Human Rights Situation in Annual Report 2014

Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy

Co n t e n t s

Executive Summary...... 5 Collective Punishment...... 7 I. Legal Standards...... 8 II. Chinese Law...... 9 III. Self-Immolation...... 9 IV. Religious Festivals...... 11 V. Informal Collective Punishment...... 12 VI. Conclusion...... 13 Death in Detention...... 14 I. Legal Standards for the Treatment of Prisoners...... 15 II. Death in Detention...... 17 III. Reducing Deaths in Detention...... 19 Freedom of Assembly...... 21 I. Legal Standard...... 21 A. prc’s Legal Obligations...... 22 B. The Right to freedom of peaceful assembly...... 22 C. Lawful restrictions on the right to freedom of peaceful assembly...... 23 II. Tibet in 2014...... 25 A. Kardze t a p : Lethal force used to suppress protests...... 25 B. Anti-mining protests...... 26 C. Crackdown in Diru County...... 28 III. Violations of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly in Tibet...... 30 A. Treaty Language...... 30 B. Legality...... 31 C. Proportionality...... 33 D. Necessary in a Democratic Society...... 34 IV. Conclusion & Recommendations...... 34 Civil and Political Rights...... 36 I. Expansion of Security State...... 36 A. Policies...... 37 B. Implementation...... 40 C. Conclusion...... 42 II. Technology and the Right to Privacy...... 43 A. International Law...... 43 B. Digital Surveillance in Tibet...... 44 C. Conclusion...... 46 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014

III. Religious Repression...... 46 A. Undermining Tibetan ...... 46 B. Controlling ...... 49 C. Conclusion...... 50 Economic, Social and Cultural Rights...... 51 I. prc Census Data and Health and Education in Tibet...... 51 A. The 2010 Census and Tibet...... 51 B. General Population Data...... 53 C. Health in Tibet...... 56 D. Education in Tibet...... 61 E. Conclusion...... 68 F. Work Cited...... 70 II. Education in Tibet...... 71 A. Curriculum...... 71 B. Language...... 72 C. Geography...... 73 D. Conclusion...... 74 III. Nomad Resettlement...... 74 A. International Law...... 75 B. Unavoidable and Consistent with Human Rights...... 75 C. Informed of and given an opportunity to challenge the eviction...... 77 D. Adequate Housing or Land...... 78 E. Conclusion...... 79 International Community...... 80 I. States...... 80 A. Tibet, the u s and the Scottish Referendum...... 80 B. Missed Meetings–Norway, South Africa and the Nobel Boycott...... 82 C. Crime and Punishment: Spain and Nepal...... 83 II. Intergovernmental Organizations and n g o activism...... 84 A. Tibet at the u n ...... 84 B. European Union...... 85 III. Businesses and Tibet...... 85 A. Internet and Technology...... 86 B. Tourism and Travel...... 86 Self-Immolations...... 89 COMPLETE LIST OF SELF-IMMOLATION PROTESTS SINCE 2009 IN TIBET....89

Political Prisoner Database...... 109

4 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In 2014, the human rights situation in Tibet human rights. Peaceful protesters were frequently continued to deteriorate. Human rights violations targeted by the p r c ’s security forces in 2014. The continued and the laws enabling the abuses security forces fired at the protesters, detained targeted more people more severely. The benefits those they could, and subjected an entire village and reforms that the government of the People’s to severe interrogations. International law protects Republic of China (PRC) frequently cites to the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. Peaceful justify it control over Tibet failed to materialize assemblies can only be restricted if the government and failed to reach Tibetan communities. can demonstrate that specific criteria are met. In Tibet, the p r c cracked down against almost every The p r c cracked down against Tibetans in protest. The required criteria were never met. response to mining protests, protests against forced displays of loyalty, religious practices, and The use of coercive power against Tibetans will only the continuation of the self-immolations protests. increase. In 2014, the p r c expanded its security In response to self-immolations and people presence in Tibet. This included the introduction attending religious festivals, local governments of more officials to watch, report on, and punish in Tibet imposed collective punishments. The Tibetans. It also included the introduction of collective punishments specifically targeted people technology designed to facilitate the persecution who were uninvolved in the prohibited activity. in Tibet. The infamous Grid Management system, Family members and even entire villages could allowed security personnel to know more about be subject to fines, the deprivation of political what is happening in Tibet. Other measures, for rights, the loss of their jobs and property, and all instance the use of surveillance technology, allowed government benefits. the p r c to delve deeper into what Tibetans, and monks in particular, were doing. These measures For people who committed the acts the risks violate Tibetans’ right to privacy and represent the became more severe. An increasing number of continuation of failed security policies. If the p r c Tibetans died in detention. Their deaths were hopes to achieve stability in Tibet it must abolish the results of torture, beatings, and the denial the repressive polices that Tibetan are resisting. of medical care. In some cases the victims were released from prison on medical parole shortly To better understand the scope of the p r c ’s before they died. In all cases, their bodies showed repressive policies, t c h r d created a special team unmistakable evidence of abuse. to work on the political prisoner database. The t c h r d political prisoner database is now one of The imposition of collective punishments and the most comprehensive Tibetan political prisoner killing people during detention violates the p r c ’s databases in the world. It draws upon data from international legal obligations. This is exacerbated the u s Congressional Executive Committee on because people are punished for exercising their China (c e c c ), Tibetan n g o s, and media reports

4 5 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014

to determine whom the p r c detained and for what Tibetans are forced to sell their livestock and go reason. Because of the work of t c h r d ’s special into debt to pay for substandard housing that team, the total number of known Tibetan political lacks basic utilities. prisoners increased to 2,110. This includes the 137 Tibetans who were either detained or sentenced In 2014, there was no indication that the p r c in 2014. However, t c h r d ’s political prisoner took any measures to actually improve human database still represents a minimum estimate of rights. The reforms the p r c had announced had the number of political prisoners. Because of the no impact. However, the tightening of security in difficulty of getting information out of Tibet, Tibet was dramatic. Both the laws that enabled there will inevitably be cases that are unreported. further human rights violations and the imposition Accordingly, the actual number of Tibetan political of harsher extrajudicial punishments caused the prisoners is higher than the number listed in the human rights situation in Tibet to deteriorate. database. The purported benefits of thep r c ’s governance do not exist. t c h r d ’s analysis of health and education When confronted with information about the in Tibet reveals consistent and systemic problems deteriorating human rights situation in Tibet, the that make Tibetan areas among the least well- p r c frequently responds by referring to how Tibet educated and healthy places in the p r c . There is has benefitted from the p r c ’s governance. This no indication that the p r c is willing to recognise, response has long been recognized as a distraction. let alone address any of these issues. As a result, However, research of official data from the p r c the human rights situation in Tibet is likely to carried out by t c h r d in 2014 demonstrates continue to deteriorate as the p r c blindly pursues that these claims are also false. When the p r c ’s failed policies. statistical data is disaggregated it reveals that areas with majority Tibetan populations are consistently worse off than other parts of the p r c . This is particularly true in the education and health. On average Tibetans receive less education than other parts of the p r c . They also live shorter lives. Children are particularly impacted. For Tibetan areas the infant mortality rate, the percentage of malnourished children under 5 years old, and children’s access to healthcare are all among the worst in the p r c .

The disparity between the p r c ’s claims and reality is particularly pronounced for Tibetan nomads. For years the p r c has been implementing policies that resettle the Tibetan nomads. The nomads are told their resettlement is necessary for development and to protect the environment. In the resettlement villages they are promised modern building and amenities. In many cases the benefits of resettlement do not reach the Tibetans. Mining destroys the environment. The benefits from mining and other businesses are received by people in eastern parts of the p r c . The resettled

6 7 COLLECTIVE PUNISHMENT

In 2014, various methods of collective punishment These regulations stated that the self-immolator’s were implemented in Tibet. These punishments family would be punished along with the self- focussed on discouraging self-immolations, immolator’s village or monastery.4 Adopting and attendance of religious festivals and protests by posting these new regulations literally added the punishing innocent people unconnected with the p r c ’s stamp of approval to collective punishment. event. This reflects the repressive tactics by the People’s Republic of China (p r c ) and local officials The p r c is unwilling to address the root causes to prevent different forms of protests without of protests and instead believes it must respond addressing their root cause—the repressive tactics by imposing harsh penalties. This approach is used against Tibetans. It also violates international generally ineffective against self-immolators. By human rights protections including the prohibition setting themselves on fire, the self-immolators of arbitrary detention and the guarantee of a fair put themselves beyond retribution from the p r c .5 trial. Laws punishing people close to the self-immolator are designed to extend the reach of the p r c ’s Officials in charge of Tibetan areas are punished retribution. if a self-immolation occurs. The PRC’s authorities believe they can only increase investment or Unsurprisingly, the use of collective punishment has impose harsh measures in Tibet.1 Accordingly, it expanded beyond retribution for self-immolations. was inevitable that local officials would respond In 2014, Tibetans have been threatened with or to self-immolations by punishing people affiliated suffered from collective punishments if someone with the self-immolator but not involved in the attends a prayer festival or protests. These laws self-immolation. Since at least 2012, p r c officials and penalties are designed to punish innocent have punished households and villages because people with the goal of discouraging Tibetans of self-immolations.2 New formal regulations from exercising their human rights. They are were distributed to every person in Dzoege (Ch: impermissible under international law. Ru’ergai) County in Ngaba (Ch: Aba) Tibetan (t a p ) in Province.3

1 Andreas Lorenz, ‘Anything But Humane’: Tibetan Exposes China from the Inside, Der Spiegel, 16 July 2013, available at: 4 China announces unprecedented harsh measures to deter http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/tibetan-official-to- self-immolations in Tibet’s Dzoege County, TCHRD, 14 expose-chinese-abuses-from-the-inside-in-book-a-911405-2. Feb. 2014, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/02/ html. china-announces-unprecedented-harsh-measures-to-deter- 2 Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2014 - Tibet, 8 Sept. self-immolations-in-tibets-dzoege-county/. 2014, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/5417f1828. 5 Chas Morrison, Tibetan self-immolation as protest against html. Chinese state repression, in J. Martin Ramirez, Chas Morrison 3 Dzoege County: “Maintaining Harmony and Stability,” Tibet and Arthur J. Kendall (eds.), Conflict, Violence, Terrorism, Watch, Oct. 2013, p. 4 available at: http://www.tibetwatch.org/ and Their Prevention (Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2014) uploads/2/4/3/4/24348968/dzoege_county_thematic_report.pdf. pp. 94-95.

6 7 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 I. legal Standards Foreign Ministers,14 and the European Court of Human Rights15 all recognise that criminal Collective punishment is the punishment of a responsibility must be limited to the perpetrator. population for the conduct of an individual.6 It These different organisations have framed the is specifically prohibited during armed conflicts.7 prohibition in different manners, but inevitably However, there is no explicit prohibition of collective determine that imposing criminal punishments punishment outside of armed conflicts.8 Instead, on people uninvolved with the criminal act is a the prohibition against collective punishment human rights violation. outside of armed conflicts can be deduced from the 16 right to a fair trial and other rights.9 The United Whether it is framed as humane treatment, the 17 Nations Human Rights Committee recognised right to a fair trial, or the right to be presumed 18 that collective punishment, like torture, slavery, innocent, collective punishment is prohibited. and violations of the right to life, is impermissible These are different ways of articulating the same even in cases of public emergency when the life of general idea—that people should not be punished the nation is threatened.10 for the conduct of another. Punishing people for what somebody else does means that there is The most important aspect of collective nothing the victim can do to avoid the penalty. punishment is that it involves extending the Collective punishment implicitly creates an punishment beyond the criminal. Criminal obligation that uninvolved people prevent others punishments usually involve detention but can from acting—and punishes them if they do not. also include fines and the deprivation of political rights.11 In addition to the Human Rights As recognised by the European Court of Human Committee, regional human rights treaties and Rights, the prohibition of punishing people for courts have recognised that extending criminal someone else’s action is a fundamental rule of 19 penalties to other people is a human rights criminal law. Even though it is not explicitly violation. The Organization of American States,12 guaranteed by international human rights the African Union,13 the Islamic Conference of instruments, its prohibition can be inferred from the International Covenant on Civil and Political

6 Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, annexed to the Convention (IV) respecting the Laws 14 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 5 Aug. 1990, and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 18 Oct. 1907, Art. U.N. GAOR, World Conf. on Hum. Rts., 4th Sess., Agenda 50. Item 5, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993), Art. 7 Rule 103: Collective Punishments, ICRC, available at: 19(2). https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_ 15 Judgment on the Merits Delivered by the Chamber Case of rule103#Fn_12_1. A.P., M.P. and T.P. v. Switzerland, No. 19958/92, para. 48, 8 Ibid. ECHR 1997-V. 9 Ibid. 16 Organization of American States (OAS), American Convention 10 CCPR General Comment No. 29: Article 4: Derogations on Human Rights, “Pact of San Jose”, Costa Rica, 22 during a State of Emergency, Human Rights Committee, 31 November 1969, Art. 5. Aug. 2001, UN Doc. No. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1.Add.11, para. 17 Organization of African Unity (OAU), African Charter on 11. Human and Peoples’ Rights (“Banjul Charter”), 27 June 1981, 11 See Judgment on the Merits Delivered by the Chamber Case CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), Art. 7; Cairo of A.P., M.P. and T.P. v. Switzerland, No. 19958/92, para. 39, Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, Aug. 5, 1990, U.N. ECHR 1997-V. GAOR, World Conf. on Hum. Rts., 4th Sess., Agenda Item 5, 12 Organization of American States (OAS), American Convention U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993), Art. 19. on Human Rights, “Pact of San Jose”, Costa Rica, 22 18 Judgment on the Merits Delivered by the Chamber Case of November 1969, Art. 5(3). A.P., M.P. and T.P. v. Switzerland, No. 19958/92, para. 48, 13 Organization of African Unity (OAU), African Charter on ECHR 1997-V. Human and Peoples’ Rights (“Banjul Charter”), 27 June 1981, 19 Ibid. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), Art. 7(2).

8 9 COLLECTIVE PUNISHMENT

Rights (i c c p r )20 and has been recognised by the III. Self-Immolation Human Rights Committee.21 These obligations are part of customary international law and are In April 2013, p r c officials in Dzoege (Ch: binding on all States—including the p r c .22 Ru’ergai) County in Ngaba (Ch: Aba) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (t a p ) in Sichuan Province II. chinese Law announced collective punishment for a self- immolator’s relatives, village and monastery.26 Like international human rights law, Chinese law Information about the new rules came out of does not explicitly prohibit collective punishment. Tibet in late 2013.27 These rules were not the first However, because the prohibition is fundamental to impose collective punishments following a self- to criminal law, there are numerous places within immolation. However, they were a substantial the p r c ’s criminal code where the prohibition expansion and escalation of the policy. could be deduced. The entire first chapter of the In 2012, the Tibetan Centre for Human Rights p r c ’s criminal code, which defines its aims, basic principles and scope, refers exclusively to people and Democracy (t c h r d ) translated an official who commit crimes.23 For example, Article 4 notification announcing punishments following states, “The law shall be equally applied to anyone self-immolations in Malho (Ch: Huangnan) t a p 28 who commits a crime”24 and Article 3 states, “For in Province. That notification contained acts that are explicitly defined as criminal acts in five substantive paragraphs. Four of the paragraphs law, the offenders shall be convicted and punished focused on prohibiting and punishing people from in accordance with law; otherwise, they shall not greeting, condolences or giving donations 29 be convicted or punished.”25 to the family of a self-immolator. Only the first paragraph imposed direct collective punishment. It Collective punishment punishes omissions and stated that public benefits for the self-immolator’s not actions. People are given criminal penalties for household and projects using government money the criminal acts of another person. Therefore, would be cancelled. Township level officials would the imposition of collective punishment not only be investigated, barred from promotion for a year violates international human rights law, but also and subjected to public criticism.30 If there were the p r c ’s own domestic law. multiple self-immolations, the township would have all government-funded projects cancelled for three years.31 The township leader would also be

20 UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and removed from office. Political Rights (ICCPR), 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171, Arts. 7, 9, 14. 26 China announces unprecedented harsh measures to deter 21 CCPR General Comment No. 29: Article 4: Derogations self-immolations in Tibet’s Dzoege County, TCHRD, 14 during a State of Emergency, Human Rights Committee, 31 Feb. 2014, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/02/ Aug. 2001, UN Doc. No. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1.Add.11, para. china-announces-unprecedented-harsh-measures-to-deter- 11. self-immolations-in-tibets-dzoege-county/ 22 Human Rights Committee, General Comment 24 (52), 27 Dzoege County: “Maintaining Harmony and Stability,” Tibet General comment on issues relating to reservations made Watch, Oct. 2013, available at: http://www.tibetwatch.org/ upon ratification or accession to theC ovenant or the Optional uploads/2/4/3/4/24348968/dzoege_county_thematic_report. Protocols thereto, or in relation to declarations under article pdf. 41 of the Covenant, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.6 28 Full text of official notification punishing Tibetan self- (1994) para. 8. immolations, 25 Nov. 2012 available at: http://www.tchrd. 23 Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, Arts. org/2012/11/full-text-of-official-notification-punishing- 1-12, available at: http://www.china.org.cn/english/ tibetan-self-immolations/. government/207319.htm. 29 Ibid. 24 Ibid at Art. 4. 30 Ibid. 25 Ibid at Art. 3. 31 Ibid.

8 9 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014

The 2013 Dzoege County punishments built upon are immediately due. Additionally, each village those enacted in Malho in 2012. In 15 points, must deposit between 10,000 and 50,000 yuan the document listed various punishments for the (US$1,609-8,045). If there is a self-immolation self-immolator’s relatives, village and monastery. within two years, the money is taken by the state Unlike the Malho document, there was no listed treasury and another deposit is required. This punishment for government officials. deposit is the functional equivalent of a fine. The self-immolator’s monastery’s right to recognise In the document, family members are equated Buddhist affairs and major Buddhist events is with active participants in the self-immolation. restricted. Villagers, monks, nuns and other people As a result, they face punishments that are from the self-immolator’s village and township designed to make their lives at best difficult, must undergo legal education. The place where if not impossible. In Dzoege County, people a self-immolation occurs is subject to a “harsh related to a self-immolator are prevented from crackdown and punishment.”35 establishing a business, applying for a government job, or receiving aid if they cannot make a living. All of these measures are explicitly punishments. Any money borrowed is immediately due back. Some, such as the deprivation of political rights Presumably, this includes money that ordinarily for the self-immolator’s family, fining the village, would not be due for months or years. The or imposing harsh crackdowns, are criminal relatives are also prohibited from leaving the p r c punishments. They are imposed on people without or going to the t a r , and are explicitly prohibited them performing any criminal act. Every penalty from participating in elections.32 The loss of against the village, including the fines, recalling political rights, including not being allowed to loans, and denying disaster aid, is inherently a vote in elections, is a punishment under the p r c ’s collective punishment. criminal code.33 All of these rules are specifically designed to be punishments for something the The document explicitly equated being a self- victims did not participate in. The imposition immolator’s relative with “active criminal of these penalties, and others, is merely because involvement,” but in other instances the of their connection to a self-immolator. As such, connection between the penalty and the criminal it is collective punishment and in violation of action is unstated. The most dramatic example international law.34 is imposing a harsh crackdown and punishment merely because a self-immolation occurred at that The document does not draw as explicit a place. However, in all cases, the punishments are connection between the self-immolator’s village inflicted on people who did nothing. They are and criminal activity, but still punishes the village prohibited by international law. and villagers or the self-immolator’s monastery. As with family members, all public benefits, Despite the threat of punishing innocent, including disaster relief, are prohibited for three uninvolved people, there have still been self- years following a self-immolation and all loans immolations in Dzoege County. Sixteen days after the documents were posted throughout Dzoege 32 Dzoege County: “Maintaining Harmony and Stability,” Tibet County two monks from Taktsang Lhamo Kirti Watch, Oct. 2013, p. 6, available at: http://www.tibetwatch. Monastery, Konchok Woeser and Lobsang Dawa, org/uploads/2/4/3/4/24348968/dzoege_county_thematic_ died during a self-immolation protest.36 On 8 report.pdf. 33 Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, Art. 54. 35 Ibid. 34 Dzoege County: “Maintaining Harmony and Stability,” 36 Self-Immolations by Tibetans, International Campaign for Tibet Watch, Oct. 2013, pp. 6-7, available at: http://www. Tibet, available at: http://www.savetibet.org/resources/fact- tibetwatch.org/uploads/2/4/3/4/24348968/dzoege_county_ sheets/self-immolations-by-tibetans/. thematic_report.pdf.

10 11 COLLECTIVE PUNISHMENT

June 2013, Tenzin Yarphel, the Party Secretary attending religious festivals they would be almost for Dzoege County, was demoted.37 The official unremarkable. Those rights are routinely violated reason was his inability to stop the self-immolation in Tibet. However, the regulations go one step protests, though others suspected that it was further and threaten to punish the family members because of his growing popularity among local of people who travel and attend religious festivals. Tibetans.38 On 20 July 2013, three months after This form of collective punishment, through an the document was released, Kunchok Sonam, official regulation, violates the p r c ’s human rights an 18-year-old monk from Thangkor Sogtsang obligations. Monastery in Dzoege County committed a self- immolation protest.39 Troops descended on The regulations specifically prohibited holding or Kunchok Sonam’s monastery and one monk was participating in the Great Prayer Festival (Monlam detained.40 Chenmo).42 By also banning crossing national borders to participate in the “Great Prayer Festival,” The restrictions on information coming from the regulations implicitly included attending the Tibet make it difficult to know whether the Empowerment, which was in , troop presence in Thangkor Sogtsang Monastery in July 2014.43 Both the Great Prayer Festival was an example of the collective punishment and the Kalachakra Empowerment are extremely document being implemented. However, any important Buddhist festivals. form of collective punishment in response to self- immolation protests would violate international Like the 2012 Malho collective punishment human rights standards and the p r c ’s international document, the regulations from Diru stated they legal obligations. were adopted to preserve social stability.44 Also like the Malho document, the regulations only partially focused on collective punishment. Articles 2 and IV. religious Festivals 3 explicitly provide collective punishment on the parents, spouse, and children of people who attend The imposition of collective punishment for self- religious festivals. Some of the punishments, for immolations in Dzoege County was the most example the denial of public benefits, are the same severe example in 2014. It was not the only form as those for self-immolations.45 of collective punishment. In July 2014, t c h r d received an incomplete copy of regulations The Diru regulations also expanded upon the in Diru (Ch: Biru) County in Nagchu (Ch: penalties for self-immolations. The punishments 41 Naqu) Prefecture, t a r . If the regulations had for a self-immolation were in part designed to only prohibited Tibetans from travelling and make it impossible for people to earn a living. 37 Communist Party chief transferred after Tibetan self- This was accomplished by refusing to grant immolations, Radio Free Asia, 17 July 2013, available at: them permission to open a business and not http://www.refworld.org/docid/5202150714.html. allowing them to apply for government jobs.46 38 Ibid. The regulations from Diru prohibit Tibetans 39 Self-Immolations by Tibetans, International Campaign for Tibet, available at: http://www.savetibet.org/resources/fact- from harvesting caterpillar fungus for three to five sheets/self-immolations-by-tibetans/. 40 Teenage Tibetan monk dies after self-immolation in Dzoege, 42 Ibid. Internaitonal Comapaign for Tibet, 22 July 2013, available 43 Ibid. at: http://www.savetibet.org/teenage-tibetan-monk-dies-after- 44 Ibid. self-immolation-in-dzoege/. 45 Ibid. 41 China hold Tibetan livelihood to ransom to secure political 46 Dzoege County: “Maintaining Harmony and Stability,” Tibet stability, TCHRD, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/07/ Watch, Oct. 2013, p.6-7, available at: http://www.tibetwatch. china-holds-tibetan-livelihood-to-ransom-to-secure-political- org/uploads/2/4/3/4/24348968/dzoege_county_thematic_ stability-2/. report.pdf.

10 11 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014

years.47 Especially because many Tibetans rely on However, even without any changes, the Diru caterpillar fungus for their livelihood, prohibiting regulations imply criminal responsibility without the harvesting of caterpillar fungus is designed to any actual criminal conduct. As a result, it violates make it impossible for Tibetans to earn a living.48 the p r c international legal obligations.

In addition to preventing family members from earning a living while simultaneously removing the V. Informal Collective social safety net that is designed to catch them if they fall, the regulations also impose administrative Punishment penalties. Article 2 of the regulations allude to Both the punishments for self-immolations and criminal punishments and states that if there are attending religious festivals were official documents no criminal punishments then the person should that threatened collective punishment. Without the be subjected to six months of legal education. support of official documents, security personnel Legal education is a form of administrative in the p r c also imposed collective punishment in punishment in the p r c that has moved to replace 2014. Security personnel imposed punishments the infamous re-education system, where prisoners that were in effect collective punishment. were detained without a trial, forced to work, and tortured.49 On 12 August 2014, Tibetans in Kardze (Ch: Ganzi) t a p in Sichuan Province gathered to protest By punishing people for someone else’s action the detention of Wangdak, a respected village the Diru regulations are a form of collective leader.51 Chinese paramilitary forces opened fire punishment. The regulations attempt to conflate on the peaceful protesters. Ten Tibetans were the conduct of one family member with that injured including four who died.52 That evening an of all family members. The articles containing unknown number of Tibetans from Denma Shugpa collective punishment allow for the punishment Village were detained. The next day security forces of an individual violating the regulation, then surrounded the village and detained everyone who adds the clause “including their parents, spouses, could not escape. The remaining people, mostly 50 and children.” This implies that the parents, women, children, and the elderly, were subjected spouses, and children are responsible for violating to strict interrogations and restrictions.53 These the regulations in the same way as the person interrogations and restrictions indiscriminately who is actually acting. The punishments in the punished as many people in the village as possible Diru regulations are similar to the 2012 Malho for the protest. regulations, which raises the possibility that they could be expanded and become more restrictive. Unlike in Dzoege and Diru, there was no official document announcing collective punishment. 47 China hold Tibetan livelihood to ransom to secure political stability, TCHRD, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/07/ 51 TCHRD condemns Chinese police shooting of unarmed china-holds-tibetan-livelihood-to-ransom-to-secure-political- Tibetans in Kardze, 14 Aug. 2014, available at: http://www. stability-2/. tchrd.org/2014/08/tchrd-condemns-chinese-police-shooting- 48 Ibid. of-unarmed-tibetans-in-kardze-2/. 49 China’s “Re-education Through Labour” camps: Replacing 52 chinese police officer dies after kardze shooting; pregnant wife one system of repression with another?, Amnesty International, of Tibetan killed commits suicide, International Campaign for 17 Dec. 2013, available at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/for- Tibet, 28 Aug. 2014, available at: http://www.savetibet.org/ media/press-releases/china-s-re-education-through-labour- chinese-police-officer-dies-after-kardze-shooting-pregnant- camps-replacing-one-system-repression-a. wife-of-tibetan-killed-commits-suicide/. 50 China hold Tibetan livelihood to ransom to secure political 53 TCHRD condemns Chinese police shooting of unarmed stability, TCHRD, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/07/ Tibetans in Kardze, 14 Aug. 2014, available at: http://www. china-holds-tibetan-livelihood-to-ransom-to-secure-political- tchrd.org/2014/08/tchrd-condemns-chinese-police-shooting- stability-2/. of-unarmed-tibetans-in-kardze-2/.

12 13 COLLECTIVE PUNISHMENT

However, by targeting the village, the security The entire community in Diru County has been personnel imposed a collective punishment. They subjected other restrictions. These restrictions subjected people who had not done anything to are designed to target the entire community, strict interrogations and restrictions. Everyone presumably in response to protests. They include in the village was punished because some people retroactively labelling all , mounds of mani attended a protest. Penalizing people for exercising stones, and shrines built after 2010 illegal and the right to freedom of peaceful assembly is a requiring their destruction.56 Also, like in Jomda violation of the p r c ’s international legal obligations County, families are required to remove children (see Chapter III: Freedom of Assembly). Punishing aged 12 or younger from monasteries. They can an entire village because some villagers engaged in be punished with six months of detention or one a protest intensifies the repression in Tibet and to three years in prison if they refuse.57 Travel sacrifices human rights protections. into and from Diru has also been disrupted by roadblocks that slow travel and fine or detain VI. conclusion travellers.58 People who complain are beaten.59 These punishments are targeted at Diru as a whole This chapter has focused narrowly on instances and can be characterised as collective punishments. where the p r c has punished people for something However, they also more directly infringe on done by somebody else. The three examples are people’s right to freedom of religion and freedom the most extreme cases of collective punishment of travel. in Tibet in 2014. However, the p r c has also The reliance on collective punishment represents implemented other forms of punishment that a new approach toward ensuring stability in Tibet. target people for the conduct of others. It belies the p r c ’s claim that only a small number In Jomda (Ch: Jiangda) County in the of Tibetans are unhappy with the p r c control over (Ch: Changdu) Prefecture in t a r , families were Tibet. If the entire community is made responsible required to tell their relatives who are monks for a self-immolation or protest, or an entire or nuns studying at Buddhist institutions or family can be punished for where one member monasteries in Qinghai or Sichuan to end their travels or studies, then implicitly the resistance studies and come home.54 Even if families did against the p r c is collective. At a more basic level, tell their relatives to come home, they faced collective punishment is the p r c ’s attempt to get 60 punishments, including the denial of government retribution when the actor is beyond its reach. assistance, if their relatives did not return.55 Under international law, imposing these collective This is a form of collective punishment where punishments is illegal. family members are penalized for the conduct 56 China Imposes Harsh New Restrictions on Restive Tibetan of their relatives. However, it is subtler than the County, Radio Free Asia, 7 Oct. 2014, available at: http://www. previous examples because it requires some initial rfa.org/english/news/tibet/harsh-10072014165921.html. participation by the family members. 57 China Imposes Harsh New Restrictions on Restive Tibetan County, Radio Free Asia, 7 Oct. 2014, available at: http://www. rfa.org/english/news/tibet/harsh-10072014165921.html. 58 Chinese Roadblocks Cause Hardships in a Restive Tibetan 54 Monks, Nuns Forced to Return to Tibet County in County, Radio Free Asia, 5 Sept. 2014, available at: http://www. Religious Life Clampdown, Radio Free Asia, 24 Oct. 2014, rfa.org/english/news/tibet/roadblocks-09052014150243. available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/return- html. 10242014162330.html. 59 Ibid. 55 Monks, Nuns Forced to Return to Tibet County in 60 Chas Morrison, Tibetan self-immolation as protest against Religious Life Clampdown, Radio Free Asia, 24 Oct. 2014, Chinese state repression, in J. Martin Ramirez, Chas Morrison available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/return- and Arthur J. Kendall (eds.), Conflict, Violence, Terrorism, 10242014162330.html. and Their Prevention (Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2014) pp. 94-95.

12 13 DEATH IN DETENTION

In 2014 Tibet witnessed a growing number of trust of fellow villagers and initiated development deaths in detention. These cases involved torture projects aimed at preserving and promoting Tibetan and politically motivated killings. Usually, culture and religion. His killing in detention was detained Tibetan protesters were tortured and explicitly ordered by the party secretary of the denied medical treatment merely for protesting.61 Diru (Ch: Biru) County in Nagchu (Ch: Naqu) Sometimes, particular Tibetan prisoners were Prefecture, (t a r ).62 singled out and killed for political purposes. At least four Tibetans died in 2014 because of their The extrajudicial killing of Bachen Gyewa, which treatment in detention. This includes Tibetan occurred in police custody, was motivated by prisoners who died after being released on political factors. These factors are the driving force medical parole so that prison officials would not behind the p r c ’s ‘stability maintenance’ measures. be penalised for their deaths. Bachen Gyewa’s death represents the larger political realities that allow the p r c ’s security organisations Granting dying Tibetans medical parole is just to torture and kill with impunity. The ‘stability one tactic used to conceal the number of Tibetans maintenance’ measures are focused on retaining who die because of their treatment in detention. the party power and protecting the interests of the Another prominent tactic is intimidating family party. members to prevent them from speaking out. These tactics succeed in hiding an unknown number of In Tibet, death in detention mostly occurs in the deaths in detention. This section focuses on the early days after the victim is detained or during increase in known instances of death in detention. police interrogation. Former Tibetan detainees have As the People’s Republic of China (p r c ) has only spoken about routine beatings and other torture tightened its control on information and has methods during the interrogation phase that could restricted transparency, it can be inferred that extend for weeks, months, and sometimes a year. there is also an increase in the number of unknown Jigme Gyatso (aka Golog Jigme), a Tibetan monk deaths in detention. who was detained multiple times for assisting the Tibetan filmmaker Dhondup Wangchen in 2008 On 21 November 2014, Bachen Gyewa (aka and who recently escaped to India, spoke of his Ngawang Monlam), a popular and respected experiences in various detention facilities. On 28 Tibetan village headman of Ushung Village was May 2014, at a press conference soon after his removed from his post, detained and then killed arrival in India, Jigme Gyatso said, “When I was in police custody. Bachen Gyewa had gained the first arrested, my hands and feet were shackled and

61 “Through Flesh and Bones: Six Inspiring Stories of Torture 62 Extrajudicial killing, arbitrary detention and religious Survivors”, TCHRD’s forthcoming documentary film on repression continue in restive Tibetan county, 15 December torture, http://www.tchrd.org/2014/06/first-cut-screening-of- 2014, TCHRD, http://www.tchrd.org/2014/12/arbitrary- through-flesh-and-bones-tchrd-observes-international-day-in- arrests-extrajudicial-killing-and-religious-repression-continue- support-of-victims-of-torture-3/. in-restive-tibetan-county/.

14 15 DEATH IN DETENTION

I was suspended from the ceiling for 10 hours. Article 2(2) of the Convention states: “[n]o Later, I experienced similar torture seven times, exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a which often lasted between two to five hours. Even state of war or a threat of war, internal political today I suffer from severe pain in the backbone instability or any other public emergency, may be and ribs and my knee dislocates whenever my invoked as a justification of torture.”66 body gets cold.”63 The torture methods ranged from severe beatings and use of ‘tiger chairs’ to The p r c is a signatory to the International burning cigarettes and medical torture.64 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (i c c p r ). As a signatory, the p r c is obliged not to defeat the The growing number of death in detention cases object and purpose of the i c c p r .67 The object indicates that recent changes made to the p r c ’s legal and purpose of the i c c p r , and other human rights system to reform detention conditions, including treaties, is to protect human dignity.68 Additionally, the impermissibility of forced confessions in many of the substantive articles in the i c c p r are judicial proceedings, have little impact. Law part of customary international law and binding enforcement agencies continue to engage in on all States.69 These include the right to life and widespread and systematic use of torture to extract the prohibition of arbitrary detention.70 confessions. During torture, victims are told not to talk about the rule of law and reforms that Article 9 of the i c c p r prohibits arbitrary arrest ostensibly prohibit torture.65 Increasingly, these and detention and requires that anyone deprived brutal tactics are killing the victims. of her liberty be given an effective opportunity to challenge the lawfulness of their detention before a I. Legal Standards for the court.71 Article 6 guarantees the right to life stating “No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life”.72 Treatment of Prisoners Article 7 prohibits torture.73 Additionally Article 10 states, “All persons deprived of their liberty Death in detention is a form of extrajudicial shall be treated with humanity and with respect killing and prohibited by international law. An for the inherent dignity of the human person.”74 extrajudicial killing is a killing that takes place outside of the judicial system. It not only violates In addition to these broad international standards, the right to life, but also violates the prohibitions there are more specific standards that build upon of torture, arbitrary detention, and enforced disappearance. 66 convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, http://www.ohchr.org/ Torture is universally prohibited in the Convention EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx. 67 United Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Against Torture that the p r c ratified in 1988. (VCLT), 23 May 1969, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331, Art. 18(1). 63 Golog Jigme Speaks About His Arrest and Escape from Chinese 68 Jack Donnelly, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice Prison, 28 May 2014, Tibet.net, available at: http://tibet. (Cornell University Press 3rd ed. 2013) 14. net/2014/05/28/golog-jigme-speaks-about-his-arrest-and- 69 Human Rights Committee, General Comment 24 (52), escape-from-chinese-prison/. General comment on issues relating to reservations made 64 “Goshul Lobsang tortured with pain-inducing injections, upon ratification or accession to theC ovenant or the Optional leaves a defiant note after untimely death”, 31 March 2014, Protocols thereto, or in relation to declarations under article TCHRD, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/03/goshul- 41 of the Covenant, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.6 lobsang-tortured-with-pain-inducing-injections-leaves-a- (1994) para. 8. defiant-note-after-untimely-death/. 70 Ibid. 65 Teng Biao, China’s empty promise of rule by law, 71 ICCPR, Art. 9. Washington Post, 28 Dec. 2014, available at: http://www. 72 ICCPR Art. 6. washingtonpost.com/opinions/chinas-empty-promise- 73 ICCPR Art. 7. of-rule-by-law/2014/12/28/16dc04ec-8baf-11e4-a085- 74 ICCPR Art. 10. 34e9b9f09a58_story.html.

