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Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 12(2) 265-276 2013 ______Seasonal zooplankton community variation in Karataş Lake,

Apaydın Yağcı, M. Received: June 2012 Accepted: December 2012

Abstract This study was carried out to determine seasonal variation and zooplankton community structure in Karataş Lake, Southern Turkey. Zooplankton samples were collected seasonally between 2002 and 2003 in two stations using a zooplankton net of 55-µm mesh size. A total of 42 taxa were identified, including 19 taxa (45.2 %) Rotifera, 16 taxa (38.1 %) Cladocera, and 7 taxa (16.7 %). Copepoda. Among them, Keratella quadrata, Asplanchna priodonta from Rotifera, Daphnia longispina, Ceriodaphnia quadrangula, Chydorus sphaericus, Coranatella rectangula from Cladocera, and Eudiaptomus drieschi, Eucyclops speratus from Copepoda were dominant species. Spring and autumn seasons were found to be the most similar by using Sorenson index value.

Keywords: Zooplankton, Community, Seasonal change, Karataş Lake

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-Mediterranean Fisheries Research, Production, and Training Institute, Eğirdir Area-Isparta, Turkey *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] 266 Apaydın Yağcı, Seasonal zooplankton community variation in Karataş Lake, Turkey ______Introduction Many studies on zooplanktonic organisms The abundance of organic matter of of lentic ecosystems in Turkey were aquatic habitats depends completely on the conducted by Ustaoğlu (1986) in Karagöl food chain process. In the food chain of Lake, Gündüz (1987) in Karamık and freshwater ecosystems, the first chain is Hoyran Lake, Dumont and De Ridder Phytoplankton and the second chain is (1987) in Burdur, Beyşehir, Eğridir and Zooplankton. It has been reported that Akşehir Lake, Ustaoğlu and Balık (1990) zooplankton is the best bait in terms of in Gebekirse Lake, Segers et al. (1992) in natural foods in trout feeding (Başçınar Çıldır and Hafik Lake, Emir and Demirsoy and Çakmak, 2010). Cladocera and (1996) in Karamık Lake, Altındağ and Copepoda have a crucial role in Yiğit (2002) in Burdur Lake, Güher and zooplanktonic organism groups which is Kırgız (2004) in Terkos Lake, Bozkurt the second chain of aquatic ecosystems. A (2006) in Yenişehir Lake, Kaya and considerable amount of Cladocera lives in Altındağ (2007) in Eğirdir and Kovada freshwater; whereas, a very limited amount Lake, Altındağ et al. (2009) in Karaman lives in brackish one. Cladoceran inhabits Stream, Bekleyen and İpek (2010) in diverse habitats and are at times exposed Balikligol, Apaydın Yağcı and Ustaoğlu to a great variety of harsh and extreme (2012) in Lake. The zooplankton environmental conditions. Cyclopoid and fauna of Turkey were listed by Ustaoğlu Harpacticoid copedods are determinant as (2004). indicators in decision of trophic state In the study of 1972 and 1997 in (Geng et al., 2005; Sarma et al., 2005). Karataş Lake (Ongan et al., 1972; Gündüz, Rotifera or wheel animalcules are one of 1997), the lake’s cladocera species have the most interesting groups of freshwater been investigated, and in the study of 1990 invertebrates. Their size ranges between and 1991 the lake’s rotifera species have

