific ation,

I NTERA CTIVE MA PPI NG SYSTEM Di itiz e r Ed it FLOW CHART

Linear Station

Processor

Di gitizer Final

Sc a nner Ou t put Plot t er respo nse time, man -h our savings, flexibility, qu ality con­ T he latter pr oduces a " da ta cell ," which is a collec tion trol, con sistency, improved acc uracy of th e fi nal product, of geographically related linea l features . Feature descrip­ and higher volu me capability. Exper imental and ope ra­ tions and location al precision are det ailed enough to per­ tional work has proven th at Interactive Mapping System s mit exploitation for various conventional mapping and can produce m ap s, charts, and rel ated products to re ­ adva nced aerosp ace products. The output file als o iden­ quired specifications and accuracies. titi es source material sufficiently to establish its own ac­ Interactive mapping is developing at a tim e when curacy and compl eteness in suppo rt of data b ase digital data an d related p roducts ar e in great deman d maintenance and data exploitation. and econom y and effi ciency are becoming increasingly The LIS is a rap id means of up dating data bases. important. Com municat ion between th e ca rtographer/operato r and th e system tak es place using function al words rath er SYST EMS EXAMPLES th an codes. The major ben efit of th e LIS is erro r-free digit al representation s of mapping source material. T he Lin eal Input System (LIS) is a por tion of the l n­ teractive M appin g System at D MA where it is used for The DMA digital mapping syste m emp loys th e creating and maintaining digital rep resentation of line al UN IVAC 1108 , a large-scale comput er . Automate d car­ features in an au to mated on-line com puterize d system. tographic and ph otogr ammetic equipment is coupled LIS equipment includes off-the-shelf genera l-purpose with spec ially design ed computer programs and in­ minicomputer , graphic displ ay devices, peripheral disk tegrated with hardw ar e into a pro duct ion system kn own pack and tape drives, printers, plotters, and lineal as t he Semi- Au t oma ted Cartograp hic System

28 WINTER 1978-79 (SACARTS). Phase I has been implemented and approximately half th e cost of producing the same maps presently produces color-separated material. conventionally and in half the time required for manual SACARTS includes graphic digitizer compilation preparation . c units, high-speed verification plotters, fast ultra-precise linework , symbol, alphan umeric ph otoplotting , Control SUMMARY Graticule and Grid (CONG RD) software, and a Sym­ The development and refinement of Interactive Map­ bols, Names, and Placement System (SNAPS) . The ping Systems will continue to have a great impact on operator at the digitization station records point, line, manpower, cost, and org anizational stru cture in car­ and text information for processing through the Graphic tographic agencies, and will provide a level of response Improvement Software Transformation System (GISTS). and a variety of products never before poss ible. Interac­ Once the digitized data is dr afted by flatbed plotters for tive mapping is materializing at a time when military and editing and refinement, the refin ed data is then stored on civilian demands for digital data and related products tape or produced by final plotters in the form of are rapidly increasing, as may be seen in on-board scribecoat, ph otographic film or paper. navigation systems for modern aircraft, missile systems, Interactive Mapping Systems and digiti zati on ar e target locating, census records, utilities, etc . being implement ed in many city planning offices, utility Since Interactive Mapping Systems are automated, companies, construction companies and other types of but not autom atic, they call for a high degree of pr oduction facilities. resulting in significant cost and man/ mach ine int eraction . Cartographers provide th e manpower savings as well as more efficient revision , human intelligence and cartographic input. while th e storag e and reprodu ction of pr oducts. system provides the spe ed. precision and computational Rapid growth in the field has resulted in numerou s muscle to accomplish th e mapping mission with in an ac­ private enterprises that provide assistance in interactive ceptable response time. mapping, operat ing much like computer servic es com­ panies. Services are available for digitizing, data reduc­ III tion , data base generation, software development , CW2 Herbert Kressler, Ir. , is currently assigned as analysis, computer processing and computer gr aphics. Course Manager of the Basic Cartography Course in the Such service orga nizations have engaged in met eorology, Departm ent ofCartography and Applied Graphics at the geology, hydrology, and biology, as well as mapping. Defense Mapping School. Fort Belvoir. VA. He is a ( Some of th ese companies advertise mapping services at native of Quak ertown. Pennsylvania. Commanders Update

COL Philip R. Hoge COL Robert E. Ayers COL Kerwood W. Barrand 2nd Engineer Group, 8th Army 36th Engineer Group, Fort Benning USA Engineer Training Brigade Fort Belvoir COL Jerome B. Hilmes COL Thomas M. McClelland 7th Engineer Brigade, USAREUR 130th Engineer Brigade, USAREUR COL James K. Highfill 2nd Training Brigade (OSUT) COL James W. Vanlobensels COL Joseph L. Spruill Fort Leonard Wood 181h Engineer Brigade, USAREUR 937th Engineer Group. Fort Riley COL Tenho R. Hukkala COL John C. Levanger COL George H. Hilt 41h AIT Brigade (Engineer) 20th Engineer Brigade, Fort Bragg USA Engineer Center Brigade Fort Leonard Wood Fort Belvoir

CE Directory Th e 1979 Corps of En gin eers Ofticer and Warrant Of­ ficer Directory is available for purchase from the Post Ex­ change Book Store. Building 269, Fort Belvoir VA 22060 . T he cost of the 1979 Dir ect ory is $1.50 per copy. Due to per­ sonnel constraints, the dir ectory is no longer availabl e by mail orde r through th e USAES Periodic al Publications Fund.