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the human rights system to provide guidance or unknown reasons.77 Such a requirement would for the treatment of prisoners and the conduct call for the p r c , and other States, to investigate of medical professionals. The United Nations the widespread mistreatment of prisoners that it Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of refuses to acknowledge and attempts to hide from Prisoners (s m r ) are a non-legally binding set of the world. The p r c said that “soon after release” is rules that provide guidance for the treatment too vague and that once a person is out of prison of prisoners while still allowing for legal, social, they are no longer the prison’s responsibility. economic and geographic differences. However, they may reflect customary international law An investigation should determine whether a as they have been treated as binding by various person’s death was caused by a violation of s m r domestic courts and a large number of countries provisions. For example, the s m r state that all 78 reported (including the p r c ) that their national prisoners should receive adequate medical care. legislation was either based on or influenced by This obligation adds clarity to Article 12 of the the standards. The incorporation of the s m r in International Covenant on Economic, Social domestic legislation of many countries reinforces and Cultural Rights, which the p r c is a party to, an essential element of international and, indeed, that requires that people be allowed the highest domestic human rights standards. Canada says attainable standard of physical and mental 79 that the s m r are very persuasive and useful for health. interpreting human rights obligations.75 The Additionally, in 1974 the u n General Assembly s m r outline good principles and practices for the treatment of prisoners and management of prison passed a resolution on principles of medical ethics. facilities. While not legally binding on its own, the resolution recognised and emphasized a pre-existing rule In January 2014, the United Nations (u n ) of international law—that nobody is allowed to Intergovernmental Expert Group on the revision participate in torture. The resolution emphasised of the s m r was to gather for a meeting in Brazil to that medical professionals should not use their consider proposed changes to the s m r to increase unique knowledge or position to facilitate torture. transparency in prisons.76 The proposed revisions The s m r and the resolution on the principles of require that deaths during detention, or soon after medical ethics make clear that States cannot deny the release of a prisoner, be investigated by an somebody medical care during their detention impartial body to ensure that the deaths were not and medical professionals should not assist in any caused by prison officials. activity that will contribute to torture.

In October 2013, months before the meeting, the Despite these obligations, Goshul Lobsang was p r c opposed requiring investigations of deaths given pain-inducing injections while he was that occur shortly after a prisoner is released— tortured. He died on 14 March 2014 after being even if these deaths are for non-natural, violent released to his family on medical parole. His family was forced to sign a letter stating that his

75 correctional Service Canada, http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/ pblct/rht-drt/07-eng.shtml. 77 response of the government of China to Note Verbale CU 76 Open-ended Intergovernmental Expert Group on the 2013/129/DO/JS, United Nations Office on Drugs and Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, Crime, UN Doc. No. UNODC/CCPCJ/EG.6/2014/Gov.19, Brasília, Brazil, 28-31 January 2014: Working paper, 9 Oct. 2013, para. 2. available at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and- 78 United Nations, Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment prison-reform/EGM-Uploads/IEGM_Brazil_Jan_2014/ of Prisoners, 30 August 1955, Art. 22. UNODCCCPCJEG62014-CRP1-E-V1388548.pdf. 79 UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 993, p. 3, Art. 12.

16 17 DEATH IN DETENTION

condition was due to “natural causes.”80 This was In January 2014, more than ten years after his not only a violation of international law but also death, t c h r d obtained new details on Nyima a violation of medical ethics. Normally, the use of Dakpa Kyeri, another Tibetan political prisoner, techniques to make torture more painful does not who died because of his treatment police custody result in any further violations of international four years after his arrest in March 2000 in Tawu law. This is because the fundamental question (Ch: Daofu) County in Kardze (Ch: Ganzi) under international law is whether a person was t a p , Sichuan Province. During his six-month tortured, not how much the victim was tortured. detention, he endured interrogation and torture in three different detention facilities in , Despite the p r c ’s obligation to prevent death Chengdu and Tawu. On 5 October 2000, he was during detention and its obligation to investigate sentenced to nine years in prison. He died at his the deaths that do occur, there are no known home on 1 October 2003. Photographs showed instances of any investigations or prosecutions resulting from the death of a Tibetan in detention. an emaciated Nyima Dakpa Kyeri on his deathbed Government officials responsible for subjecting with a breathing tube attached to his nose, an IV detainees to extreme and violent treatments have attached to one arm and a heart rate monitor 83 not been made accountable for their discretionary attached to the other. use of power. On 17 December 2013, less than a month into his II. Death in Detention secret detention, senior Tibetan Buddhist scholar and master Ngawang Jampel, 45, died in police The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and custody in Diru (Ch: Biru) County in Nagchu Democracy (t c h r d ) has previously reported on (Ch: Naqu) Prefecture in t a r .84 The detention attempts by Chinese police to conceal deaths in officers quickly gave his body to his family detention. Cases like Goshul Lobsang’s are part of members and intimidated them to keep the whole a growing trend of abuse and death of Tibetans incident secret. On 20 January 2014, police in detained in the p r c . In 2009, Phuntsok, 27, a Diru County handed over the body of Konchok monk at Drango Monastery, was beaten to death Dakpa, a Tibetan youth from Chamram Village and his body left at a base of a hill in Drango (Ch: in Diru Township, to his family after holding Luhuo) County in Kardze (Ch: Ganzi) Tibetan him incommunicado for weeks since his arrest in Autonomous Prefecture (t a p ), Sichuan Province. December 2013. Konchok Dakpa was severely Local Tibetans who found the body and cremated beaten and tortured during his secret detention, it said they had seen cuts and bruises on the indicating that his death was the direct result of monk’s body. He was detained in March 2009 for 85 pasting leaflets critical of theC hinese government. police torture. He died after less than a week in detention.81 In 2008, Dawa, 31, a Tibetan farmer died within 83 Death in detention: Monk exposes China’s failure to protect two weeks of his release from detention.82 Tibetans’ right to life, TCHRD, 13 Jan. 2014, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/01/death-in-detention-monk- 80 Goshul Lobsang tortured with pain inducing injections, leave exposes-chinas-failure-to-protect-tibetans-right-to-life-2/. a defiant note after untimely death, CT HRD, 31 March 2014 84 “Diru Crackdown: Senior Tibetan Buddhist scholar beaten to available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/03/goshul-lobsang- death in police custody”, 19 December 2014, TCHRD, http:// tortured-with-pain-inducing-injections-leaves-a-defiant-note- www.tchrd.org/2013/12/diru-crackdown-senior-tibetan- after-untimely-death/. buddhist-scholar-beaten-to-death-in-police-custody/. 81 “Attempts to cover up death: Chinese police beat Tibetan 85 “Repression escalates in Tibet’s Diru County: Tibetan monk to death”, 30 March 2009, TCHRD, http://www.tchrd. youth beaten to death, 2 others given heavy sentences and org/2009/03/a-tibetan-monk-beaten-to-death-by-chinese- another disappeared”, TCHRD, 7 February 2014, http:// security-police/. www.tchrd.org/2014/02/repression-escalates-in-tibets-diru- 82 “Tibetan farmer dies of torture in Phenpo County”, 2 May county-tibetan-youth-beaten-to-death-2-others-given-heavy- 2008, TCHRD, http://www.tchrd.org/2008/05/tibetan- sentences-and-another-disappeared/. farmer-dies-of-torture-in-phenpo-county/.

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Some prisoners who are no longer able to work wounded Tibetans were detained. They were in prison and are on the verge of dying are then denied medical treatment and died in detention.89 released on “medical parole” before the completion Another Tibetan committed suicide during of their prison term to avoid any responsibility on detention as a protest against the torture by the the part of the prison officials. Others suffer from p r c authorities.90 the injuries they sustained during interrogation that were left untreated during imprisonment. It The death of Tenzin Choedak, 33, a political takes them years to succumb to their injuries. prisoner at Chushur Prison near Lhasa city, on 5 December 2014 exposed the brutal and inhuman Goshul Lobsang survived almost four months treatment suffered by Tibetans in various Chinese after his premature release from prison on medical detention centres and prisons.91 He died two days parole in Machu (Ch: Maqu) County in Kanlho after he was released to his family on medical (Ch: Gannan) t a p , Gansu Province.86 He was parole. When he was returned to his family all subjected to various torture techniques, including the bones in his feet were broken. This suggests the use of pain inducing medication. He was that he may have been subjected to the falaka, deprived of sleep and food. Interrogation officers or foot whipping, torture technique. The falaka used sharp-pointed objects such as toothpicks involves beating the sole’s of the victim’s feet with to repeatedly pierce and penetrate into the tops a heavy cable or whatever else is available.92 It of his fingernails and cuticles. At the time of his causes extreme pain up the victim’s body and the death, Goshul Lobsang was unable to walk, eat or feet to swell.93 The technique was used in the p r c , talk. He had been sentenced to 12 years in prison the Middle East, and Romania.94 Tenzin Choedak in December 2010. He was killed after less than died after less than six years of his 15-year prison three years in prison. sentence. Before his detention, Tenzin Choedak In 2014, Tibetans died in detention because was an employee of a European NGO affiliated they were denied medical care. Like death in with the Red Cross in Lhasa. After his release, detention, the only new aspect of the denial of he was physically emaciated and vomiting blood medical treatments for Tibetan protesters in 2014 is its scale. In 2008, after three months of 89 chinese police officer dies after Kardze shooting; pregnant wife detention and torture, Pema Dorjee asked to be of Tibetan killed commits suicide, International Campaign for taken to a hospital. His captors responded that Tibet, 28 Aug. 2014, available at: http://www.savetibet.org/ people like him who protested against the Chinese chinese-police-officer-dies-after-kardze-shooting-pregnant- government did not need medical help.87 wife-of-tibetan-killed-commits-suicide/. 90 Tibetans with bullet wounds after shooting denied medical On 12 August 2014, in Kardze (Ch: Ganzi) t a p treatment: deployment of military leads to mass detention in in Sichuan Province, police fired into a crowd of village in , International Campaign for Tibet, 18 Aug. 2014, available at: http://www.savetibet.org/tibetans-with- 88 non-violent protesters. After the protest, four bullet-wounds-after-shooting-denied-medical-treatment- deployment-of-military-leads-to-mass-detentions-in-village- 86 “Goshul Lobsang tortured with pain-inducing injections, in-kham/. leaves a defiant note after untimely death”, 17 March 2014, 91 “Former Tibetan social activist serving 15 years’ sentence dead TCHRD, http://www.tchrd.org/2014/03/cao-shunlis-death- after less than 6 years in prison”, TCHRD, 6 December 2014, a-huge-blow-to-human-rights-movement-in-china/. available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/12/former-tibetan- 87 Through Flesh and Bones: Six Inspiring Stories of Torture social-activist-serving-15-years-sentence-dead-after-less-than- Survivors”, TCHRD’s forthcoming documentary film on 6-years-in-prison-2/. torture, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/06/first- 92 Darius Rejali, Torture and Democracy (Princton University cut-screening-of-through-flesh-and-bones-tchrd-observes- Press 2007) pp. 83, 276. international-day-in-support-of-victims-of-torture-3/. 93 Darius Rejali, Torture and Democracy (Princton University 88 TCHRD condemns Chinese police shooting of unarmed Press 2007) p. 75. Tibetans in Kardze, TCHRD, 14 Aug. 2014, available at: 94 Darius Rejali, Torture and Democracy (Princton University http://www.tchrd.org/2014/08/tchrd-condemns-chinese- Press 2007) p. 83. police-shooting-of-unarmed-tibetans-in-kardze-2/.

18 19 DEATH IN DETENTION

because of a brain injury.95 detainees with medical treatment. Medical paroles should be granted to detainees who are in a poor The use of torture to intimidate and force condition. Instead of being a tool of concealment, confessions out of suspects is an urgent human medical parole should be a tool of compassion. rights issue in the p r c . Less than four days before the death of Goshul Lobsang, a prominent Chinese Many known and unknown political prisoners human rights activist, Cao Shunli, died in a Chinese continue to suffer extreme conditions and inhuman military hospital. Cao’s brother Cao Yunli said his treatment in detention centres and prisons across sister’s body bore signs of mistreatment during Tibet. As a first, simple step toward real, verifiable police detention. Cao Shunli’s arrest, torture, and reform, the p r c should release Tibetans before they death follow the same pattern as the deaths of die from their treatment during detention. Tibetans during detention. She had been detained for about five and a half months on obscure Although the current number of known detainees charges.96 She disappeared in September 2013 and prisoners across Tibet runs in thousands,97 when she was traveling to a training session on TCHRD has identified some political prisoners the u n human rights mechanisms. She reappeared for immediate medical parole based on urgency of in October 2013, when she was formally arrested their cases. These Tibetans include Tenzin Delek and charged with “picking quarrels and provoking , Kartse, and Trulku Phurbu troubles.” Before her detention, Cao Shunli was Tsering Rinpoche. in poor health and during her detention she was denied medical care. On 20 February 2014, Cao Tenzin Delek Rinpoche, 64, was renowned for Shunli was transferred to a military hospital in his efforts to restore and religion, extremely critical condition. She received a medical his social welfare activities, and his statements parole on 27 February 2014 and died fifteen days condemning the p r c ’s repressive policies in Tibet. later. Cao Shunli’s story is emblematic of the He was detained in April 2002 and sentenced widespread use of torture and other inhuman to death in December 2002. Twelve years later, treatment in detention centres in the PRC. Tenzin Delek Rinpoche is forced to use a walking stick because of damage done to his feet in prison. He is being denied medical care for, among other III. reducing Deaths in things, a pre-existing heart condition.98 Detention Khenpo Kartse (aka Khenpo Karma Tsewang) The deaths that occur in detention are avoidable. was detained at 1am on 7 December 2013. After The actual death in detention is the last of a long his detention, thousands of local Tibetans staged list of human rights abuses inflicted upon the a protest demanding an explanation for his victim. To prevent these deaths the p r c needs to detention. Sixteen monks were detained during fulfil its international human rights obligations. the peaceful protest. The support shown to Most importantly, the p r c must abolish the use Khenpo Kartse reflected his position as a popular of torture. Furthermore, the p r c must provide senior religious figure who was well respected for his social work and the promotion and protection 95 “Former Tibetan social activist serving 15 years’ sentence dead of Tibetan language, culture and religion. During after less than 6 years in prison”, TCHRD, 6 December 2014, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/12/former-tibetan- detention, Khenpo Kartse was denied medication social-activist-serving-15-years-sentence-dead-after-less-than- 97 see TCHRD Political Prisoners Database in this report. 6-years-in-prison-2/. 98 12 Years Too Many: Release Tenzin Delek Rinpoche on medical 96 cao Shunli’s death a huge blow to human rights movement parole, TCHRD, 7 April 2014, available at: http://www. in China, TCHRD, 17 March 2014, available at: http://www. tchrd.org/2014/04/12-years-too-many-release-tenzin-delek- tchrd.org/2014/03/cao-shunlis-death-a-huge-blow-to-human- rinpoche-on-medical-parole/. rights-movement-in-china/.

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necessary to treat his hepatitis, bronchitis, Mianyang prison near Chengdu saw Phurbu tuberculosis and other diseases. He was kept in Tsering Rinpoche. Because of his mistreatment, a cell that went below freezing during the winter including four days of torture and deteriorating and given a starvation diet. By March 2014, his health, Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche was emaciated health had deteriorated. He suffered from a sharp and almost unrecognisable.99 pain in his back and was ejecting bloody sputum. These three prisoners represent only a small Trulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche was sentenced to fraction of detainees in the p r c ’s prisons and eight years in prison for his suspected involvement detention facilities who will die if the p r c does in a non-violent protest in 2008. Phurbu Tsering not act. Releasing them, and those like them, on Rinpoche’s lawyers stated that his conviction medical parole before they die will be a substantial lacked the necessary clarity and evidence and first step toward preventing death in detention and that he was framed. In 2014, a person visiting fulfilling thep r c ’s international legal obligations.

99 prominent Tibetan religious figure found in emaciated condition in prison, TCHRD, 28 Aug. 2014, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/08/prominent-tibetan-religious- figure-found-in-emaciated-condition-in-prison/.

20 21 FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY

In 2014, the People’s Republic of China (p r c ) assembly is an attack on the fundamental human restricted the Tibetans’ right to freedom of rights of Tibetans. The newly appointed UN peaceful assembly. In Kardze (Ch: Ganzi) Tibetan Special Rapporteur for Freedom on Peaceful Autonomous Prefecture (t a p ) in Sichuan Province, Assembly describes this as a fundamental right Chinese authorities used lethal force to suppress and necessary for the exercise of other human peaceful protesters. Tibetans that attempted rights. The right to freedom of peaceful assembly to exercise their right to freedom of peaceful is indispensible to build peaceful, prosperous, assembly by protesting mining operations were democratic societies.102 This is accomplished also subjected to severe and illegal restrictions. by strengthening civil society’s involvement Similarly, Tibetans from Diru (Ch: Biru) County in ensuring transparency, accountability, and, suffered under a crackdown at the hands of the ultimately, good governance.103 Chinese authorities. These crackdowns are a continuation of a policy to repress peaceful I. Legal Standard protests without regard to the p r c ’s international legal obligations. The right to freedom of peaceful assembly is universally recognized as a fundamental human In 2014, the Tibetan Centre for Human Rights right that the PRC is legally obligated to recognize, and Democracy (t c h r d ) obtained evidence of the uphold, and protect. The right to freedom of implementation of this policy during the 2008 peaceful assembly is especially important for two Protests. t c h r d obtained official reports that listed reasons. First, it is crucial to creating a tolerant 26, known and unknown, people killed during the and pluralistic society in which groups with protests.100 These official reports, written by the different beliefs, practices, or policies can coexist medical department of the Lhasa Public Security peacefully.104 Second, this right is interrelated Bureau at the behest of the Chinese government, with many other rights.105 For example, the right show that at the very least, 15 people, including to association assumes the active presence and 11 known Tibetans, died of gunshot wounds and participation of others for its realization.106 As over 100 people were killed in Lhasa during the such, any restrictions on the freedom of association 2008 Protests.101 will also undermine the right to peaceful assembly. Such interdependence and interrelatedness with The p r c ’s consistent attacks on Tibetans for other rights makes the right to freedom of peaceful exercising their right to freedom of peaceful assembly a valuable indicator of a state’s respect for

100 “Leaked internal document shows China used machine guns 102 The right to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, to kill Tibetans in March 2008 protest,” TCHRD, 20 August UN Doc. No. A/HRC/RES/24/5 (8 Oct. 2005). 2014, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/08/leaked- 103 Ibid. internal-document-shows-china-used-machine-guns-to-kill- 104 ODIHR Peaceful Assembly Guidelines, at p. 15. tibetans-in-march-2008-protest/. 105 Ibid at 27. 101 Ibid. 106 Ibid at 60.

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the enjoyment of many other human rights.107 is a party to and recognize the right to freedom of peaceful assembly include: (1) the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of A. PRC’s legal obligations Racial Discrimination, Articles 4, 5(viii) (acceded 110 The right to freedom of peaceful assembly is 29 December 1981) ; (2) the Convention on the recognized as a fundamental human right based on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, 111 its inclusion in numerous multilateral international Article 7(c) (ratified 4 November 1980); and human rights treaties and the International Bill (3) the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 112 of Human Rights, which is comprised of the Article 15 (ratified 2 March 1992). Universal Declaration of Human Rights (u d h r ), Finally, in the p r c , right to freedom of peaceful the International Covenant on Civil and Political assembly is guaranteed by the p r c Constitution Rights (i c c p r ), and the International Covenant on as well. Article 35 of the p r c ’s Constitution Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (i c e s c r ). states, “Citizens of the People’s Republic of

For example, Article 20(1) of the u d h r states, China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of “[e]veryone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, of association, of procession and of 113 assembly and association.” Similarly, Article 21 of demonstration.” the i c c p r says, “[t]he right of peaceful assembly As such, the p r c has a legal obligation to recognize, shall be recognized.” uphold, and protect the Tibetan peoples’

The p r c is obliged to follow international standards fundamental human right to freedom of peaceful regarding the rights in the International Bill of assembly. In 2014 it did not. Human Rights, including the right to freedom of association, because the rights contained in B. The Right to freedom of peaceful International Bill of Human Rights is customary assembly international law. It is customary international law because both elements for the creation of The right to freedom of peaceful assembly customary international law, (1) consistent State generally refers to the right of every person to hold practice and (2) the sense of a legal obligation, and participate in a peaceful assembly.114 This referred to as opinio juris, are fulfilled. right also includes the right to be protected from undue influence115 and provides protections for The international standards governing the right those who monitor peaceful assemblies.116 to freedom of peaceful assembly are also legally binding upon the p r c because it is a signatory to and To fall within the scope of the right, an assembly has ratified numerous multi-lateral international 110 “Ratification of International HumanR ights Treaties – China,” treaties that recognize this right. For example, the Human Rights Library, University of Minnesota, available at: 108 http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/ratification-china. PRC signed the i c c p r on 5 October 1998. As a html. signatory, the p r c must not defeat the object and 111 Ibid. purpose of the i c c p r .109 112 Ibid. 113 constitution of the People’s Republic of China, Art. 35 (2004) (emphasis added). Other notable international treaties that the p r c 114 Maina Kiai, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights to 107 UNSR Best Practices Report, p. 5. freedom of assembly and association, Maina Kiai,” (hereinafter, 108 “Ratification of International HumanR ights Treaties – China,” “UNSR Best Practices Report”) United Nations, General Human Rights Library, University of Minnesota. Last visited Assembly, Human Rights Council, Twentieth Session, 21 May on 1 January 2015. http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/ 2012, p. 1. research/ratification-china.html. 115 UNSR Best Practices Report, p. 1. 109 VCLT, Art. 18. 116 Ibid.

22 23 FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY

generally requires the presence of at least two regardless of race, national origin, or political persons in a public place for a common expressive opinion.126 At the same time, participation should purpose.117 Nonetheless, an individual protester be completely voluntary and uncoerced.127 should also be afforded the same protections as those who gather as part of an assembly.118 The State has an obligation to not only refrain from interfering with the right but also to protect However, it is important to note that only people who exercise it.128 This also means that peaceful assemblies are protected.119 The Office the State must ensure the right can be enjoyed in of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights120 practice and is not subject to undue regulation.129 (o d i h r ) of the Organization for the Security and Furthermore, “relevant authorities should assist Cooperation in (o s c e ), consider a protest individuals and groups who wish to assemble “peaceful” if organizers have “professed peaceful peacefully.”130 intentions and the conduct of the assembly is 121 non-violent.” The o d i h r provides support, C. Lawful restrictions on the right assistance and expertise to the 57 o s c e member to freedom of peaceful assembly States and civil society. Specifically, the o d i h r focuses on promoting human rights, democracy, Although the right to freedom of peaceful assembly the rule of law, tolerance, and non discrimination. is a fundamental human right, it is not absolute. A This includes non-violent conduct that may be State may legally impose some narrow restrictions 122 inconvenient, annoying or offensive. on this right.131 For example, most international treaties that address the right to freedom of peaceful Because of the importance of the right, assemblies assembly also include the following language: are presumed to be. The requirement of peacefulness is considered satisfied absent compelling and No restrictions may be placed on the exercise demonstrable evidence that the organizers or of these rights other than those imposed in participants of an assembly, themselves, intend to conformity with the law and which are 123 use, advocate, or incite imminent violence. Once necessary in a democratic society in the peacefulness is satisfied, the positive obligation of interests of national security or public safety, the State and State authorities to protect the right public order (ordre public), the protection of 124 to freedom of peaceful assembly is triggered. public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.132 The principle of non-discrimination also follows 125 the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. This Some States appeal to the qualifications of the means that this right is to be enjoyed by everyone, right to justify violations. However, inaccurately 117 Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights appealing to an exception cannot excuse a (ODIHR) and the Venice Commission, “Guidelines on violation of the right. For example, the o d i h r Peaceful Assembly, Second Edition,” (hereinafter, “ODIHR Peaceful Assembly Guidelines”), Organization for the Security states that the inherent imprecision of the term, and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 2010, p. 27. “public order,” must not be exploited to justify the 118 ODIHR Peaceful Assembly Guidelines at 27. prohibition or dispersal of peaceful assemblies.133 119 Ibid at 15. 120 OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human 126 ICCPR Art. 2(1). Rights, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 127 ODIHR Peaceful Assembly Guidelines at 23. available at: http://www.osce.org/odihr/. 128 Ibid at 36. 121 ODIHR Peaceful Assembly Guidelines at 15. 129 Ibid at 16. 122 Ibid. 130 Ibid at 35. 123 Ibid. 131 Ibid at 50. 124 Ibid at 34. 132 ICCPR Arts. 21, 22; ICESCR Art. 8(a); CRC Art. 15. 125 Ibid at 16. 133 ODIHR Peaceful Assembly Guidelines at 50.

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“Neither a hypothetical risk nor the presence security, public safety, public order, the protection of a hostile audience are legitimate grounds for of public health or morals, or to protect the rights prohibiting a peaceful assembly.”134 Even when and freedoms of others.139 These exceptions are there is compelling and demonstrable evidence very narrowly interpreted. Additionally, if the that the participants will use or incite imminent restriction sought is a content-based restriction, lawlessness, organizers of the assembly must be it should only be imposed if there is a threat of given a fair opportunity to rebut this evidence imminent violence.140 If the restriction is only with evidence of their own.135 meant to effect the time, place, or manner of the assembly, then it is generally more permissible as The o d i h r also states that “public safety” may a safeguard from those exercising their right to justify restrictions in limited circumstances but freedom of peaceful assembly from unreasonably authorities should not rely on such reasoning to interfering with the rights and freedoms of other pre-emptively break up peaceful assemblies.136 people.141 However, reasonable alternatives must Finally, it also states that “national security” is often be offered and any such alternative must be one that too wide an interpretation in relation to freedom allows the message of the protest to remain within of assembly and cites Article 30 of the Siracusa the “sight and sound” of its target audience. Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions, which provide an authoritative Next the restriction must be in conformity with interpretation of the permissible limitations to the law and proportionate. The law used to rights in the i c c p r . Article 30 states that national restrict the right to freedom of peaceful assembly security “cannot be invoked as a reason for must conform to international standards.142 As imposing limitations to prevent merely local or such, the principal of legality is directly tied to the relatively isolated threats to law and order.”137 idea of foreseeability: the law must be sufficiently precise to enable an individual to assess whether or Ultimately, both the o d i h r and the UN Special not their conduct is in breach of the law.143 Rapporteur on the Rihts to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association agree that a Not only must the restriction have a legal basis, restrictions to the right of freedom of peaceful it must also be proportional. The principal of assembly must undergo a high level of scrutiny proportionality requires States balance the nature in order to be permissible. A restriction on the and extent of the interference with the reason right to freedom of assembly is only justified if for interfering.144 The restriction should be three elements are met. First, the restriction must narrowly tailored to cover only the purposes that be based on a permissible limitation in the treaty justify it and to meet the specific aims pursued language and if the restriction is content based it by authorities.145 Furthermore, the least intrusive is only permissible to prevent imminent violence. means of achieving the legitimate objective should Second, the restriction must be provided for by a always be given preference.146 The ultimate law and proportionate. Third, the restriction must aim of the principle of proportionality requires be necessary in a democratic society.138 that authorities do not fundamentally alter the character of an event. As such, proportionality The first requirement for a permissible restriction is that the restriction be based on the treaty language. 139 ICCPR, Art. 21. This means that it must be in the interest of national 140 Ibid at 17. 141 Ibid at 40. 134 Ibid. 142 Ibid at 16. 135 Ibid. 143 Ibid. 136 Ibid at 51. 144 Ibid at 39. 137 Ibid at 54. 145 Ibid. 138 UNSR Best Practices Report, p. 6. 146 Ibid at 16.

24 25 FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY

is intrinsically tied to the idea of necessity. This Shugpa village is located in Loshu (Ch: Luoxu) means that any reasons used to support a claim Township, Sershul (Ch: Shiqu) County, Kardze that suggested restrictions are proportional must (Ch: Ganzi) t a p , Sichuan Province. Wangdak, be relevant, sufficient, convincing, compelling, 45, is a widely respected village leader who had and based on an acceptable assessment of the advocated for Tibetans to be allowed to observe relevant facts; mere suspicions or presumptions the Denma Horse Festival.151 Previously, will not suffice.147 Wangdak voiced strong complaints to authorities over the harassment of Tibetan women by senior The final requirement is that the restriction must Chinese officials at a cultural performance the be necessary in a democratic society. The UN local community was forced to host during their Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom visit.152 The Chinese officials detained Wangdak of Peaceful Assembly and of Association, Maina on the pretence that he held the horse festival Kiai, further stated that this required States not without their permission.153 impair the essence of the right.148 This recognizes that the right to freedom of peaceful assembly is The next day, 12 August 2014, over a hundred indispensible for civil society and good governance Tibetans of Sershul County gathered to peacefully and that any restriction must facilitate transparency protest Wangdak’s detention. They shouted slogans and accountability—not restrict it.149 and raised their thumbs up in the air, a symbolic gesture of begging.154 Chinese paramilitary forces Thus, although the right to freedom of peaceful soon moved in to disperse the crowd of peaceful assembly is not an absolute right and is subject to protesters.155 The paramilitary forces fired tear state imposed restrictions, these restrictions must gas and live ammunition into the crowd, seriously undergo a high threshold of scrutiny in order to injuring at least 10 protesters and detaining many be permissible. more. 156 II. Tibet in 2014 As a result, at least five protesters died in detention from their gunshot wounds. Another detained From the violent suppression of peaceful protests protester committed suicide in protest against throughout Tibetan regions to the Diru county crackdown, 2014 has been a year in which the 151 Ibid. p r c ’s policies and practices continued to violate 152 sonam Wangdue, Dorjee Damdul, Parameswaran Ponnudurai, Tibetans’ right to freedom of peaceful assembly. “Chinese police open fire at Tibetan protest, nearly a dozen wounded,” Radio Free Asia, 13 Aug. 2014, available at: http:// www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/shooting-08132014220307. A. Kardze tap: Lethal force used to html. suppress protests 153 Ibid. 154 “Tibetans allege another protester close to death from Chinese In the late evening of 11 August 2014, Wangdak, police beating,” Voice of America Tibet, 11 Sept. 2014, available at: http://m.voatibetanenglish.com/a/2446624. a village leader in Denma Shugpa, was taken html. from his home by local police officers.150 Denma 155 “TCHRD condemns Chinese police shooting of unarmed Tibetans in Kardze,” TCHRD, 14 Aug. 2014, available at: 147 Ibid at 40. http://www.tchrd.org/2014/08/tchrd-condemns-chinese- 148 UNSR Best Practices Report, p. 6. police-shooting-of-unarmed-tibetans-in-kardze-2/. 149 The right to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, 156 sonam Wangdue, Dorjee Damdul, Parameswaran Ponnudurai, UN Doc. No. A/HRC/RES/24/5 (8 Oct. 2005). “Chinese police open fire at Tibetan protest, nearly a dozen 150 “TCHRD condemns Chinese police shooting of unarmed wounded,” Radio Free Asia, 13 Aug. 2014 available at: http:// Tibetans in Kardze,” TCHRD, 14 August 2014 available www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/shooting-08132014220307. at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/08/tchrd-condemns-chinese- html. police-shooting-of-unarmed-tibetans-in-kardze-2/.

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torture at the hands of Chinese authorities.157 in prison as a result of torture. He was arrested Furthermore, the authorities refused to provide for participating in mass protests that forced medical treatment for detained protesters who the shutdown of mining operations at Naglha were shot during the protest.158 Dzambha Mountain.165 Other Tibetan activists were handed harsh prison sentences ranging from Among the deceased was 18-year-old Jinpa 3 to 13 years for their participation in the May Tharchin.159 His body was returned to his family 2013 protests.166 Konchog Drakpa’s body was on 18 August 2014.160 Upon learning about his returned to his family in January 2014.167 death, his wife committed suicide by hanging herself.161 She was seven months pregnant.162 In early 2014, protests erupted in Gannan t a p , Gansu Province and Kardze (Ch: Ganzi) t a p , B. Anti-mining protests Sichuan Province over gold-mining, industrial activities, and land-seizing operations.168 The Throughout 2013, the suppression of anti- Tibetan activists claimed that the environment has mining protests throughout the Tibetan region been greatly harmed citing that pollution from the escalated. Protests against mining operations mining projects that have destroyed wildlife and continued throughout Tibet in 2014. In May disrupted sites of spiritual significance.169 Four 2013 Chinese mine operators announced plans Tibetan village leaders from Barchung village, to construct roads and mine Naghla Dzambha Tromthar Township, Kardze t a p , Sichuan Province mountain, a sacred religious site in Diru (Ch: were detained and charged with “committing Biru) county, Nagchu (Ch: Naqu) prefecture, actions against China’s Constitution” for their 163 Tibetan Autonomous Region (t a r ). 5,000 involvement in the protests.170 Tibetans gathered in Diru to protest. 3,500 Tibetans travelled to Naghla Dzamba Mountain 165 Ibid. to carry out onsite protests.164 Then in November 166 “Driru crackdown: Three Tibetans sent to prison for up to 13 years, singer gets 9 years in prison,” TCHRD, 23 Dec. 2013, 2013, a young Tibetan, Konchog Drakpa, died available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2013/12/diru-crackdown- 157 pema Ngodup, Sonam Wandue, Rigdhen Dolma, Dorjee three-tibetans-sent-to-prison-for-up-to-13-years-singer-gets-9- Damdul, Richard Finney, “Three more detained Tibetan years-in-prison/. protesters die from gunshot wounds,” Radio Free Asia, 19 167 “Repression escalates in Tibet’s Driru county: Tibetan youth Aug. 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/ beaten to death, 2 others given heavy sentences and another tibet/wounds-08192014131944.html. disappeared,” TCHRD, 7 Feb. 2014, available at: http:// 158 Ibid. www.tchrd.org/2014/02/repression-escalates-in-tibets-diru- 159 Dorjee Damdul, Parameswaran Ponnudurai, “Pregnant wife county-tibetan-youth-beaten-to-death-2-others-given-heavy- of fatally shot Tibetan protester commits suicide,” Radio Free sentences-and-another-disappeared/. Asia, 26 Aug. 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/ 168 Lumbum Tashi, Chakmo Tso, Kunsang Tenzin, Karma news/tibet/suicide-08262014203210.html. Dorjee, Parameswaran Ponnudurai, “Hundreds of Tibetans 160 pema Ngodup, Sonam Wandue, Rigdhen Dolma, Dorjee protest land seizure over gold mining activities,” Radio Damdul, Richard Finney, “Three more detained Tibetan Free Asia, 22 March 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/ protesters die from gunshot wounds,” Radio Free Asia, 19 english/news/tibet/protest-03222014220107.html; Lobsang Aug. 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/ Choephel, Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “Tibetan mine tibet/wounds-08192014131944.html. protesters detained in Palyul,” Radio Free Asia, 24 April 161 Dorjee Damdul, Parameswaran Ponnudurai, “Pregnant wife 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/ of fatally shot Tibetan protester commits suicide,” Radio Free mine-04242014135332.html. Asia, 26 Aug. 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/ 169 Lumbum Tashi, Chakmo Tso, Kunsang Tenzin, Karma Dorjee, news/tibet/suicide-08262014203210.html. Parameswaran Ponnudurai, “Hundreds of Tibetans protest 162 Ibid. land seizure over gold mining activities,” Radio Free Asia, 22 163 rigdhen Dolma, Richard Finney, “Young Tibetan mining March 2014 available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/ protester dies in prison after torture,” Radio Free Asia, 6 Feb. tibet/protest-03222014220107.html. 2014 available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/ 170 Lobsang Choephel, Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “Tibetan protester-02062014163940.html. mine protesters detained in Palyul,” Radio Free Asia, 24 April 164 Ibid. 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/ mine-04242014135332.html.