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 11:50 +0330 on Thursday February 15th 2018 45µm and about 2.5 mm, the most been reported (Emir, 1990, 1991). In 1999, common length being 100-500 µm zooplankton fauna have been studied in (Sládeček, 1983; Dumont, 2007). Phyllum research about the lake’s biological rotifera is divided into three classes: diversity, but very few zooplanktonic Monogononta, Bdelloidea, and organisms have been reported in terms of Seisonidea. The largest group is the number of species. In the studies carried Monogononta, with about 1500 species, out in the lake so far, the Cyclops sp. followed by the Bdelloidea, with belonging to the copepoda group has been about 350 species. Rotifera is an stated, but it is thought that there is a important component of freshwater literature insufficiency about the copepoda zooplankton and is not only important food fauna (Kazancı et al., 1999). The purpose for many fishes but also used as an of this study is to determine the seasonal indicator of water quality variation of Karataş Lake’s zooplankton to (Geng et al., 2005). contribute to zooplankton of that lake and especially to the copepoda and cladocera Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 12(2) 2013 267 ______group, in terms of species and also to show population of the White-Headed Duck of the change of about 30 years of the any rangestate,and also holds a major zooplankton fauna of the Karataş Lake. In breeding population. The most important addition, areas of the world, to draw site in Turkey is Burdur Lake which often attention to the habitat of White-Headed holds over 50% of the known world Duck birds. population during winter (Green and Hughes, 1996). Materials and methods This study was carried out in 2002- Study Area 2003. The samples were collected Karataş Lake, which is in the Lakes seasonally at two different stations in Region, is in the border of Burdur, in the Karataş Lake (Fig. 1). Station 1 was at the northeastwards of Tefenni Plain. The middle southwest coasts ; and Station 2 at coordinates of the lake are 37°21'36"- the northeast coasts of the lake. 37°25'17"N, 29°57'11"-29°59'19"E with The zooplankton samples were the altitude of 1050 m. The maximum area collected using a standard plankton net is 11.9 km2 and the maximum depth is 2 (Hydrobios model 55 µm mesh size). m. The main source of the lake is Bozçay. Samples were preserved in 4% It is used as irrigation source with dikes formaldehyde in 250 ml plastic bottles. built. All around lake, especially the west Binocular biological research samples. In side is covered with reddy. Creals the rotifera species, the identification with agriculture is intense in the region (Yarar the trophi; and in the cladocera and and Magnin, 1997). Lake Karataş contains copepoda species the identification with important fish species, namely; Cyprinus the dissection were carried out. In the carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Scardinius systematic identification of zooplankton erytrophthalmus (Linnaeus, 1758), Sander samples Mann (1940), Muckle (1951), lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758), Negrea (1983), Korovchinsky (1992), Downloaded from jifro.ir at 11:50 +0330 on Thursday February 15th 2018 Knipowitschia caucasica (Berg, 1916), Smirnov (1996) were used for Cladocera; Aphanius anatoliae anatoliae (Leidenfrost, Kiefer (1952- 1955), Dussart (1967-1969), 1912), Capoeta capoeta bergamae Kiefer and Fryer (1978), Alekseev et al. (Karaman, 1969) (Geldiay and Balık, (2006) were used for Copepoda; Ruttner- 2002; Kır, 2005; Yeğen et al., 2006). Yarar Kolisko (1974), Koste (1978), Segers and Magnin (1997) stated that, Karataş (1995) and Nogrady and Segers (2002) Lake was taken to the Wildlife Protection were used for Rotifera. Water temperature, Area by the Turkish Government in 1995. pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen According to Hughes et al. (2006), the concentrations were measured with a White-Headed Duck (Oxyura W.T.W. 340 I. Coordinates of the stations leucocephala), whose wintering area is were identified with Magellan Sportrak. Karataş Lake, is in the list of RAMSAR, In comparing the faunastic CBD, CITES, and BERN convention composition of zooplankton were used the which have an international importance. Sorenson similarity index (S) and Jaccard Turkey has the largest wintering index (CJ) (Hellawell, 1986). 268 Apaydın Yağcı, Seasonal zooplankton community variation in Karataş Lake, Turkey ______S= 2C/A+B Where: “A” is the number of CJ=J/(a+b-J) Where: “a” is the number of species present in one population, “B” is species present in one population, “b” is the number of species present in the other the number of species present in the other population, and “C” is the number of population, and “J” is the number of species present in both populations. species common to both populations.

Figure 1: Map of study area of Karataş Lake Results to 3 family from copepoda; 19 taxa As a result of the qualitative belonging to 10 family from rotifera were determinations, 16 taxa belonging to 5 identified. The identified species are as families from cladocera; 7 taxa belonging follows: Phylum: Rotifera Trichotria tetractis (Ehrenberg, 1830) Subclass: Monogononta Family: Synchaetidae Order: Ploimia Synchaeta pectinata Ehrenberg, 1832

