Input, Intake, and Phonological Development; the Case Of
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A Comparative Analysis of Consonants in Chinese and Arabic Phonetics
Journal of Literature and Art Studies, November 2019, Vol. 9, No. 11, 1188-1193 doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2019.11.010 D DAVID PUBLISHING A Comparative Analysis of Consonants in Chinese and Arabic Phonetics FAYROUZ ABDELSAMIE ELSAYED MOHAMED School of International Chinese Studies (SICS) of East China Normal University (ECNU), Shanghai , China Arabic and Chinese are one of the most difficult languages to learn in the world. The mark of Arabic is Pinyin characters plus pinyin symbols. On the other hand, the mark of Chinese is ideographic square shaped characters; each pronunciation of a Chinese character is generally a syllable. There are great differences between Arabic and Chinese consonants, so this paper mainly discusses the similarities and differences between the two languages and their respective characteristics through the comparative analysis of Chinese and Arabic consonants. Keywords: Chinese, Arabic, pronunciation, consonant, comparison A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and Arabic Consonants In order to make a comparative analysis of Chinese and Arabic consonants, first of all, we need to have a quite comprehensive and clear understanding of the features of each consonant pronunciation of the two languages. All consonant phonemes in Chinese and Arabic are included in Table 2 below. The Chinese phonetic symbol is Pinyin, which uses the International Latin alphabets. It has both consonant and vowel letters, while Arabic is phonetic alphabets transcription and the phonetic symbol of consonants is Arabic letters itself. Chinese language has 22 consonant phonemes; among them [ŋ] can only be used as a tail vowel, [n] can be used as both initial and final, and the rest can only be used as initials. -
Technologies for the Study of Speech: Review and an Application
Themes in Science & Technology Education, 8(1), 17-32, 2015 Technologies for the study of speech: Review and an application Elena Babatsouli [email protected] Institute of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech, Crete, Greece Abstract. Technologies used for the study of speech are classified here into non-intrusive and intrusive. The paper informs on current non-intrusive technologies that are used for linguistic investigations of the speech signal, both phonological and phonetic. Providing a point of reference, the review covers existing technological advances in language research methodology for normal and disordered speech, cutting across boundaries of sub-fields: child vs. adult; first, second, or bilingual; standard or dialectal. The indispensability of such technologies for investigating linguistic aspects of speech is evident in an application that uses CLAN to manage and perform phonological and computational analysis of a bilingual child’s dense speech data, longitudinally over 17 months of phonological development in Greek/English. Backed by acoustic analysis using Praat, developmental results on the child’s labio-velar approximant in English are also given. Keywords: technologies, normal/disordered speech, child development, CLAN Introduction Speech data feed the observation, documentation and analysis of oral language; theoretical speculations in phonology are grounded on phonetic evidence which, in turn, provide yardsticks for comparing the production of speech cross-linguistically in all its likely forms: child and adult; standard or dialectal; first (L1), second (L2), bilingual (L1ˡ2); normal or disordered. Despite the presence of universal patterns (Jakobson, 1941/1968) in speech, production variability is a prevalent phenomenon, sometimes going unnoticed and at other times drawing the listener’s attention to inaccuracy and even unintelligibility, as witnessed in random errors, idiolects, dialects, accents, speech disorders, and speech impairments. -
Samples of Phonological Development
Galasso Ling 417: Review Exam 1. A Synthesis: Representational Stages in Child Phonological and Morphological Development Lecture Review (Chapters 3-4) Galasso Stages of ‘Rule Representation’ Scheme: 1. Phonology 2. Morphology Pre-Representational Representational Pre-Representational Representational ·Idiomatic Speech ·Formulaic ·Partial rules ·Full rules ·Lexical ·Functional [prIti] /prIti/ ‘u-shape’: /bIdi/ Referential (‘pretty’) [CVCV] [CCVCV] | Context-bound Noun ↔ Determiner Phonological Rules: | Verb ↔ Auxiliary/Modal · Assimilation | | · Default voicing [car] ‘car’ | · Syllabic Development [raisins] [rainsins]-{es} (e.g., u-shape learning) [ø Pl] [+Pl] [Number] · weak syllable deletion | | [formulaic] ‘category’ [‘Iwant’] ‘I’ [Case] (p.169) word mapping/bootstrapping: Semantic Syntactic (p. 372) morphology processing: Derivational Inflectional teach-{er} teacher-{s} Data: (Galasso) ‘Sally Exp’ (Gordon) ‘Rat-eater Exp. fMRI Brain Imagining Overview: Children first produce language in a pre-representational way whereby both Phonology and Morphology are underdeveloped. Regarding phonology, idiomatic speech such as formulaic, echolalia and mimic expressions are the hallmark of a Pre-Representational stage, usually beginning as early as 14 months and lasting up until 24months (+/-20%). Regarding Morphology, chunking has been observed whereby young children (up until 24months) are seemingly unable to partition the morphological segments e.g., [stem+affix] and rather produce both as a single whole chunk—e.g., ‘raisins’ (as a singular word and where the plural {s}is not yet productive). 1 Galasso Ling 417: Review Exam 1. 1. Phonology: Phonemic/Syllabic Development and Consonant Harmony [1] The early production of the word ‘spaghetti’ offers linguists a valuable insight into the phonological rules children employ at the earliest stages of representational speech. (p. 93) (a) spaghetti → /bʌzgɛdi/ Above, spaghetti /sp∧gɛti/ becomes /b∧zgɛdi/ (CVC+CVCv) with initial /s/ deletion and strategic reinsertion (voiced to /z/) to create the /CVC-CVCv/ structure. -