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In May 2014 Chinese officials beat and detained The protesters were also protesting the use of Tibetans protesting Chinese mining operations explosives, which damaged the nearby homes.180 in Chamdo (Ch: Qamdo) Prefecture, t a r .171 The Of the 27 protesters initially detained, four were detained Tibetans were held in a detention centre accused of being the “ringleaders.” These four without food.172 Before resorting to protests, remain in incommunicado detention.181 the local Tibetan residents had tried submitting a petition against the construction of roads to Later in June, Tibetan women from Mata village, excavation sites.173 The Tibetans were told that in Dechen (Ch: Diqing) t a p , Yunnan Province, any resistance to mining operations would result were attacked and beaten by Chinese police after in “violent punishments.”174 About 30 Tibetans they had gathered to protest copper mining on were detained.175 Among the 30 were the two religious sites.182 Some men who joined the protest people who volunteered to deliver the petition to were later taken away and detained.183 Previous the central government. In detention they received appeals by Tibetan residents of the area had been minimal food for 20 days.176 dismissed.184 Police warned that more severe punishments would result if protests continue, Around the same time, Tenzin Lhundrup, a senior specifically that they had been given orders to monk of Gom Gonsar Monastery near Shagchu “kill, if necessary.”185 (Ch: Xiaqu) town, was detained in Diru County.177 He had been under the Chinese radar ever since The suppression of anti-mining protests took a he spearheaded local opposition to Chinese turn for the worse in August 2014 when Chinese mining operations at Naghla Dzamba Mountain forces opened fire on a group of Tibetans protesting the previous year.178 mining operations in Tsang Tobgyal township, (Ch: Rikaze) Prefecture, t a r .186 Thirteen In June 2014, anti-mining protests erupted in protesters, including a pregnant woman, suffered Qinghai Province. Tibetan residents of Karsel injuries due to gunshot wounds.187 village, Chabcha (Ch: Gonghe) county, Tsolho (Ch: Hainan) Prefecture were detained after they vowed However, not all anti-mining protests were to block any further mining for white marble in a unsuccessful. By October 2014, the Chinese cemetery and other spiritually significant areas.179 government declared that lands in Dzatoe (Ch: Zaduo) County, Jyekundo (Ch: Yushu) 171 Kunsang Tenzin, Lumbum Tashi, Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “Crackdown launched in another Tibetan county over anti-mining protests,” Radio Free Asia, 13 May 2014, 180 Ibid. available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/launched- 181 Kunsang Tenzin, Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “Four 05132014165746.html. Tibetans held as ‘ringleaders’ in Chinese mine protest,” Radio 172 Ibid. Free Asia, 3 July 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/ 173 Ibid. news/tibet/ringleaders-07032014162158.html. 174 Ibid. 182 Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “Tibetan women attacked, 175 Ibid. beaten at anti-mine rally,” Radio Free Asia, 2 July 2014, 176 Ibid. available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/rally- 177 “Senior Buddhist scholar arrested as repression escalates in 07022014165303.html. restive Tibetan county,” TCHRD, 14 July 2014, available 183 Ibid. at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/07/senior-buddhist-scholar- 184 Ibid. arrested-as-repression-escalates-in-restive-tibetan-county/. 185 Ibid. 178 Ibid. 186 Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “Thirteen wounded as Chinese 179 Kunsang Tenzin, Soepa Gyatso, Karma Dorjee, Richard police open fire on Tibetan anti-mine protesters,”R adio Free Finney, “Tibetans held for opposing Chinese marble mining Asia, 1 Oct. 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/ operations,” Radio Free Asia, 18 June 2014, available at: http:// news/tibet/wounded-10012014142936.html. www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/marble-06182014162309. 187 Ibid. html.

26 27 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014

t a p , Qinghai Province, are protected.188 This Prefecture, t a r .194 The campaign includes political declaration reportedly stopped all mining re-education classes for residents of the area as well operations in the area.189 Tibetans in the area had as organizing “cultural dance shows” and forcing been protesting the mining operations since last people to fly the Chinese national flag from their year resulting in dozens of injuries and at least 8 homes.195 people detained.190 Protesters who were detained last year have reportedly been released.191 The forced display of the national flag has been a particularly contentious policy. On 27 September 2013, thousands of government officials and C. Crackdown in Diru County workers arrived in Nagchu and forced residents to raise the Chinese national flag above their The Chinese government considers Diru County residences.196 The next day, residents of the Mowa a politically unstable area from which unrest, if and Monchen villages197 protested the policy by left unchecked, may spread to other Tibetan throwing the flags into a river.198 The People’s regions.192 As such, Diru County, in particular, Armed Police (p a p ) opened fire on the villagers has been the target of an extensive Chinese using anti-riot projectiles, leading to an open crackdown. Diru County first became a target for confrontation.199 Ultimately, the p a p officers Chinese repression in 2006, when local Tibetans beat and detained at least 40 Mowa villagers who responded to a call by the Dalai to abandon appealed against the forceful suppression of the the wearing of animal furs and travelled to Lhasa to protests, including Tsering Gyaltsen, who was pray the ’s long life. Since 2009, Diru hospitalized.200 has had more self-immolation protests challenging 193 Beijing’s rule than any other area in t a r . These The next month, October 2013, PRC officials self-immolation protests in Diru County have detained Dorje Dragtsal for participating in undermined the t a r leadership’s claim that no the protests against compulsory flag display.201 self-immolation occurred in t a r . Then, during He reportedly had been ‘‘especially vocal’’ in the second half of 2013 and this year, protests disapproving political education campaigns.202 and violent suppression of protests has escalated Then local Tibetans from Dathang Township in Diru County resulting in a further crackdown defied official orders and called for Dorje in the region.

194 “Diru under lockdown: one Tibetan sentenced; more injured Since 8 July 2013, p r c authorities began by gunshots and disappeared,” TCHRD, 8 Oct. 2013, implementing the party’s “adhering to mass available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2013/10/diru-under- line and building harmony” campaign in Diru lockdown-one-tibetan-sentenced-more-injured-by-gunshots- County and the surrounding Nagchu (Ch: Naqu) and-disappeared/#more-2746. 195 Ibid. 196 congressional Executive Commission on China, “2014 Annual 188 Lobsang Choephel, Guru Choegyi, Lhuboom, Karma Dorjee, Report,” One Hundred and Thirteenth Congress, Second Richard Finney, “Chinese mining is ordered stopped in Session, 9 October 2014, p. 180. Tibetan protest-hit Dzatoe,” Radio Free Asia, 23 Oct. 2014, 197 Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “Chinese-flag-resisting Driru available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/stopped- County Keeps Tibetan struggle alive,” Radio Free Asia, 15 10232014153844.html. Jan. 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/ 189 Ibid. struggle-01152014165913.html. 190 Ibid. 198 congressional Executive Commission on China, “2014 Annual 191 Ibid. Report,” One Hundred and Thirteenth Congress, Second 192 Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “Chinese-flag-resisting Driru Session, 9 October 2014, p. 181. County Keeps Tibetan struggle alive,” Radio Free Asia, 15 199 Ibid. Jan. 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/ 200 Ibid. struggle-01152014165913.html. 201 Ibid. 193 Ibid. 202 Ibid.

28 29 FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY

Dragstel’s immediate release.203 The protest was starting Tibetan language and culture classes as violently suppressed by about 300 security forces well as keeping pictures of the Dalai Lama.212 using guns and iron batons.204 Two days later, p a p security forces opened fire on Tibetan protesters In March 2014, the families of Tsultrim Gyaltsen in Diru.205 At least 50 protesters were injured and and Yulgyal were informed that Tsultrim Gyaltsen 4 killed.206 and Yulgyal had been sentenced to 13 and 10 years imprisonment respectively on 28 October 2013 By the end of December 2013, over 1,000 Tibetans for their involvement in resisting the Chinese had been detained in Diru since the start of the national flag campaign. It was the first news the September crackdown just over three months families had since Tsultrim Gyaltsen and Yulgyal earlier. Among the detained were three young were arrested approximately six months earlier.213 Tibetans who were suspected of burning the p r c Many Tibetans from Tengkhar and Rishing villages flag during a protest.207 in Bomphin Township sent continual appeals to authorities for the two men’s release.214 This In January 2014, Chinese paramilitary police resulted in monetary fines and even detainment targeted three Diru monasteries. They surrounded for those who sent the appeals.215 Drongna Monastery, Tarmoe Monastery, and Rabten Monastery for weeks. Eventually, all By mid-2014, p r c authorities showed no signs of three monasteries were closed.208 The police were slowing down their crackdown of Diru County. assigned there to enforce political re-education Instead, the Diru County crackdown escalated programs and screen for dissident monks.209 In the even further. For example, in July 2014, t c h r d months before the Drongna monastery was closed received and translated the Tibetan version its head instructor and the principle chant master of a Diru County regulation imposing strict were detained.210 The chant master, Thardoe punishments for failure to abide by the regulation, Gyaltsen was sentenced to 18 years imprisonment. which prohibits freedom of movement, speech, and The reason for the long prison sentence remains religion.216 This regulation was issued in addition unclear.211 It is believed that he was targeted for to the continuing arrests and disappearances of Tibetans who protest Chinese policies (such as 203 “Diru under lockdown: one Tibetan sentenced; more injured mining operations).217 by gunshots and disappeared,” TCHRD, 8 Oct. 2013, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/2013/10/diru-under- lockdown-one-tibetan-sentenced-more-injured-by-gunshots- Then in September, Chinese authorities doubled and-disappeared/#more-2746. the amount of roadblocks on the road leading 204 Ibid. to Diru County and beat travellers who showed 205 Congressional Executive Commission on China, “2014 annoyance at the delay.218 Sometimes they were Annual Report,” One Hundred and Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, 9 October 2014, p. 181. 212 Ibid. 206 Ibid. 213 “Writer among two sentenced to harsh prison terms of 10 to 207 Yanden Demo, Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “Three young 13 years in Diru county,” TCHRD, 4 April 2014, available at: Tibetans held for burning Chinese flag in Driru,”R adio Free http://www.tchrd.org/2014/04/writer-among-two-sentenced- Asia, 24 Dec. 2013, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/ to-harsh-prison-terms-of-10-to-13-years-in-diru-county/. news/tibet/flag-12242013152004.html. 214 Ibid. 208 Lobe Socktsang, Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “Three 215 Ibid. monasteries closed in Driru in latest clampdown,” Radio Free 216 “China holds Tibetans livelihood to ransom to secure political Asia, 7 Jan. 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/ stability,” TCHRD, 30 July 2014, available at: http://www. news/tibet/closed-01072014172046.html. tchrd.org/2014/07/china-holds-tibetan-livelihood-to-ransom- 209 Ibid. to-secure-political-stability-2/. 210 Ibid. 217 Ibid. 211 “Monk sentenced to 18 years in prison in restive Driru 218 Kunsang Tenzin, Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “Chinese county,” TCHRD, 4 April 2014, available at: http://www. roadblocks cause hardships in a restive Tibetan county,” Radio tchrd.org/2014/04/monk-sentenced-to-18-years-in-prison- Free Asia, 5 Sept. 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/ in-restive-diru-county/. english/news/tibet/roadblocks-09052014150243.html. 28 29 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 also detained and forced to undergo 15-20 days III. Violations of the right to of political re-education.219 Other travellers were fined up to 7,000 yuan (US$1,141.11) when freedom of peaceful they were stopped.220 If they could not afford assembly in Tibet to pay the fine, their driving license and other 221 documents were seized. Furthermore, Chinese In 2014, the p r c systematically used violence authorities expanded a police detention centre at to disperse peaceful protests. These tactics Tsamdo Township in Diru County in anticipation include firing live ammunition into crowds, of further arrests of Diru residents who resisted beating protesters with batons, or using tear gas. 222 forced displays of loyalty to Beijing. Chinese Furthermore, arbitrary punishments, such as authorities also forced Diru county residents to punishing family members, unlawful searches, take part in a boycotted annual picnic festival, detention, or torture, for participating in peaceful which had previously been halted by Diru residents protests also violate Tibetans’ fundamental human after the wave of self-immolations swept through right to freedom of peaceful assembly. Because Tibet five years ago.223 Chinese officials coerced these restrictions are not supported by the treaty residents into participating or risk being banned language, legality, proportionality, or necessary from collecting caterpillar fungus, a lucrative for a democratic society, they are not permissible source of income for many Tibetans.224 restrictions to the right of freedom assembly. In October 2014 Chinese authorities ordered the Therefore, in 2014, the p r c violated the right to destruction of all recently built religious structures. freedom of peaceful assembly in Tibet. This included all stupas, mani stones, and shrines built after 2010 and all retreat facilities built after November 2011.225 They also ordered the A. Treaty Language expulsion of all monks 12 years old or younger, Any permissible restriction to the right of freedom from their monasteries.226 Families who refuse of assembly must be one of the narrow justifications to take their children back risk being detained in Article 21 of the i c c p r . The most relevant of anywhere from 6 months to 3 years.227 these narrow exceptions are public safety, national Most recently, Ngawang Monlam, the headman of security, and public order. All of these restrictions Ushung Village in Gyashoe Yangshok Township, should be interpreted strictly and in favour of the in Diru County was detained and killed. He right.229 None of these justifications allow thep r c ’s was killed on the orders of Secretary of the Diru restriction on the right of freedom of assembly in County Party Committee.228 Tibet. 219 Ibid. 220 Ibid. For a threat to public safety to exist a protest must 221 Ibid. be violent. The public safety exception requires that 222 Ibid. the State intervene to protect people from physical 223 Ibid. harm or serious damage to their property.230 This 224 Ibid. 225 Kunsang Tenzin, Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “China is only possible in the context of a violent protest. imposes harsh new restrictions in restive Tibet county,” Radio Accordingly, the o d i h r guidelines specifically Free Asia, 7 Oct. 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/ state that the public safety exception “must not english/news/tibet/harsh-10072014165921.html. be exploited to justify the prohibition or dispersal 226 Ibid. 227 Ibid. 229 UN Commission on Human Rights, The Siracusa Principles on 228 Arbitrary arrests, extrajudicial killing and religious repression the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International continue in restive Tibetan county, TCHRD, available at: Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Siracusa Principles), http://www.tchrd.org/2014/12/arbitrary-arrests-extrajudicial- 28 September 1984, E/CN.4/1985/4, para. 3. killing-and-religious-repression-continue-in-restive-tibetan- 230 siracusa Princples, para. 33. county/.

30 31 FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY

of peaceful assemblies.”231 The protests in Tibet B. Legality are non-violent, for instance villagers raising their thumbs to signify begging. For a restriction to be permissible it must fulfil the principle of legality. The principle of legality The national security exception is equally requires that any restriction have a legal basis inapplicable to the protests in Tibet. The o d i h r that conforms to international standards.236 This guidelines state that the exception is rarely includes the law being sufficiently precise to enable applicable to peaceful gatherings.232 This is an individual to assess whether or not his or her because the term “national security” cannot be conduct is in breach of the law.237 invoked as a reason for imposing limitations to prevent merely local or isolated threats to law The p r c does not provide explicit legal justification and order.233 Even in the case of Diru, where the for its use of violence or arbitrary detention p r c fears protests could spread from, the national to suppress peaceful protests. Instead, it often security exception is inapplicable. This is because, denies using violence against protesters. One can as long as the protests remain non-violent, they examine the charges it raises against detained cannot threaten the security of the p r c . Instead, protesters in order to adduce what the PRC might as recognized by the UN General Assembly, claim as the “legal basis in law” for its suppression among others, the exercise of the right of freedom of peaceful assemblies. For example, protesters of peaceful assembly—even during protests— who are detained, subsequently charged, and strengthens a State.234 incarcerated for their participation in peaceful protests, have been charged with “promoting Public order includes the rules that are required separatism,”238 “splittism,”239 “creating social for society to function, including respect for turmoil,”240 or “committing actions against human rights.235 Because this includes human China’s constitution,”241 among other charges. rights, a restriction on the exercise of the freedom At least one protester was charged with “illegally of peaceful assembly cannot automatically be gathering a crowd.”242 considered a threat to public order. Furthermore, there must be some evidence that the non-violent 236 Ibid at 16. protests is a threat to public order. However, as 237 Ibid. 238 “Senior Buddhist scholar arrested as repression escalates in the consistent reprisals against Tibetan exercising restive Tibetan county,” TCHRD, 14 July 2014, available the right to freedom of assembly demonstrate, at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/07/senior-buddhist-scholar- protests are restricted merely because they are arrested-as-repression-escalates-in-restive-tibetan-county/. protests. Such a broad application of public order 239 pema Ngodup, Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “China jails three Tibetans over anti-mining protests,” Radio Free Asia, would create an exception so wide that it would 23 Dec. 2013, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/ render the rule meaningless. tibet/jails-12232013163241.html. 240 “Writer among two sentenced to harsh prison terms of 10 to Therefore, because the restrictions on the right 13 years in Diru county,” TCHRD, 4 April 2014, available at: of freedom of assembly cannot be justified as http://www.tchrd.org/2014/04/writer-among-two-sentenced- to-harsh-prison-terms-of-10-to-13-years-in-diru-county/. public safety, national security, or public order, 241 Lobsang Choephel, Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “Tibetan the restrictions are impermissible for violating the mine protesters detained in Palyul,” Radio Free Asia, 24 April treaty language. 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/ mine-04242014135332.html. 231 ODIHR Peaceful Assembly Guidelines, p. 50. 242 “Repression escalates in Tibet’s Driru county: Tibetan youth 232 Ibid at 53. beaten to death, 2 others given heavy sentences and another 233 Ibid at 54. disappeared,” TCHRD, 7 Feb. 2014, available at: http:// 234 The right to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, www.tchrd.org/2014/02/repression-escalates-in-tibets-diru- UN Doc. No. A/HRC/RES/24/5 (8 Oct. 2005). county-tibetan-youth-beaten-to-death-2-others-given-heavy- 235 siracusa Principles, para. 22. sentences-and-another-disappeared/.

30 31 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014

Under Part 2 (“Specific Provisions”) of the mentioned above solely for their participation in Chinese Criminal Code, the charges above most an otherwise peaceful anti-mining protest does likely derive from either Chapter 1 (“Crimes of not satisfy the legality prong of this analysis. Endangering National Security”) or Chapter 6 (“Crimes of Disturbing Public Order”). For Another common law used to restrict the right these laws to conform to international standard to freedom of peaceful assembly is “illegally they must fulfil two elements: (1) foreseeability; gathering a crowd.” In January 2014, a monk and (2) the law must conform to international in Diru County, known for his advocacy for the human rights standards. In the context of the preservation of Tibetan culture, was sentenced Kardze protests, the anti-mining protests, and the to 10 years imprisonment under the charge of Diru county crackdown, the legality prong of this “illegally gathering a crowd.” This charge most analysis is not satisfied. likely derives from Article 296 of the Chinese Criminal Code, which states in pertinent part, For example, in December 2013, three Tibetans were sentenced to up to 13 years in prison for Where an assembly, a procession or a their participation in anti-mining protests at demonstration is held with no application Naghla Dzamba Mountain.243 They were charged made in accordance with the provisions with “actions aimed at splitting Tibetan areas of law or no permission granted for from China.”244 Protesters are frequently accused the application or where it is held not in of attempting to split the State and the law is accordance with the time for start and stop, notoriously vague. venue and routes permitted by the competent authorities, and the order of dismission Article 103 of the Chinese Criminal Code states is disobeyed and public order seriously in pertinent part, disrupted, the persons who are in charge and the persons who are directly responsible Among those who organize, plot or carry for the assembly, procession or demonstration out the scheme of splitting the State or shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment undermining unity of the country, the of not more than five years… ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced By requiring organizers of an assembly to apply to the government for permission this law conflicts This law does not meet the foreseeability with international standards. According to o d i h r requirement. This language is not sufficiently guidelines, “[a]s a fundamental right, freedom of precise to enable an individual to assess whether assembly should be enjoyed without regulation or not his or her conduct is in breach of the insofar as is possible…and those wishing to assemble law. There is no explanation of what constitutes should not be required to obtain permission to splitting the State or undermining the unity of do so…it is the responsibility of the state to put the country. A participant in a peaceful assembly in place adequate mechanisms and procedures meant to protest mining operations would have no to ensure that the enjoyment of the freedom is idea that their participation would be considered practical and not unduly bureaucratic.”245 “splittism” from the language in Article 103. Thus, the arbitrary detention of the three Tibetans In a 2012 report to the u n General Assembly on the best practices with regards to the freedom 243 pema Ngodup, Karma Dorjee, Richard Finney, “China jails three Tibetans over anti-mining protests,” Radio Free Asia, of peaceful assembly, Kiai writes, “[t]he Special 23 Dec. 2013, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/ Rapporteur believes that the exercise of fundamental tibet/jails-12232013163241.html. 244 Ibid. 245 ODIHR Peaceful Assembly Guidelines, p. 35.

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freedoms should not be subject to previous reason is disproportionate. Here, the government authorization by the authorities…but at most to a used lethal force to disperse an otherwise peaceful prior notification procedure, whose rationale is to assembly of people holding their thumbs in the air. allow the State authorities to facilitate the exercise The p r c has not offered an official justification for of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly…”246 the use of force. Any justification of proportionality The o d i h r guidelines and the Special Rapporteur’s must be 1) relevant and sufficient; 2) convincing best practices together form an authoritative and compelling; and 3) based on “an acceptable statements of the international standard. Article assessment of the relevant facts.251 In Kardze, the 296 of the Chinese Criminal Code violates that p r c has not tried, and cannot, meet these criteria. standard by expressively rejecting international Therefore, without a permissible justification, the human rights standards regarding the freedom of use of lethal force to suppress the Kardze protests peaceful assembly. Therefore, legality requirement was disproportionate and a violation of Tibetans’ is not satisfied on this ground because the “legal right to freedom of peaceful assembly. basis in law” does not conform to international human rights standards. In Diru County, p r c security officials used similar force when they opened fire on a group of Tibetans protesting the crackdown on Diru forcing them C. Proportionality to show loyalty to the p r c by flying the Chinese national flags from the roofs of their homes.252 Any restriction on the right to freedom of peaceful The next month, they detained one Tibetan assembly must also be proportionate. When man, Dorje Dragtsal, for his participation in the assessing the proportionality of a restriction, protests.253 When local villagers gathered to protest States must balance the nature and extent of the for his release, security personnel responded with interference against the reason for interfering.247 violence. At least 4 protesters were killed.254 The extent of the interference should be narrowly tailored and only cover the purposes that justify The use of lethal force to disperse the protesting 248 it. Furthermore, the least intrusive means residents of Diru County is disproportionate for 249 should always be given preference. the same reasons as the Kardze protests. Like the Kardze protests, here, residents either gathered In Kardze peaceful protests were violently peacefully to protest forced displays of loyalty suppressed. p r c security officials opened fire using or for the release of their fellow protesters. Like tear gas and live ammunition to disperse protesters the Kardze protests, there were no accusations who were advocating for the release of a respected of violence, nor was any compelling and village leaders by holding their thumbs up in the demonstrable evidence put forth that imminent air, a symbolic gesture for begging.250 violence would result or that the participants The balance between the interference and its intended to use violence. Therefore, the violent nature of the interference combined with the great 246 UNSR Best Practices Report, p. 8. 247 ODIHR Peaceful Assembly Guidelines, p. 39. extent to which the interference denied Tibetans’ 248 Ibid. of Diru County their fundamental human right 249 Ibid at p. 16. to freedom of peaceful assembly greatly outweighs 250 “Tibetans allege another protester close to death from Chinese any need for that interference. police beating,” Voice of America, 11 Sept. 2014, available at: http://m.voatibetanenglish.com/a/2446624.html; Sonam 251 ODIHR Peaceful Assembly Guidelines, p. 40. Wangdue, Dorjee Damdul, Parameswaran Ponnudurai, 252 congressional Executive Commission on China, “2014 Annual “Chinese police open fire at Tibetan protest, nearly a dozen Report,” One Hundred and Thirteenth Congress, Second wounded,” Radio Free Asia, 13 Aug. 2014, available at: http:// Session, 9 October 2014, p. 181. www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/shooting-08132014220307. 253 Ibid. html. 254 Ibid.

32 33 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 The specific incidences analysed above are IV. Conclusion & examples from 2014 of how the ’s fundamental human right to freedom of peaceful Recommendations assembly was, not just restricted, but denied to The recently revealed facts about the violent them by the p r c in 2014. suppression of the 2008 protests renew important questions about PRC’s policies with regards to the D. Necessary in a Democratic Society suppression of peaceful assemblies in Tibet.

The final requirement to justify a restriction The examples analysed above about the violent on the right to freedom of assembly is that the suppression of anti-mining protests, Kardze restriction be necessary in a democratic society. protests, and the current crackdown in Diru For a restriction to be necessary there must be county, serve not only as indicators of the current address a pressing social need.255 In the context human rights situation in Tibet, but also as a of the three peaceful protests analysed above, microcosm of issues that have been pervading the there was no pressing social need for the use of life of Tibetans for many years. deadly force on non-violent protesters. All of the protesters were peaceful. As such the State has a These examples illustrate two important points. positive obligations to uphold and protect the right First, that current PRC policies and practices with regards to peaceful assembly suppression, such as to freedom of peaceful assembly. Instead, the p r c arbitrarily detained participants. The detention of the use of lethal force and arbitrary punishment, participants of a protest is only permissible in the does not conform with international human most pressing situations, when failure to detain rights standards and violates the PRC’s legal would result in the commission of serious criminal obligations to recognize, uphold, and protect offenses.256 The restrictions were not necessary and Tibetans’ fundamental human right to freedom undermined democratic values in Tibet. of peaceful assembly pursuant to numerous multi- lateral human rights treaties as well as its own The right to freedom of assembly is necessary for constitution. Second, these examples show that good governance, transparency, and accountability. the violation of Tibetans’ right to freedom of Rather than protect the right the p r c has peaceful assembly by PRC security officials is not undermined it. In doing so the p r c failed to fulfil only continuing with impunity, but also escalating its international legal obligations. The restrictions without much international awareness. placed on the right to freedom of assembly in 2014 were not permitted by international law. Accordingly, the Tibetan Centre for Human The restrictions are not permissible under the Rights and Democracy recommends that: treaty language, were not provided for by a law 1. The PRC immediately conform its that conformed to international standards, were practices, with regards to peaceful assembly, disproportionate, and not necessary for a democratic to international human rights standards society. As a result, the restrictions violated the by referring to United Nations Special p r c ’s international legal commitments. Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Maini Kiai’s, report (21 May 2012) to the UN Human Rights Council on best practices. 255 Ibid. 2. The PRC immediately end its policy of 256 ODIHR Peaceful Assembly Guidelines, p. 61.

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allowing security officials, such as the 6. Kiai renew his request for an invitation to People’s Armed Police, to resort to lethal conduct a fact-finding country visit to the force to suppress peaceful assemblies. In PRC in order to assess the current situation particular, the PRC must immediately stop in Tibet regarding the right to freedom of the practice of firing live ammunition into peaceful assembly. crowds of protesters as a means to disperse otherwise peaceful assemblies. The international community assert more pressure on the PRC to conform its policies and practices to 3. The PRC immediately end the practice of international human rights standards, to ratify the arbitrarily detaining protesters merely for human rights treaties to which it is a State party their participation in peaceful assemblies. and has yet to ratify, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and to 4. The PRC, instead of cracking down sign and ratify the human rights treaties that it is on peaceful protesters, crack down on not currently a States’ party to. government official corruption, focusing on government officers who regularly practice arbitrary detention and torture of peaceful protesters, pursuant to the Chinese Criminal Code, Part Two, Chapter 4 (“Crimes Infringing Upon Citizens’ Right of the Person and Democratic Rights”), Articles 237, 238, 245, 247, 248, and 251.

5. Kiai send an urgent appeal to the PRC, urging it to not only conform its policies and practices to international human rights standards, but also to ratify the human rights treaties to which it is a State party and has yet to ratify, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

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I. Expansion of Security State immolation protests began in 2009. The number of paramilitary forces tasked with suppressing In 2014, the People’s Republic of China (p r c ) protests has increased particularly in areas hit by substantially expanded the security state in Tibet. self-immolation protests. This included policies designed to place Tibetans under constant human and digital surveillance, The expansion of the security state in Tibet has had promoting internal security officials, and building two predictable results. First, human rights abuses the infrastructure necessary to carry out and perpetrated by the security state have increased. escalate the harsh policies. The p r c ’s police play a pivotal role in deaths in detention, collective punishment, the violation The p r c considers maintaining stability in Tibet of the right to freedom of assembly, torture, and key to its overall stability. In Tibet, there have been other human rights abuses in Tibet. Despite this, various forms of popular non-violent resistance they also enjoy impunity. against the p r c ’s occupation since 1949. The p r c has uniformly responded by implementing Impunity for human rights abuses leads to the repressive policies. This has reached the point second result of the expansion of the security where, according to a senior Chinese Communist state—the security forces becomes more concerned Party (c c p ) official, authorities in charge of Tibet with self-preservation both by maintaining believe they can only address Tibetan protests impunity and by expanding their power, than with increased investment and harsher policies.257 with what is best for the State or people. Darius 258 Even as these policies fail to end Tibetan protests, Rejali, one of the foremost experts on torture, hardliners within the p r c attempt to expand the noted in a 2008 interview with the Carnegie security state and the repressive policies in Tibet. Council, “organizations that torture and have regulated torture typically become less responsive Following the outbreak of widespread protests in to centralized authority. They simply become less 2008, the Chinese authorities drastically increased accountable.”259 state measures and the militarization of Tibet. This resulted in arbitrary detentions and arrests, The p r c ’s Public Security Bureau (p s b ) officers have extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, accumulated enormous powers in the past decades restricted mobility, and heightened surveillance as ‘stability maintenance’ assumed a key position of Tibetans. The increase of the security state in in the p r c . The police and armed forces such as the Tibet became more pronounced after the self- 258 Darius Rejali, Professor of Political Science, Reed College, 257 Andreas Lorenz, ‘Anything But Humane’: Tibetan Exposes http://academic.reed.edu/poli_sci/faculty/rejali/. Tibet from the Inside, 13 July, 2013, available at: http:// 259 Joanne Myers, Torture and Democracy interview with Darius www.spiegel.de/international/world/tibetan-official-to-expose- Rejali, Carnegie Council, 18 March 2008, available at: https:// chinese-abuses-from-the-inside-in-book-a-911405-druck. www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/multimedia/20080318/ html. index.html/:pf_printable.

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p s b and People’s Armed Police (p a p ) play a crucial Standing Committee and the national security chief role in developing and implementing ‘stability in 2006 when he created a number of domestic maintenance’ measures. The p r c ’s “decentralized stability policies.262 In 2014, Zhou Yongkang was Leninist policing system” allows party officials at all expelled from the c c p , arrested, and accused of levels to control the police force in their region.260 being “a thief, a bully, a philanderer and a traitor In 2014, the coercive leadership, including who disclosed state secrets.”263 Despite this, Zhou the p s b and p a p , saw repressive policies in Tibet Yongkang’s internal security policies are still being come to fruition. They also began building the implemented. infrastructure to enable more repressive policies. This included not just the physical construction Before Zhou Yongkang joined the Politburo of infrastructure but also expanding funding for Standing Committee, he was the Party Secretary security services in Tibet. of Sichuan Province.264 In Sichuan, he adopted restrictive policies that blurred the line between A. Policies legal and illegal police conduct. To implement these policies he increased the security state and In May and June 2014, anti-terror military drills oversaw burgeoning domestic security budget. including training sessions on combating self- These policies enabled the brutal crackdown on immolation, protests, terrorism, and stability the 2008 protests in Tibet and the 2009 protests maintenance were held in Ngari (Ch: Ali) in Xinjiang. They also foreshadowed the nation- Prefecture in Tibet Autonomous Region (t a r ) and wide policies he would develop as the national Kardze Tibetan Autonmous Prefecture (t a p ) in security chief. Sichuan Province.261 These large-scale anti-terror drills were an extension of a similar campaign Zhou Yongkang’s 2006 policies leaving a similar in Xinjiang. They precipitated an escalation of brutal legacy as those he implemented in Sichuan. security build-up and militarisation of the Tibetan In particular, the “Three Basics” Construction plateau. Project’ (Ch: san ji gongcheng jianshe) has increased surveillance and repression in Tibet. It consists The escalation of security and military forces in of three goals: 1) ‘getting a firm grasp on basic Tibet is part of a larger policy that focuses on levels’ (Ch: zhua jiceng); 2) ‘establishing a solid using repressive tactics that violate human rights foundation’ (Ch: da jiben) for basic-level police in Tibet. Many of the harsh policies in place in work; and 3) training hard on basic skills (Ch: Tibet in 2014 originated when Zhou Yongkang ku lian jiben gong).265 In 2009, the then-Ministry was the p r c ’s national security chief. Other policies of Public Security executive vice-minister Yang are designed to ensure that coercive leaders in Huanning summarised the work of ‘Three Basics’ Tibet support the c c p . All of these policies are program as, “sending people to the grassroots, well funded by the p r c . These actions are the foundation that the human rights abuses and 262 chinese Leaders: Zhou Yongkang, International Tibet Network, available at: http://chinese-leaders.org/zhou- repressive policies in Tibet rely on. yongkang/. 263 Tiger in the Net, The Economist, 13 Dec. 2014, available 1. The Legacy of Zhou Yongkang at: http://www.economist.com/news/china/21636086-zhou- yongkang-may-well-have-been-corrupt-his-real-problem-was- Zhou Yongkang was a member of the Politburo losing-power-struggle-tiger. 264 chinese Leaders: Zhou Yongkang, International Tibet 260 Handbook of China’s Governance and Domestic Politics Network, available at: http://chinese-leaders.org/zhou- (English) (Hardcover), 2012, Routledge, Eds. Chris Ogden yongkang/. 261 New aggressive “counter-terrorism” campaign expands 265 Murray Scott Tanner, Internal Security, in Chris Ogden (ed) from Xinjiang to Tibet with increased militarization of the Handbook of China’s Governance and Domestic Politics, plateau Routledge 2013, p. 91.