THE ENGINEER 29

ON ANY given day from one to many very proud men situation to situation . It is not, however, a completely and women are handed a document that appoints them block situation. Leaders do not have to be chosen in the as officers and non-commissioned officers in the United dark. Leadership traits such as age, dominance and ( States Army . emotional control are not necessarily required for a par­ ticular leadership role. Each particular type of leader­ What problems must newly appointed commissioned, ship does require certain traits. There are also a few warrant and non-commissioned officers surmount to universal leadership traits, including verbal fluency and become good leaders? How can they gain the willing obe­ intelligence. dience of their subordinates? How, if at all, does psychology affect their ability to lead? The answer to DESPITE the fact that psychologists are unable to these and other questions about military leadership will scientifically pinpoint the traits of a good leader, an en­ be found in this article. tire book could be written on quotations by famous Before leadership can be discussed it must be defined. military leaders about the qualities a good leader should According to Merriam-Webster, the verb lead means "to possess. In his book, "On War," Clousewite indicates guide on a way" and "to direct the operations, activity or that ambition makes a great leader. He says all great performance of." A much more meaningful and useful leaders possess ambition, the desire to outperform definition which agrees with Webster is offered by Nor­ others, to raise oneself above the rest. man Copeland: " Leadership is the art of dealing with In choosing people as future leaders, the most satisfac­ human nature, int1uencing a body of people, by persua­ tory , though not foolproof, method would seem to be the sion or example, to follow a line of action." following : (a) determine, as closely as possible, what traits are desirable for the type leadership desired: (b) Keeping in mind the definition of leadership, a defini­ determine each applicant's military leadership traits and tion of military leadership must be determined. The best universal leadership traits; (c) determine the moral and definition I have found comes from the Department of intelligence level of each applicant through tests and Defense Command and Small Unit Leadership pam­ evaluations by superiors, peers and subordinates. phlet: " Military Leadership is the art of influencing and There are three basic types of leadership. The first directing men in such a way as to obtain their willing type and the one most often found in the military service obedience, confidence, respect and loyal cooperation in is autocratic leadership, whereby the leader seeks obe­ order to accomplish the mission." dience from his group. He determines policy and con­ THE SAME pamphlet offers further amplification of siders decision-making a one-man operation. However, the definition: "The ability to handle men, the heart of even in the military, this isn't the only type leadership leadership involves understanding, predicting, and con­ that is or should be used. trolling men's behavior." Now consider objectives of DEMOCRATIC leadership is where the leader irons psychology as set down by Ruch: " to understand, out ideas and suggestions from the group by discussion co~ditions predict, and control the and situations that and consultation. Group members are encouraged to man meets in his environment and within himself." Thus take part in setting policy, while the leader's role is large­ it is easy to understand that the practice of psychology ly one of moderator. and leadership parallel each other and have the same Laissez-Faire leadership is demonstrated by the leader goal. In fact, leaders are continually drawing from the who is more or less an information booth . He plays down work of psychologists and psychologists use leadership his role in the group's activity. He is on hand to provide situations and experience to aid their work. materials and information. He exercises a minimum of Perhaps social psychology offers the greatest promise control. for future applications of psychology to leadership. It might appear to the casual observer that autocratic Among military officers there are few problems as impor­ leadership is the only type of leadership used in the tant as the selection and training of leaders, the military. To the psychologist it may appear that organizati on and managing ofteams, the predicting and democratic leadership is the best. But the fact is, influencing of attitudes, and the group process of autocratic leadership in certain situations will be more evaluating evidence to decide a course of action. effective and successful than the democratic or laissez­ Although military leaders are selected today through fair e approach. Democratic leadership. under the right various tests, we are looking for better and more scien­ conditions, renders better results than any other method. tific ways of predicting the leadership potential of those Let' s look at how each method might be used by a selected. It is very difficult to break down a leader's func­ military leader. A new platoon leader takes over a pla­ tions into unitary and measurable factors. toon and learns that his platoon has to take a technical Apparently , general leadership traits do not exist, or proficiency test in two weeks. Since a minimum amount else are not classified in any familiar psychological or of time is available, he calls his troops together and asks common-sense terms. Furthermore, it is apparent that them in what areas they feel a need for intensive training traits which distinguish leaders from followers vary from (democratic leadership). He then designates individuals