Dominance in Coronal Nasal Place Assimilation: the Case of Classical Arabic
http://elr.sciedupress.com English Linguistics Research Vol. 9, No. 3; 2020 Dominance in Coronal Nasal Place Assimilation: The Case of Classical Arabic Zainab Sa’aida Correspondence: Zainab Sa’aida, Department of English, Tafila Technical University, Tafila 66110, Jordan. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6645-6957, E-mail: [email protected] Received: August 16, 2020 Accepted: Sep. 15, 2020 Online Published: Sep. 21, 2020 doi:10.5430/elr.v9n3p25 URL: https://doi.org/10.5430/elr.v9n3p25 Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate place assimilation processes of coronal nasal in classical Arabic. I hypothesise that coronal nasal behaves differently in different assimilatory situations in classical Arabic. Data of the study were collected from the Holy Quran. It was referred to Quran.com for the pronunciations and translations of the data. Data of the study were analysed from the perspective of Mohanan’s dominance in assimilation model. Findings of the study have revealed that coronal nasal shows different assimilatory behaviours when it occurs in different syllable positions. Coronal nasal onset seems to fail to assimilate a whole or a portion of the matrix of a preceding obstruent or sonorant coda within a phonological word. However, coronal nasal in the coda position shows different phonological behaviours. Keywords: assimilation, dominance, coronal nasal, onset, coda, classical Arabic 1. Introduction An assimilatory situation in natural languages has two elements in which one element dominates the other. Nasal place assimilation occurs when a nasal phoneme takes on place features of an adjacent consonant. This study aims at investigating place assimilation processes of coronal nasal in classical Arabic (CA, henceforth). -
Introduction: an Overview of Research on Prosodic Development
chapter 1 Introduction An overview of research on prosodic development Pilar Prieto1,2 & Núria Esteve-Gibert3,4 1Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) / 2Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Department of Translation and Language Sciences / 3Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL UMR 7309 / 4Universitat de Barcelona Prosody in spoken language, realized through patterns of timing, melody, and intensity, is used across languages to convey a wide range of language functions, which are crucial for both structuring information in speech and encoding an important set of semantico-pragmatic meanings. First and foremost, prosody con- stitutes the ‘organizational structure of speech’ (Beckman, 1996). We use it to sepa- rate our speech into chunks of information, thus helping our interlocutor to parse our discourse into meaningful syntactic units but also sending signals about when to take turns in our conversation. Secondly, prosody plays a key pragmatic role in conversation because it can convey a broad panoply of communicative meanings, ranging from the type of speech act (assertion, question, request, etc.), informa- tion status (given vs. new information, broad focus vs. narrow focus, contrast), belief status (or epistemic position of the speaker with respect to the information exchange), politeness, and affective states, to indexical functions such as gender, age, and the sociolectal and dialectal status of the speaker (Gussenhoven, 2004; Ladd, 2008; Nespor & Vogel, 2007; see Prieto, 2015, for a review). Finally, in many languages of the world, prosody can also encode phonological contrasts at the lexi- cal level through stress or tonal marking. These various organizational and semantico-pragmatic functions are mani- fested by means of prosodic phrasal grouping (via phrasal intonation markers), intonational prominence, and intonational modulations. -
Chapter 9 Consonant Substitution in Child Language (Ikwere) Roseline I