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allocating money to the grassroots level, and maintenance work and the need to coordinate selecting cadres from the grassroots level.”266 their activities through a centrally-commanded commission chaired by the p r c ’s president. The ‘Three Basics’ enable police and armed forces to penetrate deep into grassroots communities and 2. Promoting Coercive Leaders in Tibet villages to establish control and maintain stability. It was aimed at increasing the police presence at To ensure that the c c p ’s rule is not threatened, the most basic levels—streets and neighbourhoods it incorporates the military and police leaders, in urban areas and villages or groups of villages collectively known as coercive leaders, into its core in rural areas. In 2006, as part of another policy, leadership team (Ch: lingdao banzi).270 The p r c ’s the m p s announced its ‘Decision on Carrying State Political Security Bureau (Ch: guojia zhengzhi Out the Strategy of Neighbourhood and Village baowei ju) is a replication of Stalin’s State Political Police Affairs’ that called for the establishment of Directorate, which later became the k g b .271 Since new police units in neighbourhoods (Ch: shequ) the collapse of the Soviet Union and the former and villages (Ch: nongcun) nation-wide. This was Soviet Republics gained independence, the police the first time that the p r c ’s police power worked force in the p r c has increased dramatically. Between directly at the village, instead of the county, 1986 and 2006, the number of police in the p r c level.267 grew eight times faster than the population.272 This is an alarming trend given that the unrestrained In addition to new policies designed to impose power enjoyed by the p r c ’s security organisations security more efficiently and more locally, the p r c enables the police to violate human rights with has taken steps to institutionalise and prioritise impunity. The creation of a culture of impunity the security services. At the Third Plenum in allows torture and other human rights abuses to 2013, Xi Jinping announced the creation of a flourish. National Security Council (n s c ) that he would chair. The n s c held its first meeting in April 2014. In 2014, coercive leaders working in Tibet were At the meeting the n s c announced that its role promoted with the core leadership teams. First, is to ensure both internal and external stability, in July, the commander and political commissar which would lead to precondition for economic of the People’s Liberation Army in the t a r were development.268 The creation of the n s c reinforces given a rank higher than most other provincial- the role of stability maintenance at the core of level military officers.273 Then in October, the Beijing’s political priorities. The p r c ’s foreign p r c ’s Central Military Commission promoted the ministry spokesperson Qin Gang said that the political commissar of the Armed Police Corps of purpose of the n s c was, among others, to “make the t a r to a position equal to that of a provincial terrorists, extremists and separatists nervous.”269 or ministerial level.274 These promotions increased The creation of the n s c at the highest echelons of power demonstrates the expanding network of 270 Yuhua Wang, Empowering the Police: How the Chinese Communist Party Manages Its Coercive Leaders, p. 2, government and party bureaucracies in stability available at: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~yuhuaw/yuhuawang/ 266 Ibid at p. 92. Research_files/Empowering%20the%20police.pdf. 267 Ibid. 271 Ibid at 3. 268 shannon Tiezzi, China’s National Security Commission 272 Ibid at 4. Holds First Meeting, The Diplomat, 16 April 2014, 273 chinese military promotes Tibet paramilitary unit’s political http://thediplomat.com/2014/04/chinas-national-security- chief in ‘unusual’ move, 8 Oct. 2014, SCMP, http://www. commission-holds-first-meeting/. scmp.com/news/china-insider/article/1612045/chinese- 269 china Creates Security Committee With Warning to Terrorists, military-promotes-tibet-paramilitary-units-political. Bloomberg News, 13 November 2013, http://www.bloomberg. 274 Tibet Armed Police commissar’s political status upgraded, com/news/2013-11-13/china-s-communist-party-establishes- Global Times, 8 Oct. 2014, http://www.globaltimes.cn/ a-new-state-security-panel.html. content/885019.shtml.

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the prestige and influence of the positions. This in domestic security budget surpassed its external turn underscored the importance the p r c places on security budget. In 2013, the p r c ’s total public security in Tibet. In particular, the promotion of security budget was 769 billion yuan (US$124.8 the political commissar, whose job is to articulate billion), an increase of more than 67 billion yuan party ideology among armed forces, above the (about US$10.8 billion) from 2012. The p r c ’s commanding officer, asserted party control over public security budget from 2007 to 2012 in the security forces. t a r increased annually by 28% and in Xinjiang by 27%.278 The brutal and systematic crackdown At the same time that the p r c is increasing the on the 2008 Tibetan protests coincided with importance and prominence of security personnel the unprecedented rise in the p r c ’s domestic in Tibet, it is also ensuring that all security security budget that exceeded its national defence personnel are ideologically pure. In November spending.279 2014, Global Times published a story stating that officials in the t a r who still sympathise with the According to the most recent official data, the Dalai Lama would be punished.275 p r c spends more per capita on public security in the t a r than in any other region or province. In 3. Funding 2012, the p r c spent 2008 yuan (US$322.90) per capita on public security in the t a r .280 This was In 2011, Human Rights Watch looked at the over 75% more than the per capita spending in public security budget in Sichuan Province by prefecture.276 The data revealed that in 2006 the p r c drastically increased its per capita spending on public security in Ngaba t a p and Kardze t a p . By 2009, the public security spending in Ngaba was five times higher than the average of the non- Tibetan parts of Sichuan Province.277 This trend has not changed since 2009. the next highest region—Beijing. It was also 3.6 2013 was the fourth consecutive year that the p r c ’s times higher than the national average of 552.77 275 Dalai Lama backers among officials to be punished, Global yuan (US$88.89).281 Times, 5 Nov. 2014, available at: http://www.globaltimes.cn/ content/890063.shtml. 278 cECC 2014 Annual Report. 276 china: End Crackdown on Tibetan Monasteries, Human 279 study Points to Heavy-Handed Repression of Tibetan Area Rights Watch, 12 Oct. 2011, available at: http://www. in China, 12 October 2011, New York Times, http://www. hrw.org/news/2011/10/12/china-end-crackdown-tibetan- nytimes.com/2011/10/13/world/asia/study-points-to-heavy- monasteries. handed-repression-of-tibetan-area-in-china.html?_r=0. 277 china: End Crackdown on Tibetan Monasteries, Human 280 chinese Statistical Yearbook, People’s Republic of China, Chs. Rights Watch, 12 Oct. 2011, available at: http://www. 3(5), 9(5), available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2013/ hrw.org/news/2011/10/12/china-end-crackdown-tibetan- indexeh.htm. monasteries. 281 Ibid.

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B. Implementation Ngaba (Ch: Aba) County in Sichuan Province.283

Since 2011, the Chinese authorities have Ostensibly, the cadres stationed in Tibetan villages implemented new security measures to maintain help villagers develop infrastructure, utilities, and political stability in Tibet. The implementation of libraries. However, in practice, cadres either work new repressive campaigns has proved particularly as village level party secretaries or as ‘work team’ devastating for Tibetans and their ability to defend cadres running political education campaigns and exercise their human rights. In 2014, Tibetans and espionage. The cadres’ major responsibilities felt the impact of these policies. However, some include increasing village party membership of the measures in Tibet are only beginning to be and party committees, intensifying village implemented. This suggests that the p r c intends “social stability maintenance”, “deepening the to increase its repressive policies in the coming struggle” against followers of the Dalai Lama, and years. “strengthening the management and education of monks and nuns.”284 Also, in accordance with the In 2014, stability maintenance work in Tibet “Six Ones” policy, cadres are expected to establish involved increased monitoring and surveillance, the files on every monk and nun that includes construction of hundreds of new police posts and detailed information on their family and personal the stationing of thousands of officials and cadres background.285 in grassroots Tibetan communities. Campaigns such as the “Benefit the Masses, Solidify the In August 2013, shortly after armed police fired Foundation” (Ch: qianji huimin), and “The Grid into a crowd of Tibetan worshippers in Tawu (Ch: Management” system (Ch: wangge), as well as the Daofu) County in Sichuan Province, state media development of permanent infrastructure and reported the implementation of five stability increased roadblocks and checkpoints are all part measures including grassroots cadre evaluation of the ‘stability maintenance’ work in Tibet. system, and the stationing of cadres in Tibetan villages and homes.286 1. ‘Benefit the Masses, Solidify the Foundations’ 2. Grid Management

The former-deputy director of the t a r People’s In Tibetan towns and cities, China has implemented Congress, Ma Zebi, said the ‘Solidify the the ‘Grid’ Management system to increase the Foundation’ campaign was “the largest and most use of surveillance and repression of Tibetans. extensive coverage” of the t a r by grassroots cadres Designed to effectively uproot and crush problems since 1951.282 By September 2013, two years after before they are started, this system relies heavily on it was launched, the three-year campaign brought the collection of extensive information on ‘special’ over 60,000 cadres to 5,459 villages and 1,877 283 China: ‘Benefit the Masses’ Campaign Surveilling Tibetans, monastic institutions in the t a r . Though specific Human Rights Watch, 19 June 2013, available at: http://www. numbers are not available, the campaign is also hrw.org/news/2013/06/18/china-benefit-masses-campaign- being implemented in other Tibetan autonomous surveilling-tibetans. areas such as Drango (Ch: Luhuo) County and 284 Ibid. 285 Beatings, detention, threats after Tibetans reject China’s ‘Mass Line’ policy in Diru, TCHRD, 5 Oct. 2013, available 282 Beatings, detention, threats after Tibetans reject China’s at: http://www.tchrd.org/2013/10/beatings-detention-threats- ‘Mass Line’ policy in Diru, TCHRD, 5 Oct. 2013, available after-tibetans-reject-chinas-mass-line-policy-in-diru/. at: http://www.tchrd.org/2013/10/beatings-detention-threats- 286 China’s white paper on Tibet suffers from human rights after-tibetans-reject-chinas-mass-line-policy-in-diru/. doublespeak, TCHRD, 24 Oct. 2013, available at: http:// www.tchrd.org/2013/10/chinas-white-paper-on-tibet-suffers- from-human-rights-doublespeak-2/.

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and ‘problematic’ groups. The establishment of the state development projects especially during ‘convenience police posts’ (Ch: bianmin jingwu relocation programs.289 zhan) and the volunteer ‘Red Armband Patrols’ allow the government to constantly watch people 3. Security Infrastructure and events in the affected Tibetan areas. With enough security personnel to constantly monitor Alongside these campaigns, the Chinese authorities the local population, as well as groups of volunteer have increased the number of police stations and ‘Red Armband Patrols,’ surveillance has become security offices in Tibet. Police stations are now an activity not only for the police, but also for a being built near or inside monasteries. In 2014, large portion of society. security checkpoints also increased. Now there are checkpoints on almost every major highway The Grid system is partly operated by locals who and road in Tibet. By July 2012, the PRC had gather information on other locals with enough built 676 street-side “convenience police-posts” staff and personnel to constantly monitor people (Ch: bianmin jingwu zhan). In October 2014, and event. The grid offices consist of civilians a new 72-room p s b office was built near Muge operating under the supervision of a c c p member Monastery at Zungchu (Ch: Songpan) County who manages and controls operations.287 The in Ngaba t a p , Sichuan Province. Monks are now grid system divides the local community into required to receive permission from the p s b office small units, each unit consisting of five to ten for all their activities and to travel.290 The p s b households. This makes it easier to monitor every facility is believed to contain detention cells. The member of a household and usually includes the police station may also serve to house government collection of information about locals by locals. workers sent to monitor monks and run political education sessions. Zungchu County has had For example, in Shetongmon (Ch: Xietongmon) several instances of restriction and coercion, with County in Shigatse Prefecture in t a r , each unit a Tibetan Language competition being cancelled consists of ten households: one household with and nomadic farmlands being forcibly seized to party members, three rich households, three make way for hydropower projects.291 moderately rich households and three poor households. The presence of a household with Tibetans who have attempted to assert their rights party members is aimed at ensuring stability and resist the expansion of the security state have within the unit.288 Chinese state media reported been attacked. In December 2014, Tibetans in that in each grid unit, unit inspectors are required Dzamthang (Ch: Rangtang) County in Ngaba t a p to monitor and ‘educate’ a special group of people, protested against being forced to sell their land, such as youngsters, former political prisoners and which is their only source of livelihood, so a police others with political history. Each household barracks could be built there. Four Tibetans were should watch over activities of other households to fight challenges and create social stability. In 289 Beatings, detention, threats after Tibetans reject China’s ‘Mass particular, each unit should prevent protests and Line’ policy in Diru, TCHRD, 5 Oct. 2013, available at: petitioning by a large group of families against http://www.tchrd.org/2013/10/beatings-detention-threats- after-tibetans-reject-chinas-mass-line-policy-in-diru/. 290 china Builds Police Post to Keep Tabs on Tibetan Monastery, 287 china: Alarming New Surveillance, Security in Tibet, Human Radio Free Asia, 10 Oct 2014, available at: http://www.rfa. Rights Watch, 20 March 2013, available at: http://www.hrw. org/english/news/tibet/builds-10102014163512.html. org/news/2013/03/20/china-alarming-new-surveillance- 291 china appropriates Tibetan farmlands in the name of security-tibet. hydropower projects, TCHRD, 12 July 2013, available at: 288 Beatings, detention, threats after Tibetans reject China’s ‘Mass http://www.tchrd.org/2013/07/china-appropriates-tibetan- Line’ policy in Diru, TCHRD, 5 Oct. 2013, available at: farmlands-in-the-name-of-hydropower-projects-3/. http://www.tchrd.org/2013/10/beatings-detention-threats- after-tibetans-reject-chinas-mass-line-policy-in-diru/.

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beaten including one who was hospitalised.292 The increase in checkpoints in 2014 has expanded the prohibition on travel beyond the t a r . In some The p r c is expanding a detention centre in Diru cases, the roadblocks have in effect prevented (Ch: Biru) County in Nagchu Prefecture in t a r . Tibetans from being able to travel. In 2014, Tibetans The detention centre will become a major prison increasingly complained that even travelling for for people who actively oppose the p r c and its pilgrimages or study outside their hometowns have policies.293 For over a year, Tibetans in Diru become harder as they are required to get written County have protested against forced displays of permission from five different government offices patriotism and repressive policies. before they could travel. Travelling without these permits is nearly impossible due to the number 4. Road Blocks and Checkpoints of roadblock checkpoints manned by round the clock officers monitoring travellers and recording Police are also using checkpoints to hinder travel. their details. At best, the checkpoints are an inconvenience and increase travel times. However, the checkpoints C. Conclusion are frequently used to restrict Tibetan’s right to travel and to extort fines.294 For example, there The consistent expansion of the security state in are eight checkpoints monitoring the 270km road p r c particularly during former national security between Nagchu County town and Diru County chief Zhou Yongkang’s tenure and after the town in t a r .295 At the checkpoints, all travel 2008 Olympics has led to the accumulation of documents are checked and people who express unrestricted power in the hands of police and annoyance are beaten and sometimes detained.296 armed forces. This inevitably led to the violations Stopping between checkpoints can result in a large of Tibetans’ human rights. In the name of stability fine or the revocation of driving licenses and other and development, mass mobilisation campaigns documents. are implemented to identify and annihilate perceived political opposition to Chinese rule. The The growing number of controls over movements ‘Solidify the Foundation’ and Grid Management of Tibetans complements the policy of prohibiting system are designed to expand the c c p ’s presence Tibetans from traveling to or from the t a r . A less and control to the most basic level of governance restrictive version of this policy was implemented in Tibet. The role of the public security and armed after the 2008 protests. It became a total ban on forces in ensuring the success of these campaigns after the twin self-immolation in May 2012 by is central to their stability maintenance work two Tibetans from province in Lhasa.297 in Tibet. The p r c may spend a large amount of 292 Four Tibetans ‘Severely Beaten’ for Refusing to Sell Land, funds on developing Tibet but part of these fund Radio Free Asia, 2 Jan. 2015, available at: http://www.rfa.org/ go to stability maintenance work which continue english/news/tibet/land-01022015130138.html. 293 china Expands Detention Center in Tibet’s Defiant Driru to cause many Tibetans to unnecessarily suffer County, Radio Free Asia, 18 Sept. 2014, available at: http:// persecution and mistreatment simply for exercising www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/defiant-09182014141946. their rights. One of the ironies of the p r c system html. is that Zhou Yongkang is being investigated for 294 chinese Roadblocks Cause hardships in a Restive Tibetan County, Radio Free Asia, 5 Sept. 2014, available at: http://www. reasons that have nothing to do with his abuse of rfa.org/english/news/tibet/roadblocks-09052014150243. power during his tenure as the party secretary of html. Sichuan Province and the national security chief 295 Ibid. in Hu Jintao’s cabinet. 296 Ibid. 297 Human Rights Watch, China: Arbitrary Expulsions of Tibetans from Lhasa Escalate, 19 June 2012, available at http://www. hrw.org/news/2012/06/19/china-arbitrary-expulsions- tibetans-lhasa-escalate.

42 43 CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS II. Technology and the Right resolution also requested the United Nation’s High Commissioner for Human Rights to to Privacy submit a report on the right to privacy.302 The In 2014, digital communications in Tibet were High Commissioner’s report recognised that the frequently monitored, censored, or blocked. This right to privacy is universally recognized and 303 happened while the international community must be protected in both law and practice. renewed its commitment to the right to privacy. Underscoring the indivisibility of human rights, The People’s Republic of China (p r c ) used its the report also recognized that violating the control over digital communications to arrest right to privacy impacted other rights including people, disrupt communications around sensitive freedom of expression, the right to seek, receive dates, and prevent recordings of teachings by and impart information, and the right to freedom 304 the Dalai Lama from getting into Tibet.298 The of peaceful assembly and association. Some of restrictions on digital communication violate these violations stemmed from the chilling effect 305 Tibetan’s right to privacy, which is protected by surveillance had on communications. Other customary international law, Article 17 of the violations, such as torture and arbitrary detention, International Covenant on Civil and Political occurred because of violations of the right to 306 Rights (i c c p r ), and Article 24 of the Universal privacy. Declaration of Human Rights. Like the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, A. International Law the right to privacy is a qualified right meaning it may be justifiably restricted in some limited The right to privacy guarantees that people have circumstances.307 The Office of the High an autonomous space where they can choose Commissioner for Human Rights (o h c h r ) to interact with people free from unwanted examined when the right to privacy may be violated intrusions by the government or other actors.299 and when those violations may be permissible The right to privacy is interconnected with limitations. The o h c h r determined that the right the right to freedom of expression. If people to privacy may be violated any time information choose to communicate with each other, their was captured.308 The capture of information is communications must be private, secure, and, only permissible if the government can show that if they wish, anonymous.300 Infringements on it was legitimate and that it was necessary and the right to privacy— undermining the privacy, proportionate.309 security, and anonymity of communications—can limit people’s willingness to speak about personal Conduct is legitimate if it is neither unlawful nor 301 or controversial topics. 302 The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age, G.A. Res. 68/167, U.N. Doc. A/RES/68/167 (18 Dec. 2014) [hereinafter G.A. In late 2013, the UN General Assembly adopted Res. 68/167], paras. 1, 5, available at http://www.un.org/en/ a resolution reaffirming the right to privacy. The ga/ search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/68/167. 303 Ibid at para. 13. 298 Tibetans in China Covertly Mark Dalai Lama’s 79th Birthday, 304 Ibid, para. 14. Radio Free Asia, 7 July 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/ 305 Ibid. english/news/tibet/covertly-07072014181930.html. 306 Ibid. 299 report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and 307 report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, UN Human Rights Council, UN Doc. A/ Frank La Rue, UN Human Rights Council, UN Doc. A/ HRC/23/40 (17 April 2013), para. 22, available at: http:// HRC/23/40 (17 April 2013), para. 21, available at: http:// daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G13/133/03/ daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G13/133/03/ PDF/G1313303.pdf?OpenElement. PDF/G1313303.pdf?OpenElement. 300 Ibid. 308 Ibid, para. 19. 301 Ibid at para. 24. 309 Ibid.

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arbitrary. Any restriction must be permitted by a monitored.317 In at least one case, the violation of pre-existing law that is clear and precise enough a monk’s right to privacy led to his detention and that people can determine when they could be death. Tashi Paljor, 34, was detained for possessing subject to surveillance and by whom.310 This politically sensitive writings and videos. He was law and any relevant interpretations of it must beaten and tortured during his detention. He died be publically available.311 The law may never after less than a week in detention.318 impair the essence of the right to privacy or other protected human rights.312 The monitoring or blocking of communications restricts Tibetans right to privacy. These restrictions Even if the interference with the right to privacy is cannot be justified by the p r c as either legitimate lawful, it must also be necessary and proportionate or necessary and proportionate. As a result, they to achieving a legitimate objective. Though they violate international law. are not listed explicitly, the legitimate objectives are limited to national security or public safety, 1. Legitimate public order, the protection of public health or morals, or the protection of the rights of others.313 In the p r c the laws violate fundamental human 319 The limitation must be the least restrictive means right protections and are rarely clear. Even of achieving the aim and it must be proportionate though many of the p r c ’s laws are publically available they are written and applied broadly. This to the goal.314 The p r c ’s restriction on the right to privacy fails every test. leaves people unsure about when certain conduct is prohibited. In terms of Internet censorship, B. Digital Surveillance in Tibet companies that are required under the p r c ’s law to censor results but are not told exactly what to In Tibet the right to privacy is not respected. censor. As a result companies try to determine Tibetans have been detained for possessing what terms are prohibited by trial and error.320 videos and writings that the p r c considers to This usually results in businesses over-restricting be politically sensitive.315 In the days before the search results. For example, in 2014, GreatFire. Dalai Lama’s birthday, officials blocked access to org, an n g o that works to determine the extent social media sites, such as WeChat, and limited of Internet censorship in the p r c , found that telephone and other means of communication.316 Bing, a search engine run by Microsoft, was These restrictions impacted people’s rights to censoring results more than Chinese owned privacy, expression, and communication. When search engines.321 Microsoft responded to this communications were not blocked they were closely information by censoring less results.322 Given Microsoft’s reaction, it appears that Microsoft 310 Ibid, para. 23. 311 Ibid, para. 28. 312 report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and 317 Tibetan Men From Protest Village Are Held For Questioning, protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Radio Free Asia, 13 June 2014, available at: http://www.rfa. Frank La Rue, UN Human Rights Council, UN Doc. A/ org/english/news/tibet/held-06132014165837.html. HRC/23/40 (17 April 2013), para. 29(b), available at: http:// 318 Tibetan Monk Detained Over Banned Cell-Phone Content, daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G13/133/03/ Radio Free Asia, 6 March 2 014, available at: http://www.rfa. PDF/G1313303.pdf?OpenElement. org/english/news/tibet/banned-03062014152359.html. 313 Ibid at Footnote 13. 319 race to the Bottom (Human Rights Watch 2006) pp. 13, 14, 314 Ibid, para. 20. available at: http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/china0806/ 315 Tibetan Monk Detained Over Banned Cell-Phone Content, china0806webwcover.pdf. Radio Free Asia, 6 March 2014, available at: http://www.rfa. 320 Ibid, p. 13. org/english/news/tibet/banned-03062014152359.html. 321 Bing Bests Baidu Censorship, GreatFire.org, 19 March 2014, 316 Tibetans in China Covertly Mark Dalai Lama’s 79th Birthday, available at: https://zh.greatfire.org/blog/2014/mar/bing-bests- Radio Free Asia, 7 July 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/ baidu-censorship. english/news/tibet/covertly-07072014181930.html. 322 Ibid.

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could not determine what terms were prohibited During the search the police demanded to and was forced to guess. This means that the law see Lobsang Choejor’s cell phone. From their lacked the required clarity and specificity. questions it was clear that the police knew what was on his phone and how he had used it. After When individuals are punished for violating the the search, he was arrested for using his phone and p r c ’s laws regarding the use of technology the WeChat to send information to contacts outside underlying reasoning often remains unclear. For of the p r c and possessing teachings and talks by example, two Tibetans were sentenced to five and the Dalai Lama.326 seven years in prison for sharing a photo with text they added on WeChat.323 They were charged with It is not clear what the legal basis for monitoring using the Internet to defame people by sharing Lobsang Choejor’s communications was. the photos to a 15-member WeChat group.324 However, even if there was a permissible legal Without explanation the court determined that basis for the violation of Lobsang Choejor’s the two Tibetans were criminally responsible privacy the violation was not necessary. None of for the photo being shared outside of the initial the enumerated justifications, such as national WeChat group and the subsequent petitioning security or to protect the rights of others, could and an unexplained incident.325 apply to possessing Buddhist teachings by the Dalai Lama. The surveillance of Lobsang Choejor In both cases, the ambiguity in the p r c ’s laws has lacks any permissible justification and, therefore, been used to further justify repression of human violated international law. rights. The fundamental question regarding the vague laws is not whether they violate human Days before Lobsang Choejor was detained, rights, including the right to privacy and the Tashi Paljor was detained for possessing political right to freedom of speech, but how broad and writings and videos on his cell phone.327 Searching severe the restriction will be. Particularly with for and discovering these videos and writing politically sensitive issues, corporations and violated Tashi Paljor’s right to privacy. The courts will restrict rights more than necessary writings and videos were protected by his right rather than risk not going far enough and facing freedom of expression. However, Tashi Paljor was reprisals from the government. The consequence still detained and tortured.328 His torture and of this decision is imposed on individuals who are killing were the last of a string of human rights detained and tortured because they relied on their violations that began with the violation of his right right to privacy. The laws that are used to justify to privacy. It is difficult to access proportionality the violations of the right to privacy are too vague when there is no permissible harm that is being and, therefore, illegal. prevented. However, the treatment of Tashi Paljor, including his death, torture, and imprisonment in 2. Necessary and proportionate violation of international law, was unquestionably disproportionate. On 4 March 2014, police searched Lobsang Choejor’s room in Drongsar Monastery in Pashoe The examples of Lobsang Choejor and Tashi Paljor (Ch: Basu) County, in Chamdo (Ch: Changdu) demonstrate that the p r c violates the right to Prefecture in Tibet Autonomous Region (t a r ). privacy without concern for the international law.

323 Two Tibetans receive harsh prison sentences for online anti- 326 Tibetan Monk Detained Over Banned Cell-Phone Content, fur campaign, TCHRD, 18 Sept. 2014, available at: http:// Radio Free Asia, 6 March 2014, available at: http://www.rfa. www.tchrd.org/2014/09/two-tibetans-receive-harsh-prison- org/english/news/tibet/banned-03062014152359.html. sentences-for-online-anti-fur-campaign/. 327 Ibid. 324 Ibid. 328 Ibid. 325 Ibid.

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Even if the p r c had a publically available law that officials with somebody to blame and confirms clearly defined when surveillance and monitoring their pre-existing belief that Tibetan Buddhism was permissible, the use of the surveillance to and the monasteries are behind unrest. arrest and even kill people is neither necessary to achieve a permissible objective nor proportionate. Because of the role of Buddhism and monasteries Therefore, the p r c is impermissibly infringing in Tibetan society, the p r c has attempted to at on the Tibetan’s right to privacy and violating times undermine and at other times control international law. monasteries. These contradictory efforts are best illustrated by the p r c ’s treatment of the Tibetan C. Conclusion spiritual leader Dalai Lama. The p r c has denounced the hierarchical system with the Dalai Lama as The expansion of the Internet and new means of the spiritual leader, saying it was responsible for communication has expanded people’s sphere of driving thousands into poverty and slavery,331 and privacy to include digital communications. This expansion has allowed people to exercise their right simultaneously claims that the title “Dalai Lama” to freedom of expression and the right to seek and cannot end and that the p r c will appoint the 15th 332 share ideas more broadly than before. When news Dalai Lama. These two approaches to Tibetan came out that the United States was restricting the Buddhism are being implemented in the p r c . right to privacy as part of its wiretapping program, In 2014, the Chinese government emphasised the international community rallied behind the undermining Tibetan Buddhism more than right to privacy and reaffirmed its support for the attempting to control it. principle. A. Undermining Tibetan Buddhism Throughout all of this, the p r c has maintained a policy of restricting or simply ignoring the The position of religion in the p r c has always right to privacy. In Tibet, the right to privacy is been precarious. Despite Mao Zedong’s attempts restricted without any clear reference to the law. to become a religious figure and the absolute The restrictions are not justified by international destruction during the , human rights standards. Instead, the restrictions Buddhism remained a vital part of Tibetan are designed to enable and perpetuate additional Society.333 Following the protests in 2008 and the human rights violations, including torture and self-immolation protests, the p r c revived the idea killing. of replacing religion. In 2008 the Party Secretary for t a r declared that the Chinese Communist III. religious Repression Party (c c p ) should replace the Buddha.334 The c c p is able to demonstrate its authority and power In Tibet Buddhism is a fundamental part of Tibetan over Buddhism by using its coercive authority to society and culture. The p r c views Buddhism as undermine the structures of Buddhism. an obstacle to fully incorporating Tibet.329 To a degree this perception is self-perpetuating. When an incident occurs the p r c accuses monastics— 331 see e.g. Experts: “Theocracy has lost its root in Tibet,” Xinhua, even if there is no evidence.330 This provides the 11 April 2008, available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2008-04/11/content_7960680.htm. 332 saibal Dasgupta, China snubs Dalai Lama, says it can 329 ronald Schwartz, Religious Persecution in Tibet, Canada Tibet appoint his successor, Times of India, 12 Sept. 2014, Committee, available at: http://www.tibet.ca/_media/PDF/ available at: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/ Religious-Persecution-in-Tibet.pdf. China-snubs-Dalai-Lama-says-it-can-appoint-his-successor/ 330 Former abbot subjected to secret detention shortly after release articleshow/42301043.cms. from prison, TCHRD, 19 May 2014, available at: http:// 333 Mao’s legacy in Tibet, TCHRD, 27 Dec. 2014, available at: www.tchrd.org/2014/05/former-abbot-subjected-to-secret- http://www.tchrd.org/2013/12/maos-legacy-in-tibet/. detention-shortly-after-release-from-prison/. 334 Ibid.

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In the p r c there are two main tactics for undermining County. The campaign required that every , Buddhism’s role in society: 1) attacking the symbols; shrine, and mound of mani stones built after 2010 and 2) attacking the monastics. These attacks be destroyed.340 Like the destruction of the prayer have become subtler than during the Cultural wheel in Dzora, the destruction of religious objects Revolution, when more than 6,000 monasteries was a targeted attack against religious symbols and were destroyed and over 500,000 monastics were belief. It is a manifestation of the p r c ’s attempts to forced out of their monasteries.335 Now, instead dominate Buddhism in Tibet by undermining its of destroying monasteries, p r c officials close them. structures. Instead, of targeting all monastics, the leadership and prominent figures are specifically imprisoned. 2. Imprisoning Leaders These new tactics are more targeted but still destructive. The targeting of individual leaders in Tibet is another way the p r c attempts to undermine Tibetan 1. Symbols Buddhism. The p r c targets both community leaders as well as religious leaders. Frequently, the In 2014, the most direct attacks on religious two positions overlap. However, there is a trend symbols in Tibet were directed at religious in the p r c of imprisoning religious leaders as a structures. In April 2014, 24 prayer wheels in means of targeting a monastery or community Dzora Township in Matoe (Ch: Maduo) County as a whole. Similar to how the destruction of in Golog (Ch: Guoluo) Tibetan Autonomous religious structures in Diru was a punitive action Prefecture (t a p ) in Qinghai Province, were taken against the entire community, the targeting ordered to be destroyed. The prayer wheels were of religious leaders is designed to punish the entire built outside the Central Health Heart Clinic monastery and community. Unlike religious 336 and were dedicated to healing disease. Officials structures, the imprisoned religious leaders can be claimed the , which was built four tortured, starved, and killed. years earlier had political implications and must be taken down. Tibetans protested the authorities In August 2014, Trulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche declaring religious objects illegal but could not was discovered in an emaciated condition. He was stop the destruction of the prayer wheel.337 At the under suspicion after 80 nuns from his nunnery same time, authorities threatened to open a nearby held a peaceful protest march. The nuns also sacred mountain up for mining.338 remained loyal to the Dalai Lama and a life-long prayer ceremony (Tib: Tenshug) was held at the In September, in response to sustained protests nunnery in 2002. The nuns opposed attempts to against forced displays of loyalty, authorities in control Buddhism in the nunnery and refused to Diru (Ch: Biru) County launched a “rectification sign documents denouncing the Dalai Lama.341 339 and cleansing” campaign. Part of the campaign Shortly after Trulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche’s was directly targeted at religious life in Diru arrest in 2008, the authorities launched a 342 335 ronald Schwartz, Religious Persecution in Tibet, Canada Tibet crackdown against the nunnery. The authorities Committee, available at: http://www.tibet.ca/_media/PDF/ launched the crackdown when the nunnery was Religious-Persecution-in-Tibet.pdf. vulnerable after losing a leader. 336 chinese Officials Order Tibetan ‘Prayer Wheels’ Destroyed, Radio Free Asia, 8 April 2014, available at: http://www.rfa. org/english/news/tibet/wheels-04082014145930.html. 340 Ibid. 337 Ibid. 341 prominent Tibetan religious figure found in emaciated 338 Ibid. condition in prison, TCHRD, 28 Aug. 2014, available at: 339 china Imposes Harsh New Restrictions in Restive Tibetan http://www.tchrd.org/2014/08/prominent-tibetan-religious- County, Radio Free Asia, 7 Oct. 2014, available at: http://www. figure-found-in-emaciated-condition-in-prison/. rfa.org/english/news/tibet/harsh-10072014165921.html. 342 Ibid.