THE ENGINEER 31 to drive specific vehicles and states that they must be have empathy with the group, be in tune with it, and yet ready to start at 8 a.m. the next day (autocratic leader­ in advance of it. He must be a person of character and ship). In the midst of training he is called away but personality. (4) The whole group is a team inspired by before leaving he suggests that the trainees devise a faster the enthusiasm of the leader. (5) The team has a high ­ way of performing a particular operation (laissez-faire esprit-de-corps. (6) The team is wel1 instructed, keen and leadership). Thus, in this example, all three types of efficient. If a leader can establish these conditions, he -- leadership were used by the same leader on the same will have a group that wiII be able to discipline itself. group of followers. Three important psychological needs that the leader IT IS THE skill with which you apply the three basic must constantly be aware of are recognition, security and methods of leadership that determines the level of suc­ social approval. Recognition includes medals, letters of cess as a leader. Each leader will usually tend to favor appreciation, etc. Another effective method of one type of leadership over the other two. demonstrating recognition is to calI a person by his /her Psychologists generally agree that every aspect of our name. A person's name is the most important thing in behavior is a manifestation of our personality. Depen­ the English language. Calling a person by name gives ding on our personalities, we prefer certain leadership him /her an identity. It singles that person out as an in­ methods more than others. In the long run we do better dividual. It gives the person a sense of importance, a feel­ with whichever method feels more natural. Every leader ing of confidence and respect. Recognition is also shown must, nevertheless, use each of the three basic ap­ through encouragement. It is well to remember that a proaches to some extent. good way to develop the best in anyone is by encourage­ But the problem of when to use which type of leader­ ment. There never has been an outstanding leader who ship remains. The solution depends on three factors­ did not keep this fact constantly in mind. Human nature the characteristics of the group, the leader, and the craves recognition and appreciation. situation. Most often the proper approach requires a A LEADER can instill a sense of security in his compromise of all three factors . The effect of the leader's followers by developing their confidence in him. There is personality on his choice of leadership method has a good deal of evidence that military leaders who take already been discussed, so I will now address the effect of care of their troops are the- ones most enthusiastically the situation. In time of crisis people expect, even de­ followed. mand, strong leadership. When the pressure is relieved The power of the need for social approval is the tendency flows in the opposite direction. Age, sex, demonstrated by the following incident from the book, and background experience must also be considered. A "Men Against Fire," by Marshall. A young company subordinate's familiarity with his job or assignment runner, hit by a shell at Corenton, collapsed in the arms favors democratic or laissez-faire leadership over of his commander and, with his life swiftly ebbing, said, autocratic leadership. It is also worth noting that people "Captain, the company has always called me a --- up. tend to prefer the same kind of leadership they would Tell me that I wasn't one this time." The Captain themselves provide. replied, "No son, you weren't," and the boy died with a Leadership, unfortunately, is not simply a matter of smile on his face. It is extremely strong force which evaluating the three types of leadership and deciding enables a person to do what has to be done when the which to use. Discipline alone converts a crowd into an common good requires the repression of personal ambi­ army. Therefore, in order to convert a group into a team, tion. discipline must be one of the leader's primary considera­ Through the understanding and application of tions. But what is discipline? recognition, security and social approval, the leader is DISCIPLINE is the foundation of morale . It is the able to succeed. One of his chief duties is to develop and systematic training, exercise, development and control of harness the collective mind of the group to work with the physical faculties. It is the system of instruction and maximum effort and efficiency . Just the high points of leadership as it is connected submission to established authority, self-control and with psychology have been discussed, but it should be orderly behavior. clear that good leadership requires diligent study and The best type of discipline evolves from the following much hard work . For leadership is a way of life in the conditions: (l) the leader knows the individuals who military. make up his group. he knows their mental make-up, their complaints and worries, their family circumstances, III their history and future ambitions. He is genuinely in­ CW4 Charles E. DUlin is currently assigned as Opera­ terested. An outstanding leader will go to more trouble to tions Officer, Department ({(Mechanical ami Technical understand and handle a single individual than an or­ Equipment, Directorate ofTraining. USAES. He holds a dinary person will take to understand and handle an Ar­ Bachelors Degree ill Management from the University of my. (2) The individuals who make up the group know Nebraska at Omaha and will soon complete his Masters their leader. (3) The leader identifies himself with the program in Human Resource Management at Pepper­ group in every possible way. The successful leader must dille University.

