Report on altering Waiau River to Waiau Uwha Flows from Thompson Pass in the Spenser Mountains to the South Pacific Ocean south of

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SUMMARY

• Te Rūnanga o (TRoK) is seeking to alter the recorded name, Waiau River, to Waiau Uwha, without the generic term ‘River’. • TRoK’s tradition is that ‘Waiau Uwha, the female river, coupled with Waiau Toa [Clarence River], the male river, drifted away from each other. Waiau Uwha laments this separation and her tears swell the waters when melted snow enters the river’. • TRoK has also made a proposal to alter Clarence River to Waiau Toa. • The river flows generally south and then east for approximately 160 km from its source below Thompson Pass in the Spenser Mountains to its mouth at the South Pacific Ocean, approximately 50 km southwest of Kaikoura. • TRoK has provided evidence of the river being named ‘Waiauuwha’, ‘Waiau-uha’ and ‘Waiau uha’. Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori has confirmed that the orthography ‘Waiau Uwha’ is correct, and advised that ‘ua’ can be a contraction of ‘uha’, which is a variant form of ‘uwha’. • Altering Waiau River to Waiau Uwha River (or Waiau Uwha without the generic term) would recognise the historical significance of the name,

1 Land Information

20 April 2016 Page 1 of 9 Linzone ID A2160684 and support TRoK’s desire to have the meaning and story behind the name live on. It would also meet the NZGB’s statutory function to collect and encourage the use of original Māori names on official charts and maps. However, the NZGB should also consider whether the long term use of Waiau River outweighs TRoK’s desire to have the original Māori name restored without the generic term ‘River’. • For approximately 40 km the middle stretch of the river flows along side of State Highway 7 (), and it also passes through a significant number of recreational areas (including Forest Park) where there has been loss of life over the years. The NZGB should consider whether retaining the English generic term ‘River’ would help emergency services to identify and locate the feature. • There is little difference in the pronunciation of Waiau River and Wairau River, whose source is approximately 10 km east of the head of Waiau River. Altering Waiau River to Waiau Uwha or to Waiau Uwha River may avoid confusion with Wairau River for emergency services and recreational users. • The proposer has provided evidence that Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu supports the proposal; however, the proposer has not provided evidence of consultation with interested groups. If the NZGB accepts this proposal, then affected groups may make a submission during the notification period. • The proposal may attract some media attention as the river is well known in the surrounding communities, particularly , Rotherham, , Waiau (locality), Spotswood and Cheviot.

20 April 2016 Page 2 of 9 Linzone ID A2160684 SECRETARIAT RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendation 1 Accept the proposal to alter Waiau River to Waiau Uwha River , with the addition of the generic geographic term ‘River’ to help emergency services to identify the feature, based on the NZGB’s function to collect original Māori names for recording on official charts and maps, documentary evidence of the original name and Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori having confirmed the orthography, and Notify as a proposal to alter for three months in terms of Section 16 of the NZGB Act 2008. AND Recommendation 2 For consistency, request the Department of Conservation to consider altering Waiau Rivermouth Recreation Reserve to Waiau Uwha Rivermouth Recreation Reserve and Waiau Rivermouth Scenic Reserve to Waiau Uwha Rivermouth Scenic Reserve . AND Recommendation 3 Discontinue Waiau Irrigation Scheme in terms of Section 24(2)(b) of the NZGB Act 2008, based on the NZGB no longer having jurisdiction over irrigation schemes, and Notify in terms of Section 21(2) of the NZGB Act 2008.

OTHER OPTIONS

Option 4 Accept the proposal to alter Waiau River to Waiau Uwha (without the generic term ‘River’) based on the NZGB’s function to collect original Māori names for recording on official charts and maps, documentary evidence of the original name and Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori having confirmed the orthography, and Notify as a proposal to alter for three months in terms of Section 16 of the NZGB Act 2008. AND Option 5 Discontinue Waiau Irrigation Scheme in terms of Section 24(2)(b) of the NZGB Act 2008, based on the NZGB no longer having jurisdiction over irrigation schemes, and Notify in terms of Section 21(2) of the NZGB Act 2008.