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The consequences of imprisoning prominent prominent position. For Trinley Rabten religious figures can extend beyond the religious and others like him, this involves the death in community. Thardoe Gyaltsen was sentenced to detention.349 However, that is not always the case. 18 years in prison in January 2014.343 Like the For example, Lodoe Rabsel was released from arrest of Trulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche, the prison in May 2014. He had been the abbot of detention of Thardoe Gyaltsen was part of a larger Karma Monastery in Karma (Ch: Gama) Township crackdown. Other monks in his monastery were in Chamdo County, in Chamdo (Ch: Changdu) forced to stop religious activities and shut down Prefecture in t a r .350 Lodoe Rabsel was arrested their monastic quarters. Some were also detained. after empty government buildings in the town Before his detention Thardoe Gyaltsen was the near the monastery were damaged by explosives chant master at Drong Na Monastery in Diru and set on fire. There was no evidence connecting County. Locals believe he was targeted because Karma Monastery or Lodoe Rabsel to the attack he held classes on Tibetan language and culture but authorities still targeted the monastery. Lodoe at his monastery.344 Approximately 300 students Rabsel and two other monks were detained for attended the classes before his arrest. The classes helping the unknown perpetrators escape. With were open to the public.345 They placed the the monastery’s abbot in prison, the other monks, monastery at the heart of the community and the especially those studying Buddhist dialectics, were preservation of Tibetan language and culture. By subjected to rigorous interrogations that lasted arresting Thardoe Gyaltsen, the authorities sought hours and ‘patriotic education classes.’351 to remove the monastery and religion from its central position in society. When he was released, Lodoe Rabsel needed medical care. Instead, he was secretly detained Also in Diru County, Tenzin Lhundrup was central for a week.352 The authorities also prohibited him figure in the community when he was detained from wearing monastic robes, re-joining Karma in May 2014.346 At the Gom Gonsar Monastery, Monastery, or resuming his religious practice.353 Tenzin Lhundrup was the head of prayer sessions Lodoe Rabsel’s arrest physically removed him from and taught to monks. On his monastery and was the first part of a crackdown Wednesdays, to celebrate Lhakar, the ‘soul day’ of against it. The prohibition against his resuming the Dalai Lama, he would help arbitrate disputes, religious practice and the secret week-long advocate for vegetarianism, and give Buddhist detention were designed to ensure that he would teachings to local Tibetans.347 He was detained never return to his position of prominence. on a Wednesday during a lecture on the status of Tibetan language and nationality.348 Unsurprisingly, the detention of religious leaders provokes calls from the local community for Once a religious leader is imprisoned the his release. When Khenpo Kartse, aka Khenpo authorities work to ensure that he will lose his Karma Tsewang, was detained thousands of local Tibetans staged a sit-in demanding a reason 343 Monk sentenced to 18 years in prison in restive Diru County, TCHRD, 4 April 2014, available at: http://www.tchrd. 349 Monks, Nuns Forced to Return to Tibet County in org/2014/04/monk-sentenced-to-18-years-in-prison-in- Religious Life Clampdown, Radio Free Asia, 24 Oct. 2014, restive-diru-county/. available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/return- 344 Ibid. 10242014162330.html. 345 Ibid. 350 Former abbot subjected to secret detention shortly after release 346 senior Buddhist scholar arrested as repression escalates in from prison, TCHRD, 19 May 2014, available at: http:// restive Tibetan county, TCHRD, 14 July 2014, available www.tchrd.org/2014/05/former-abbot-subjected-to-secret- at: http://www.tchrd.org/2014/07/senior-buddhist-scholar- detention-shortly-after-release-from-prison/. arrested-as-repression-escalates-in-restive-tibetan-county/. 351 Ibid. 347 Ibid. 352 Ibid. 348 Ibid. 353 Ibid.

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for his detention. Despite assurances from the the latest instance of the p r c tightening control Monastery Management Committee (m m c ) only over monasteries. It required that all monastic vague justifications have been offered.354 During staff and management committee members be the protests 16 monks were detained. The last replaced with government and party appointees, was released after over a month in detention on without any input from the monks.358 At other 21 January 2014.355 The monks that petitioned monasteries these rules implemented were in for the release of Tsangyang Gyatso did not fare response to protests and self-immolations at the any better. After the Chant Master and presiding monasteries.359 priest were detained on 17 March 2014 six monks petitioned for his release. The monks were released The newly approved government and party on 20 March severely beaten and too weak to leaders control the day-to-day management of stand.356 the monastery.360 They handle and oversee the administration of the monastery.361 They also These attacks on religious leaders are designed to appoint religious instructors. Their primary weaken religious institutions. The penalty imposed purpose is to ensure that monasteries do not on the specific religious leader is designed to challenge the c c p or the p r c .362 Since the rules influence the victim’s monastery and the broader for Monastery Management Committees were community. The punishment serves to undermine announced in 2011, the government has exerted the religious institutions without causing the total similar control in over 1,780 monasteries in t a r destruction of the Cultural Revolution. alone.363 B. Controlling Tibetan Buddhism Another aspect of the “rectification and cleansing” The p r c also attempts to control Buddhism. campaign in Diru was that no monastery in Diru Instead of trying to remove or supplant Buddhism County could have monks under 13 years old.364 from society, the p r c attempts to use Tibetan A similar but broader policy was implemented Buddhism’s prominent position in society to spread in Nagchu (Ch: Naqu) Prefecture and Jomda propaganda. This is done through a top-down (Ch: Jiangda) County in Chamdo Prefecture in approach, where the p r c control the leaders and t a r .365 In Jomda, families were forced to write to the staff at monasteries, and through bottom-up relatives and tell them to leave their monasteries approach that limits who can attend monasteries. and come home. The returning monks and nuns needed the government’s permission to enrol in a In Yushu t a p in Qinghai Province, the authorities local monastery. Local Tibetans did not expect the began implementing a 2011 rule that placed the government to give permission.366 management of monasteries further under control of the government and the c c p .357 This rule is 358 Ibid. 354 TCHRD calls on China to respect lawful rights of detained 359 Ibid. senior monk, TCHRD, 12 March 2014, available at: http:// 360 Ibid. www.tchrd.org/2014/03/tchrd-calls-on-china-to-respect- 361 Ibid. lawful-rights-of-detained-senior-monk/. 362 Ibid. 355 Ibid. 363 Ibid. 356 Monk disappears after e-mailing protest writings to Chinese 364 china Imposes Harsh New Restrictions in Restive Tibetan cadres’ phones, TCHRD, 15 May 2014, available at: http:// County, Radio Free Asia, 7 Oct. 2014, available at: http://www. www.tchrd.org/2014/05/monk-disappears-after-emailing- rfa.org/english/news/tibet/harsh-10072014165921.html. protest-writings-to-chinese-cadres-phones/. 365 Monks, Nuns Forced to Return to Tibet County in 357 china expands new measures to directly control Tibetan Religious Life Clampdown, Radio Free Asia, 24 Oct. 2014, monasteries, TCHRD, 18 May 2014, available at: http://www. available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/return- tchrd.org/2014/05/china-expands-new-measures-to-directly- 10242014162330.html. control-tibetan-monasteries/. 366 Ibid.

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The recall of monks and nuns represents two C. Conclusion policies designed to control monastic life. First, it controlled who could be a monastic. By Despite the contradictions inherent in the p r c ’s preventing children from enrolling in monasteries, pursuit of both undermining and controlling the p r c ensured that the only place for children Buddhism in Tibet, both policies were to be educated was at government run schools implemented in 2014. Sometimes these policies that teach a government-sanctioned curriculum. were implemented simultaneously. In 2014, According to official government policies, the the efforts to undermine Buddhism by the purpose of education is to “fortify students’ faith physical destruction of religious objects and the and confidence in the Party’s leadership and the imprisonment of religious leaders had a more socialist system.”367 Officials measure the education immediate consequence. However, the p r c ’s efforts system’s success by determining whether graduates to control monasteries and religion in Tibet could reject the Dalai Lama and accept the leadership of have more substantial long-term consequences. the c c p .368 Second, it controlled the total number Under both strategies, the undermining of religion of monastics. It was designed to enforce the and the control of religion severs the same end of limits on how many monks or nuns could attend replacing religious practice, which could threaten monasteries. the c c p , with the c c p itself.

When combined these two policies could serve to dramatically shift the beliefs at monasteries. Forcing children to progress through government- sanctioned curriculum will make them more likely to trust government officials and the unchallenged control by the c c p .369 Controlling the numbers of monastics helps the p r c ensure that people who do not follow the party line can be forced out on monasteries.

367 Outline of China’s National Plan for Medium and Long- term Education Reform and Development (2010-2020), July 2010, p. 10, available at: https://www.aei.gov.au/news/ newsarchive/2010/documents/china_education_reform_pdf. pdf. 368 Executive Summary of Tibetan response to Chinese white paper on Tibet, International Campaign for Tibet, 10 Dec. 2001, available at: http://www.savetibet.org/executive-summary-of- tibetan-response-to-chinese-white-paper-on-tibet/, (quoting 1994 statement by t a r Party Secretary Chen Kuiyuan). 369 Alicia P.Q. Whittmeyer, We Don’t Need No Education: Thought control in the classroom is real -- and it works, Foreign Policy, 30 June 2014, available at: http://www. foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/30/we_dont_need_no_ education_china_patriotic_education_hong_kong.

50 51 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

I. prc Census Data and state-led projects in economic development, infrastructure building, and social planning. Health and Education in Much of the data is used to highlight “progress” in Tibet these areas, whereas many vital issues concerning social justice, equitable access to resources, In 2014, t c h r d analysed the Sixth National and environmental degradation are largely Population Census of the People’s Republic overlooked. of China (2010) as it pertained to the current state of health and education within Tibetan. Overall, t c h r d found that the 2010 census reveals The national census is taken every ten years and extreme disparities between Tibetan populated reveals significant benchmarks regarding the regions and the rest of the p r c in regards to all ethnic make-up, health, education, and economic major health and education indicators, such as life status of regional populations. This ambitious expectancy, infant mortality rates, illiteracy rates, nationwide effort was heavily promoted by the and educational attainment. Despite the state’s central government, which spent approximately much touted “modernization and development” 700 million yuan (US$112.5 million) and of Tibet, the government’s official data shows mobilized over 6 million enumerators to visit over Tibetans falling far behind the rest of the p r c in 400 million households to record a total of 1.34 terms of health and education. billion people.370 The data reveals a humanitarian crisis in the Tibet Autonomous Region (t a r ) A. The 2010 China Census and Tibet and Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures (t a p s). Independently and when compared to the rest of Chinese state officials promoted the census as a necessary tool for facilitating China’s economic the People’s Republic of China (p r c ), the numbers are alarming. Both in terms of heath and education development and modernization, as captured in Tibetan areas have the worst, or among the worst, the widely publicized slogan, “Support the census with a smile; contribute to development with indicators. In the t a r , the life expectancy is lower, 371 the infant mortality rate is higher, children attend statistics.” Regarding Tibet, the official rationale less school, and people are more likely to be for implementing the census further underscored its vital role in economic development and regional illiterate than other parts of the p r c . planning: All state-sponsored censuses include inevitable th pitfalls, such as underreporting, false reporting, The goal of the 6 national population census is to and misleading questions. Despite its claims to measure the changes in population, demographic objective data collection, the census promotes structure, and living conditions in Tibet since 2000. This will facilitate the economic planning 370 See Yong, C. (2013). China’s New Demographic Reality: Learning from the 2010 Census. Population and Development and social development of the region in a scientific Review, Volume 39, Issue 3. 371 Ibid.

50 51 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014

manner. This study will bring about sustainable In the 2010 census, two key strategies are employed strategies and scientifically accurate statistics for to prevent full access to information on Tibetans improving the material and cultural life of the and other minority groups. First, the bulk of the people, to develop a peaceful Tibet, a harmonious published data is not aggregated for the different Tibet, a prosperous Tibet.372 minority groups although this information was collected on all the forms. The only data that is The census therefore serves as a social planning specifically released for minority groups focuses tool that will inform and legitimize future laws, on basic demographic information such as total policies, and development goals in the Tibet population, gender ratios, education level, marriage Autonomous Region (t a r ) and other Tibetan status, employment status, and birth rates. The populated regions. A closer look at the census data more telling indicators of health and education, will provide a telling picture of what the Chinese such as life expectancy, infant mortality rates, officials have prioritized in their lauded vision of elder health indicators, and illiteracy rates are not a “peaceful, harmonious, and prosperous” Tibet. aggregated by minority groups but homogenized As the sections on health and education will with the rest of the population and categorized by show, the data is most detailed when it comes province and prefecture. to economic growth, for example infrastructure building, personnel, facilities, and least detailed The census data was collected with the use of two when it comes to indicators of social equity and forms, a “short form” and a “long form.” The the quality of services, such as access to resources, vast majority of the participants answered the the financial costs of health and education, the census “short form,” which includes 18 questions distance to schools and hospitals. covering one’s personal identity, ethnicity, household registration (Ch: hukou), educational Census takers faced significant challenges in attainment, employment, and family composition. implementing such a study in Tibetan populated The census “long form” was filled out by 10% areas. First of all, there are a great number of of all participants, who were chosen at random. people on the move, including pastoral nomads, The long form included all the short form items migrant workers, and displaced families who plus additional questions related to migration, have been uprooted due to the state’s aggressive economic activities, health, housing, and so forth. resettlement programs. This mobile population In the 2010 census publications released by the may be easily overlooked or misclassified by the National Bureau of Statistics, which includes over census. Second, the spread of social unrest in 100 charts, only the following 10 are included Tibet since 2008 and 2009 has created a highly with direct relevance to minority groups: volatile and unstable environment for conducting the census. The government crackdown on Short Form Data protestors and the militarisation of the region may 1-6 Population by nationality and gender have deterred many residents from participating in the census. For those who did participate, 2-1 Population by nationality, age, and gender there is little information on the circumstances 2-2 Population by nationality, gender, and of their participation, including whether or not education level (age 6 and up) answers were freely given, pressured, or coerced. 5-3 Population of mixed nationality households These factors require us to view the census data with scepticism, especially in its claim to offer Long Form Data “scientifically accurate statistics.” 2-1 Population by nationality, gender, industry 372 Sixth National Population Census of the People’s Rep. of 2-2 Population by nationality, gender, profession China, 2010 - The Tibetan Aut. Region.

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2-3 Population by nationality, gender, and areas included approximately 87% of all Tibetans unemployment living in the p r c . Although the census data for 2-4 Population by nationality, gender, and these areas does not separate Tibetans from non- marriage status (age 15 and up) Tibetans, this approach will give us the most accurate interpretation of the census as it pertains 2-5 Population by nationality, birth parity, and to communities with a Tibetan majority. It also number of women of childbearing age gives us an understanding of regional differences 2-6 Population by nationality, average number of when it comes to health and education in Tibet. live births, and average number of surviving children for women ages 15-64

The term “nationality” (Ch: minzu) is used to indicate the minority status of the respondent, which is a required category for completion on both the short and long forms. However, these published charts reflect a very limited set of data pertaining to nationality groups. The data on various health indicators and illiteracy are noticeably missing. Because Tibetans are spread across multiple provinces of the p r c , this hole in the data makes Source: Sixth National Population Census of China, it very difficult to access how the information 2010, image copyright of t c h r d 2014. applies specifically to the Tibetan population. To supplement the limited data, t c h r d consulted B. General Population Data additional studies such as provincial statistical yearbooks and previous census data, where state- In 2010, the total population of Tibetans living in led collection strategies differed slightly from the the p r c was 6,282,187, or 6.3 million people. This 2010 version. represents an increase of 866,166 people since the 2000 census, which recorded 5,416,021, or 5.4 We also address the issue of limited, disaggregated million Tibetans. The 2010 regional breakdown minority data by examining the census results shows (fig. 2) that more than half of all Tibetans for the administrative regions with a majority are actually living outside the t a r . Only 43% population of 50% or more ethnic Tibetans. As of all Tibetans live inside the t a r the remainder the 2010 census provides detailed information are spread across four other provinces, with 24% on populations classified at the regional and in Sichuan, 23 % in Qinghai province, 7% in prefectural level, it is possible to glean valuable Gansu, 2% in Yunnan, and the remaining 1% information from sites with a Tibetan majority, scattered across the rest of the p r c . The 2010 sex including the t a r and the seven t a p s of Yushu, ratio for the total Tibetan population is 101.08, Guoluo, Hainan, Huangnan, Gannan, Ngawa, with a slightly greater number of males (50.3%) and Ganzi (fig. 1). In 2010, these combined compared to females (49.7%).

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approximately the same or slightly higher than 2000. A notable exception is in the Gannan t a p in Gansu, where the percentage of Tibetans increased significantly from 51% to 55%. These fluctuations may reflect the shifting demographics of Tibetans due to large-scale resettlement programs implemented in the t a p s. Overall, these numbers Source: 2000 and 2010 National Population Census point to the declining concentration of Tibetans of China, image copyright of t c h r d 2014. in the t a r rather than the outlying t a p s. Regarding the concentration of Tibetans in The 2010 census also sheds light on the rapid the different regions, the 2010 census shows a urbanization trends occurring in the Tibetan significant change in the t a r . The percentage of populated regions, with an overall increase of Tibetans living in the t a r dropped three percentage non-agricultural household registrations from points from 93% in 2000 to 90% in 2010 (fig. 3). 2000 -2010 (fig. 4). China’s unique household This represents a continuous decline since 1965, registration system (Ch: hukou) assigns each citizen when the concentration of Tibetans inside the t a r either agricultural (Ch: nongye) or nonagricultural was at 96%. At the same time, the percentage of (Ch: fei nongye) status. The increasing number of Han Chinese increased two percentage points from non-agricultural household registrations is a key 6% in 2000 to 8% in 2010. These statistics likely indicator of urbanization occurring in a particular reflect the large-scale influx of Han Chinese into region. When an individual switches from the t a r since 2000, as a result of state-sponsored agricultural to non-agricultural status, it involves relocation programs, migrant labour, and increased surrendering land-use rights in the place of origin commerce and development in the t a r . and may result in the loss of permission to have a second-child. We see a steady increase in non-agricultural registrations in the t a r , rising from 13% in 2000 to 15% in 2010. The most dramatic jump can be observed in the t a p s in Sichuan, where the number of non-agricultural households has surpassed the majority. Ngaba

t a p saw a rise from 19% in However, in the other regions considered by this 2000 to 55% in 2010, whereas Ganzi t a p saw a study, the concentration of Tibetans fluctuated rise from 15% in 2000 to 57% in 2010. More both upwards and downwards of the 2000 research is needed to determine the underlying percentages. In Qinghai, Sichuan, and Gansu, causes of the rapid increase in non-agricultural the 2010 percentage of Tibetans remained household registrations for the Sichuan t a p s and

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how this is impacting Tibetan communities. on health, and the inequitable distribution of health and education resources. It is also worth taking note of the shrinking average household size, a major trend that is closely tied to increasing urbanization and the effects of the one-child family policy. In all five provinces with large Tibetan populations the average household size decreased dramatically (fig. 5). In just 10 years, the average household size in the t a r shrank from 6.78 persons in 2000 to 4.23 persons in 2010. Without more research it is impossible to know how this impacts Another key indicator of urbanization is the the social fabric in Tibet. Demographic scholars percentage of urban residents (those living in cities have emphasized the significance of examining and towns) out of the total population. In 2010, the household sizes when studying urbanization t a r had the lowest percentage of urban residents in and poverty.373 Although per capita incomes and the p r c (22.67%), although this represents one of assets may rise with urbanization and economic the highest jumps since the 1990 census. Sichuan development, such numbers do not reflect the and Yunnan also showed significant increases in distribution of wealth in a population. In rural the urban population, more than doubling the areas, larger families are able to cooperate with numbers recorded in 1990. This is comparable to one another and make better use of the household the dramatic rise in urban residents for the p r c as incomes in comparison to smaller households. a whole, which nearly doubled, from 26.44% in 1990 to 49.68% in 2010. In Tibetan rural and nomadic areas, the family is a “basic economic unit” that needs enough These census numbers reflect positively on the members to carry out essential activities in Chinese government’s well-publicized efforts livestock care, agriculture, trade, and domestic to increase urbanization and to spur economic labour. Households with more members also development. By increasing urbanization, the benefit from “sharing expenses, labour, security, state seeks to boost income levels, create domestic and companionship.”374 For Tibetan populated demand, and create a stable urban society under regions, where family planning policies are centralized command. The census includes many generally more relaxed, the rapidly shrinking categories that measure this increasing urbanization, family size is an urgent issue that requires greater including statistics on occupied housing, rental research if we are too understand the changing rates, sources of livelihood, and vocational training. realities faced by Tibetan communities. These categories underscore the burgeoning infrastructure building and economic activities 373 See Lanjouw. P.F. and Ravallion, M. (1995) “Poverty tied to urbanization. However, they do not tell us and Household Size,” Economic Journal, Vol. 105, No. much about the negative effects of urbanization, 433. 374 See Goyal, O. (2005). Nomads at the Crossroads. Delhi: Gyan including environmental degradation, the impact Publishing House, pg. 206.

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health care.

1. Life Expectancy

Life expectancy is perhaps the strongest indicator of a region’s overall physical health and the population’s access to basic healthcare services. According to the official Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census, the average life expectancy has been improving across the p r c , with the 1990 national average Source: Sixth National Population Census of the p r c , of 68.55 years rising to 74.83 2010 years in 2010. Large, developed cities have the highest life expectancies whereas rural areas have C. Health in Tibet the lowest averages. In the official Chinese “fact guides” on Tibet, it is often cited that the life The 2010 census results reveal sharp inequalities expectancy of Tibetans has increased dramatically between Tibet and the rest of the p r c when it comes to the health and wellness data. For all major health indicators, the t a r is consistently the worst of all the regions of the p r c . The t a r has the lowest average life expectancy, the highest rate of infant mortality, the lowest percentage of mothers and young children receiving health care, and one of the highest rates of chronic malnutrition among the young. Judging by the 2010 census data on health, the major state-led efforts to develop the inland provinces have raised the health care standards of many provinces to “from 35.5 years in the 1950s to 67 years.”376 In approximate the national average but not the t a r . the rest of the p r c the average life expectancy was This is clearly not for lack of financial resources. 35 years, equal to or a bit lower than in Tibet.377 The state has invested heavily in “developing” the However, since then the life expectancy in the rest t a r , with government investment reaching US$3 375 billion in 2010, a 31% increase over 2008. The 376 This statistic is widely posted on Chinese embassy websites skyrocketing investment growth visibly boosted around the world, including the USA Chinese Embassy: http:// the tourism and construction industries, but has www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/zgxz/t418918.htm. 377 Pengcheng Liu, Chngyue Li, Ying Wang, et al, “The impact not helped the t a r “catch up” with its inland of the major causes of death on life expectancy in China: a neighbours in terms of life expectancy or access to 60-year longitudinal study, BMC Public Health, 20 Nov. 375 Wong, E. (2010). “China’s Money and Migrants Pour into 2014, available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471- Tibet.” New York Times, July 24, 2010. 2458/14/1193.

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of the p r c has improved much faster than in t a r . In fact, the t a r has one of the highest i m r in the Today, the life expectancy in the t a r lags nearly a world, attracting the attention of scholars and decade behind the rest of the nation. Over the past medical professionals around the world who have 30 years, t a r has consistently scored the lowest life called on the p r c to address this humanitarian expectancy in all regions of the p r c : 59.64 years crisis. In a detailed study of rural Tibetan mothers in 1990, 64.37 years in 2000, and 66.33 years in in the t a r , the most common medical causes 2010. This data, which is drawn from the official of infant mortality in rural Tibet include post- statistical yearbooks, shows the t a r life expectancy partum haemorrhage, sepsis, and obstructed slipping far behind the other inland provinces labour.378 A key factor in the high i m r in Tibet is and the national average (fig. 6). With the p r c ’s the low percentage of pregnant mothers who seek standard retirement age of 50 or 55 for women professional medical treatment in local hospitals. and 60 for men, the average t a r resident will only Despite the increased number of hospitals in live about a decade after retirement. the t a r , Tibetan women face many barriers in 2. Infant Mortality accessing hospital services, including financial costs, the distance to hospitals, and the lack of On the other end of the spectrum, the official trained medical staff and medical equipment in data shows the t a r with an extremely high infant the hospitals. mortality rate (i m r ) of 23.5%, the highest in all Cultural barriers also prevent Tibetans from regions of the p r c (fig.7). This shocking number means that nearly 1 in 4 Tibetan infants in the giving birth at a hospital. For example, women complained of communication difficulties, the t a r are dying at birth. According the state’s 2010 report on population and family planning, the belief that travelling to and from the hospital infant mortality rate refers to the percentage of fetal would cause pain and bleeding after the delivery, deaths that occur after 6 months of pregnancy and and the desire to protect the infants from strangers up to one week after the birth. When compared who might attract unwanted spirits or demons. Many interviewed women said that infants are to other regions, t a r ’s i m r is more than double that of neighbouring Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, particularly vulnerable to spirit attacks brought and Yunnan. It is nearly triple the national average into their presence by strangers. These spirits, which ride on the backs of strangers without their i m r of 8.6%. knowledge, may bring harm or illness to the infant in their vicinity. These views of the spirit realm translate into rural women’s suspicion of delivering in clinics and hospitals, or any place where there are many strangers. Similarly, in the case of home deliveries, the Tibetan mothers rarely invite outsiders or trained birth attendants to provide assistance. In addition, “nearly all of our informants believed that the blood of childbirth is polluting. Therefore, they ���� Adams, V., Miller, S., Chertow, J., Craig, S., Samen, A. and Source: 2010 China Population and Family Planning Varner, M. (2005). “Having a ‘safe delivery’: conflicting views from Tibet.” Health Care for Women International, 26: 821- Yearbook, image copyright of t c h r d , 2014. 851.

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are reluctant to have birth helpers, who might be In 2009, there were 35,740 recorded live births harmed by exposure to the blood of childbirth.”379 in the t a r , a number that includes all births For these reasons, family members also avoided regardless of whether the infant survived or not. cleaning the knife or whatever implement was used Out of this total, about 52% of the mothers gave to cut the cord until after it has been used. These birth in a hospital and 6.5% suffered “high-risk” unsanitary practices raise the risk of infection and pregnancies accompanied by health complications. the spread of disease. Mothers living in urban areas were 20% more likely to give birth in a hospital, compared to Such studies point to the need for health workers those living in rural areas. These percentages are and agencies to work on overcoming both the significantly lower than neighbouring provinces practical and cultural barriers that prevent mothers and the national average (fig. 8). These troubling from seeking medical assistance. Researchers have numbers signify a healthcare crisis in Tibet that pointed to the need for health care workers to learn requires urgent attention and care. In depth about traditional beliefs and behaviours in order to research and evaluation is needed to address the provide culturally sensitive and appropriate health question of why the current health care system is care services to Tibetan families. Unfortunately, failing to reach so many Tibetan mothers. the emphasis on building more hospitals will not improve the situation as long as Tibetan mothers avoid using them.

3. Maternal Health

All the major indicators recorded for maternal health are also grim, providing some further clues to the high i m r . The 2010 China Population and Family Planning Yearbook indicated that only 33% of mothers in the t a r received systematic health care during pregnancy to guide them through the process of giving birth. This is far below the national average of 80%, which is also 4. Child Healthcare the approximate norm for the inland provinces neighbouring the t a r . The numbers for the t a r Not surprisingly, this negative trend extends from are slightly better if individual hospital visits are mothers to young children living in the t a r . In the counted, with 66% of t a r mothers having at least p r c , young children in the t a r are the least likely to one hospital visit before giving birth, and 55% receive health care services (fig. 9). Only 41% of the having at least one hospital visit after giving birth. children aged 7 and under and 43.5% of children Nevertheless, these numbers are still the lowest in aged 3 and under received health care in the t a r . all other areas of the p r c . The national average is over 75%. Neighbouring provinces such as Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, and 379 Adams, V., Miller, S., Chertow, J., Craig, S., Samen, A. and Yunnan fare much better, with roughly 75% or Varner, M. (2005). “Having a ‘safe delivery’: conflicting views from Tibet.” Health Care for Women International, 26: more of the children (aged 7 and under) having 829. received health care services in 2009.

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Independent studies have shown that the high rate of malnutrition draws attention to a high prevalence of stunting among Tibetan children. In a survey taken in seven districts of the t a r in 1999, with a sample of 1655 children aged 3 and under, researchers found the prevalence of malnutrition for Source: 2010 China Population and Family Planning children was 39% for Yearbook, image copyright of t c h r d , 2014. stunting, 23.7% for underweight, and 5.6% for wasting.380 Rural children had slightly higher rates While fewer children are receiving health care in than urban children. The study concluded that the t a r , it appears that they also need it the most. “[for] Tibetan young children, the nutritional As published by the state’s 2010 China Population status of the entire population is poor and the and Family Planning Yearbook, the t a r has one of prevalence of malnutrition is higher, especially for the highest rates of malnourished children, with stunting.”381 Although malnutrition and stunting 3.6% of the children under 5 years old suffering may be associated with living at high altitudes, the from malnutrition. The only two places with a authors cite previous studies that show no such higher percentage are Yunnan (3.8%) and Guangxi connection for Tibetans who have long adapted (4%) (fig. 10). to high altitudes. Instead, they underscored the urban-rural divide and how “socioeconomic factors are playing a more and more important role in the growth of Tibetan children.”382 In other words, the chronic malnutrition of Tibetan children is not simply a result of the remote environment but an urgent social issue that could be addressed through better health care services and proper socioeconomic

380 Dang, S., Yan, H., Yamamoto, S., Wang, X., and Zeng, L. (2004). “Poor nutritional status of younger Tibetan children Source: Sixth National Population Census of China living at high altitudes.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58: 938-946. 2010, image copyright of t c h r d , 2014. 381 Ibid at 938. 382 Ibid at 945.

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development.383 Outside of the t a r , the 2010 census provides data for the seven t a p s with a majority Tibetan 5. Elderly Health population. Of the seven t a p s, Ngawa had the highest percentage of elders working in manual With poor access to health care, high infant labour jobs (27%) as well as the highest percentage mortality rates, and chronic malnutrition, it is of elders in good health (41%). Further study is no surprise that the t a r has a low average life needed to see if there is a direct correlation between expectancy of 66 years. According to the 2010 these numbers. Guoluo and Yushu had the worst census results, about 25% of the t a r ’s elderly elderly health indicators. Only 18% of the elderly population, aged 60-years-old and above, are still population in Guoluo and 11% in Yushu reported working in manual labour jobs (fig 11). Only good health. In Yushu, an area that was struck by a 26% of the elderly population reported to be devastating earthquake in 2010 just months before in “good health” and about 22% reported they the census was taken, 39% of the elderly reported were in “poor health, but living independently.” being in “poor health but living independently.” Interestingly, the census does not provide a total figure for how many elders reported poor health, The t a r had by far the highest percentage of regardless of being able to live independently or elders (30%) who were not receiving retirement dependently. It is likely that the number of those pensions, far higher than all the t a p s, which in poor health yet living independently would reported only 4-7 % of their elders living without yield a much smaller number, thus concealing the pensions. The t a r also had a far higher percentage actual number of elders in poor health. of elders (22%) who reported they “cannot live independently,” compared to the t a p s that reported a much lower figure of 4-11 % of elders not able to live independently. These dramatic discrepancies help account for the low life expectancy in the t a r compared to the surrounding provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan. As is the case with the young, it is stunning to see the t a r falling so far behind its provincial neighbours when it comes to the health of its elderly population.

Source: Sixth National Population Census of China 6. Hospitals and Doctors by Region 2010, image copyright of t c h r d , 2014. Between 2006 and 2010, the only region that saw 383 This argument is set forth by the following studies: Harris, a significant increase in hospitals and doctors was N., Crawford, P., Yangzom, Y., Pinzo, L., Gyaltsen, P., and the t a r , which gained over 5,200 hospitals and Hudes, M. “Nutritional and Health Status of Tibetan Children Living at High Altitudes” New England Journal of Medicine, v. 500 doctors (fig. 12). In all the t a p s the number 344, no. 5: 341-347 and Maberly, G. and Sullivan, K. (2001) of hospitals either remained the same or decreased. “Alarming Facts about the Health and Nutrition of Children The rapid building of hospitals, roads, and schools in Tibet” New England Journal of Medicine, v. 344, no. 5.

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is often celebrated as the proof of Tibet’s successful much criticism from researchers who point to the development. It is also connected to the mass “education gap” between urban and rural children. population transfer of Han workers to Tibet. It is The 2010 census and other state-led statistical troubling that this dramatic increase in hospitals studies make it possible to see the p r c ’s official has failed to raise the t a r ’s average life expectancy, numbers on educational attainment, illiteracy, infant mortality rates, malnutrition rates, and poor average years of schooling, and the growth of elderly health to match that of its neighbours and educational facilities and resources across different the national standard. This is an area that requires regions. As the charts below will show (figs. 13- urgent research to uncover the true story of state- 19), there are undeniable inequalities in the p r c ’s led development inside Tibet. lauded education system, especially in t a r . On all major indicators of education, the t a r scores among the lowest in the p r c . For some indicators t a r is the lowest by a large margin.

1. Educational Attainment and Inequality

Education inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient, which measures the D. Education in Tibet relative inequality of the schooling distribution, In 1986, the p r c passed a compulsory education with higher numbers indicating a higher level of law to make nine years of education mandatory for inequality. The a y s also serves as an indicator of all children.384 Students who successfully complete education inequality, with more years indicating high school are then admitted to universities on a better distribution of educational resources. In the basis of their national exam scores. For almost surveys conducted in 2000 and 2008, the t a r had 30 years, these programs successfully increased the highest Gini coefficent of .4271 and a lowest access to education across China and popularised a y s of 4.71 for 2008 (fig. 13). The neighbouring higher education. The average years of schooling regions of Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, and Qinghai (a y s ) increased from 6.8 years in 1996 to 8.3 years all perform much better than the t a r , with an a y s in 2008.385 Its proponents have hailed the modern between 6.9 and 7.51. This data shows that despite Chinese education system as a paradigm of the compulsory 9-year education “universally educational equity. However, it has also attracted offered” in the p r c , the average Tibetan youth living in the t a r only receives 4 to 5 years of 384 Rong, Ma. (2014). “Bilingual Education and Language Policy schooling (compared to the national average of in Tibet” in J. Leibold and Y. Chen (eds.), Minority Education 8.27 years). in China, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 83- 106. 385 Yang, J., Huang, X., and Liu, X. (2014). “An analysis of education inequality in China.” International Journal of Educational Development, 37: 2-10.

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Education gini coefficient and average years and not taken adequate action to decrease 387 of Schooling (Ays), fig. 13 inequality. The educational disparities are apparent region 2000 gini 2000 Ays 2008 gini 2008 Ays in the 2010 census results for the tar National Average .2377 7.62 .2255 8.27 and other Tibetan populated areas (fig. Beijing .2109 9.99 .1977 10.97 14). In 2010, 37% of eligible school- sichuan .2422 7.06 .2413 7.51 aged children (ages 6 and up) in the tar Yunnan .2946 6.33 .2565 6.90 never attended school. This is a much Gansu .3273 6.54 .2963 7.17 higher percentage than the neighbouring Qinghai .3954 6.12 .3072 7.26 areas of Qinghai (28%), Gansu (19%), sichuan (28%) and Yunnan (16%). As a tar .5946 3.43 .4271 4.71 whole, the tar and these inland provinces Source: J. Yang et al, An analysis of education fare much worse than the prc’s national average of inequality in China, Int’l Journal of Educational 5% of school-aged children who never attended Devt, 37, 2014: 4 school. researchers have argued that such education gaps As children transition to middle school, the could be easily addressed if adequate government inequality is more pronounced. In an analysis of the 2000 census on school enrolment and spending were dedicated to education. The prc’s educational investment remains about half that of graduation rates in the Western provinces of the prc, including the tar, researchers identified other oecd countries, comprising less than 3% of enrolment in middle school and high school as the gdp in most years, between 1990-2010.386 Despite the strong evidence for the lack of education in two times when many youth leave the educational system.388 This remained true in 2010, especially rural areas, the prc has given it minimal attention for the Tibetans living in the tar, Qinghai, Gansu,

+ sichuan, and Yunnan. In all of these regions, less than 20% of

Tibetan primary school students Fig.14Ͳ2010PopulationofTibetansReceivinganEducation (with%outoftotalTibetanpopulation,age6up) enrolled in middle school. The  Region Total NeverAttended Attended Attended Attended Attended transition to high school is even Tibetan School PrimarySchool MiddleSchool HighSchool PostͲ Population Secondary more rare, with less than 5 % of age6up TAR 2,429,830 907,134 37% 1,041,572 43% 292,345 12% 81,002 3% 107,777 4% Tibetan youth in the tar, Qinghai, Qinghai 1,225,771 338,806 28% 605,923 49% 156,016 13% 59,656 5% 65,370 5% Sichuan 1,360,758 375,848 28% 639,579 47% 196,644 14% 78,705 6% 69,982 5% Gansu, sichuan, and Yunnan Gansu 443,182 83,234 19% 234,225 53% 62,485 14% 29,698 7% 33,540 8% Yunnan 131,486 20,623 16% 62,769 48% 25,457 19% 10,738 8% 11,899 9% making the transition. Total 5,591,027 1,725,645 31% 2,584,068 46% 732,947 13% 259,799 5% 288,568 5%

ComparisonwiththePRCNationalAverage studies show that Tibetan students face many hurdles in making the Nat'lAverageforPRC transitions from primary school

TibetansinSichuan to middle school and onward,

TibetansinYunnan NeverAttendedSchool including the increasing use of PrimarySchool TibetansinGansu chinese as the primary medium MiddleSchool

TibetansinQinghai HighSchool of instruction, the lack of quality learning environments, the lack TibetansinTibet(TAR) of relevancy to local cultures

and economies, the long travel Ͳ ʹͲ ͶͲ ͸Ͳ ͺͲ ͳͲͲ distance to the schools, and the 387 Yang et. al, 10. 388 connelly, r. and Zheng, Z. (2007). “school Enrollment and Graduation rates in Western china Based on the 2000 386 Yang, J., Huang, X., and Liu, X. (2014). “An analysis of census,” Journal of chinese Economic and Business studies, education inequality in china.” International Journal of 5:2, 147-161. Educational Development, 37: 2-10.