32 WI NTER 1978-79 c metical Problem _

F

")( \ E DI'J. MS R. 2LA~E Rd. x x B )( U~IMPROVED 3FPS A ~ D1RT ROAD 150' 2J<.M 1 LANE {,.5'OEEP

SITUATION ar ea of opera tions 'is in a glacial out­ bridge er ecton boats and a n Enemy sappers have destroyed a wash plain. which contains many overhead bridle anchorage system bridge along the division al Main kames and eskers; the only vegeta­ less than 90 minutes away ; cla ss 60 Supply Route (MSR) usin g the water tion in the area of operations is light equipment three hours awa y; 100 plume technique of demolit ion. The to medium coniferous forests; enemy feet of DD Bailey bridge two hours enemy has also emplaced an art illery art illery has a range of 30 kilometers and 4S minutes away. delivered interdiction mine field 200 and ha s nuclear and chemical PROBLEM meters in diameter ar ound the ca pabilities. You are the S-3 for the engineer de str oyed bridge . The bridge Your own available forces and battalion responsible for maintain­ abutments sustained only negligible equipment includes: two combat ing the MSR. Your mission is to re­ damage. engineer platoon s less than 4S esta blish the divisional MSR within Your S-2 section has provided you minutes away; one earth moving three hours. How do you accomplish with the following in telligence engineer platoon less than 7S your mission and what factors mu st rep ort: fair weather is expected to minutes awa y; nine interior secti ons you take into account? prevail for the next 10 days; there and three ramp secti ons of ribbon See THE SCHOOL SOLUTION, have bee n no recent heavy rain s; th e bridge for th e nex t 48 hours; four page 40. Correction We ap ologi ze to Sergeant First was incorrectly identified as SFC Class Larry A. Sirman s. Senior Drill Simmons in th e art icle entitled " A Sergeant for Char lie Company, 1st Bridge Too Long" in the Fall 1978 • Batt ali on , 2nd Brigade , Fort editio n of THE ENG INEE R. Leon ard Wood , MO . SF C Sirm an s - Editor

THE ENGINEER 33 Officer Career Info _

COLONELS under several programs although all have some common elements. These The 0-6 level command boards are include the requirement for study in scheduled as follows: a validated Army Education Re­ Combat Arms 6-23 FEB 79 quirement Board (AERB) discipline. Combat Support 12-23 FEB 79 a service obligation identical to that Arms Combat Service 6-23 FEB 79 Support Arm s

Assignment selections

LIEUTENANT COLONELS

34 WINTER 1978-79 nomination to and acceptance by a x065l; Lieutenants Assignments, nominative assignments such as school for ROTC duty as well as ac­ Captain Bob Melchior x7434 . ROTC assignments, which require ceptance for study, applications take - Warrant Officers Division concurrence of the gaining organiza­ longer to process than for the other (DAPC-OPW-AU): CW3 Aleck tion . programs. Fletcher x783 7. Projected assignments will nor­ .. . Permissive TDY may be Autovon prefix is 221, commerical mally be honored, but changes could authorized for degree completion prefix is (202) 325. Mailing address occur when events alter the major that may be accomplished within 20 is: Commander, U.S. Army Military considerations of professional weeks of full time study. Application Personnel Center, ATTN: (Ap­ development and personal needs. is made in accordance with Para propriate office symbol), 200 Stovall When a change is considered 8-4c, AR 621-1. With the exception Street, Alexandria, VA 22332. necessary. it will be coordinated with of possible VA benefits, no expenses the individual officer concerned. are paid by the government for this Orders for the follow-on assign­ PROJECTED ASSIGNMENTS program . ment will be issued following OPMD FOR OAC STUDENTS ... The United States Military branch visits to the EOAC. The pur­ Academy (USMA) program is essen­ Effective I June 1979, officers pose of the visits will be to formally tially the fully-funded program selected to attend the Engineer Of­ interview each officer, answer qu es­ described above, with certain excep­ ficer Advanced Course (EOAC) will tions regarding career develop­ tions: (l) the program is nominative; be advised on projected follow-on ment/progression, and to resolve all (2) study may be authorized for up to assignments. The new program is follow-on assignments . two years; and (3) study must be ac­ designed to eliminate uncertainty complished in a discipline and at a regarding the future and to allow ' -- school acceptable to USMA. This student officers to tailor their EOAC program is extremely competitive elective program to the requirements EDUCATION BENEFITS and, in addition to the general of their follow-on assignment. Some officers who entered on ac­ criteria specified for graduate study Requests for orders (RFOs) tive duty prior to January 2, 1978 above, Engineer Branch requ ires assigning officers to EOAC will con­ may still be eligible for G .1. Bill completion of a minimum of two tain special instructions requesting educational benefits. according to tours in an officer's primary speciali­ an up-to-date preference statement education officials at The Adjutant ty before nomination for this pro­ be submitted to OPMD within 30 General Center (TAGCEN). gram. days of receipt of the RFO . The The Department of Defense statement should include recent and together with the Veterans Ad­ current duty assignments, profes­ ENGINEER PERSONNEL sional desires. medical /special ministration have decided that per­ MANAGEMENT CONTACTS IN sons who entered the Reserve Of­ schooling needs for dependents, OPMD planned leave address, and ficers Training Corps program before January 1, 1977 and who were - Colonels Division (DAPC-OPC­ telephone numbers. commissioned and served on active AE) : It. Col. L.E. Lufkin x7871. Upon receipt of preference duty before January 2, 1978 are eligi­ -Lieutenant Colonels Division statements. OPMD will consider the ble for educational benefits under (DAPC-OPl-AS): Lt. Col. Tom officer's needs and desires as pro­ the G .l. Bill. Fisher x0423. jected assignments are matched. - M ajors Division (DAPC-OPM­ Most officers selected for EOAC will All service members who came on A): Major Wayne Roth x8l99 . be advised of their projected active duty after December 31, 1976 -Combat Support Arms Divi­ assignments prior to departing cur­ remain eligible to participate in the sion, Engineer Branch (Company rent duty stations enroute to EOAC. Veterans Educational Assistance Grade) (DAPC-OPF-E): Branch However, some assignments may not Program (VEAP), which superceded Chief, Lt. Col. H.A. Froehle x0650; be completely confirmed until after the old G.1. Bill. More information .. Professional Development, Major reporting for EOAC. Examples in­ may be obtained form Veterans Ser­ W.T. Gregory x0650; Captains clude officers being considered for vice Centers and local installation Assign rnents, Major Mike Foster advanced civil schooling or certain education services centers.