SECRETARIAT ANALYSIS

The proposal and • Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura (TRoK), which is one of 18 papatipu rūnanga ( lit. its significance to governance structures) of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, is seeking to alter the proposer Waiau River to Waiau Uwha. • TRoK advises that: - the restoration of original tribal names for geographic features in its takiwā ( lit. district) is very important to Ngāi Tahu, and - the Waiau Toa and Waiau Uwha tradition is well known to Ngāti Kuri, a hapū of TRoK, and appears in several whanau manuscripts.

20 April 2016 Page 3 of 9 Linzone ID A2160684 • TRoK has also made a proposal to alter Clarence River to Waiau Toa. The Waiau Uwha • ‘Waiau perhaps denotes water current (wai: water, au: current) uwha: tradition denotes femininity. Waiau Uwha is the female river, coupled with Waiau Toa (the male river), these two drifted away from each other. Waiau Uwha laments this separation [and] her tears swell the waters at the times when warm rains allow melted snow to enter the river’.

Names for the • The river has been named ‘Waiau’ in various forms on maps, plans and river shown on charts since 1841. Between 1860 and 1920 some maps and plans also maps, plans and show the river named as ‘Dillon’. A 1953 news article in the NZGB’s charts archives records, ‘During the last half of the 19 th century the Waiau river (sic) was shown on maps as the Dillon, and since this river formed part of the boundary of , it was probably so named after the Hon. Constantine Augustus Dillon, who in 1851 was Nelson’s Commissioner of Crown Lands’. • Several historical maps and charts name Waiau River as ‘R. Waiau-ua (or Lesser)’ and Clarence River as ‘R. Waiau-toa (or Greater)’. This could allude to either the size of the rivers’ catchment at the time, or the feminine (uwha) river being of less importance than the male (toa) river. • Some of the earlier maps and plans have ‘ua’ as a suffix to the river’s name. The proposer advises that ‘Uwha’ is the correct orthography for ‘ua’. Map/plan/chart Date Name Sketch of the Middle Island 1841 WAIO R (WAIAU) Stokes Chart 1856 Waiau ua R. Islands of New Zealand (Admiralty & 1859 R. Waiau-ua (or Lesser) Mantell) Topographical map of the Western 1860 R. Dillon (Wai au ua) part of the Province of Nelson (Haast) Geological Map of the Province of 1860 Waiau ua or Dillon River Nelson (Hochstetter & Haast) Wyld’s Chart of New Zealand 1862 R. Wai-au-au (or Lesser) New-Zealand (Petermann) 1864 Dillon R. (Wai-au-ua)

Provinces of Nelson and Marlborough 1864 Dillon River or Waiau-ua

PROC131 c.1876 RIVER WAIAU-UA (Dillon) TOPO 19A, SO 715 1882 RIVER WAIAU

Nelson and Marlborough Provinces 1885 Waiau-ua R (DILLON) SO 682 1888 RIVER WAI AU SO 1410 1894 RIVER WAI-AU-UA SO 628 1897 Waiau River SO 668 1906 RIVER WAIAU-UA SO 5357 1916 WAIAU RIVER

NZMS 26 1920 Waiau-uha R. (Dillon) SO 5781 1922 Waiau-ua River SO 6317 1929 WAIAU RIVER NZMS 1, S40, 1 st - 4th eds. 1943-1982 Waiau River NZMS 1, S47, 1 st - 5th eds. 1951-1984

20 April 2016 Page 4 of 9 Linzone ID A2160684 NZMS 1, S54, 1 st - 4th eds. 1945-1981 NZMS 1, S55-S56, 1 st - 3rd eds. 1944-1974 NZMS 1, S62, 1 st - 3rd eds. 1943-1974 Waiau R. NZMS 177, S47, S54, S55, S62 1962 Waiau River NZMS 177, S40 1963 NZMS 13, CB1-2-3, 1 st edition 1927 RIVER WAIAU NZMS 13, CB1-3, 3rd edition 1955 WAIAU RIVER NZMS 13, CB8, 1 st edition 1915 RIVER WAIAU NZMS 13, CB8, 3rd edition 1961 WAIAU RIVER NZMS 13, CB14, 1 st edition 1879 R. WAIAU-UA nd NZMS 13, CB14, 2 edition 1915 RR. WAIAU NZMS 13, CB14, 3 rd edition 1961 WAIAU RIVER NZMS 13, CB15, 1 st edition 1915 RIVER WAIAU NZMS 13, CB15, 3 rd edition 1953 WAIAU RIVER NZMS 13, CB16, 1 st edition 1877 RIVER WAIAU-UA (Dillon) NZMS 13, CB16, 2 nd edition 1948 RIVER WAIAU NZMS 13, CB27, 3 rd edition 1956 WAIAU RIVER NZMS 13, CB28, 3 rd edition 1958 WAIAU RIVER Topographic Map 260-M30 1989, 1998 Topographic Map 260-M31 1989, 2001 Topographic Map 260-M32 1989-2001 Waiau River Topographic Map 260-N32 1989-2003 Topographic Map 260-O33 1990, 2006 Infomap 346-02 1995 Wai au uwha Chart NZ 25 2012 Waiau River NZTopo50-BU26 2013 Waiau River NZTopo50-BS24,BT24,BU24,BU25 2014-2015