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 11:50 +0330 on Thursday February 15th 2018 Family: Branchionidae Polyarthra dolichoptera Idelson, 1925 Brachionus angularis Gosse, 1851 Family: Asplanchnidae Keratella cochlearis (Gosse, 1851) Asplanchna priodonta Gosse, 1850 Keratella quadrata (O. F. Müller, Order: Flosculariacea 1786) Keratella tropica (Apstein, 1907) Family: Testudinellidae Notholca acuminata (Ehrenberg, 1832) Testudinella patina (Hermann, 1783) Notholca squamula (O. F. Müler, 1786) Family: Conochilidae Family: Mytilinidae Conochilus dossuarius (Hudson, 1885) Mytilina sp. Family: Hexarthridae Family: Lecanidae Hexarthra fennica (Levander, 1892) Lecane bulla (Gosse, 1851) Family: Filiniidae Lecane luna (O. F. Müler, 1776) Filinia terminalis (Plate, 1886) Lecane sp. Filinia longiseta (Ehrenberg, 1834) Family: Trichotriidae Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 12(2) 2013 269 ______

Phylum: Cladocera Pleuroxus sp. (Sars, 1862) Subphylum: Crustacea Disparalona rostrata (Koch, 1841) Subclass: Phyllopoa Chydorus sphaericus (Müller, 1776) Order: Diplostraca Subfamily: Aloninae Family: Sididae Alona costata Sars, 1862 Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Liévin, 1848) Coranatella rectangula Sars, 1862 Diaphanosoma lacustris Korinek, 1981 Acroperus harpae (Baird, 1835) Infraorder: Anomopoda Graptoleberis testudinaria (Fischer, 1848) Family: Daphniidae Class: Maxilopoda Daphnia magna Straus, 1820 Subclassis: Copepoda Daphnia longispina O.F.Müller, 1776 Order: Calanoida Phylum: Cladocera Family: Diaptominae Subphylum: Crustacea Subfamily: Diaptominae Subclass: Phyllopoa Acanthodiaptomus denticornis (Wierzejski,1887) Infraorder: Anomopoda Eudiaptomus drieschi (Poppe & Mrazek, 1895) Family: Daphniidae Arctodiaptomus bacillifer (Koelbel, 1885) Ceridaphnia quadrangula (Müller, 1785) Order: Cyclopoida Family: Moinidae Family: Cyclopoidae Moina brachiata (Jurine, 1820) Subfamily: Eucyclopinae Family: Bosminidae Eucyclops speratus (Lilljeborg, 1901) Bosmina longirostris (Müller, 1776) Paracyclops fimbriatus (Fischer, 1853) Family: Chydoridae Subfamily: Cyclopinae Subfamily: Chydorinae Cyclops abyssorum Sars, 1863 Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurine, 1820) Order: Harpacticoida Pleuroxus trigonellus(Müller, 1776) Family: Canthocamptidae Canthocamptus staphylinus (Jurine, 1820)

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 11:50 +0330 on Thursday February 15th 2018 The seasonal mean values in the study area of species is observed in spring (15 taxa) , the surface water temperature in the lake (Table 1). Summer, with 26 species, was ranged from 10.6 to 17.1 °C, pH from 8.51 the seasonal when the highest number of to 8.53, DO from 3.3 to 7.7 mg/L and species was observed; Spring, with 17 conductivity from 454 to 549µS/cm2 were species, was the seasonal with the lowest ditermined. When the distribution of number of species (Fig. 2). The lower species according to stations in all seasons value of Sorenson index (27%) and is examined from the Table 1, it is realized Jaccard index (15 %) were recorded in that there are 30 species in the Station 1 summer zooplankton and higher value and 38 species in Station 2. Moreover it is Sorenson index (79 %) and Jaccard index identified that the greatest number of (65%) were recorded in autumn species is observed in summer (26 taxa) zooplankton (Table 2). and autumn (23 taxa) and the least number