62 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

lack of available jobs after graduation.389 Most much disadvantaged when it comes to accessing primary schools teach in both Tibetan and education at all levels. Chinese. However, the use of Chinese as the primary language of instruction dramatically 2. Gender Disparities increases after primary school. In most middle and high schools, all the courses are taught in Chinese In the t a r and the seven Tibetan majority t a p s, with only one Tibetan language course included the gender breakdown shows females are less likely in the curriculum. Therefore, the students who to receive an education. According to the 2010 enter middle and high school are more likely to census, out of all the Tibetans who never attended perform poorly because of the language barrier. school, 59% were female and 41% were male (fig.15). Tibetan females, especially those from In 2010, approximately 288,500 Tibetan students rural areas, were far less likely to attend school from the t a r , Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, and compared with the males. For those Tibetans who Yunnan attended university, college, or a post- attended primary school, 53% were male and 47% secondary vocational school (less than 5% of female. During the crucial jump to middle school, the total school-aged population, age 6 and up). Tibetan boys also fared better: 58% of middle According to Chinese education researcher Ma school students were male and only 42 % were Rong, most of these students are attending minority female. For high school and post-secondary, the universities or universities in minority regions.390 It is increasingly difficult for Tibetan high school graduates to enter top Chinese universities. Peking University, one of China’s top universities, recruited only 37 Tibetan undergraduates, 13 masters students, and 4 PhDs between 2006- 2010.391 Furthermore, a study from 2004 found that universities outside the t a r admitted only 336 t a r students and of this number, 67% or 227 were ethnically Han.392 These numbers show that Tibetan youth are very

389 see e.g. Postiglione, et. al (2004, 2014); Rong, Ma. (2014); percentages level out a bit, hovering around 53% and Connelly, R. and Zheng, Z. (2007). 390 Rong, Ma. (2014). “Bilingual Education and Language Policy male and 47% female. These results show that in Tibet” in J. Leibold and Y. Chen (eds.), Minority Education Tibetan boys have a significant advantage over the in China, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 83- girls when it comes to accessing education. 106. 391 Rong, 2014. 392 Postiglione et al, 2004.

62 63 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014

3. Illiteracy rates On a national level, the t a r has had the highest illiteracy rate in the p r c since 1990. Depending on With the low rates of educational attainment, it the official publication released, the illiteracy rate follows that illiteracy rates are also high in Tibetan fluctuates because of the method used to calculate populated regions. The 2010 census provides it. The 2010 census lists the t a r ’s illiteracy rate illiteracy rates at the regional and prefectural level at 32% because it counts only the population for areas with a majority Tibetan population (fig. aged 15 and up but the Major Figures of the 2010 16). The chart below, which is based only on those Population Census (a widely published summary of who are aged 15 years old and up, shows the t a r with the census results) lists it at 24% because it takes the highest percentage of illiterate persons (32%) this percentage out of the entire population. compared to the other seven t a p s. Huangnan and Ganzi also have high percentages in the 30% range. All other regions have significantly lower percentages of illiteracy, with the lowest recorded in Ngawa t a p of Sichuan (12%). In all regions, females are far more likely to be illiterate, comprising 57% or more of all illiterate people over 15 years old. These numbers are proportionate to the gender disparities in educational attainment

2010 Illiteracy Rates Source: Major Figures of the 2010 Population by Region and Gender (fig. 16) Census, National Bureau of Statistics of the p r c .

Tibetan Region Total population % of illiterate % % Either way, the numbers cannot (over 50% age 15 and up persons male female Tibetan) disguise the fact that the t a r has an extraordinarily high rate of illiteracy t ar 2,270,481 32.29 39 61 compared to its neighbours and the Hainan 332,429 23.19 33 67 rest of the p r c . The comparative figure Huangnan 189,645 30.28 32 68 of the different regions (fig. 17) shows Guoluo 130,555 16.62 34 66 the t a r with an illiteracy rate that is Yushu 257,865 26.19 41 59 6 times that of the national average of Aba 720,211 12.39 35 65 4%. The figure also shows the t a r ’s Ganzi 838,524 30.17 43 57 soaring illiteracy rate compared to its Gannan 537,914 17.89 34 66 neighbours of Qinghai (10%), Gansu Source: Sixth National Population Census of the p r c , (9%), Sichuan (5%), and Yunnan (6%). 2010

64 65 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

4. Educational Facilities the increased number of kindergartens coincided with a sharp decline in student enrolment. For A key revelation lies in the number of educational instance, Ngawa saw an increase from 27 to 64 facilities that were built and closed in the t a r and kindergartens in the 6-year period, but a dramatic other Tibetan-majority t a p s from 2006-2013 (fig. decline of 8,961 enrolled kindergarten students to 18). Based on the statistical yearbook data for just 729 students in 2013. A very similar trend is each region, we see dramatic fluctuations in the seen in Ganzi as well. Further research is needed number of schools in each area. With the exception to explain these dramatic regional differences. of kindergarten schools, most regions saw a sharp decline in the number of schools. On one hand, the During the 6-year period, a greater number of state is expanding access to kindergarten, bringing elementary schools were closed compared to Tibetan children into the educational system at a middle schools or high schools. In Hainan t a p , much younger age. Over 400 kindergarten schools 344 elementary schools declined to just 54. In were built in the t a r in the past 6 years. On the Ngawa t a p , 1,195 elementary schools declined other hand, the shrinking number of elementary, to 286. The closing of these schools did lead to middle, and high schools reflects the widespread a significant decline in the number of enrolled closing of village schools, which are consolidated students. In Hainan, 51,000 elementary students into large boarding schools located in townships declined to just over 45,000. In Ngawa, 99,000 and cities. This consolidation of schools forces enrolled elementary students declined to 75,000. young children to either travel long distances to More research is needed to verify if these missing attend school or to leave their families and live on children are simply opting out of elementary school campus to gain an education. Studies have shown or travelling elsewhere to receive an education. that this strategy is widely used to encourage With the closing down of village schools, there are nomads to take on a sedentary lifestyle by moving reports that some local Tibetan groups are forming them closer to towns and cities.393 community schools or informal vocational centres to educate their children.394 These may not be Interestingly, the increase in the number of counted in the census. kindergartens does not always translate into better learning environments for young Tibetan children. The decline in middle and high schools is less For instance, in the t a r , there was a dramatic jump pronounced, but still significant. To continue of 42 kindergartens in 2006 to 480 in 2013. With with the above examples, Hainan had 42 middle an increase of over 400 schools, the student to and high schools in 2006, a number that was teacher ratio did not drop but actually rose from reduced to 19 in 2013. Unlike the trend with one teacher per 25 students in 2006 to one teacher elementary schools, there was actually a slight per 39 students in 2013. This suggests that the new increase of enrolled middle and high school schools are poorly staffed to handle the increased students in Hainan. The same is true for Ngawa as volume of students. This trend holds true for well, which lost 9 middle and high schools despite Huangnan, Guoluo, and Yushu, all areas that saw an increase in enrolment. The only region that a big jump in the number of kindergartens and deviates from this trend is the t a r , which saw an kindergarten enrolment but not enough teachers increase of 4 middle and high schools, increased to maintain a reasonable teacher-student ratio. student enrolment, as well as improved student- The worst case is Guoluo, where one kindergarten teacher ratio. teacher was available per 81 students in 2013. These shifting numbers show that educational Interestingly, in Ngawa and Ganzi t a p s in Sichuan, development and reorganization are happening on

393 See Postiglione et. al, 2014; Bangsbo 2008. 394 See Rong, 2014.

64 65 human rights situation in tibet: annual report 2014

a large scale, with many regional differences at play. state-led development projects as just a few of the In-depth research at the prefectural level is needed driving social forces behind the restructuring of the to identify the key driving forces behind these educational system in Tibet.395 The dramatic pace changes. scholars have pointed to the changing of change should sound an alarm, as these shifts patterns of population mobility, the spread will impact Tibetans for generations to come and of mass protests since 2008, the controversial it is highly unlikely that local needs and interests resettlement of the nomadic population, and are being consulted in the process.

Aba

395 see postiglione et. al, 2004, 2014.

66 eConomiC, soCiaL anD CuLturaL rights

Aba

Aba

Source: Provincial Statistical Yearbooks, 2006-2013

67 human rights situation in tibet: annual report 2014

5. Worker Education levels E. conclusion

Education researchers have found that one of the The 2010 census reveals a two-sided picture that primary reasons Tibetan families keep their children does not add up. On one hand, it reveals substantial at home instead of sending them to school is the increases in health and education infrastructure lack of suitable employment upon graduation.396 and personnel, such as a greater number of If the children are sent to school, it is not certain hospitals, doctors, schools, and teachers, especially that they will be employed upon graduation. At in the tar. On the other hand, it reveals strikingly the same time, they are very much needed at home disproportionate regional inequalities and the lack to carry out essential work for the family, such as of improved access to basic health and education caring for livestock, farming, or trading. Nomadic services. The tar, in particular, lags far behind and rural families rely on the children to carry out its neighbours and the prc national averages on tasks essential to the household economy. The all major indicators of health and education, 2010 census gives pertinent data on this issue including life expectancy, maternal health, and as it identifies the education levels of workers child health. The tar also has the highest rate of in the region’s major industries of agriculture illiteracy in the prc, with nearly a third of the adult and livestock. In the tar, the vast majority of population being illiterate. labourers in agriculture and livestock have not gained more than an elementary school education What doesn’t add up here is that the tar data (fig. 19). For instance, the numbers show that the makes some of the biggest leaps in infrastructure agriculture industry mostly hires those who have building over the past 10 years compared to its never attended school (30,852 labourers) or those neighbouring provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, with only an elementary school education (36,111 sichuan, and Yunnan. Literally hundreds of schools labourers) compared to just 232 individuals with and thousands of hospitals were built in the tar post-secondary degrees. There are far fewer jobs for since 2000, far surpassing the health and education those with a middle school education or higher, as infrastructure building in the other provinces with seen in the manufacturing, forestry, and mining large Tibetan populations. Yet despite these large- industries. scale building projects, the 2010 census shows the tar nowhere near catching up with any of the inland provinces on the major indicators of health and e d u c a t i o n . A l t h o u g h there are improve- ments since 2000, it is still troubling Source: Sixth National Population Census of the prc, how far behind the region falls when compared to 2010 the rest of the prc. 396 see postiglione et. al, 2004, 2014.

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The 2010 census data shows that the lauded - In 2010, only 33% of mothers in the t a r campaigns for developing a peaceful and prosperous received systematic health care and 52% Tibet and billions of dollars in investment have gave birth in a hospital. not succeeded in providing the most fundamental needs in health and education enjoyed by the - Young children in the t a r are the least likely rest of the p r c , such as proper nutrition, access to to receive health care in the p r c . In 2010, health care, and basic literacy. We must also keep less than half of t a r children aged 7 and in mind that the 2010 census results likely paint a under received healthcare, compared to more positive picture than is actually the case on the roughly 75% of children who received the ground. health care in Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan. The children of the t a r also suffer The 2010 census results should sound an alarm. high rates of malnutrition and stunting. The severe lack of health care and education in the t a r amounts to a humanitarian crisis. With one of - Between 17 -25% of elderly Tibetans (aged the highest infant mortality rates in the world and 60 and up) are still working in labour jobs in the low average life expectancy of 66 years old, it 2010. Ngawa has the highest percentage of is undeniable that the current health development elders reporting good health (41%) whereas programs require re-evaluation. The rapid building Yushu has the lowest (11%). The t a r has by of schools and hospitals does not appear to be far, the highest percentage of elders who are transforming the situation for the better, especially not receiving retirement pensions (30%). considering that the neighbouring provinces are Of all the Tibetan majority regions, only the faring much better without similar development - t a r saw a substantial jump in the number campaigns. of hospitals and doctors from 2006-2010. More in-depth research is urgently needed to In just 4 years, over 5,200 hospitals were identify the reasons behind such disparity. It built and 500 doctors were hired. However, would be useful to compare how government this did not improve the average number investments in health and education are spent of hospital beds and doctors per person. In across these inland provinces, including the 2010, the t a r had only 3 hospital beds and distribution of resources and the training of key 1 doctor per 1000 people. personnel. It would also be vital to identify the social and cultural barriers that are preventing 2. Key Findings on Education in Tibet: Tibetans from accessing the most basic health and education services - In 2008, the t a r had the lowest average years of schooling per person at 4.71 years. The neighbouring provinces of Qinghai, 1. Key Findings on Health in Tibet: Gansu, Yunnan, and Sichuan all had average - In 2010, the t a r had the p r c ’s lowest average years of schooling in the 7 year range. The life expectancy at 66 years old, compared to national p r c average was 8 years. the p r c ’s national average of 74 years old. - In 2010, compared to Tibetans living in - In 2010, the t a r had an infant mortality Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, and Qinghai, rate of 23.5%, the highest in all regions of Tibetans in the t a r had the highest the p r c and more than twice as high as the percentage of those who never attended neighbouring provinces. school, 37%. About half of all Tibetans in the t a r , Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai, and

68 69 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014

Yunnan have attended primary school, but Schools in Nomadic Herding Areas.” Education a much smaller percentage (between 12- Review, 60(1): 69-84. 19%) make the transition to middle school. Less than 5% of all Tibetans in these regions China Population and Family Planning Yearbook make it to high school or beyond. of 2010, China Statistics Press.

- Tibetan males have a significant advantage Connelly, R. and Zheng, Z. (2007). “School over Tibetan females when it comes to Enrollment and Graduation Rates in Western accessing education. In 2010, out of those China Based on the 2000 Census,” Journal of who never attended school, about 59% are Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 5:2, 147- female. At all levels of primary, middle, and 161. high school, Tibetan males outnumber the Tibetan females. Dang, S., Yan, H., Yamamoto, S., Wang, X., and Zeng, L. (2004). “Poor nutritional status of - In 2010, the illiteracy rate in the t a r for those younger Tibetan children living at high altitudes.” aged 15 years and up was 32%, the highest European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58: 938- in the p r c . This is significantly higher than 946. the illiteracy rates in the Tibetan majority Gansu Statistical Yearbooks, 2000-2013, China t a p s, which range from 12% in Ngawa to 30% in Ganzi and Huangnan. Statistics Press. Goyal, O. (2005). Nomads at the Crossroads. Delhi: - With the exception of an increase in number Gyan Publishing House. of kindergarten schools, the t a r and the Tibetan majority t a p s saw a sharp decline in Harris, N., Crawford, P., Yangzom, Y., Pinzo, L., the number of elementary, middle, and high Gyaltsen, P., and Hudes, M. “Nutritional and schools from 2006-2013. This is likely the Health Status of Tibetan Children Living at High result of closing down village schools, which Altitudes” New England Journal of Medicine, v. have been consolidated into large boarding 344, no. 5: 341-347. schools located in towns and cities. Lanjouw. P.F. and Ravallion, M. (1995) “Poverty In the t a r , the largest industries of - and Household Size,” Economic Journal, Vol. 105, agriculture and livestock primarily hire No. 433. workers who have never attended school or only attended elementary school. Thus it Maberly, G. and Sullivan, K. (2001) “Alarming appears that students with a middle school Facts about the Health and Nutrition of Children education (or higher) have a smaller chance in Tibet” New England Journal of Medicine, v. 344, of finding suitable employment. no. 5.

F. Work Cited Postiglione, G., Jiao, B., Xiaoliang, L., and Tsamla. (2014). “Popularizing Basic Education in Tibet’s Adams, V., Miller, S., Chertow, J., Craig, S., Nomadic Regions” in J. Leibold and Y. Chen Samen, A. and Varner, M. (2005). “Having a ‘safe (eds.), Minority Education in China, Hong Kong: delivery’: conflicting views from Tibet.” Health Hong Kong University Press, 107-129. Care for Women International, 26: 821-851. Postiglione, G., Zhiyong, Z., Jiao, B. (2004). Bangsbo, E. (2008). “Schooling for Knowledge “From ethnic segregation to impact integration: and Cultural Survival: Tibetan Community

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state schooling and identity construction for rural The problems are not insurmountable. Three of Tibetans” Asian Ethnicity, 5: 195-217. the main problems are: 1) the students cannot relate to the curriculum; Mandarin is increasingly Qinghai Statistical Yearbooks, 2000-2013, China used as the language of instruction, which makes Statistics Press. it harder for Tibetans to learn; and 3) that the geography in Tibet makes centralized education Rong, Ma. (2014). “Bilingual Education and system difficult. Both of these problems can be Language Policy in Tibet” in J. Leibold and Y. solved through relatively simple measures that Chen (eds.), Minority Education in China, Hong have been tried and tested in other countries. Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 83-106. There are two main problems with the education Sichuan Statistical Yearbooks, 2000-2013, China system in Tibet: 1) the curriculum does not Statistics Press. offer material children can relate to; and 2) the Sixth National Population Census of China 2010, geography of Tibet makes it difficult to bring China Statistics Press. education to children.

Wong, E. (2010). “China’s Money and Migrants A. Curriculum Pour into Tibet.” New York Times, July 24, 2010. The curriculum in Tibet is the product of an effort to control what children in Tibet think and believe. Yang, J., Huang, X., and Liu, X. (2014). “An In some cases, the p r c ’s control over textbooks and analysis of education inequality in China.” curriculum has succeeded in convincing students International Journal of Educational Development, to trust government officials and the c c p .398 In 37: 2-10. Tibet, the curriculum has the effect of keeping Yong, C. (2013). China’s New Demographic Reality: children out of school. Because the curriculum Learning from the 2010 Census. Population rewrites Tibetan history and portrays Tibetan and Development Review, Volume 39, Issue 3. culture as barbaric parents are hesitant to send their children to school.399 Yunnan Statistical Yearbooks, 2000-2013, China Statistics Press. In 2014, t c h r d obtained textbooks that are being used in Tibet. These textbooks confirm stories of how Tibetan culture is treated as barbaric400 II. Education in Tibet and students learn to be ashamed of their culture and traditions.401 When compared with previous The p r c ’s 2010 census data on education in Tibet

reveals that there are systemic and consistent 398 Alicia P.Q. Whittmeyer, We Don’t Need No Education: problems with education in Tibet. The low number Thought control in the classroom is real -- and it works, of Tibetans receiving an education and the high Foreign Policy, 30 June 2014, available at: http://www. number of children dropping out of school is a foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/30/we_dont_need_no_ education_china_patriotic_education_hong_kong. problem that cannot be confined to a particular 399 special Report on The Right to Education in Tibet (TCHRD year or policy. In 2014, t c h r d published a special 2014) pp.12, 35 . report discussing some of the causes and solutions 400 Tsering Woeser, My Chinese Education: Learning to Forget to the poor of education system in Tibet.397 There Tibet in China, The New York Times, 14 Aug. 2014, available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/15/opinion/learning- are many interrelated causes for these problems. to-forget-tibet-in-china.html?_r=0. 401 special Report on The Right to Education in Tibet (TCHRD 397 special Report on The Right to Education in Tibet (TCHRD 2014) p. 12, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/wp-content/ 2014), available at: http://www.tchrd.org/wp-content/ uploads/2014/12/Click-here.pdf. uploads/2014/12/Click-here.pdf.

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textbooks, they demonstrate that the p r c removes that the schools will teach children that their more aspects of Tibetan culture and history. traditional way of life is inferior.408 Students from Historical examples of Buddhism in Tibet or rural areas rarely return to farming and herding Tibetan achievements are edited or deleted, as the after attending schools.409 As a result, nomadic p r c perceives any reference to Tibetan Buddhism, parents believe that the schools are designed to the Dalai , or Tibetan nationalism as a undermine their traditional way of life.410 This threat.402 perception, is confirmed by statements by p r c officials who emphasise that the goal of education In many cases, the p r c removed references to is to ensure students are loyal to the c c p .411 Tibetan Buddhism because they view it as a threat to stability.403 Textbooks from the 1980s discussed To increase enrolment at schools the p r c could the ’s religious and political history make the educational system more appealing to and described the Dalai Lamas who lived there.404 Tibetan families. Rather than ignore Tibetan By 2003, these paragraphs were deleted. Tibetan successes and religion, while degrading Tibetan historical figures have also been reinvented to fit culture, the p r c could acknowledge the successes the p r c ’s propaganda. In a current textbook there of Tibetan culture and the role religion played in is an entire chapter that discusses Thangtong it. The legal requirement to do this already exists Gyalpo. The textbook describes Thangtong in the p r c ’s Constitution.412 However, this legal Gyalpo as a proponent of Marxism, despite the fact requirement has not been implemented. Instead, that he lived in the 14th century—approximately the p r c has implemented the “Three Guarantees 500 years before Karl Marx was born. Thangtong Policy.”413 This policy does not change the Gyalpo’s achievements that relate to Tibetan curriculum. Instead, it aims to increase enrolment culture or religion are never mentioned. This by providing families with financial incentives.414 includes his recognition as a Buddhist saint, his If the p r c is serious about increasing enrolment in founding of Tibetan opera, and his work on Tibet it must follow its own laws and provide a Tibetan Buddhist mediation and medicine.405 curriculum that will assuage the parents’ fears. The textbook does mention Thangtong Gyalpo’s suspension bridges, but omits that they were built B. Language to help travelling religious pilgrims.406 Similarly, The Tibetan students that do attend school even though the Monastery is mentioned are disadvantaged compared to their Chinese in the textbooks the monks who studied religious counterparts because the primary language of teachings are not.407 instruction is in Mandarin and not Tibetan. The textbooks do more than undermine the Despite this, Tibetan schools are increasingly successes of Tibetans. Other parts of the textbooks using Mandarin as the medium of instruction. In portray Tibetan culture as backward and inferior. 2014 a survey revealed that Tibetan students want Particularly among nomads, there is a perception to be taught in Tibetan and learn more efficiently when they are.415 402 Ibid at p. 11. 403 ronald Schwartz, Religious Persecution in Tibet, Canada Tibet 408 Ibid at p. 35. Committee, available at: http://www.tibet.ca/_media/PDF/ 409 Ibid at p. 36. Religious-Persecution-in-Tibet.pdf. 410 Ibid at p. 34. 404 special Report on The Right to Education in Tibet (TCHRD 411 Ibid at p. 9. 2014) p. 11, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/wp-content/ 412 Ibid at p. 13. uploads/2014/12/Click-here.pdf. 413 Ibid at p. 36. 405 Ibid. 414 Ibid. 406 Ibid. 415 Ibid at p. 21. 407 Ibid.

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In t a r Tibetan is the medium of instruction for addition to sparking protests, this could force primary schools.416 At middle and high schools more children to drop out of school earlier. A classes are in Mandarin.417 This is one reason why more practical approach would be to adopt mother so few Tibetan make the transition from primary tongue-based bilingual education. This approach school to middle school (fig. 14). Students face a has been very successful in Finland where almost difficult transition from using Tibetan in school to 6% of the population speaks Swedish as a native Mandarin. This is exacerbated because if a Tibetan language.423 Mother tongue-based bilingual student does not understand something the education requires all native Finnish speakers, teachers are unable to explain it in Tibetan. The almost 91% of the population, to study Swedish student must either understand the explanation in when they are about 13 years old. At the same Mandarin or not at all. age, native Swedish speakers are required to study Finnish.424 Both groups are taught in their The p r c ’s efforts to make Mandarin the language native language. This system removes the stigma of instruction has been slowed by resistance from of speaking a minority language.425 Importantly, students and teachers. In Qinghai province in 2010 it also allows students to learn a second language students staged protests against the use of Mandarin while still getting the educational benefits of in primary schools. The protests succeeded in learning in their native language. delaying the use of Mandarin in primary school.418 The students feared that the introduction of Implementing a system in Tibet would require Mandarin as the medium of instruction was Tibetan students to study Mandarin while being designed wipe out Tibetan.419 There were similar taught in Tibetan and Chinese students studying protest in Rebgong (Ch: Tongren) in Malho Tibetan while being taught in Mandarin. If (Ch: Huangnan) t a p in Qinghai on 9 November successfully implemented, this system could 2012.420 In November 2014, students protested improve Tibetan’s test scores while not undermining the introduction of instruction in Mandarin in Tibetan language or creating unnecessary barriers Dzoege (Ch: Ruoergai) County in Ngaba (Ch: to education for Tibetans. Aba) t a p in Sichuan Province.421 The officials in Sichuan said that the switch to Mandarin would C. Geography help students with their exams.422 One of the most difficult problems facing If officials want to improve education and test any education system is how to reach rural results the solution is not to require younger and communities. In Tibet, which is one of the least younger students to be taught in Mandarin. In populated areas in the world, this problem is particularly pronounced.426 In rural communities, 416 Ibid at p. 22. the distance between families makes developing 417 Ibid. a centralized school system difficult. The p r c 418 Ibid at pp. 22-23. 419 Tibetan students protests Chinese language plans, CBC News, has attempted to address this issue by creating 23 Oct. 2010, available at: http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ boarding schools. However, these schools have tibetan-students-protest-chinese-language-plans-1.945376. not succeeded. Part of the reason is that nomadic 420 Tibetan Students Protest Official’s Call for Instruction in communities think the curriculum at boarding Chinese, Radio Free Asia, 6 Nov. 2014, available at: http://www. rfa.org/english/news/tibet/instruction-11062014151550. schools will undermine their culture. Another html. 423 Special Report on The Right to Education in Tibet 421 Tibetan Students Protest Official’s Call for Instruction in (TCHRD 2014) p. 22, available at: http://www.tchrd. Chinese, Radio Free Asia, 6 Nov. 2014, available at: http://www. org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Click-here.pdf. rfa.org/english/news/tibet/instruction-11062014151550. 424 Ibid at p. 29. html. 425 Ibid. 422 Ibid. 426 Ibid at p. 39.

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reason is that it is difficult to get teachers willing and resources in the p r c .433 However, it is unclear to teach in rural Tibet.427 whether they take full advantage of remote learning or merely provide communication technology to The schools that are unable to get enough qualified centralized schools. An essential element of mobile teachers are understaffed or rely substitute teachers. learning is that it decentralizes the education. Most small schools in t a r , referred to as “teaching Tibet is ideally situated for such mobile learning. spots” are so understaffed that they cannot offer If properly implemented it would also enable all the required classes to elementary school students to attend school without sacrificing their students.428 Substitute teachers are teachers that culture and language. do not meet the minimum requirements to be official teachers.429 In rural Tibetan areas, teachers D. Conclusion that meet the minimum requirements are difficult to hire or refuse to work in impoverished rural The census data demonstrated substantial problems areas.430 The p r c ’s minimum qualifications to teach with education in Tibet. Some of these problems do not take into account the differences between are an unavoidable part of the Tibetan geography. rural and urban areas or the local language and Others represent the complexities of working with culture. This means that even when teachers who a minority culture that speaks a different language. are qualified to teach go to rural areas they are not None of these problems should prevent Tibetans ready to teach effectively. from receiving an education. Other countries have been able to overcome similar problems. The p r c can increase the accessibility of schools by However, solving these problems would require a utilising mobile learning. At its most basic, mobile commitment by the p r c to improve education in learning requires a radio. In 1948, Australia Tibet. This would include teaching about Tibetan introduced mobile learning to provide people culture, teaching in Tibetan, and decentralizing in rural areas with an education by broadcasting schooling. Unfortunately, the p r c does not seem classes over the radi. Since then the programme willing to make these necessary changes. has thrived and expanded. By 2005, it is present in all but two of Australia’s states and territories.431 III. Nomad Resettlement With new technology, including the use of the In 2014, the Tibetan Centre for Human Rights Internet, mobile learning can reach people who and Democracy (t c h r d ) published a report on would otherwise be inaccessible. According to the resettlement of Tibetan nomads.434 The report official p r c information, the technology required argued that even though resettled Tibetan nomads to implement it already exists.432 The p r c says are not recognized as Internally Displaced People that there are now 63,600 small schools including (i d p ) they face the same dangers and require the those in TAR that have digital teaching devices same protections.435

427 Ibid at p. 40. In Tibet the local governments have resettled or 428 china’s small schools go digital, Xinhua, 27 Dec. 2014, available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014- 433 china’s small schools go digital, Xinhua, 27 Dec. 2014, 12/27/c_133882231.htm. available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014- 429 special Report on The Right to Education in Tibet (TCHRD 12/27/c_133882231.htm. 2014) pp. 40-41, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/wp- 434 resettlement is Displacement: A Rights Based Perspective on content/uploads/2014/12/Click-here.pdf. the Internally Displaced in Tibet (TCHRD 2014), available 430 Ibid at p. 41. at: http://www.tchrd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Click- 431 Ibid at p. 45. here-to-download-TCHRDs-special-report-on-the-right-of- 432 Ibid at o. 46. the-internally-displaced-in-Tibet.pdf. 435 Ibid at p. 1.

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relocated almost the entire nomadic population. nomads, without adequate housing, indebted, About 40% of ethnic Tibetans in Tibet are and unemployed. nomadic or semi-nomadic.436 The resettlement of the Tibetan nomads will fundamentally and A. International Law irreversibly alter Tibetan life and society. Under international law forced evictions may only Because of the large number of nomads and be carried out if certain specific criteria are met. the resettlement programs impact the entire If these criteria are not met then various human population. Between 2006 and 2012 in t a r , more rights obligations are violated. These human than two-thirds of the entire population were rights include, among others, the right to an 440 effected by the relocation programs.437 In Qinghai adequate standard of living in the i c e s c r and Province, 90% of the nomadic population was the prohibition against arbitrary interference with resettled by 2013.438 In 2008, Sichuan Province a person’s family or home in the International 441 announced it had resettled 80% of the nomadic Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. These population and expected to resettle the remaining obligations are binding on the p r c through human 442 470,000 nomads by 2013.439 rights treaties and customary international law.

The legality of the resettlement of nomads According to the Special Rapporteur for Adequate is determined by various international legal Housing’s report, before people can be displaced instruments. In 2007, the UN Special Rapporteur three requirements must be met. First, the on Adequate Housing provided basic principles displacement must be unavoidable and consistent 443 and guidelines, based on existing human rights with human rights. Second, the people being law, that apply to the displacement of people for displaced must be informed of the eviction, given 444 the purposes of development. These guidelines an opportunity to challenge the displacement. established principles that should be followed Third, the resettlement measures, including before, during, and after displacement. The p r c ’s the construction of houses and schools, and mass displacement of the Tibetan nomads violates the provision of utilities must be adequate and 445 these principles. This section will focus on the p r c ’s completed before the eviction. The p r c has failure to fulfil its obligations prior to displacing failed to meet these minimum standards. the nomads. B. Unavoidable and Consistent with Human The resettlement of the Tibetan nomads is usually Rights implemented through false promises of a better The p r c offers various justifications for the life. Rather than help the nomads, the resettlement resettlement of the nomads. The entire campaign program leaves the previously self-sufficient to resettle Tibetan nomads is part of the p r c ’s efforts 436 In Pictures: Tibetan Nomads, BBC, available at: http://news. bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/06/asia_pac_ to create a “Socialist Countryside.” The p r c has also tibetan_nomads/html/1.stm attempted to justify many of the relocations projects 437 resettlement is Displacement: A Rights Based Perspective on as necessary to protect the environment. Neither of the Internally Displaced in Tibet (TCHRD 2014) p. 6, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Click- 440 ICESCR Art. 11(1). here-to-download-TCHRDs-special-report-on-the-right-of- 441 ICCPR, Art. 17(1). the-internally-displaced-in-Tibet.pdf. 442 Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-Based 438 Ibid. Evictions and Displacement, HRC, UN Doc. A/HRC/4/18, 439 report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, paras. 1, 3, available at: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ Olivier De Schutter - Addendum: Mission to China, HRC, Issues/Housing/Guidelines_en.pdf. 20 Jan. 2012, UN Doc. No. A/HRC/19/59/Add.1, para. 443 Ibid at para. 40. 35, available at: http://www.srfood.org/images/stories/pdf/ 444 Ibid at paras. 37, 43. officialreports/20120306_china_en.pdf. 445 Ibid at para. 44.

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these explanations permit the resettlement of the The p r c ’s claim that relocation of nomads is nomads. In the specific instance of the Zangmu necessary for environmental conservation is Dam in t a r , the displacement of approximately not scientifically sound. Before being resettled, 330,000 could qualify as development based Tibetans were practising techniques that had displacement.446 However, the displacement is still left the ecosystem undamaged for hundreds of not unavoidable. years.450 Overgrazing is not recognized as a major cause of grassland degradation; rather, resource 1. Socialist Countryside extraction and climate change play a greater role 451 The p r c says the resettlement and relocation of in ecological harm to grasslands. Long periods Tibetan nomads and farmers will create a ‘Socialist without livestock grazing have been shown to Countryside’ that will bring modern agricultural harm the ecosystem.452 operations and capacity to Tibet.447 This justification does not assert that the resettlement/ In practice, the p r c does not attempt to protect relocation is unavoidable, only that it will benefit the natural resources in the newly acquired land. the Tibetans. In reality, the nomads and farmers Usually, the land the nomads were resettled from do not benefit from being resettled or relocated. is opened up for mining. This includes open-pit mining, which tears up the grasslands that are 2. Environment being protected from overgrazing.453

The p r c also claims that the resettlement of the Even when an environmental protection area is nomads is necessary to protect the environment. established mining continues unhindered. In 2014, Resettlement villages are a part of China’s Greenpeace published a report on an open pit coal development of a ‘Socialist Countryside’ and mine in an environmental protection areas around part of China’s ‘Tuimu Huancao’ policy. The the foothills of the Qilian Mountains in Qinghai Tuimu Huancao or “retire livestock and restore Province. The mining violated conservation laws grassland” policy claims to “reverse severe grassland and polluted the water, grasslands, and wetlands.454 degradation” as well as “give herders the proper The report described the Muli opencast coalfield incentives both to better manage their land and as a “sprawling mining operation covering an area also become more efficient market producers, 14 times larger than the city of London, located 448 thus raising their standard of living.” This in Mili (Ch: Muli) Tibetan Autonomous County justification has no scientific basis. Instead, the in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province.”455 newly acquired land is used to promote mining and destructive environmental practices.449 450 Desal, T. (2014, November 25). China’s major hydroelectric dam project operational. The Tibet Post International. available 446 ET Bureau. (2009, October 20). UPA under pressure to act at: http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/news/tibet/4317-chinas- fast on China. Economic Times, 20 Oct. 2009, available at: major-hydroelectric-dam-project-operational-. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-10-20/ 451 United Nations Human Rights Council (UNCHR)(2012), news/28388341_1_yarlung-tsangpo-brahmaputra-second- ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier largest-resettlement. de Schutter’ Nineteenth session, 20 January 2012, UN Doc. 447 Jiabao, W., New Socialist Countryside - What Does It A/HRC/59/Add.1. Mean? Beijing Review, 6 April 2006, available at: http://www. 452 ptackova, J. (2011). Sedentarisation of Tibetan nomads in bjreview.com.cn/special/third_plenum_17thcpc/txt/2008- China: Implementation of the Nomadic settlement project 10/10/content_156190.htm. in the Tibetan Amdo area; Qinghai and Sichuan Provinces. 448 Yeh, E., Restoring the grasslands?, China Dialogue, 26 Jan, Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 1(1), 4. 2010, available at: https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/ 453 Exposed: Coal mining at the Source of China’s Yellow show/single/en/3470. River, Greenpeace, 7 Aug. 2014, available at: http://www. 449 sangay, L. (2012, July 13). For Tibetans, no other way to greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/Exposed-Coal- protest. Retrieved December 23, 2014, available at: http:// mining-at-the-source-of-Chinas-Yellow-River/. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/for-tibetans-no-other- 454 Ibid. way-to-protest/2012/07/13/gJQA13wniW_story.html 455 Ibid.