Chapter 9 Consonant substitution in child language (Ikwere) Roseline I. C. Alerechi University of Port Harcourt The Ikwere language is spoken in four out of the twenty-three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Rivers State of Nigeria, namely, Port Harcourt, Obio/Akpor, Emohua and Ikwerre LGAs. Like Kana, Kalabari and Ekpeye, it is one of the major languages of Rivers State of Nigeria used in broadcasting in the electronic media. The Ikwere language is classified asan Igboid language of the West Benue-Congo family of the Niger-Congo phylum of languages (Williamson 1988: 67, 71, Williamson & Blench 2000: 31). This paper treats consonant substi- tution in the speech of the Ikwere child. It demonstrates that children use of a language can contribute to the divergent nature of that language as they always strive for simplification of the target language. Using simple descriptive method of data analysis, the paper identifies the various substitutions of consonant sounds, which characterize the Ikwere children’s ut- terances. It stresses that the substitutions are regular and rule governed and hence implies the operation of some phonological processes. Some of the processes are strengthening and weakening of consonants, loss of suction of labial implosives causing them to become labial plosives, devoicing of voiced consonants, etc. While some of these processes are identical with the adult language, others are peculiar to children, demonstrating the relationships between the phonological processes in both forms of speech. It is worthy of note that high- lighting the relationships and differences will make for effective communication between children and adults. 1 Introduction The Ikwere language is spoken in four out of the twenty-three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Rivers State of Nigeria, namely, Port Harcourt, Obio/Akpor, Emohua and Ik- werre LGAs. -
A Perceptual Correlate of the Labial-Coronal Effect Marc Sato, Nathalie Vallée, Jean-Luc Schwartz, Isabelle Rousset
A perceptual correlate of the labial-coronal effect Marc Sato, Nathalie Vallée, Jean-Luc Schwartz, Isabelle Rousset To cite this version: Marc Sato, Nathalie Vallée, Jean-Luc Schwartz, Isabelle Rousset. A perceptual correlate of the labial- coronal effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, American Speech-Language- Hearing Association, 2007, 50 (6), pp.1466-1480. 10.1044/1092-4388(2007/101). hal-00194046 HAL Id: hal-00194046 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00194046 Submitted on 5 Dec 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Author manuscript, published in "Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 50, 6 (2007) 1466-1480" DOI : 10.1044/1092-4388(2007/101) A Perceptual correlate of the Labial-Coronal Effect 1 A perceptual correlate of the Labial-Coronal Effect Marc Sato 1,2, Nathalie Vallée 1,*, Jean-Luc Schwartz 1, Isabelle Rousset 1 1 Institut de la Communication Parlée, CNRS UMR 5009, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, Université Stendhal 2 Departimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Universita -
Phonological Degrees of Labiality
Phonological degrees of labiality February 5, 2018 Abstract A [+round] or [labial] feature is traditionally viewed as an elementary phonological unit that has different phonetic realizations depending on the height and backness of the segment that realizes it (Clements and Hume 1995, McCarthy 1988, Halle 1995, Kaun 1997 among oth- ers). In this paper, I make two claims: a) qualitatively different lip-gestures are phonological in some languages, and b) there is more faithfulness to more extreme lip gestures. 1 Introduction While it has long been known that rounding is not realized uniformly across vowel heights, this fact has been considered purely phonetic. This paper proposes an analysis of a phonological phenomenon involving a transfer of labiality from a vowel to a consonant under certain conditions. I argue that the Karata data support the idea that differences in rounding can be phonological1. Karata (kir¯Ïi maţ¯’i, Russian karatinskij jazyk)2 is an understudied Nakh-Daghestanian lan- guage originally spoken in 10 ‘auls’ (i.e. mountain-top villages) in western Daghestan.3 The available literature on Karata consists of a grammatical sketch [Magomedbekova, 1971] , and a dictionary (Karata to Russian) [Magomedova and Khalidova, 2001]. The data presented in this paper come from fieldwork that I carried out in June 2011 and July 2012 and from the above mentioned sources. The structure of the paper is the following. Section 2 gives an overview of the phenomenon investigated and its proposed analysis. Section 3 provides background information on the phonol- ogy of Karata. Section 4 is dedicated to the OT analysis of the Karata. -
Phonological Development of an Arabic-English Bilingual Child During the One-Word Stage
Linguistics and Literature Studies 5(5): 354-364, 2017 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2017.050504 Phonological Development of an Arabic-English Bilingual Child during the One-word Stage Hana A. Daana Princess Alia University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan Copyright©2017 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract The main purpose of this article is to provide a Daana [32] 2009; Salim and Mehawesh [33] 2014). None of description of the phonological development in the speech of these studies have dealt with the early phonological an Arabic-English bilingual child during the meaningful development during the meaningful first-word stage. In one-word production stage that is from 7 to 20 months of age. addition, none of them have traced the development of Data presented here are the result of recording sessions of English and Arabic sounds in the speech of a bilingual child. spontaneous and non-spontaneous speech between the child As far as the early phonological development in the speech and the author. The record, thus, is representative of the of a bilingual child is concerned, Keshavarz and Ingram [25] sounds which were produced in a meaningful verbal context. (2002) investigated the early development of the phonology To the author’s best knowledge, data on the phonological of Farsi and English in the speech of Keshavarz’ son development of an Arabic-English bilingual child has not applying the ‘opposition theory’ suggested by Jakobson [2] been published before. -