270 Apaydın Yağcı, Seasonal zooplankton community variation in Karataş Lake, Turkey ______

Figure 2: Seasonal changes in the number of zooplankton species in Karataş Lake

Table 1 : Seasonal distributions of zooplankton species in Karataş Lake Seasons and Stations Species 2002 2002 2002 2003 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 CLADOCERA Diaphanosoma   brachyuruma,b,d Diaphanosoma lacustrisb    Daphnia magnaa,b    Daphnia longispinaa,b        Ceriodaphnia quadrangulaa    Moina brachiata*   Bosmina longirostrisb,d     Pleuroxus aduncus*  Downloaded from jifro.ir at 11:50 +0330 on Thursday February 15th 2018 Pleuroxus trigonellus*   Pleuroxus sp.*  Disparalona rostrata*  Chydorus sphaericusa,b        Alona costata*  Coranatella rectangula*       Acroperus harpae*  Graptoleberis testudinaria*  COPEPODA Acanthodiaptomus    denticornis* Eudiaptomus drieschi *       Arctodiaptomus bacillifer*     Eucyclops speratus*       Paracyclops fimbriatus*  Cyclops abyssorum*    Canthocamptus staphylinus*    ROTIFERA Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 12(2) 2013 271 ______Brachionus angularis*   Keratella cochlearis*      Keratella quadratad        Keratella tropica*   Notholca acuminata*   Notholca squamula*  Mytilina sp.*  Trichotria tetractisc  Lecane lunac  Lecane bulla*  Lecane sp.*  Synchaeta pectinata*     Polyarthra dolichopterac  Asplanchna priodonta*       Testudinella patinac  Conochilus dossuarius*    Hexarthra fennica*    Filinia longisetac     Filinia terminalisd   a: Ongan et al., 1972 b: Gündüz, 1997 c: Emir, 1990–1991 d: Kazancı et al., 1999 *: Species marked by an asteriks are new records for Karataş Lake

Table 2: Sorenson Similarity Index for zooplankton species present in Karataş Lake Zooplankton Spring Summer Autumn Winter S 75 % 27 % 79 % 59 % CJ 60 % 15 % 65 % 42 %

Discussion autumn only. Notholca squamula and N. In all seasons, dominant species in the lake acuminata were observed in spring only. were observed as Daphnia longispina, Filinia terminalis was found in winter only. Downloaded from jifro.ir at 11:50 +0330 on Thursday February 15th 2018 Chydorus sphaericus, and Coranatella The lower value of Sorenson’s index for rectangula belonging to Cladocera and total zooplankton composition reveal the Eucyclops speratus, Eudiaptomus drieschi change in community structure (Table 2). In belonging to Copepoda. Disparalona Lake Karataş total zooplankton composition rostrata, Moina brachiata, Acroperus has significantly changed compared to harpae and Graptoleberis testudinaria from earlier study. The low value of Sorenson cladocera were observed in summer, autumn index (27 %) and Jaccard index (15 %) in and winter, respectively. Paracyclops Karataş Lake reveals that the some change fimbriatus from copepoda was observed in the rotifera composition due to the only in spring. In this study, especially in disappearance of 3 species (Table 1). summer, determined Trichotria tetractis, Polyarthra dolichoptera, Testudinella patina Lecane luna, Lecane bulla, Lecane sp., and Filinia terminalis group of rotifera Polyarthra dolichoptera and Mytilina sp. species were not found in summer were rotifera. Keratella tropica and zooplankton. Testudinella patina were observed in 272 Apaydın Yağcı, Seasonal zooplankton community variation in Karataş Lake, Turkey ______In this study, the zooplankton fauna abyssorum, Paracyclops fimbriatus, and contained 42 taxa, among them 19 were Canthocamptus staphylinus from copepoda from rotifera, 7 from copepod and 16 from were identified in our study. Karataş Lake cladocera. In the studies of Karataş Lake in zooplankton species are species that 1990 and 1991 (Emir, 1990, 1991), 10 contribute to the fauna of copepoda. rotifera species (Filinia longiseta, Paracyclops fimbriatus from Cyclopoida Brachionus urceolaris, Trichotria tetractis, was observed in spring only in Station 2. Lecane luna, Polyarthra vulgaris, P. Similarly, Canthocamptus staphylinus from dolicoptera, P. remata); and in the study of Harpacticoida was observed in spring only 1999 (Kazancı et al., 1999), 2 rotifera in both first and second stations. In addition, species (Keratella quadrata and Filinia very few of Canthocamptus staphylinus and terminalis) have been presented. From these Paracyclops fimbriatus were found in species, 5 species (Brachionus urceolaris, summer in the Station 1. These species are Polyarthra vulgaris, P. remata, Lophocharis originally benthic forms and encountered in salpina and Ascomorpha saltans) were not areas where macrophyta vegetation are observed in this investigation. Macrothrix dense. They are rarely found in pelagic laticornis, from cladocera found by Ongan zone. Depending on this fact, finding et al. (1972) and Ceriodaphnia dubia, C. macrophyta vegetation in the stations where reticulata, C. pulchella, Biapertura affinis, these species live, having low level of water Macrothrix laticornis from cladocera found in the stations and observing limited number by Gündüz (1997) were not determined in of species in sampling may be evidence that this study. Zooplankton fauna for Karataş these species are accidentally come into the Lake, Moina brachiata, Pleuroxus plankton net. Sharma and Kotwal (2011) trigonellus, P. aduncus, P. sp., Disparalona reported that Chydorus sphaericus, rostrata, Coranatella rectangula, Alona Coranatella rectangula and Moina