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Its operation violated many of the p r c ’s water the solution; this source of energy is extremely protection and natural protection laws. The mine inefficient in a region with freezing temperatures, has already severely harmed alpine meadows and and a more extensive sequence of dams will need glaciers that lead to headwaters of major river to be built along the river to increase the energy systems that feed most of South East Asia. In production’s profitability.462 This will only further addition to current mining projects Greenpeace incentivise the PRC to relocate nomad while found that the government plans to open 16 more also damaging the environment and threatening coalmines in the region.456 downstream States’ water supply.

3. Zangmu Dam C. Informed of and given an opportunity to challenge the eviction The closest development related justification for the resettlement of the nomads offered by the The resettlement of the Tibetan nomads is p r c is to clear space for hydropower projects. The accomplished through various tactics. Few of proposed Zangmu Dam is in these tactics involve meaningfully informing the (Ch: Yalu Zangbu) canyon on a stretch of the people of the eviction and none give the people Brahmaputra River in the Lhoka (Ch: Shannan) an opportunity to challenge the eviction. When Prefecture in t a r . This project has had significant the authorities inform nomads of their imminent implications for Tibetan nomad population. It will relocation the decision has already been made. cause the relocation of about 330,000 people. This The government officials do not provide room would be the PRC’s second largest resettlement for discussion, nor do they consult an adequate plans.457 Construction on the first section of the representation of the village population.463 dam began on 22 November 2014.458 Chinese state news agency Xinhua reported that the dam will A common tactic involves coercing nomads into generate 2.5 billion kilowatt hours of electricity signing documents. The documents are later used every year.459 t a r chairman Losang Jamcan spoke to give the resettlement an appearance of legal about how “the hydro plant is a good example process. However, merely obtaining the nomads of clean energy development”460 and how it will signature does satisfy the p r c ’s legal obligations. help to solve Tibet’s power need. Tibet’s per capita In many cases the nomads sign the documents energy consumption is less than one-third of p r c ’s without understanding them, often because the national average.461 agreements are written in Mandarin, which the nomads cannot understand. In other instances, The Zangmu Dam is a necessary project and the the nomads sign the document either because they displacement it causes is not unavoidable. It is not are under pressure from officials or because they 456 Ibid. are given false descriptions of the agreements. 457 ET Bureau. (2009, October 20). UPA under pressure to act fast on China. Economic Times, 20 Oct. 2009, available at: Nomads who refuse to sign the documents or http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-10-20/ news/28388341_1_yarlung-tsangpo-brahmaputra-second- 462 Yang Yong. Large scale hydropower will fail in Tibet due to largest-resettlement. freezing temperatures, 17 Dec. 2014, available at: http://www. 458 r. R. Bhaskar, What Chinese dam on Brahmaputra means thethirdpole.net/large-scale-hydropower-will-fail-in-tibet-due- to India, DNA India, 27 Nov. 2014, available at: http:// to-freezing-temperatures/. www.dnaindia.com/money/report-what-chinese-dam-on- 463 G.C. (2013, July 30 at 3 PM). TCHRD Interview 1 brahmaputra-means-to-india-2038737. [Translated by Tenzin Nyinjey]. Resettlement is Displacement: 459 Major hydroplant goes operational in power-thirsty Tibet, A right Based Perspective on the Internally Displaced in Tibet. Xinhua, 23 Nov. 2014, available at: http://news.xinhuanet. P.50 com/english/china/2014-11/23/c_133808644.htm. From: Amdo County, Nagchu Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous 460 Ibid. Region. Place Interviewed: Dharamsala, Hiamchal Pradesh, 461 Ibid. India.

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otherwise follow the government’s dictates can be large for the provided houses and instead live in charged with making anti-nationalistic political makeshift tarp tents, which are not adequate for statements or separatism and sentenced to a the warmth or health of people living there. 464 minimum of three years in prison. Tibetans can The newly built villages are established on land also be subjected to extrajudicial punishments. that is eroding and unsuitable for cultivation. The On 30 Dec. 2014, four Tibetans were severely villages are placed very close to major roads and beaten by the police during a protest against are built with very tight quarters, often built in the appropriation of their family farm to make rows attached to each other.467 Without enough space for police barracks and other projects in space to grow or dry food, the nomadic traditional Dzamthang (Ch: Rangtang) in Ngaba (Ch: Aba) culture of self-sufficiency is being eroded. t a p in Sichuan Province.465 The threat of prison or beatings prevents people from challenging their To live in the resettlement villages the nomads are eviction and resettlement. forced to sell their animals, which were previously D. Adequate Housing or Land the source of their entire livelihood. For example, yaks are the main source of food (milk, butter, As part of the effort to develop the Socialist cheese, meat), clothing, and shelter. Those who Countryside, nomads are promised a better try to earn a living by farming and herding find quality of life in a resettlement village. The the p r c mandates what they can grow and sell. Chinese government promises that the newly built Those who can grow crops and work on their land resettlement will provide running water, stable, are often required to grow vegetables instead of well-constructed houses, and electricity. Schools grains. are promised for nomadic children who would not otherwise have access to an education. To Ever since people first moved onto the Tibetan help with the adjustment, nomads are promised Plateau about 3,500 years ago, grains have been a compensation for resettling in villages and are staple of the Tibetan diet.468 Today, grains feed the told they will receive government stipends. These farmers’ families and livestock; grains are a reliable promises go unfulfilled. staple crop because they do not rot quickly and are Houses cost more than originally promised, and easy to transport and sell in markets. In contrast, in many cases are not finished by the time the the vegetables that nomads are forced to grow do nomads are resettled. Once moved in, the resettled not serve as an effective food supply for livestock nomads find that their houses quickly begin to fall and also rot easily.469 apart. Walls crack and crumble. The nomads are forced to sell their livestock in order to pay for Once the nomads are resettled and lose their their houses. In their houses, the nomads find they livestock and land, they must adjust to an entirely lack basic needs such as drinking water, proper new lifestyle. The nomads are promised stipends to nutrition, and fuel.466 Moreover, families are too help with the adjustment. However, the stipends are less than originally promised and payments of the 464 “They Say We Should Be Grateful”: Mass Rehousing and Relocation Programs in Tibetan Areas of China (Human 467 “They Say We Should Be Grateful”: Mass Rehousing and Rights Watch 2013). Relocation Programs in Tibetan Areas of China (Human 465 Four Tibetans ‘Severely Beaten’ For Refusing to Sell Land, Rights Watch 2013), p. 86. Radio Free Asia, 2 Jan. 2015, available at: http://www.rfa.org/ 468 Alexandra Witze, Barley fueled farmers’ spread onto Tibetan english/news/tibet/land-01022015130138.html. Plateau, Nature, 20 Nov. 2014, available at: http://www. 466 resettlement is Displacement: A right Based Perspective on nature.com/news/barley-fuelled-farmers-spread-onto-tibetan- the Internally Displaced in Tibet (TCHRD 2014), available plateau-1.16382. at: http://www.tchrd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Click- 469 “They Say We Should Be Grateful”: Mass Rehousing and here-to-download-TCHRDs-special-report-on-the-right-of- Relocation Programs in Tibetan Areas of China (Human the-internally-displaced-in-Tibet.pdf. Rights Watch 2013).

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stipends stop before the nomads are settled and able E. conclusion to acquire another form of income. The problems The p r c ’s failure to provide the protection to the with the stipends are compounded because it resettled nomads violates international law. It is is extremely difficult for nomads to find work part of a systematic effort to resettle the Tibetan once they have been resettled. Despite promises population. The p r c is violating international by the p r c , there is very limited access to proper law at its own risk. The human rights protections vocational training. This prevents the resettled exist so that people can live a life of dignity. When nomads from competing with Han Chinese those rights are violated people protest. In the case migrant workers and makes them dependent on of resettled nomads, there were numerous protests the p r c to survive. Without government support against resettlement and mining operations in through stipends to aid families and without 2014. These protests were a direct result of the adequate vocational training, resettled Tibetan p r c failing to consult with the nomads and the nomads find themselves in desperate situations failure to provide them with adequate housing. If with no way to lift themselves out. The Chinese the p r c continues to resettle the nomads without government carries out very little research on the providing them with any input or compensation, negative impacts of resettlement,470 and as a result, the nomads and other Tibetans will be left with no efforts to mitigate the harms of failed relocation option but to keep protesting. policies are feeble.

Some Tibetan nomads make a decent living by harvesting caterpillar fungus. Caterpillar fungus is one of the best, and often the only, source of income for resettled nomads. As an increasing number of nomads are resettled, harvesting caterpillar fungus has become a ‘gold rush.’ The nomads are able to sustain themselves because the price of caterpillar fungus is high. The livelihoods of the resettled nomads depend on the price remaining high. Because caterpillar fungus can only be harvested in the spring, many Tibetans borrow money from government banks to sustain themselves during the rest of the year. If the price of caterpillar fungus drops, the Tibetans will be unable to get out of debt.471

In the end, the Tibetans are left worse off than they were before. They are not provided with adequate housing or an opportunity to earn a living. This violates international law.

470 resettlement is Displacement: A Rights Based Perspective on the Internally Displaced in Tibet (TCHRD 2014) p. 33, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/wp-content/ uploads/2014/11/Click-here-to-download-TCHRDs-special- report-on-the-right-of-the-internally-displaced-in-Tibet.pdf. 471 Annual Report 2013: Human Rights Situation in Tibet (TCHRD 2014).

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I. States A. Tibet, the us and the Scottish Referendum Tibet is a major factor, if not the key factor, behind Sino-US and Sino-Indian diplomatic relations.472 The first statement on Tibet by an American official The United States and India are the only countries in 2014 came from Max Baucus, the nominee for that have implemented some sort of formal policies u s ambassador to the p r c .473 In his testimony before on the issue of Tibet. Neither country supports the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Baucus, Tibetan independence, instead acknowledging a senator from the US state of Montana said on 28 the one-China policy and recognition of Tibet January 2014, “I will call on Chinese authorities to as part of the People’s Republic of China (p r c ). allow an independent civil society to play a role in Given the moral and strategic value of Tibet, the resolving societal challenges; take steps to reduce two countries have long been sympathetic to and tensions and promote long–term stability in Tibet involved in Tibetan issues. and Xinjiang; and restart substantive talks with the Dalai Lama or his representatives, without Every time a United States president or senior precondition.”474 u s administration official visits the p r c , the question of human rights and religious freedom This gesture of support by an American senator of the Tibetan people emerges, putting a strain on was followed in February by a lengthy debate in the relations between the two countries. The asylum Scottish parliament on Tibetan self-immolation granted by India to the Dalai Lama and Tibetans protests.475 During the debate, the Scottish in 1959 and the u s Tibet Policy Act of 2002 passed parliament noted with grave concern that “at least by the u s Congress testifies to this fact. 127 Tibetans have self-immolated, often fatally, since February 2009.” The parliament expressed The geographical space of international community the “understanding” that these actions are largely thus can be confined mostly to countries in the acts of protest against restrictions on religion, West and India, which hosts the Central Tibetan the Tibetan language, access to employment and Administration, the de facto Tibetan Government the degradation of water resources and grazing in Exile. It also encompasses u n human rights bodies, global human rights watchdogs such as the 473 Max Baucus, Nominee as US Envoy to Beijing to call for Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, dialogue between China and His Holiness, Central Tibetan members of parliament, influential figures such as Administration, 30 Jan. 2014, available at: http://tibet. winners of Nobel Peace prize, religious authorities, net/2014/01/30/max-baucus-nominee-as-us-envoy-to-beijing- legal experts, political activists and so on: in other to-call-for-dialogue-between-china-and-his-holiness/. 474 Ibid. words, the powerful bodies and individuals who 475 MSP condemns China’s human rights record in Tibet, BBC, 4 are not necessarily working under a government. Feb. 2014, available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/ scotland-26036978. 472 Dawa Norbu, China’s Tibet Policy (Curzon Press, UK, 2001).

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lands.476 They did not meet in the Oval Office, where the American president receives leaders of sovereign Maureen Watt, the Scottish Member of Parliament, countries. Despite the White House assurance who proposed the motion for the debate, was that the US “recognizes Tibet as part of China much more outspoken and critical of the p r c .477 and did not support independence,” the Chinese She blamed the Chinese government’s increasing government responded angrily to the meeting.481 repression in the form of military crackdown of Tibetan protest as the cause of Tibetan self- Hua Chunying, a spokeswoman for the p r c ’s immolations. She expressed her solidarity to the foreign ministry, said the meeting was “a gross relatives of the self-immolators, who have been interference in China’s domestic politics” and “a subjected to severe collective punishment. She severe violation of the principles of international spoke about the Chinese government’s attempts relations. It will inflict grave damages upon the to prevent the news of self-immolations reaching China-US relationship”. Zhu Weiqun, former head the outside world through treacherous and violent of the Chinese Communist Party’s United Front means of bribery, arrest and torture. She raised Work Department, wrote an article in the state- the issue of Tibetan people’s right to preserve run website Tibet.cn, flaunting thep r c ’s economic and promote their language, culture and religion, might that can overcome any criticism about Tibet including the issue of rampant Chinese mining in the West: “We can only push the west to change activities in Tibet and the massive transfer of its way of thinking if we let them understand that Han Chinese into Tibetan areas that threatens China’s power cannot be avoided … and that the to change the demographic outlook of Tibet.478 west’s interests lie in development and maintaining On 10 December 2014, Human Rights Day, ties with China, not the opposite.”482 u k Members of Parliament debated the issue of On 15 February 2014, US Secretary of State, John Tibet and freedom of expression, highlighting the Kerry, travelled Beijing and spoke with President ongoing repression and raising political prisoner Xi Jinping. Describing the meeting later, Kerry cases.479 said: By far the most important event for Tibet in 2014 I emphasized that respect for human rights and was the meeting between US President Barack the exchange of information in a free manner Obama and the Dalai Lama on 21 February contributes to the strength of a society in a 2014.480 The two Nobel Peace Laureates met at country. Recent arrests of peaceful advocates for the White House Map Room to indicate that reform run counter, in our judgment, to all of Obama was meeting the Dalai Lama “as the our best interests and the ability to make long latter’s capacity as a cultural and religious leader.” term progress. I emphasized that the United States remains concerned about these situations 476 scottish Parliament Discusses Self-Immolations in Tibet, Central Tibetan Administration, 7 Feb. 2014, available at: here in China, human rights situations – http://tibet.net/2014/02/07/scottish-parliament-discuss-self- especially with respect to the Tibetan and immolations-in-tibet/. Uighur areas.483 477 MSP condemns China’s human rights record in Tibet, BBC, 4 Feb. 2014, available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/ 481 Ibid. scotland-26036978. 482 china denounces Barack Obama’s meeting with Dalai Lama, 478 Ibid. The Guardian, 21 Feb. 2014, available at: http://www. 479 UK’s policy on Tibet comes under attack during parliamentary theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/21/china-us-barack-obama- debate, Tibet Society (UK), 11 Dec. 2014, available at: http:// dalai-lama. www.tibetsociety.com/content/view/514. 483 US Secretary John Kerry meets with China’s President Xi 480 Obama meets Dalai Lama, Offers support to Tibetan Rights, Al Jinping in an effort to ease Regional Tensions, Lawyer Herald, Jazeera, 21 Feb. 2014, available at http://america.aljazeera.com/ 14 Feb. 2014, available at: http://www.lawyerherald.com/ articles/2014/2/21/dalai-lama-obamatomeetonrightsabuses. articles/4668/20140214/secretary-state-john-kerry-meets- html. chinese-president-xi-xinping-seeking.htm.

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On 20 February 2014, the u s government A bill in the u s House of Representatives seeking appointed Sarah Sewell as Under Secretary for access to Tibetan areas was issued in 2014.487 civilian security, democracy, and human rights.484 The bipartisan bill, “The Reciprocal Access Sewell’s responsibilities include that of serving to Tibet Act,” sponsored by congressmen Jim as the special coordinator for the Tibetan issues McGovern and Joe Pitts, promotes “access to as outlined in the Tibet Policy Act of 2002: “to Tibetan areas of China for u s officials, journalists promote dialogue between His Holiness the Dalai and average citizens.” This bill, together with Lama or his representatives and the government the desire expressed by the u n Human Rights of the People’s Republic of China, as well as Commissioner to visit Tibet, in some ways, meets coordinate u s government policies, programs and the long-standing demand of the exile Tibetan projects related to Tibet.” On the second day of leadership calling for the visit of u n human rights her office in Washington, she met with the Dalai officials and foreign journalists to visit Tibet and Lama. Following the meeting she said she would independently report from there.488 work to coordinate the u s government’s “efforts to promote an end to interference by authorities B. Missed Meetings–Norway, South into the religious affairs of the Tibetan people. In Africa and the Nobel Boycott this role, I promote the policy of seeking to assist the preservation of the distinct religious heritage In 2014, the Norwegian Prime Minister, Erna of Tibetans.”485 Such an assurance is critical Solberg refused to meet with the Dalai Lama when 489 given the Chinese government’s systematic and he visited Oslo in May 2014. The refusal to meet violent suppression of Tibetans inside Tibet for the Dalai Lama by the Norwegian government worshipping the Dalai Lama as the head of Tibetan was noteworthy, because the Dalai Lama had met Buddhism. previous Norwegian Prime Ministers and more so because the Tibetan spiritual leader was visiting Sewell visited Tibetan exile communities in India Norway on the invitation of the Norwegian and Nepal in November. She met with the Dalai Nobel Committee to mark the 25th anniversary Lama and Sikyong in Dharamsala, of the Dalai Lama winning the Nobel Peace Prize. India. During her visit to the Tibetan refugee Analysts cited the growing Chinese economic settlement in Delhi, she and Kathleen Stephens, influence in Norway as the primary reason Erna the u s ambassador to India who accompanied her, Solberg refused to meet with the Dalai Lama. had a lengthy discussion with local Tibetan leaders Some analysts said the decision “stems from the about the problems being faced by Tibetans in and repercussions of the 2010 peace prize awarded to outside Tibet. Indicating that the u s government the Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo, which angered will not change its policies on Tibet, she expressed, the Chinese government to such an extent that it on behalf of the u s government, her appreciation imposed an unofficial partial trade embargo on for the efforts of exile Tibetans under the leadership Norwegian salmon and froze trade talks.”490 of the Dalai Lama.486 487 US Rep. Jim Mc Govern Introduces New Bill on Tibet, 484 United States Government appoints a new Special Coordinator Congressman Jim McGovern, 12 June 2014, available at: for Tibetan Issues, Central Tibetan Administration, 21 Feb. http://mcgovern.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/us- 2014, available at: http://tibet.net/2014/02/21/united-states- rep-jim-mcgovern-introduces-new-bill-on-tibet. government-appoints-a-new-special-coordinator-for-tibetan- 488 Ibid. issues/. 489 Norway Leaders Snub Dalai Lama in Deference to China, 485 US Special Coordinator to Visit Tibetans in India and Nepal, The New York Times, 7 May 2014, available at: http://www. Central Tibetan Administration, 22 Sept. 2014, available at: nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/europe/norways-leaders- http://tibet.net/2014/09/22/us-special-coordinator-to-visit- snub-dalai-lama-in-deference-to-china.html?_r=0. tibetans-in-india-and-nepal/. 490 Norway criticized over snub to Dalai Lama during Nobel 486 US Special Coordinator for Tibetan Issues visits Samyeling Committee visit, The Guardian, 6 May 2014, available at: settlement, Voice of America, 1 Jan. 2015, available at: http:// http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/06/norway- www.voatibetanenglish.com/content/article/2523259.html. snub-dalai-lama-nobel-visit.

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Norway’s decision to not meet the Dalai Lama was Town to Rome. followed by South Africa refusing to give the Dalai Lama a visa to attend the 14th World Summit of While the successful boycott of the summit in Nobel Peace Laureates that was scheduled to be Cape Town was a diplomatic success for the held in Cape Town in October 2014. This was the Tibetan movement another setback was waiting third time in five years that the Tibetan leader was for the Tibetans. In Rome, Pope Francis, the head denied a South African. In 2012, a South African of the Roman Catholic Church at the Vatican, court ruled that “officials had acted unlawfully refused to meet the Dalai Lama. Observers again in failing to grant the Dalai Lama a visa in time noted the ubiquitous influence of the Chinese for a 2011 trip to celebrate Tutu’s 80th birthday government. Veteran China specialist Jonathan celebrations, largely out of fears of angering the Mirsky called it “Pope Francis’ China Problem,” Chinese government.”491 stating “there is always the possibility of detentions of prominent Catholics and their priests, and The refusal to grant the Dalai Lama a visa triggered more punishments for Tibetan Buddhists, well- a backlash, denting South Africa’s image as the tried forms of Communist persecution. There land that produced Nelson Mandela and other also could be more at stake now that Beijing fearless human rights advocates. Fourteen Nobel has signalled that it might consider improving Peace Laureates expressed outrage South African relations with Rome.”494 government.492 They sent a letter to the South African government urging to grant the Dalai 493 C. Crime and Punishment: Spain and Lama a visa. Nepal As the South African government refused to In late 2013, a Spanish court indicted Hu change their decision, some of the Nobel Laureates Jintao for genocide, torture, and crimes against cancelled their participation. The strong stand humanity in Tibet.495 In February 2014, the court taken up by the fellow Nobel Laureates eventually issued arrest warrants for more retired Chinese led to the relocation of the summit from Cape leaders, including former-president Jiang Zemin 496 491 south Africa ‘acted unlawfully’ in failing to grant Dalai and former-prime minister Li Peng. The arrest Lama visa, The Telegraph (UK), 29 November 2012, warrants included a request that Interpol issue red available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ 497 notices for the p r c officials. Red notices request africaandindianocean/southafrica/9711346/South-Africa- acted-unlawfully-in-failing-to-grant-Dalai-Lama-visa.html. the assistance of the 190 Interpol member States to 498 492 The fourteen Nobel laureates are: Bishop Carlos F. Ximenes locate, arrest, and extradite the wanted people. Belo (1996), Dr. Shirin Ebadi (2006), Mrs. Leyma Gbowee The p r c reacted angrily to the arrest warrants and (2011), Prof. John Hume (1988), Mrs. Tawakkol Karman (2001), Mrs. Mairead Corrigan Maguire (1976), Lord 494 Jonathan Mirsky, Pope Francis’ China Problem, New York David Trimble (1998), President Lech Walesa (1983), Mrs. Review of Books, 15 Dec. 2014, available at: http://www. Betty Williams (1976), Prof. Jody Williams (1997), Prof. nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/15/pope-francis-china- Muhammad Yunus (2007), Amnesty International (1977), dalai-lama/. International Campaign to ban Landmines (1997), Stephen 495 spain court issues warrant for former China president, Jurist: Goose, Chair, International Physicians for the Prevention of Paper chase, 10 Feb. 2014, available at: http://jurist.org/ Nuclear War, Michael Christ, Executive Director. paperchase/2014/02/spain-court-issues-arrest-warrant-for- 493 Dalai Lama: 14 Nobel Peace Laureates write strongly worded former-china-president.php. letter to President Jacob Zuma urging him to guarantee 496 Ibid. His holiness a visa to enter South Africa, World Summit of 497 spain seeks arrest of former Chinese President over Nobel Peace Laureates, 15 Sept. 2014, available at: http:// Tibet, Reuters, 10 Feb. 2014, available at: http:// www.nobelforpeace-summits.org/dalai-lama-14-nobel-peace- www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/10/us-china-spain- laureates-write-strongly-worded-letter-to-president-jacob- idUSBREA191J520140210. zuma-urging-him-to-guarantee-his-holiness-a-visa-to-enter- 498 Notices, Interpol, available at: http://www.interpol.int/ south-africa/. INTERPOL-expertise/Notices.

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claimed that they interfered with the p r c ’s internal million in 2015-2016.504 This money supplements affairs.499 other development projects in Nepal that are funded by the p r c , including a major hydropower As part of the court’s investigation, Hu Jintao was projects.505 In exchange for these investments, the sent 48 questions about his involvement in the p r c wanted Nepal to return Tibetan refugees to repression in Tibet. The questions were designed to the p r c .506 The p r c has also pressured Nepal to give Hu Jintao a chance to respond to the charges limit the human rights of Tibetans in Nepal. These brought against him. One question focused on restrictions include limiting travel and peaceful Hu Jintao’s knowledge of the consequences of assemblies.507 The return of Tibetan refugees to his campaign against Tibetans that caused 450 the p r c and the persecution of Tibetans in Nepal deaths, the wounding of another 7,000, the 350 are both prohibited by international law.508 disappearances, and 3,000 detentions when he was party secretary of the Tibet Autonomous Region (t a r ).500 II. Intergovernmental Organizations and n g o In response to the arrest warrants and pressure activism from the p r c , Spain’s ruling People’s Party proposed changing their law to block the criminal cases from In 2014, the Tibetan issue was raised at various continuing. One day after the arrest warrants were other international forums. These forums rely issued, Spain Congress of Deputies voted 179 to on collective international action and can exert 501 163 to change the law. Seventeen Catalonian, pressure on the p r c and other States to improve Spanish, and international organizations published the situation in Tibet. The u n and e u are capable an open letter saying the change in law violated of focusing attention on the situation in Tibet 502 Spain’s international legal obligations. After the and the p r c ’s failure to live up to its international law was changed, the case against the Chinese obligations. These multinational forums also 503 leaders was dropped. force the p r c to respond to accusations and facts concerning the treatment of Tibetans. These While the p r c was pressuring Spain to change multinational forums also provide a chance for its domestic laws in violation of its international n g o s to speak directly to the p r c and amplify their obligations, the p r c was also increasing its financial voice and influence. investments in Nepal. The p r c ’s investments in Nepal will increase from US$24 million to US$128 A. Tibet at the un

499 china dismisses as absurd Spanish arrests warrants over In September 2014, the human rights situation Tibet, Reuters 20 Nov. 2013, available at: http://www. 504 saibal Dasgupta, China raises Nepal aid 5-fold to compete reuters.com/article/2013/11/20/us-china-tibet-spain- with India, Times of India, 26 Dec. 2014, available at: idUSBRE9AJ06720131120. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/ 500 spanish court demands answers from Hu Jintao on Tibetan China-raises-Nepal-aid-5-fold-to-compete-with-India/ genocide allegations, South China Morning Post, 25 Feb. articleshow/45652472.cms. 2014, available at: http://www.scmp.com/news/china-insider/ 505 Lekhanath Pandey, Nepal, China to work in nine core article/1434762/spanish-court-demands-answers-hu-jintao- areas, The Himalayan, 26 Dec. 2014, available at: http:// tibetan-genocide. thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Nepal%26s 501 Tibetan, international organizations reject Spain’s decision to bquo%3B+China+to+work+in+nine+core+areas&NewsID= limit universal jurisdiction of courts, Nationalia, 13 Feb. 2014, 438621. available at: http://www.nationalia.info/en/news/1772. 506 Ibid. 502 Ibid. 507 see Under China’s Shadow (Human Rights Watch 2014), 503 spanish court drops Tibet genocide case, Free Tibet, 26 June available at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ 2014, available at: http://freetibet.org/news-media/na/spanish- nepal0314_ForUpload_2.pdf. court-drops-tibet-genocide-case. 508 Ibid.

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in Tibet was discussed at the 27th session of the of human rights abuses in Tibet.513 United Nation’s Human Rights Council (h r c ) in Geneva, Switzerland. Several n g o s discussed the B. European Union “deteriorating situation in Tibet.”509 The Asian On 8-9 December 2014, the European Union Indigenous and Tribal People’s Network (a i t p n ) and the p r c held the 33rd round of the EU-China cited t c h r d ’s report that official Chinese autopsy 514 reports demonstrated that machine guns were used Dialogue on Human Rights in Brussels. One of against protesters in 2008. Based on this revelation, the issues raised was the denial of human rights in Tibet.515 The e u members of parliament also the a i t p n urged the u n Committee against Torture, the Committee on the Elimination of discussed issues such as freedom of religion or Racial Discrimination and the Special Rapporteur belief, freedom of expression, freedom of peaceful on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions assembly and association; the due process of law; arbitrary detention; the condition of Tibetan “to intervene with p r c authorities” who indulge in torture and extra-judicial killings in Tibet. political prisoners and the death penalty in Tibet and Xinjiang. e u officials brought up the Human Rights Watch drew attention to the fact imprisonment of Tenzin Delek Rinpoche, Uyghur that the p r c has 13 unanswered requests from u n scholar Ilham Tohti, the Mongolian activist Hada, Special Procedures and has not invited the o h c h r Nobel Laureate Liu Xiaobo, Gao Yu, Pu Zhiqiang, 516 to visit the p r c , despite its commitment to do so. Xu Zhiyong, and Gao Zhisheng. During the session, a few countries, notably u s a , United Kingdom and Italy “drew attention to the III. businesses and Tibet increase of arbitrary and forced disappearances… persecution of human rights defenders… and start The role of businesses operating in Tibet was an meaningful dialogues with Tibetans.”510 increasingly prominent issue in 2014. As the p r c ’s economic power grows multinational corporations At the h r c session, the t c h r d ’s director, Ms. are working to find a way to do business in thep r c . Tsering Tsomo spoke on behalf of the Society The p r c has required all businesses that work in for Threatened Peoples. She called attention to the p r c to follow its domestic laws—even if those downward spiral of violence in Tibet as illustrated laws violate human rights.517 Despite agreeing to by the recent shooting in Kardze (Ch: Ganzi) t a p follow the p r c ’s laws, multinational corporations 511 in Sichuan Province. t c h r d participated in a were still targeted by the p r c for violating vague side event hosted by the Nonviolent Radical Party Transnational and Transparty.512 At the event, 513 TCHRD highlights human rights concerns at Geneva, TCHRD, 25 Sept. 2014, available at: http://www.tchrd. Tsering Tsomo legalized repression and continued org/2014/09/tchrd-highlights-tibetan-human-rights-issues- crackdown on peaceful activists and protesters. At at-geneva/. other events, Tsering Tsomo briefed the u n Special 514 33rd EU-China Dialogue on Human Rights, European Union, 9 Dec. 2014, available at: http://eeas.europa.eu/statements- Procedures, diplomats, and n g o representatives eeas/2014/141209_04_en.htm. about collective punishment and the covert nature 515 Tibet discussed during EU-China Dialogue on Human Rights, 509 Tibet raised at the 27th session of UN Human Rights Council, Central Tibetan Administration, 11 Dec. 2014, available at: TCHRD, 17 Sept. 2014, available at: http://www.tchrd. http://tibet.net/2014/12/11/tibet-discussed-during-eu-china- org/2014/09/tibet-raised-at-the-27th-session-of-un-human- dialogue-on-human-rights/. rights-council/. 516 33rd EU-China Dialogue on Human Rights, European Union, 510 Ibid. 9 Dec. 2014, available at: http://eeas.europa.eu/statements- 511 Ibid. eeas/2014/141209_04_en.htm. 512 We Must Monitor China’s Human Rights Commitments in 517 see e.g, Michael Kan, China: Facebook not banned, but must Tibet, Radical Party, 30 Sept. 2014, available at: http://www. follow the rules, PC World, 30 Oct. 2014, available at: http:// radicalparty.org/en/rnn-news/38/news/we-must-monitor- www.pcworld.com/article/2841252/china-facebook-not- china-s-human-rights-commitments-tibet. banned-but-must-follow-the-rules.html.

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anti-trust laws.518 blocked in the p r c to be seen elsewhere.523 Bing was censoring more search results than Chinese A. Internet and Technology based search engines like Baidu.524 After being contacted about censoring search results, Bing At the end of 2014, Facebook deleted a post by removed some restrictions.525 Woeser, the Tibetan writer and activist. The post was a video of Kalsang Yeshi’s self-immolation. Numerous anti-Tibet accounts were discovered Facebook said the post was deleted because it did on Twitter. These accounts were registered under not meet its community standards.519 However, fake “Anglo-Saxon sounding” names and included the censorship came shortly after the founder of photographs of models, actors, and high school Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg began establishing students.526 These accounts were used to post the foundation for Facebook to be permitted in propaganda from p r c controlled media outlets the p r c . In the months before Woeser’s post was that were designed to portray Tibetans as happy deleted Mark Zuckerberg held a question-and- with the p r c ’s policies and the situation in Tibet. answer session in Mandarin at a university in Some accounts focused on attacking the Dalai Beijing, invited the p r c ’s top internet regulator Lama.527 Hours after these fake accounts were to Facebook’s headquarters, and prominently exposed Twitter began deactivating them.528 displayed a copy of Xi Jinping’s book.520 The censorship of the self-immolation video drew B. Tourism and Travel criticism from people concerned that Facebook was willing to abandon its principles to gain access Chinese government sources claim that 15 million to the p r c .521 tourists visited t a r in 2014, 20% more than in 2013. A record of 3.15 million people flew to t a r In 2014, LinkedIn and Microsoft’s search engine in 2014.529 There are now 44 air routes connecting Bing both zealously censored politically sensitive 33 Chinese cities to t a r . To accommodate the material. Both companies changed their policies massive numbers of tourists the luxury hotels have after news of their participation in censorship started investing in t a r . became public. LinkedIn censored material published from the p r c or by people who said Most publically, the InterContinental Hotels they lived in the p r c .522 LinkedIn now allows posts Group, the world’s largest hotel chain, opened a resort called “Lhasa Paradise” in August 2014.530 518 Michael Martina and Matthew Miller, ‘Mr. Confession’ and his boss drive China’s antritrust crusade, Reuters, 15 Sept. 2014, 523 Ibid. available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/15/us- 524 Bing Bests Baidu Censorship, GreatFire.org, 19 March 2014, china-antitrust-ndrc-insight-idUSKBN0HA27X20140915. available at: https://zh.greatfire.org/blog/2014/mar/bing-bests- 519 robert Foyle Hunwick, Facebook accused of cowing to baidu-censorship. Chinese censors over Tibet monk video, The Telegraph, 29 525 Ibid. Dec. 2014, available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ 526 Andrew Jacobs, Twitter Acts Quickly on Suspect Pro-China worldnews/asia/tibet/11316398/Fac...-accused-of-cowing-to- Accounts, The New York Times, 22 July 2014, available at: Chinese-censors-over-Tibet-monk-video.html. http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/22/twitter-acts- 520 Austin Ramzy, Facebook Deletes Post on Tibetan Monk’s Self- quickly-on-suspect-pro-china-accounts/. Immolation, The New York Times, 27 Dec. 2014, available at: 527 Ibid. http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/12/27/facebook- 528 Ibid. deletes-post-on-tibetan-monks-self-immolation/?_r=0. 529 Tibet receives record number of air passengers in 2014, Xinhua, 521 Facebook and Beijing, The Wall Street Journal, 1 Jan. 2015, 7 Jan. 2015, available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/ available at: http://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-and- china/2015-01/07/c_133902329.htm. beijing-1420155729. 530 Intercontinental hotels face worldwide demonstrations again 522 paul Mozer and Vindu Goel, To Reach China LinkedIn Plays as hotel opens for western guests, Travel Daily News, 29 by Local Rules, The New York Times, 5 Oct. 2014, available at: Sept. 2014, available at: http://www.traveldailynews.asia/ http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/06/technology/to-reach- news/article/56760/intercontinental-hotels-face-worldwide- china-linkedin-plays-by-local-rules.html. demonstrations.