Location and • Waiau River flows generally south and then east for approximately 160 extent of the river km from its source at Thompson Pass in the Spenser Mountains to its mouth at the South Pacific Ocean, approximately 50 km southwest of Kaikoura. • The survey report for an accretion claim on DP 310479 records that near Parnassus (locality) there has been a gradual and imperceptible movement of the river from north to south. As a result at least one land owner on the north bank has acquired more than 100 ha of accretion.

The generic term • ‘Wai’ is a composite part of the specific name, but it is not distinct. The of the feature existing recorded name has the English generic term ‘River’, which is appropriate and may help emergency services to identify and locate the feature.

New Zealand • Waiau River is a recorded name in the New Zealand Gazetteer. Gazetteer

Names associated • Waiau (locality) and Waiau Pass are associated recorded names. TRoK is with the river not proposing that these place names be altered as the tradition is about the two rivers. • Waiau Irrigation Scheme is an official name [ NZ Gazette , 1983, p.409]. The NZGB no longer has jurisdiction over irrigation schemes, so it should consider discontinuing Waiau Irrigation Scheme. • Waiau Rivermouth Recreation Reserve and Waiau Rivermouth Scenic Reserve, which adjoin Waiau River, are official Crown protected area (CPA) names. If the NZGB accepts this proposal to alter Waiau River to

20 April 2016 Page 5 of 9 Linzone ID A2160684 Waiau Uwha or Waiau Uwha River, for consistency it should ask DOC to consider altering the CPA names.

‘Waiau’ duplication • No other features in New Zealand are named ‘Waiau Uwha’; however, numerous features are named ‘Waiau’. • Waiau River is duplicated south of Waihi, north of Wairoa, northwest of Invercargill, north of Gisborne, south of Coromandel (locality) and in Urewera National Park. • Schedule 69 of the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 acknowledges Ngāi Tahu’s cultural, spiritual, historic and traditional association to the Waiau River northwest of Invercargill. • None of these rivers are in the vicinity of this proposal, so there is unlikely to be issues for emergency services because of duplication. • There is little phonological difference between Waiau River and Wairau River, whose source is approximately 10 km east of the head of Waiau River. Altering Waiau River to Waiau Uwha or to Waiau Uwha River may avoid confusion for emergency services and recreational users.

Research, history • The proposer has provided an 1859 map from McKay 2 and an excerpt and references to from Andersen 3, which name the river ‘Waiauuwha’. An extract from the river Elvy 4 records ‘Waiau-uha’, and Taylor 5 records ‘Waiau uha’. The proposer advises that ‘uwha’ is the correct orthographic convention. • Reed 6 records, ‘Waiau River: Canterbury . Also known as Waiau-ua River, Waiau-uha River, and formerly the Dillon River. In Maori (sic) tradition this river, Waiau-uha, is the female lover of the male Waiau-toa (the Clarence River). At first they are close together, but their paths separate. When Waiau-uha grieves for her lover, her tears melt the snow at the source of the river and cause floods, which are called the lament of Waiau-uha. The sources of these rivers in the Spenser Mountains are not far apart’. • In 1870 Haast 7 and Travers 8 named the river ‘Waiau-ua’. • The NZGB’s archives record a story similar to Reed’s, and that Waiau River was formerly known as Waiau-ua, a contraction of Waiau-uha. • Fletcher 9 records: WAI AU: A chief of Ngati-Maru. A Ngati-Ira pa. A stream in Taranaki. A name in a song. A river in the WAI AUHA: see Wai-au-uwha WAI AU UA: Dillon's river WAI AU UWHA: A South Island river • Infomap 346-02 (1995) records, ‘Wai au uwha: river with a soft current (female)’. • In a letter dated October 1859, James MacKay, the Assistant Native Secretary, records Māori travelling from the East Coast to the West Coast of the South Island by following a number of rivers including ‘the