Palatalization/Velar Softening: What It Is and What It Tells Us About the Nature of Language Morris Halle
Palatalization/Velar Softening: What It Is and What It Tells Us about the Nature of Language Morris Halle This study proposes an account both of the consonantal changes in- volved in palatalization/velar softening and of the fact that this change is encountered before front vowels. The change is a straightforward case of feature assimilation provided that segments/phonemes are viewed as complexes of features organized into the ‘‘bottle brush’’ model illustrated in example (4) and elsewhere in the text, and that the universal set of features includes, in addition to the familiar binary features, six unary features, which specify the designated articulator(s) for every segment (not only for consonants). Keywords: phonetics, palatalization, velar softening, features, articula- tors For Ken Stevens, friend and colleague, on his 80th birthday My purpose in this study is to present an account of the very common alternation between dorsal and coronal consonants often referred to as palatalization or velar softening. This alternation, exemplified by English electri[k] ϳ electri[s]ity, occurs most often before front vowels. In spite of its extremely common occurrence in the languages of the world, to this time there has been no proper account of palatalization that would relate it to the other properties of language, in particular, to the fact that it is found most commonly before front vowels. In the course of working on these remarks, it became clear to me that palatalization raises numerous theoretical questions about which there is at present no agreement among phonologists. Since these include matters of the most fundamental importance for phonology, I start by exten- sively discussing the main issues and the views on them that seem to me most persuasive at this time (section 1). -
How Infant Speech Perception Contributes to Language Acquisition Judit Gervain* and Janet F
Language and Linguistics Compass 2/6 (2008): 1149–1170, 10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00089.x How Infant Speech Perception Contributes to Language Acquisition Judit Gervain* and Janet F. Werker University of British Columbia Abstract Perceiving the acoustic signal as a sequence of meaningful linguistic representations is a challenging task, which infants seem to accomplish effortlessly, despite the fact that they do not have a fully developed knowledge of language. The present article takes an integrative approach to infant speech perception, emphasizing how young learners’ perception of speech helps them acquire abstract structural properties of language. We introduce what is known about infants’ perception of language at birth. Then, we will discuss how perception develops during the first 2 years of life and describe some general perceptual mechanisms whose importance for speech perception and language acquisition has recently been established. To conclude, we discuss the implications of these empirical findings for language acquisition. 1. Introduction As part of our everyday life, we routinely interact with children and adults, women and men, as well as speakers using a dialect different from our own. We might talk to them face-to-face or on the phone, in a quiet room or on a busy street. Although the speech signal we receive in these situations can be physically very different (e.g., men have a lower-pitched voice than women or children), we usually have little difficulty understanding what our interlocutors say. Yet, this is no easy task, because the mapping from the acoustic signal to the sounds or words of a language is not straightforward. -
August 25-26, 1969
Fourth International Conference on Salish Languages University of Victoria August 25-26, 1969 LABIALIZATION IN NOOTKAN William H. Jacobsen Jr. University of Nevada A well-known phonological characteristic of most of the Indian languages of the Northwest is the presence of contrast ing pairs of plain and labialized dorsal consonants. In 1920 Boas observed: The study of phonetics indicates that certain features have a limited and well-defined distribution which, on the whole, is conttnuous. To give an example: the extra ordinary development of the series of k sounds and of laterals (1 sounds) is common to the most diverse languages of the NOrth Pacific coast, while in California and east of the Rocky mountains this characteristic feature disappears •••• The labialization of k sounds following an 0 or u is widely spread in the eftreme-Northwest, arid infrequent 'Outside of that territory. Later he elaborated on this statement, in the context of making comparisons to the phenomenon as occurring in Kwakiutl: The labialization of k sounds after 0 and u is a widely spread phenomenon on the Pacific coast~. Tn Chinook when a u vowel precedes a k sound and the latter is either followed oy a vowel or is a prefix, it must be labial~zed or followed by a vowel of the u group (HAIL I, 569). In Tlingit k sounds preceded by 0 or u-change the following i and e to 0 and u ~ibid. p. 16;). A similar type of labia~ization of-k after --a, 0, and -u occurs in Kutenai (IJAL IV, p.