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Understanding Patterns of Accountability in Tanzania Component 2: The bottom-up perspective Final Report June 2005 Tim Kelsall, Siri Lange, Simeon Mesaki and Max Mmuya With Jehova Roy Kaaya Zephania Kambele Glory Minja Martin Mlele Siana Ndesaulwa Lucy Shule Oxford Policy Management 6 St Aldates Courtyard 38 St Aldates Oxford OX1 1BN Tel: 01865 207300 Fax: 01865 250580 [email protected] Chr. Michelsen Institute Fantoftvegen 38, Fantoft N-5892 Bergen, Norway REPOA 157 Mgombani Street, Regent Estate P.O. Box 33223 Dar es Salaam Tanzania Understanding Patterns of Accountability in Tanzania Acknowledgements and Disclaimer This report has been prepared by a team of researchers provided through a consortium led by Oxford Policy Management (OPM), UK under financing from the UK Department for International Development (DFID). It has been undertaken on behalf of the Governance Working Group of the Development Partners to Tanzania. Research has been led by Dr. Tim Kelsall of Newcastle University, who has been responsible for drafting this final report along with Professor Max Mmuya of the University of Dar es Salaam and Dr. Siri Lange of the Christian Michaelsen Institute, Bergen. Editorial comments and amendments were also provided by Andrew Lawson of OPM and Dr. Lise Rakner of CMI. The research team for the micro-survey comprised Professor Max Mmuya and Dr. Simeon Mesaki. The team for the ethnographic survey comprised Dr. Tim Kelsall, Dr. Siri Lange and Jehova Roy Kaaya, Zephania Kambele, Glory Minja, Martin Mlele, Siana Ndesaulwa and Lucy Shule Responsibility for the opinions presented in this Report rests exclusively with the authors and should not be attributed to the Government of Tanzania or to the UK Department for International Development. Any comments on the report would be gratefully appreciated by the authors. Component Two – the bottom-up perspective – Final Report, June 2005 2 Understanding Patterns of Accountability in Tanzania Table of Contents Executive Summary........................................................................................6 1. Overview of Component Two...................................................................13 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................13 2. Micro-Survey of Citizen’s Attitudes to Accountability ..........................14 2.1 Introduction to the survey .........................................................................................14 2.2 Micro survey findings................................................................................................15 2.3 Conclusions..............................................................................................................29 3. Ethnographic Survey................................................................................31 3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................31 3.2 Vertical Accountability Through the Electoral Route.................................................34 3.3 Horizontal Accountability through the Bureaucratic (intra – executive) Route ..........48 3.4 Societal Accountability .............................................................................................59 3.5 Accountability and Development ..............................................................................74 3.6 Arenas of Power; Cultures of Accountability; Drivers of Change..............................87 4. Conclusions and Possible Policy Implications....................................102 4.1 Overview ................................................................................................................102 4.2 Possible implications for policy...............................................................................104 References...................................................................................................106 Appendix One – Micro-Survey Questionnaire..........................................108 Appendix Two – the saga of the Kisangani estate...................................115 Component Two – the bottom-up perspective – Final Report, June 2005 3 Understanding Patterns of Accountability in Tanzania Table of Charts and Tables Chart 1: Important Institutions – Summary of responses from whole sample..................15 Chart 2: Performance of the Institutions – whole sample ............................................17 Table 1: Most Serious Problems/Issues:..................................................................19 Table 2: Institutions Responsible for addressing the Problems/Issues Identified .............19 Chart 3: Dar es Salaam - Personal Experience with Institutions: Municipal Council ........20 Chart 4: Dar es Salaam - Personal Experience with Institutions: NGOs.........................20 Chart 5: Dar es Salaam - Personal Experience with Institutions: Police.........................21 Chart 6: Last Time Authorities Consulted Citizens – ALL............................................27 Table 3: Last Time Authorities Consulted the Citizens ...............................................27 Table 4: Last Time Citizens Pressed for Space and Explanation..................................27 Component Two – the bottom-up perspective – Final Report, June 2005 4 Understanding Patterns of Accountability in Tanzania Table of Ethnographic Windows Window 1: Mafurinyi Village Government ........................................................................... 37 Window 2: The Diwani ........................................................................................................ 39 Window 3: The Halmashauri............................................................................................... 41 Window 4: The Chairman’s Office ...................................................................................... 42 Window 5: The Prodigal MP ............................................................................................... 43 Window 6: The Ward Development Committee .................................................................. 50 Window 7: The Case of the Truant ..................................................................................... 51 Window 8: The WEO and the Old Woman.......................................................................... 52 Window 9: A Political Storm?.............................................................................................. 54 Window 10: The District Commissioner’s Diary .................................................................. 55 Window 11: Planting Trees and Building Schools............................................................... 56 Window 12: The Magistrate, the Miner, his Wife and her Father-in-Law ............................ 58 Window 13: Sermon in Mafurinyi Lutheran Church............................................................. 62 Window 14: Ten year old murder case ............................................................................... 65 Window 15: A young man has supposedly been falsely arrested ....................................... 65 Window 16: Two families resolving the case of an aggressive young man......................... 66 Window 17: The clan’s role in political campaigning........................................................... 67 Window 18: Mafurinyi School Committee meeting.............................................................. 70 Window 19: Communal Road Work, Mafurinyi Village........................................................ 74 Window 20: When public secondary education is unaffordable.......................................... 77 Window 21: The District Educational Office........................................................................ 78 Window 22: The Case of Baby Ernest ................................................................................ 81 Window 23: The Boy with the Bone Infection...................................................................... 84 Window 24: The Widow, the Wazee and the School Fees ................................................. 88 Window 25: The Contenders .............................................................................................. 99 Window 26: The Kisangani Estate .................................................................................... 115 Component Two – the bottom-up perspective – Final Report, June 2005 5 Understanding Patterns of Accountability in Tanzania Executive Summary This is the second of three components for the DFID-funded project, “Understanding Patterns of Accountability in Tanzania”, completed for the Governance Working Group of the Development Partners to Tanzania. Component Two follows an Inception Report that mapped the organisations, institutions and processes that marked different accountability relationships in Tanzania. Component Two set out to study the local accountability landscape in more depth, in the process shedding light on the relation between formal and informal accountability channels, and between elected and appointed officials. In general, it set out to build from the grassroots a picture of bottom-up accountability. In doing this, it recognised that it was important not only to identify the institutions and channels through which local people sought to secure accountability, but also to understand the language in which they thought and talked about accountability. It accepted that there might be some lack of fit, or problem
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