THE ENGINEER 35 Enlisted Career Info _­

SQT GUIDANCE not exempt except under th e condi­ college. Besides the scholarship tions listed above, and are still re­ benefits, winners may also take ad­ The following guidance from quired to undergo SQT if it is vantage of Veterans Administration Change 59, AR 600-200 clarifies re­ scheduled prior to their ETS date. benefits to which they would normal­ quirements for eligibility and exemp­ ly be entitled . ti on from Skill Qualification Testing Competition for scholarships is (SQT): SOLDIERS MANUALS limited to enlisted personnel who : Soldiers must submit to SQT if A new issue and control policy on have served at least one year on ac­ they have completed a minimum of Soldiers Manuals has been instituted tive duty; will be under 2S years of 12 months active Federal Service and recently. In the past. Soldiers age on June 30 of the year they are are properly classified in a primary Manuals were distributed directly to eligible for commissioning; and hav e MaS identified in the SQT an­ individu~1 each , soldier to retain per­ already received credit for at least nouncement circular. Soldiers in pay manently. The system, however, two years but not more than two and grade E-I through E-4 must hav e proved to be ineffective because one-half years of college. Also , to be held th eir PMOS, regardless of time many soldiers were reporting to new considered by the final selection in grade, for a minimum of 90 days duty stations witHout their. rrianuals, committee, applicants must have immediately prior to testing. thus ne cessitating a new issue. been accepted by a college for next Soldiers in pay grade E-5 and above Hencefortli, SMs will be issued to fall's enrollment, must hav e earned a must have held their PMOS and pay un its . The quantify issued to each GT score of 115 or higher, and must grade for a minimum of 90 days irn­ u~it will c orrespond to unit strength be United States citizens. mediately prior to the test date. for each MOS. Control of th e Winners may attend any of the Exemption from SQT is granted for manuals will be th e respo'nsjb iJity of four-year colleges and universities the following reasons onlf, (a ) par­ unit commanders. hosting Army ROTC or one of the ticipation in a course of instjuction The new control" procedure should .more than 500 non-host colleges which , upon successful co'mnletion , . eliminate t he requirelllent tp replace . whicf has a cross-enrollment agree­ results in advancement to commis ­ manuals lost during PGS moves , ment with a nearby host school. sioned or warrant officer status; (b) Scholarship winners will receive attendance at a civilian college or ROTC SCHOLARSHIPS an early discharge so they can arrive university on a full-time basis under on campus in time to enroll in the the provisions of AR 621-1 or A~ The application period for the . 1979-80 fall term. Winners will also 621-7; (c) attendance at an _Ma S Two-Year Army ROTC Scholarship " be required to enlist in the US Army producing course or fu nctional P~ogra~ for active duty enlisted per­ Reserve prior to enrollment in the school; (d) voluntary retirement sonnel opened January IS. Winners Army ROTC Advanced Course. within six months of the scheduled 'for the 1979-80 school year wi11 be Additional details of thi s program test date; (e) attendance at the resi­ announced in June. are contained in A R 145-1. dent NCOES course; (0 confinement These scholarships are designed to Applications must be requested by to a civil or military detention facili­ provide Army enli sted men and April 15, although applicants have ty; (g) separation from active duty women an opportunity to obtain h . " until May 1 to complete t err ap­ within 90 days of the scheduled test both a college deg ree and cornrnis­ '. f . plications. For further In ormation date (applicable only to first-term sion as an Army officer through par­ and applications, write Army ROTC soldiers who have previously verified ticipation in the ROTC program. Scholarships, Ft. Monroe, VA their current PMOS and grade The award will pay full tuition, 23651. through SQT); and (h) special ex­ books and miscellaneous educa­ emptions granted by the Com­ tional fees. plus provide a living mander of MILPERCEN . allowance of up to $1,000 a year for oes Soldiers may request SQT while in each year the scholarship is in effect. The first step for soldiers in­ an exempt status or within the In addition, winners will be paid for terested in applying for OCS is to 90-day period after termination of attending the Advanced Camp, nor­ complete a DA Form 61, Applica­ th e exempt status. Soldiers prepar­ mally held during the sum mer be­ tion for Appointment. Unit com­ ing to ETS during the test period are tween the junior and senior years of manders are then responsible for