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 11:50 +0330 on Thursday February 15th 2018 costata, Acroperus harpae, Graptoleberis brachiata species distributed in the testudinaria from cladocera; Keratella freshwater the range of pH 7.1–8.3. Some cochlearis, Keratella tropica, Brachionus species identified in this study were angularis, Notholca acuminata, Notholca determined living in pH 8.51–8.53, which squamula, Lecane bulla, Lecane sp., supports the pH values in other literature Hexarthra fennica, Synchaeta pectinata, studies (Sharma and Kotwal, 2011). Filinia Asplanchna priodonta, Conochilus terminalis, a kind of cold stenotherm and dossuarius, Mytilina sp., from rotifera were outspread between 4–19°C, is generally new records for the region . observed in winter (Nogrady and Segers, In previous studies carried for 2002). During the winter, Filinia terminalis copepoda, no records were determined species were observed in both of the except Cylops sp. (Kazancı et al. (1999). stations. According to Ruttner - Kolisko Acanthodiaptomus denticornis, (1974) Brachionus species prefer especially Eudiaptomus drieschi, Arctodiaptomus to hot waters. In our study, Brachionus bacillifer, Eucyclops speratus, Cyclops species are encountered not only in summer Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 12(2) 2013 273 ______but in autumn as well. Lake Karataş is knowledge of zooplankton fauna of the lake evaluated as ultra- oligotrophic and and of Turkey (particularly to cladocera and eutrophic in the studies carried out thus far. copepoda fauna) and provide a resource for (Kazancı et al., 1999). Brachionus angularis future studies in the Karataş Lake. has been designated as indicators of heavy Acknowledgements pollution (eutrophic). Lecane bulla is I would like to thank the Mediterranean indicator of fresh and clean waters Fisheries Research Production and (oligotrophic) while a variety of rotifers Education Institute and its technical staff; including Brachionus, Keratella species are Senior Aquaculture Engineer Vedat Yeğen, inhabitants of moderately clean Aquaculture Engineer Rahmi Uysal and (mesotrophic) waters (Saksena, 1986). Aquaculture Engineer Abdulkadir Yağcı for Generally, the indicators of eutrophic lakes their support during field studies. It is a are Filinia longiseta, Keratella cochlearis, pleasure to thank to Ege University Faculty Keratella quadrata (Geng et al., 2005). of Fisheries Professor M. Ruşen Ustaoğlu Studies in literature revealed the fact that for his investigation of my article. Cyclops abyssorum is the indicator of References oligotrophic water, Bosmina longirostris and Alekseev, V., Dumont, H. J., Pensaert, J., Chydorus sphaericus are the indicators of Baribwegure, D. and Vanfleteren, J. oligotrophic-eutrophic waters, R., 2006. A redescription of Eucyclops Diaphanosoma brachyurum and serrulatus (Fischer, 1851) (crustacea: Diaphanosoma sp., are the indicators of copepoda: cyclopoida) and some related mesotrophic-eutrophic waters, Daphnia taxa, with a phylogeny of the E. longispina is the indicator of eutrophic serrulatus-group. Zoologica waters, Graptoleberis testudinaria is the Scripta,35(2),123-147. indicator of distrophic waters, Altındağ, A. and Yiğit, S., 2002. The Canthocamptus staphylinus is the indicator zooplankton fauna of . E. U. Downloaded from jifro.ir at 11:50 +0330 on Thursday February 15th 2018 of eutrophic waters (Ustaoğlu, 1989; Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, Makarewicz, 1993; Hämäläinen and 19 (1-2), 129-132. Karjalainen, 1994). 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