2 McKay, J (jnr). (1859) (Map). Plan in the margin of Deed of Kaikoura Purchase . 3 Andersen, J (1942). Maori Place-Names also Personal Names and Names of Colours, Weapons and Natural Objects. The Polynesian Society of New Zealand: Wellington. 4 Elvy, WJ (1950). Kaikoura Coast: Maori History, Traditions and Place-names . Whitcomb & Tombs: Christchurch. 5 Taylor, WA (1950). Lore and History of the South Island Maori . Bascands Limited: Christchurch. 6 Reed, AW & Dowling, P (ed.). (2010). Place names of New Zealand . Penguin Group: North Shore. 7 Haast, JFJ von (1870). Notes on Thermal Springs in the Hanmer Plains, Province of Nelson . Accessed 3 February 2016 from http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_03/rsnz_03_00_004550.pdf 8 Travers, WTL (1870). On the Absence of the Eel from the Upper Waters of the Waiau-ua and its Tributaries . Accessed 3 February 2016 from http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_03/rsnz_03_00_003100.html 9 Fletcher, HJ (1925). Index of Māori Names. http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/maori-names-index/W1.shtml accessed 2 February 2016.

20 April 2016 Page 6 of 9 Linzone ID A2160684 Waiau-uwha’ 10 . • Jolly records, ‘Waiau River catchment was part of the Crown’s 1859 Kaikōura Purchase, one of eight major land purchases that saw Ngāi Tahu land sold to the Crown between 1844 and 1864’ 11 . • An article published in 1894 in the Journal of the Polynesian Society 12 records Waiau-Uwha River. The NZGB’s • In 1958 Christchurch’s Chief Surveyor requested that the NZGB consider previous making ‘Waiau-uha’ the official name of the river to avoid confusion with consideration of a Waiau River in Southland. The Chief Surveyor provided an extensive list proposal to alter of historical plans, maps and references showing variations of the river’s the name of the name. The NZGB declined the request because it considered that the river name Waiau was too firmly established in North Canterbury to warrant any change. • The NZGB’s archives record further correspondence in 1967 from the NZ Electricity Department proposing that Waiau River be altered to Waiau- uha to avoid confusion with nearby Wairau River and Waiau River in Southland. The Chairman of the NZGB responded that while he was familiar with the name ‘Waiau-uha’ it had not been used on maps for more than fifty years and the NZGB had declined a similar request in 1958.

Consultation with • The proposer has provided evidence of support for the proposal from Te groups who may Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. be interested in • the proposal The proposer has not provided evidence of consultation with interested groups such as the Department of Conservation, tramping and fishing clubs, local communities, for example, Hanmer Springs, Waiau, Spotswood and Parnassus, Environment Canterbury or the Canterbury Regional Council. • If the NZGB accepts this proposal, then it should communicate directly with affected groups to advise them of the proposal. They may then make a submission during the notification period.

Advice on • Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori (TTWh) has confirmed that the orthography from orthography Waiau Uwha is correct. Te Taura Whiri i te • Reo Māori (Māori TTWh has also advised that ‘ua’, which is shown on some historical Language maps and plans as the affix to Waiau, ‘can translate as rain, backbone, Commission) neck, nape of the neck and several other things, but it can also be a contraction of ‘uha’ a variant form of ‘uwha’ This could have been written down as ‘ua’ as the /f/ sound (as heard in uwha) would not have been made if the word ‘uha’ was said’.