36 WINTER 1978-79 c

counseling applicants, administerin g pJementati on process will include The En gineer School is currently an Army Ph ysical Fitness Test and recl a ssific ation of certain in ­ preparing Sold iers Manuals for the rating each applicant. cumben ts and the start of entry-level four skill levels of MOS 12F. Coor­ I nterested personnel who haven't training. All positions and personnel dinating dr afts of these manuals will alrea dy submitted their application s cu rr entl y classified in MOSC 12BlU be delivered to the Training Support to M1LPERCEN for OCS Class 3-79 (APC Driver in eng ineer units), Center, Train ing and Doctrine Com­ beginning 22 April have until 2 MOSC 19E10 (CEV a nd AVLB mand (T RADOC), in June. At the March to get their applications in for crewmen only), MOSC 19FIO (CEV same tim e, Th e Engineer School will Class 4-79 beginning 3 June. and AVLB crewmen only), MOSC send several dr aft copies for special OCS is a 14-week course designed 19F20 (C EV and AVLB crewme n coordination to each en gineer bat­ to produce professional cornissioned only), and MOSC 1980 (CE V and talion that has th e CEV and AVLB. office rs for variou s Army br anches. AVLB cre wme n onl y) will be T he fin al manuals will be delivered Basic eligibility requirements in­ reclassified in current gra de and skill to TRADOC by 1 January. 1980 for clude the following : level as MOSC 12F20 and 12F30. printing and world-wide distribu­ • No more th an 10 years of ac­ Skill level two, three, and four per­ tio n. They sho uld reach unit level by tive service at date of OCS comple­ sonnel now or formerly associated early summe r , 1980 . tion . with CEV and AVLB opera tions ma y • Two or more years of college requ est recla ssificati on int o a 12F EERWA DATA credit (minim um of 60 semeste r MOSC equal to th eir curre nt skill hours). level. The reclassificati on actions The Enlisted Efficiency Report • At least 19 112 years and not should be completed by 1 October. Weighted Aver ages (EE RW A), as of more than 29 years of age up on Entry-level training under th e On e 1 October 1978, were as follows: enrollme nt. Station Unit T raining conce pt will be • Test scores of 110 GT. 115 conducted at the US Arm y T raining PAY GRADE EERWA OCT, and composite OCT /OQ1 of Center Engineer, Fort Leonard E-9 124. 34 200 for male and 115 GT for fem ale Wood, Mi ssouri . The 15-week E-8 123 .58 pers onnel. course is scheduled to begin in E-7 121. 99 E-6 120.10 REBIRTH OF AN ENGINEER September . The tirst school-trai ned E-S 116.87 MOS En gineer Tracked Veh icle Crewman should reach the field in April, 1980. E-4 111.98 Effective 1 September, MOS 12F will be reinstated to the Combat E ngineering Ca reer Management Field (CMF 12). Th e MOS is bein g re-est ablished for duties asso ciated SKILL LEVEL DUTY POSITION UNIT with the operation of Combat En gineer Vehicl es (CEV), Armored 1 CEV driver Engineer Vehicle Launched Bridges (AVLB). CEV loader Engineer and Arm ored Personnel Carriers AVLB operator Engineer & Armor (APC) organic to engineer units. The APC driver Engineer MOS encom passes approxim ately 2 CEV gunner Engineer 1,320 position s with a skill level AVLB commander Engineer & Armor dis tribution of 864 at skill level one . 3 CEV commander Engineer 245 at two, 156 at three and 55 at AVLB section sergeant Armor four. The En gin eer Tracked Vehicle 4 Mobility/countermobiIity Crewman will serve in various duty section sergeant Engineer positions and units during his Army Platoon sergeant Engineer ca reer. Table I summarizes th ese positions for each skill level. The im­ TABLE 1

THE ENGINEER 37 NCO Channels _

BRIDGE CREWMAN 12C rival at Fort Belvoir, each NCO is by the Training Brigade are: If you're having problems main­ evaluated to determine if he/she 35E-Special Electronic Devices taining training proficiency in MaS meets the weight and appearance Repairer (CMF 29) ; 52C-Utilities 12C or looking for a balanced, well­ standards. Students who fail to meet Equipment Repairer (CMF 53); rounded course of instruction in the standards are cou nseled and 52D-Power Generation Equipment military bridging, the 12C Bridge placed in the weight reduction pro­ Repairer (eMF 63). Crewman's Primary Technical gram (Operation Streamline). And if Under the current structure the Course (PTC) at Fort Belvoir might significant progress isn't made dur­ 1st Battalion is responsible for MaS be your answer. Complete course ing the 10-week course of instruc­ 52D training and the 4th Battalion description . prerequisites and class tion, it is reflected in the student's (newly created under the Brigade schedules are contained it} USAES academic efficiency report. organization) is responsible for MaS Pam 350 -1, FY -79. The course is five All NCOs should be aware of the 35E and 52C training. Each unit weeks in length and upon successful possible consequence of sub­ provides .comma nd and control for completion, graduates are qualified standard appearance prior to their students and cadre. The 3d Bat­ in all aspects of tactical bridging. arrival at The Engineer School. It talion continues its mission of pro­ The PTC uses the latest instruc­ could affect their career develop­ viding command and control for tional methods, including practical ment. 'basic and advanced officer students, exercises. on actu·al ·bridges and NCOs attending the Engineer NCO TOPO DOCUMENT classroom models. Instructor-to­ Advanced Course and AlT students student ratio is usually about 1:5, There is a new document out en­ attending the Defense · Mapping and class size averages about . 20 . titled " D A Con sol i d at e d School. .. Thus, intensive, individualized in­ Topographic Support Program Current training in the three struction is the rule. A complete sef (DACONTP) FY 80-g4 ," which MOSs is being conducted at Skill of tactical bri dging reference should be interesting readi~g for Levell (3S'EI0, 52ClO and 52DlO material is available to each student Tapa types throughout the A.rmy. Advanced Individual Training). Ear­ . . , and may be retained upon comple­ It answers a lot of questions about ly" next year training will begin in tion of the course. This well-rounded T a p a ' s future and should he Skill Level 2 (35E20, 52C20 and program of instruction includes available through unit S-2 'sections. 52D20, Primary Technical Course). bridge classification, des.~gn.and AIT training in MaS 52DI0 has construction' procedures on the M2 NEW TRAINING BRIGADE been converted to the self-paced Bailey, MAB, M4T6 (Class 50 raft Recent changes " have brought " method of instruction. The possible and fixed span), LTR, Ri15bori a:nd about the creation of a' new training conversion of the . remaining two medium gIrder ' bridge. _Instru ctor brigade at the Engineer Center .and MOSs (35ElO arid52C1O) to tlie self­ personnel are among-the-most highly Fort Belvoir. Effective 1 October paced method of instruction is still qualified in the Army and are willing I 1978 the U.S. Army EngineerTrain­ under s ~udy. to provide individu-al assisfance .to ing Brigade was organized. Its two­ The establishment ofSL-2 courses each student. fold ,mission' is to provide training in in the three M()Ss marks'a milestone If you are scheduled to attend 12C three MOSs for which The Engineer in EPMSdevelopment. The prere­ PTC and need additional informa­ School' is .the proponent but which quisites, course descriptions and tion on the course or are interested in belong to other Career Management class schedules of the SL-2 courses in learning more about this excellent Fields.arrd to .provide....commarrtl and MaS 35E, 52C and 52D are con­ course. write to: CSM, U.S. Army control for all brigade officer and tained in the USAES Pam 350-1, Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, VA enlisted students at The Engineer FY-79 edition. If your training sec­ 22060. School. The new brigade was formed tion doesn't have a copy of the FY-79 from the Engineer School's Depart­ edition it can obtain one by sending APPEARANCE STANDARDS ment of Mechanical and Technical a completed DA Form 17 or a writ­ An increasing number of NCOs Equipment and the 1st and 3d Bat­ ten request to the U.S. Army are arriving at The Engineer School talions of The Engineer Center Engineer School, ATTN : ATZA­ to attend the Advanced NCO Course Brigade. DTR (Individual Training Section), in poor physical condition. Upon ar­ The three MOSs that are taught Fort Belvoir, VA 22060.