Sections from the • Section 3(e): provide the means for appropriate recognition to be NZGB Act 2008 accorded to cultural and heritage values associated with geographic relevant to this features. proposal • Under Sections 11(1)(b),(d),(e) and (f) functions of the NZGB are to: - examine cases of doubtful spelling of names and determine the

10 Accessed 3 February 2016 from The Ancient History of the Maori, His Mythology and Traditions. Nga-Ti-Whatua [Vol. IX] at http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Whi09MAnci-t1-front-d3.html 11 Jolly, D. (2004). Waiau River Catchment: Tangata Whenua Values Report. Accessed 4 February 2016 from http://ecan.govt.nz/publications/Plans/waiau-river-catchment-tangata-whenua-values-report.pdf 12 The Waiau-Toa and Waiau-Uwha Rivers reminded Tapuae-o-Uenuku of the tears of his wife, left behind in Hawaiki. Journal of the Polynesian Society . Vols. 3-5. EA Petherick: London, 1894, page 109

20 April 2016 Page 7 of 9 Linzone ID A2160684 spelling to be adopted on official charts or maps - collect original Māori names for recording on official charts and maps - encourage the use of original Māori names on official charts and maps - seek advice from Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori on the correct orthography of any Māori name TRoK, who are mana whenua, have provided evidence that supports the meaning of ‘Waiau Uwha’, and Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori has confirmed that the correct spelling is ‘Waiau Uwha. Altering the spelling to ‘Waiau Uwha’ would recognise the historical significance of the name and support the desire of TRoK to have the meaning and story behind the name live on.

Sections from the • Name alterations: The Board may alter a name, for example by NZGB’s correcting its spelling where the correction is important, such as when it Frameworks v.7 is a form of redress and it may correct a significant wrong and grievance relevant to this of a community. However, other criteria and legislative considerations proposal may outweigh this policy. TRoK settled their Treaty negotiations some years ago, so this proposal is not part of a Treaty redress; however, altering the river’s name may correct a grievance of mana whenua, who have a significant connection to the river. • Spelling standards: A name that has been in long term local use may take precedence over any proposal to alter spelling. However, subject to safety concerns, the Board may alter the spelling if the correct or original version is discovered. Apart from the 1995 Infomap 346-02, the feature has been named Waiau River on maps, plans and charts since 1924, so there may be issues for emergency services if the name was altered. The NZGB must weigh up whether this long term use outweighs TRoK’s desire to have the original Māori name restored and the NZGB’s own statutory purpose/functions. • Spatial extents of geographic features: The Board will consider the spatial extent of a geographic feature on a case-by-case basis, and where possible will determine those extents. TRoK has provided a map that defines the extent of the river. The geographic extent is relatively large, and it is a significant recreational area where there has been loss of life over the years.

Hydrographic • Waiau River is depicted on Charts NZ 25 (South Island) and NZ 63 concerns or issues (Kaikoura Peninsula to Banks Peninsula) and recorded in the Admiralty Sailing Directions 13 to describe hazards on the coastal route between Haumuri Bluffs and Awaroa / Godley Head. • No useful marks or aids for navigation are shown near to the mouth of the river on the charts, so there should be no maritime safety issues if the name was altered.

Concerns or issues • The proposer has not provided evidence of consultation with emergency for emergency services. For approximately 40 km the middle section of Waiau River services flows alongside of State Highway 7 (Lewis Pass), which is the main route between the West Coast and North Canterbury. State Highway 7 has a significant crash history with a number of crashes and fatalities

13 Mason, S. (Ed.). 2010. Admiralty Sailing Directions, New Zealand Pilot, 18th edition . United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, Taunton, United Kingdom .

20 April 2016 Page 8 of 9 Linzone ID A2160684 reported in the media. • The river is a popular recreational area for fishing, tramping, rafting and cycling, and is well known in the surrounding communities 14 . • If the river is officially named it is more likely to be named on maps and charts, which would assist emergency services if called to an emergency.

Costs implications • There should be no concerns because of cost. Updating signs, promotional material, maps, databases etc would be completed over time and in the course of usual maintenance programmes.

Media • There may be some media attention as the river is well known in the surrounding communities and is used recreationally.

Online Dictionary • NZSL is an official language of New Zealand. Under the United Nations of New Zealand Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) the Sign Language NZGB is obliged to recognise the existence and importance of geographic names in NZSL. • There is no standardised New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) sign for Waiau in the online Dictionary. The NZGB may consider recommending that if Waiau Uwha becomes official that it be added to the NZSL Dictionary.

SUPPORTING INFORMATION 1. Proposal – 27 October 2015 2. Email to and from Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori with orthography advice – 27-29 January 2016 3. NZGB archives from 1958 and 1967

14 Pers. comm. Dave Chowdhury, Land Information New Zealand.

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