38 WINTER 1978-79 Reserve Components _

NEW LEADERS du ty for training (IADT) , and all and upon mobilization, call them to others who enl ist within gO days of active duty. Major General LaV ern E. Weber IADT may now be placed in a paid was reappointed last August to serve drill status (pay category Pl. Those EXPEDITIOUS DISCHARGE another four years as Chief of th e not initially eligible for pay at the PROGRAM National Guard Bureau, while at th e tim e of enlistment may be trans­ same time, Brigadier General Em­ A recent change to AR 135-378 ferred to pay status when with in 180 mett H. "Mickey" Walker, Jr. , provides a simplified method of or 90 day s, depending on their assumed his new duties as Director eliminating substandard first term educational status. All recruits of the Army National Guard. enlisted members which will protect placed in pay status prior to IADT the unit and individual from lat er are exp ected to attend drills and OVERSEAS TRAINING administrative probl ems. It applies receive orientation training. to non-prior service USA Rand Twenty-seven Reserve un its had ARNG tr oop program enlist ed UNAUTHORIZED UNIFORM been approved for OCONUS train­ members who ha ve completed at ITEMS ing in 1979 as of 30 October 1978. least six months, but not more than Four units ar e slat ed for tr aining in Som e local commanders have ap­ 36 months, of con tinuous service . Korea, with the remaining 23 units p arently mi sinterpretted their Check out the new change for details scheduled for training in Euro pe. authority to prescribe the uniforms of the program. Two of the latter will particip ate in worn in their units, and have ap­ REFORGER 79. Two addition al proved non -standard items which do NEW SURVIVOR BENEFIT LAW US AR units ar e expected to be not have DA approval. Effective 1 selected for overseas training later. A new Survivor Benefit Law ex­ Januar y 1979, only non -standard tends to Reservists th e option of pro­ item s approved in AR s 670-5 , vidin g survivor benefits even though ANNUAL CONFERENCE 672-5-1, or in Common Table of death ma y occur before th e Reservist Allowances 50-906 may be worn . Attention was focu sed on the attains retirement pay eligibility at Gaining Command Progr am at the age 60. The following options are MANAGEMENT OF RETIREES 6th Annual Army Re adiness now available: Region/Group/Reserve Component The Reserve Components Person ­ -Retirement eligible Reservists Commanders Conferen ce in St. nel and Administration Cente r may continue to decline making elec ­ Loui s 1-3 December. (RCPAC) has begun to identify, tion for or against survi vor benefits The pu rp ose of the Gaining Com­ classify . establish peri od ic contact un til reaching age 60. This option re­ mand Progr am is to identify specific with, and make tentative mobili za­ mains the sa me as th e arrangement reserve un its and the active Army tion assignments for some Ar my under the previous benefit law . units they will support in th e event of retirees to till CONUS post. camp - The retirement eligible Reser­ a contingency. The 412th Engineer and station positions upon nation al vist may elect a survivor annuity Command outlined details of the mobilization. The retiree call-up will payable on the dat e at which th e program to the 306 conferees. free other soldiers for demanding member would hav e become 60 years The conference, hosted by the troop unit assignments. Individuals of age, should he or she die prior to U.S. Army Engineer School for the being considered for management age 60. second consec utive yea r, also sur­ within the program include retired -The retirement eligible Reser­ faced a pressing need to provide general officers to age 64, warrant vist may elect a survivor annuity Reserve and Nati on al Guard units officers to age 62. and others payable on the date of death, with effective method s for eng ineer through age 60. RCPAC hop es to regardless of whether death occurs specialty training. contact each selected retiree twice before or after age 60. annually to verify addresses, physical Th e intent of the new options is to PAY STATUS EXPANDED sta tus. and civilian occupation . afford th e retirement eligible Reser­ High schoo l seniors and graduates Based upon their mili tary and vist th e opportunity to provide who enlist in the Army Reserve civilian skills, RCPAC will match the benefits for survivors. even if the within 180 days of their initial active retirees again st MTDA positions, Reservist dies before age 60.

THE ENGINEER 39 The School Solution _

Put in the ribbon bridge initially in order to reopen the M$R within three hours. Upon arrival of the work forces, set up securi­ ty and breach the mine field. Replace the destroyed bridge with either a Bailey bridge or Class 60 dry span. A log boom with net must be deployed upstream from both bridge sites to prevent fur­ ther sapper activity.

CONSIDERATIONS AT FLOAT BRIDGE SITE 1. Approach roads - In a glacial outwash plain , natural dr ainage will be good. Use the earth moving pla­ too n to make tiny ur gent repa irs to the detour road and to construct turn outs . On ce the detour road is usabl e. the platoon should cont inue to upgrade, impro ve, and widen it to eventually allow two-way traffic. Fill material is readil y available in any csker or kame. 2. Bridge -Consid ering the speed and ease of emplaci ng ribbon bridge, along with th e width of the stream , the ribbon should be your choice rather th an a raft bridge. 3. Anchorage system - Use a JD41 0 backh oe from the earth moving platoon to dig in dead men.

CONSIDERATIONS AT FIXED BRIDGE SITE I . Approach roads -Use a dozer with the driver well prot ected again st shrapnel to clear roads and shoulders. Art illery delivered mines will not be buried an d may have anti -handling devices. Any road damage du e to mines exploding can be qui ckly rep aired. As time permits, the surrounding forest s should be cleared. 2. Destroyed bridge -The debris will have to be cleared before the new bridge can be built. 3 . Bailey -This br idge will require min imal maintenance, but if damaged by artillery or demoliti on, repair is very difficult, tedious and time consuming. 4. Class 60 fixed span - This bridge can be put in faster than the Bailey and is more eas ily rep air ed . In­ termediate supports can be damaged by debri s in the strea m and the foundations are subject to be scoured away by the water.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1. Camouflage - Should be used for both sites and all equipment. 2. Smoke -Should be used to camouflage movements and for decepti on purposes at dummy sites. 3. Security -Necessary to prevent destruction of the new bridges and to safeguard th e equipment a nd work ----. crews. ·U.S . GOVERNM ENT PRINT ING O FFIC E. 1978-0 -720-392 /4 40 WINTER 1978-79 ANNUAL ENGINE R NNER

The 112th Annual Engineer Dinner is scheduled for May 11 at the Fort Belvoir Engineer Mess. As usual, the Itschner and Sturgis Awards will be presented to the outstanding engineer company and enlisted soldier, respectively, but other details of the annual affair were not available at press time. For more information, write to the Protocol Office, U.S. Army Engineer Center, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, or call Autovon 354·3332 or com­ mercial 703·664·3332.

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