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The opening of the hotel spurred protests at InterContinental and Shangri-La have endorsed InterContinental hotels around the world.531 The the u n Global Compact.537 The u n Global protests focused on how the luxury hotel would Compact is joined by businesses that commit play into the p r c ’s perpetuation of the ‘Shangri- to ten universally accepted principles that cover La’ myth and the idea that Tibetans in the p r c human rights, labour, the environment, and anti- are happy and treated well.532 Human rights corruption.538 The human rights principles in n g o s also argued that the hotel would perpetuate the ten universal principles are: 1) support and discrimination in Tibet and provide support for the respect the protection of international proclaimed continuing human rights abuses. Intercontinental human rights; and 2) ensure that the business is responded by saying that it would provide not complicit in human rights violations.539 economic development to Lhasa and it hoped its work force would be 40% Tibetan.533 InterContinental’s response did two things. First, it attempted to portray corporate responsibility as a In April 2014, Shangri-La Hotels opened a hotel top-down exercise where the benefits trickled down in Lhasa.534 The opening of the luxury hotel to people. This fundamentally misunderstands the in Lhasa did not receive as much attention or human rights system, including the model outlined criticism as InterContinental’s hotel. Instead, in the u n Global Compact. Human rights belong attention focused on the connection between to individuals and give them the right to demand Shangri-La Hotels and the mythical monastery in their rights be protected.540 The emphasis is on James Hilton’s novel Lost Horizon that it got its what individuals are entitled to and not what a name from. People have speculated that Hilton corporation chooses to give them. based Shangri-La in Tibet.535 However, despite the lack of attention, Shangri-La’s hotel faces the same Second, InterContinental’s response implies that difficulties as InterContinental’s Lhasa Paradise. there is no contradiction between its corporate responsibility, the u n Global Compact, and the In its response InterContinental said that it p r c ’s laws. However, the p r c has adopted policies would follow its own corporate code of conduct and laws that systematically violate human rights and the laws and regulations in the p r c .536 Both in Tibet. While not all of these repressive laws will impact InterContinental’s business, some 531 Ibid. 532 About the Hotel, Free Tibet, available at: http://freetibet.org/ inevitably will. For example, InterContinental lists intercontinental/about-the-hotel. as key human rights achievements in both 2013 533 china: InterContinental fails to prevent complicity in human and 2014 a “foundational standard” that requires rights violations in relation to its planned hotel in Lhasa, all InterContinental Hotels to display a Human Tibet, says civil society group, Business and Human Rights 541 Resource Centre, available at: http://business-humanrights. Rights policy. This would be clear support org/en/china-intercontinental-fails-to-prevent-complicity- in-human-rights-violations-in-relation-to-its-planned-hotel- 537 corporate Responsibility Report: Human Rights, in-lhasa-tibet-says-civil-society-group#c104357. Intercontinental Hotels Group, available at: http://www. 534 claire Wrathall, Shangri-La’s Tibetan Homecoming, The ihgplc.com/index.asp?pageid=763. Telegraph, 29 Jan. 2014, available at: http://www.telegraph. 538 About Us: Overview of the UN Global Compact, UN Global co.uk/luxury/travel/23267/shangri-las-tibetan-homecoming. Compact, available at: https://www.unglobalcompact.org/ html. AboutTheGC/index.html. 535 Ibid. 539 About Us: The Ten Principles, UN Global Compact, available 536 china: InterContinental fails to prevent complicity in human at: https://www.unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/ rights violations in relation to its planned hotel in Lhasa, TheTenPrinciples/index.html. Tibet, says civil society group, Business and Human Rights 540 Jack Donnelly, Human Rights in Theory and Practice (Cornell Resource Centre, available at: http://business-humanrights. University Press 2013, 3rd Ed.) p. 12. org/en/china-intercontinental-fails-to-prevent-complicity- 541 corporate Responsibility Report: Human Rights, in-human-rights-violations-in-relation-to-its-planned-hotel- Intercontinental Hotels Group, available at: http://www. in-lhasa-tibet-says-civil-society-group#c104357. ihgplc.com/index.asp?pageid=763.

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for human rights as required by the u n Global Compact. However, in the p r c human rights documents, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, are considered “reactionary literature.”542 In 1996, after five years in prison Kelsang Thutob died in detention. He was imprisoned for producing a Tibetan translation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.543 It remains to be seen how InterContinental and Shangri-La will address these conflicting obligations.

542 Tibetan prisoner of conscious dies in prison, Amnesty International, 26 July 1996, available at: http://www.amnesty. org/en/library/asset/ASA17/079/1996/ar/8c394e79-eaec- 11dd-b22b-3f24cef8f6d8/asa170791996en.html. 543 Ibid.

88 89 COMPLETE LIST OF SELF-IMMOLATION PROTEST SINCE 2009 IN TIBET

88 89 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Survived after treatment Deceased Deceased Had legs and arms amputated Had legs amputated but whereabouts unknown Hospitalised but whereabouts unknown Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Origin Ngaba County, Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP,Sichuan Province County, Tawu TAP, Kardze Sichuan Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP,Sichuan Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, TAP Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Immolation Date 16 March 2011 August 2011 15 26 September 2011 26 September 2011 3 October 2011 7 October 2011 7 October 2011 17 October 2011 27 February 2009 15 October 2011 Protest Location Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province TAP, Kardze County, Tawu Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Sumdo Bridge, Close to Ngaba the Mame Nunnery, TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Ngaba Province TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Occupation Monk, Kirti Monastery Nyatso Tawu Monk, Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Former monk, Kirti Monastery Former monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Mame Dechen Chokhorling Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Former monk, Kirti Monastery Age 21 29 18 19 17 19 18 20 Early 20s 19 Sex M M M M M M M F M M

Name Phuntsog Norbu Tsewang Lobsang Kunchok Lobsang Kelsang Kelsang Wangchuk Choephel Khayang Norbu Dramdul Wangmo Tenzin Tapey No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

90 91 SELF IMMOLATIONS Status Survived Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Had both his legs amputated: Current whereabouts unknown Origin Kardze County, Kardze County, TAP, Kardze Sichuan Province county, Tawu Kardze TAP,Sichuan Province Jingdhung Chamdo Village, Chamdo County, Prefecture , Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Township, Darlag TAP,Qinghai Golog Province Ngaba Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Meuruma Ngaba Township, Ngaba County, TAP,Sichuan Province Township, Triwang Kyegudo County, TAP, Yulshul Qinghai Province Immolation Date 25 October 2011 3 November 2011 8 January 2012 8 February 2012 9 February 2012 1 December 2011 6 January 2012 6 January 2012 14 January 2012 Ngaba TAP, TAP, Ngaba Protest Location Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Sichuan Province TAP, Tawu county, Kardze TAP, TAP, Kardze county, Tawu Sichuan Province Darlag Township, Golog Township, Darlag Qinghai Province TAP, Township, Meuruma Ngaba Ngaba County, Province TAP,Sichuan Township, Triwang Yulshul Kyegudo County, Qinghai Province TAP, Khamar Township, Township, Khamar TAR Chamdo Prefecture, TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province County, Ngaba Sichuan Province

Tawu Gaden Tawu Occupation Monk, Kardze Monastery Nun, Layman ( Former monk of Jangchup Choeling Nunnery Karma Monastery) Layman (Former monk of Karma Monastery) Layman ( Former monk of Karma Monastery) Darlag Trulku, Monastery Nomad (Former Andu monk of Monastery) Nomad (Former monk of Kirti Monastery) Monk, Age 38 35 46 20s 20s 40s 22 19 Mid 30s Sex M F M M M M M M M Name Dawa Tsering Dawa Palden Choetso Tenzin Phuntsok Tsultrim Tennyi Sonam Wangyal Lobsang Jamyang Rinzin Dorjee Sonam Rabyang No. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

90 91 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Deceased Unknown Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Origin Ngaba County, Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province County, Themchen TAP, Tsonub Qinghai Province Dzamthang Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Machu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Township, Cha Ngaba County, TAP Ngaba Sichuan Province Choejema Ngaba Township, Ngaba County, TAP,Sichuan Province Rebkong County, TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Immolation Date 11 February 2012 11 13 February 2012 17 February 2012 19 February 2012 3 March 2012 4 March 2012 5 March 2012 10 March 2012 14 March 2012 16 March 2012 Protest Location Near the Mame Nunnery, Near the Mame Nunnery, Sichuan TAP, Ngaba Province TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Tsonub Themchen County, Qinghai Province TAP, An area between the and Township Barma Dzamthang Gochen Monastery,Ngaba Sichuan Province TAP, Market, At Vegetable Kanlho Machu County, Gansu Province TAP, Military camp in the vicinity Ngaba of Kirti Monastery, Sichuan Province. County, Local Government office, Ngaba Township, Cha TAP Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Township, Choejema TAP Ngaba Ngaba County, Dolma square, near the Rongpo Monastery, RebkongCounty , Malho Qinghai Province TAP, TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Occupation Nun, Mame Dechen Choekhorling Nunnery, Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Bongtak Monastery Layperson Student, Machu Middle Tibetan School Widowed Mother Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Monk, Kirti Monastery Age 18 19 38 18 20 32 18 18 34 20 Sex F M M M F F M M M M Name Tenzin Tenzin Choedon Lobsang Gyatso Dhamchoe Sangpo Nangdrol Kyi Tsering Rinchen Dorjee Gepey Jamyang Palden Tsultrim Losang No. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

92 93 SELF IMMOLATIONS Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Status Rebkong County, Rebkong County, TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Township, Cha Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Dartsedo County, TAP, Kardze Sichuan Province Dartsedo County, TAP, Kardze Sichuan Province Dzamthang Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Dzamthang Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Origin 28 March 2012 30 March 2012 30 March 2012 April 2012 6 April 2012 6 April 2012 19 April 2012 19 27 May 2012 17 March 2012 27 May 2012 Immolation Date Dzamthang Cha Township, Ngaba Township, Cha TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba Barkham County, Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba Barkham County, Sichuan Province TAP, At the former residence, Monastery, Sichuan Province At the former residence, , Sichuan Province Close to a local government office, Barma Township, TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Close to a local government office, Dzamthang County, Sichuan TAP, Ngaba Province Outside the TAR Lhasa city, Temple, Rongpo Township, Township, Rongpo Malho Rebkong County, Qinghai Province TAP, Outside the Jokhang TAR Lhasa city, Temple, Protest Location Monk, Ganden Tenpelling Monastery Tsodun Monk, Monastery Tsodun Monk, Monastery Dzogchen Trulku, Monastery Tibetan Nun, Serta Buddist Institute Farmer Occupation 20 22 21 47 25 20s 20s 19 44 25 Age M M M M F M M M M M Sex Lobsang Sherab Dargyal Tenpa Chime Palden Thubten Nyandak Atse Sonam Choepak Kyab Tseten Dorjee Sonam Dhargyal Dhargye Name 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. No.

92 93 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Unknown Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Status Dzamthang Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Chentsa County, TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Menphuk Township, Truldul Zurtso Nyalam Village, Shigatse County, TAR Prefecture , County, Trindu TAP, Yulshul Sichuan Province TAP, Yulshul Qinghai Province Damshung Lhasa County, TAR Prefecture, Kholachang Tsodun Village, Township, Barkham County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Nawu Township,Tsoe Kanlho County, Gansu TAP, Province Origin 30 May 2012 15 June 2012 20 June 2012 20 June 2012 27 June 2012 7 July 2012 17 July 2012 August 2012 6 August 2012 7 Immolation Date Yulshul Yulshul Near to Jonang Gochen Dzamthang Monastery, TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province office, police local of Infront Malho Chentsa County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul County, Trindu Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul County, Trindu Sichuan Province TAP, Kyegudo County, Qinghai Province TAP, Lhasa Damshung County, TAR Prefecture, Ngaba Barkham County, Sichuan Province TAP, TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Gaden Choeling Tsoe TAP, Kanlho Monastery, Gansu Province Protest Location Nomad Nomad Layperson Former Monk, Zilkar Monastery House wife Nomad Monk, Gyalrong Kirti Tsodun Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Family Occupation 64 22 24 22 18 21 26 36 40s Age M M M M M M F F F Sex Tamding Thar Tamding Ngawang Norphel Khedup Tenzin Dorjee Tsewang Lobsang Lozin Lobsang Tsultrim Tso Dolkar Rikyo Dekyi Choezom Name 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. No.

94 95 SELF IMMOLATIONS Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Unknown Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Origin Meuruma Township, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Choejema Ngaba Township, Sichuan TAP, Province TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Kyegudo County, TAP, Yulshul Qinghai Province Township, Karma Chamdo Chamdo County, TAR Prefecture, Driru County, Nagchu TAR Prefecture, County, Tsoe TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Dromg che Khasag Village, Tsoe Township, Kanlho County, TAP, Gansu TAP, Province Immolation Date 10 August 2012 10 August 2012 13 August 2012 13 August 2012 27 August 2012 27 13 September 2012 29 September 2012 4 October 2012 6 October 2012 13 October 2012 Protest Location Meuruma Township, Meuruma Sichuan TAP, Ngaba Province Ngaba Kirti Monastery, Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba Kirti Monastery, Sichuan Province TAP, Near the eastern gate of Sichuan Kirti Monastery, Province Near the eastern gate of Sichuan Kirti Monastery, Province Beijing, China Main Road, Dzatoe TAP, Yulshul County, Qinghai Province Nagchu Nagchu County, TAR Prefecture, Near the Local Monastery, TAP, Kanlho County, Tsoe Gansu Province Near the Local Monastery, TAP, Kanlho County, Tsoe Gansu Province Occupation Nomad Monk, Kirti Monastery Former monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson, Former Monk of Kirti Monastery Layperson Business Man Writer Layperson Layperson Age 20 21 18 17 62 27 43 27 52 24 Sex M M M M F M M M M M Name Lungtok Tashi Lobsang Kalsang Lobsang Dhamchoe Passang Lhamo Yungdrung Gudrup Sangay Gyatso Dorjee Tamdin Choepa No. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.

94 95 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Unknown Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Origin Bora Township, Township, Bora Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Gyoegya Township, Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Nagro Phampa Driru Village, Nagchu County, TAR Prefecture, Nagro Phampa Driru Village, Nagchu County, TAR Prefecture, Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Ruming Village, Sangkhog County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Chuma Village, Rebkong County, TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Village, Tsodrug Gomang Ngaba Township, Sichuan TAP, Province Immolation Date 22 October 2012 23 October 2012 25 October 2012 25 October 2012 26 October 2012 26 October 2012 4 November 2012 7 November 2012 20 October 2012 Protest Location At the side of Labrang Monastery, Gansu TAP, Kanlho Province On the main street of Gyugya market, Kanlho Gansu Province TAP, Near a government building, Nagchu TAR Prefecture, Near a government building, Nagchu TAR Prefecture, Township, Amchok Kanlho Sangchu County, Gansu Province TAP, Near the bus stand, Setri Township, Sangkok Village, Gansu Sangchu County, Province South Street, Taglung Malho Rebkong County, Qinghai Province TAP, Infront of the Ngatoe Gomang police station, TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Near Bora Monastery, Near Bora Monastery, Kanlho Sangchu County, Gansu Province TAP, Occupation Nomad Layperson Monk, Bankar Monastery Layperson Layperson Farmer Monk, Ngoshul Monastery Farmer Age 60 57 20 25 24 23 24 15 27 Sex M M M M M M M M M Name Dhondup Dorjee Rinchen Tsepo Tenzin Tseten Lhamo Thubwang Kyab Dorjee Lhundup Dorjee Lhamo Kyab No. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67.

96 97 SELF IMMOLATIONS Status Taken to Taken the Hospital by Police but current whereabouts unknown to Taken the Hospital by Police but current whereabouts unknown Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Origin Tsodrug Village, Village, Tsodrug Gomang Ngaba Township, Sichuan TAP, Province Village, Tsodrug Gomang Ngaba Township, Sichuan TAP, Province Dorongpo Village, Township, Dowa Rebkong County, TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Village, Tingser Township, Bekar Driru County, Nagchu TAR Prefecture, Rebkong County, TAP, Kanlho Qinghai Province Lushoe Village, Township, Ngagod County, Tsoe TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Rebkong County, TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Immolation Date 7 November 2012 7 November 2012 7 November 2012 8 November 2012 10 November 2012 12 November 2012 7 November 2012 Protest Location Infront of the Ngatoe Gomang police station, TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Dowa Dorongpo Village, Rebkong Township, TAP, Malho County, Qinghai Province Bekar Village, Tingser Driru County, Township, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Outside Rongpo Rebkong Monastery, TAP, Kanlho County, Qinghai Province Infront of the Monastery, TAP, Kanlho County, Tsoe Gansu Province Malho Rebkong County, Qinghai Province TAP, Infront of the Ngatoe Gomang police station, TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Occupation Monk,Ngoshul Monastery House wife Farmer Nomad Farmer Nomad Monk, Ngoshul Monastery Age 16 23 27 18 19 24 16 Sex M F M M M M M Name Dorjee Kyab Tso Tamding Tsegyal Kalsang Jinpa Tsering Gonpo Tashi Nyingkar Samdup No. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74.

96 97 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Origin Township, Dowa Rebkong County, TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Rebkong County, TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Goge Village, Township, Tsenmo Rebkong County, TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Khagya Village, Rebkong County, TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Dokarmo Township, Rebkong County, TAP, Malho Qinghai Province County, Yadzi TAP, Tsoshar Qinghai Province Chugan Village, Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Township, Dowa Rebkong County, TAP, Kanlho Qinghai Province Immolation Date 15 November 2012 15 November 2012 17 November 2012 17 November 2012 19 November 2012 20 November 2012 22 November 2012 12 November 2012 Protest Location Rebkong County, Malho Rebkong County, Qinghai Province TAP, Township, Tsenmo Malho Rebkong County, Qinghai Province TAP, Dolma square, Rebkong TAP, Malho County, Qinghai Province Township, Tsekhog Malho Rebkong County, Qinghai Province TAP, Near Kangtsa Gaden Choephelling Monastery, Qinghai County, Yadzi Province Kanlho Sangchu County, Gansu Province TAP, Main street of Dowa Township,RebkongCounty, Qinghai TAP, Kanlho Province Township, Dowa Malho RebkongCounty, Qinghai Province TAP, Occupation Nomad Nomad Monk, Rongwo Monastery Layperson Age 18 18 23 24 25 34 18 Sex M M F F M M M M Name Nyinchak Bum Khabum Gyal Dolma Tenzin Chagmo Kyi Sangdak Tsering Wangchen Norbu Tsering Dhondup Tsering Lubum No. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82.

98 99 SELF IMMOLATIONS Deceased Deceased Unknown Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Status Palgur Nagri Luchu Village, Kanlho County, Gansu TAP, Province Makor Village, Dokarmo Township, County, Tsekhog TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Serthar County, TAP, Kardze Sichuan Province Bharkor Village, Dokarmo Township, County, Tsekhog Gansu TAP, Malho Province Township, Amchok TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Luchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Kyangtsa Dzoege Township, Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Sangkhog Township, Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Origin 23 November 2012 26 November 2012 25 November 2012 26 November 2012 26 November 2012 27 November 2012 27 November 2012 22 November 2012 Immolation Date Dokarmo Township, Township, Dokarmo Malho County, Tsekhog Qinghai Province TAP, Infront of the golden TAP, horse statue, Kardze Sichuan Province Infront of the Chinese government office, Township, Dokarmo Gansu County, Tsekhog Province Kanlho Township, Amchok Gansu Province TAP, TAP, Kanlho Luchu County, Gansu Province Outside a government Township, Kyangtsa office, Sichuan Province Township, Sangkhog Kanlho Sangchu County, Gansu Province TAP, Luchu river, Luchu County, County, Luchu river, Luchu Gansu TAP, Kanlho Province Protest Location Former monk Nun Nomad, Former monk of Shitsang Monastery Occupation 29 20s 17 18 24 24 18 23 Age M M F M M M M M Sex Tamding Dorjee Tamding Wangyal Sangay Dolma Kunchok Tsering Tsering Gonpo Kalsang Kyab Tashi Sangay Tamding Kyab Tamding Name 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. No.

98 99 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Unknown. Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Origin Tsoe County, County, Tsoe TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Luchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Township, Bora Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Pema County, TAP, Golog Qinghai Province Gonda Dewa Dringwa Village, Dzoege Township, Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Luchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province County, Tsekhog TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Township, Amchok Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province 2012 Immolation Date 28 November 2012 29 November 2012 30 November 2012 2 December 2012 3 December 2012 8 December 8 December 2012 9 December 2012 12 January 2013 18 January 2013 Protest Location Tsoe County, Kanlho TAP, TAP, Kanlho County, Tsoe Gansu Province Near the local Chinese government office, Luchu Gansu Province County, TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Kanlho Sangchu County, Gansu Province TAP, TAP, Golog Pema County, Qinghai Province Dzoege Kirti Monastery, TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Near the Shitsang Luchu County, Monastery, Gansu Province Dokarmo Nomadic area, Qinghai County, Tsekhog Province On the main street of Township, Amchog Gansu Sangchu County, Province Marthang Drachen Village, TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Occupation Layperson Monk, Penag Troedrelling Kadak Monastery, Monk, Dringwa Sumdo Monastery Farmer Age 21 31 29 17 29 24 23 17 22 28 Sex M M M M M M M F M M Name Wande Khar Wande Tsering Tsering Namgyal Kunchok Kyab Sungdue Kyab Lobsang Gedun Kunchok Phelgye Pema Dorjee Bhenchen Kyi Tashi Tsering Drupchok No. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.

100 101 SELF IMMOLATIONS Deceased Deceased Deceased Unknown Deceased Deceased Unknown Deceased Deceased Status Bora Township, Township, Bora Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Lushu Kyi Village, County, Tsoe TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Kyangtsa Village, Dzoege County TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Kyangtsa Village, Dzoege County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Dowa Village, Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Luchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Bayab Khar Tsoshar County, Qinghai TAP, Province Origin 3 February 2013 13 February 2013 17 February 2013 19 February 2013 19 February 2013 25 February 2013 25 February 2013 24 February 2013 22 January 2013 Immolation Date Outside the Public Security Bureau, Dzoege County, Sichuan TAP, Ngaba Province Township, Amchok Kanlho Sangchu County, Gansu Province TAP, On the main street of Labrang, Gansu Province Dzoege County Ngaba Sichuan Province TAP, Dzoege County Ngaba Sichuan Province TAP, TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Infront of the Shitsang Luchu Gonsar Monastery, Gansu Province County, Chachung Monastery, Qinghai TAP, Tsoshar Province Bora Township, Sangchu Township, Bora TAP, Kanlho County, Gansu Province Protest Location Monk, Kirti Monastery Farmer Farmer Farmer Occupation 37 26 49 17 18 Late 20s Early 20s 26 Age M M M M M M M M M Sex Lobsang Namgyal Drukpa Khar Tsering Namlha Rinchen Sonam Dhargyal Sangdak Kyab Tsesung Phagmo Dhondup Kunchok Kyab Name 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. No.

100 101 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Status Taktsa Village, Village, Taktsa TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Township, Barwa Dzamthang Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Township, Meshul Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Luchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Yultso Barma Village, Dzamthang Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Dzoege County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Dzoege County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Village, Adel Kham TAP, Yulshul Qinghai Province Origin 16 March 2013 24 March 2013 25 March 2013 26 March 2013 April 2013 16 April 2013 24 April 2013 24 27 May 2013 13 March 2013 Immolation Date Yulshul TAP, TAP, Yulshul Ngaba TAP, Sichuan TAP, Ngaba Province Near Jonang Gonchen Dzamthang Monastery, Sichuan Province County, Township, Meshul Kanlho Sangchu County, Gansu Province TAP, Near Mokri Monastery, Gansu Luchu County, Province Near Jonang Monastery, Dzamthang County, Sichuan Province Ngaba Dzoege County, Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba Dzoege County, Sichuan Province TAP, area, Gyaring Qinghai Province Ngaba TAP, Sichuan TAP, Ngaba Province Protest Location Monk, Kirti Monastery Nomad Forest guard Monk, Mokri Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nomad Occupation 28 30 43 28 20 20 23 Early 30’s 31 Age M F M M F M M M F Sex Lobsang Thogme Kalkyi Lhamo Kyab Tenzin Kunchok Chuktso Lobsang Dawa Kunchok Woeser Sherab Tenzin Kunchok Wangmo Name 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. No.

102 103 SELF IMMOLATIONS Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Unknown Deceased Deceased Status Dragthog Village, Dragthog Village, County, Tawu TAP, Kardze Sichuan Province Dzoege County TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Pema County, TAP, Golog Qinghai Province Meuruma Ngaba Township, Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Kyegudo County, TAP, Yulshul Qinghai Province Dokarmo Township, County, Tsekhog TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Chukle Gongma nomadic area, Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province Origin 11 June 2013 11 28 September 2013 3 /4 December 2013 19 December 2013 05 February 2014 13 February 2014 20 July 2013 November 11 2013 Late March 2013 Immolation Date Near Nyatso Monastery, Near Nyatso Monastery, Sichuan County, Tawu Province Ngaba Gomang Village, TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Township, Meuruma TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Township, Amchok Kanlho Sangchu County, Gansu Province TAP, Township, Dokarmo Malho County, Tsekhog Qinghai Province TAP, On the main road, Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Outside Thangkor Outside Sichuan Monastery, Province TAP, Golog Pema County, Qinghai Province Protest Location Thangkor Akyong Nun Monk, Tailor Father, Monk, House Father Achok Monk, Monastery Housewife Layperson (Tantric Buddhist Practioner ) Former Monk, Kirti Monastery Sogtsang Monastery Sogtsang Monastery Occupation 31 18 40 20 30 44 27 25 Age F M M M M M F M M Sex Wangchen Wangchen Dolma Kunchok Sonam Shichung Gyal Tsering Tseten Kunchok Gyatso Tsultrim Unknown Phagmo Samdup Lobsang Dorjee Name 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126 127 No.

102 103 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Deceased Deceased Unknown Deceased Hospitalised Deceased Deceased Deceased Origin Ngaba County, Ngaba County, TAP, Ngaba Sichuan Province County, Tsekhog TAP, Malho Qinghai Province Tsang Thonglaka Bathang family, Kardze County, Sichuan TAP, Province Khangsar Tawu Township, Kardze County, Sichuan TAP, Province Gade County, TAP, Golog Qinghai Province Amchog Village, Township, Bora Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Township, Amchog Sangchu County, TAP, Kanlho Gansu Province Nomadic camp no 4, Meuruma Ngaba Township, Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Immolation Date 16/03/2014 29/03/2014 April 2014 15 16 September 2014 17 September 2014 16 December 2014 22 December 2014 16/03/2014 Protest Location Outside Sonag Monastery, Outside Sonag Monastery, Malho County, Tsekhog Qinghai Province TAP, Outside Ba Choede Bathang Monastery, TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Tawu Township, Khangsar TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Outside Police station, Qinghai TAP, Golog Province Outside Government Bureau Headquaters, TAP, Kanlho County, Tsoe Gansu province Infront of the Local Public Security Bureau office, Township, Amchog Kanlho Sangchu County, Gansu Province TAP, On the main road, Township, Meuruma TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Tsoe Tsoe Occupation Middle School Monk, Sonag Monastery Nun Layperson Layperson Student, Nomad Nomad Monk, Kirti Monastery Age 29 31 32 42 22 34 19 20 Sex M F M M M M F M Name Jigme Tenzin Jigme Dolma Thinley Namgyal Kunchok Tashi Lhamo Sangye Khar Tsepey Lobsang Palden No. 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135

104 105 SELF IMMOLATIONS Status Deceased Origin Thewa Township, Township, Thewa County, Tawu TAP, Kardze Sichuan Province Immolation Date 23 December 2014 Protest Location At the entrance gate of Tawu a Police station, TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Tawu Nyatso Tawu Occupation Monk, Monastery Age 38 Sex M Name Kalsang Yeshi Kalsang No. 136

104 105 human rights situation in tibet: annual report 2014

106 seLF immoLations

107 human rights situation in tibet: annual report 2014

108 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Arrested Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained ? Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Serwoe Village, Nyagrong County, Kardze Serwoe Village, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province TAP, Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Lithang County, Kardze Prefecrure, Sichuan Lithang County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Dzamthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sentenced 8 years 3 years 10 years Prison Lithang PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Dzamthang PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kanlho Prefecture Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kanlho Prefecture Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Split Nation LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 1/1/2008 ? 4/3/2010 3/18/2008 1/1/2008 ? 3/18/2008 1/1/2008 ? 04/1/2008 ? 4/19/2008 03/24/2008 ? 3/19/2008 3/18/2008 4/26/2012 3/22/2008 8/21/2007 3/25/2008 3/23/2011 28/03/2008 ? 5/15/2008 03/20/2008 ? - - Affiliation Monk, Labrang Monastery Monk, Guru Monastery Farmer Monk, Dringwa Sumdo Monastery Monk, Ngaba Kirti Mon astery Monk, Lithang Monastery Layperson Layperson Monk, Ngaba Kirti Mon astery Monk, Gyurmey Monastery at tion Age 22 54 19 17 60 45 35 33 Deten M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-23 2010-61 2008-20 2008-19 2008-18 2008-16 2008-15 2008-13 2008-11 2008-10 2008-09 2012-930 2008-08 2007-02 2008-07 2011-02 2008-05 2008-24 2008-03 Name Achok Passang Achok Passang Gegokar Abo Tashi Aba Bhumo Aatruk Phuntsok Aati Aaten Gyang Aatak Aaru Thaya Aanam Nyima Aalak Dudul Aakya Adzi Shopo Aakun Adruk Lopoe Aaka Ador Aaho Achok Thinley Aache Tare N D IX : 1 A PPE

108 109 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Pashoe County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, County, Pashoe Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Tsodun Township, Barkham County, Ngaba Barkham County, Township, Tsodun Sichuan Province TAP, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Drokshog Township, Nangchen County, Nangchen County, Drokshog Township, Qinghai Province Jhekundo TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Nyagchuka County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagchuka County, Province , Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Tsoe City, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, City, Tsoe Zatoe County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Zatoe County, Rebgong County, Malho TAP,Qinghai Malho TAP,Qinghai County, Rebgong Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Thamey Village, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Thamey Village, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province , Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Sentenced 2 years and 6 month 4 years Prison Pashoe PSB Detention Center ? Pashoe Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Nyagrong PSB Detention Center ? Barkham PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Nangchen PSB Detention Center Kanlho PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center Kanlho PSB Detention Center ? Dzogang PSB Detention Center Zatoe PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Nyagrong PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech His Holiness Materials Slogan- Shout- Speech Connection with Local Protest Charge / Accusation Involvement in the activities Political Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Date of Detention 06/31/2008 1/29/2009 2/16/2009 5/14/2008 4/15/2009 03/1/2012 ? 8/16/2012 3/22/2008 7/26/2008 4/2/2008 3/20/2008 5/3/2008 2/3/2014 3/22/2008 7/2/2011 3/28/2008 11/1/2012 ? 03/1/2012 ? 3/17/2008 3/19/2009 3/25/2008 6/26/2011 4/15/2009 - Affiliation Monk, Mera Monastery Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Tsodun Monastery Monk, Tsodun Layperson Layperson Monk, Mindrolling Mon - astery Layperson Village Leader Monk, Gyalmo Gedhen Dhar gayling Monastery Layperson Monk, Tashi Lhabug Monk, Tashi Monastery Layperson ? Nun at tion Age 41 41 30 28 22 44 21 38 22 38 56 28 63 47 58 Deten M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-35 2009-64 2009-16 2008-34 2009-86 2012-905 2012-2 2008-33 2008-37 2008-32 2008-36 2008-31 2014-23 2008-30 2011-188 2008-29 2013-39 2012- 1035 2008-27 2009-212 2008-28 2014-105 2009-211 Name Angyok Anam Amdo Gyaltsen Alo Chime Alo Alo Asong Akun Asang Bersatsang Aku Sangay Asang Aku Ako Asang Akor Jigme Arsong Akhu Nyi Akhu Gyatak Apho Ago Tselo Apa Taphel Aga Ani Chiga Aga

110 111 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Origin Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dechen County, Toelung Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Province Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Sershul Township, Sershul County, Kardze Sershul County, Sershul Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Lhopa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhopa Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Lathok Township, Chamdo County, Chamdo County, Lathok Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Lhade Ghapma Village, Ngaba County, Lhade Ghapma Village, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sentenced Life 15 years Prison Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Lithang PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center Markham PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo Prefecture PSB Detention Center Chamdo Prefecture Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kanlho Prefecture Dzoege PSB Detention Center Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Robbery Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Illegal Assembly Charge / Accusation LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 5/11/2008 3/20/2008 3/20/2008 6/18/2008 1/1/2008 ? 6/6/2014 1/5/2014 3/15/2008 1/1/2008 ? 3/12/2009 03/1/2008 ? 5/14/2008 3/21/2008 6/16/2008 8/15/2012 6/16/2008 3/17/2014 1/20/2009 03/10/2014 ? 8/13/2012 08/1/2008 ? 3/21/2008 6/27/2010 Affiliation Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Nun, Yarteng Nunnery Monk, Dingkha Monastery Village Leader Layperson Layperson Monk, Thangsar Monastery Layperson Monk, Drilda Monastery Layperson Layperson Village head at tion Age 40 27 42 23 44 20 Deten F M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-52 2008-50 2008-49 2008-48 2008-46 2014-96 2014-01 2008-45 2008-43 2009-213 2008-41 2008-62 2008-39 2008-61 2012-805 2008-59 2014-60 2009-43 2014-85 2012-795 2008-38 2008-54 2014-266 Name Bendetsang Yangchen Bende Khar Bende Gyal Baywang ( Pemo) Basang ( Passang ) Basang ( Passang Barma Barlo Yungdrung Barchung Lopo Baluk Kyab Bhu Sonam Bagdo Bhu Soekha Aya Bhu Khepa Atsong Bhu Gonpo Atse Bhu Dargyal Atrung Bhogo Kyi Aten Bhen Thekar Atam

110 111 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Origin Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Dwelling no 2, Triru Village, Sog County, Village, Sog County, Dwelling no 2, Triru TAR Nagchu TAP, Ponkor Township, Darlag County, Golok Darlag County, Township, Ponkor Qinghai Province TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Shigatse County, Shigatse TAP, TAR Shigatse TAP, Shigatse County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sentenced 9 years 8 years 9 years 8 years Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Kardze PSB Detention Center Driru PSB Detention Center Driru PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Shigatse PSB Detention Center Lhasa Prison Lhasa Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Drango PSB Detention Center LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Reactionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech His Holiness material Slogan- Shout- Speech Sharing Information with outside world Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 3/11/2009 5/14/2008 8/1/2014 ? 3/14/2014 3/25/2008 1/1/2012 ? 6/26/2011 5/12/2008 11/1/2007 ? 08/1/2008 ? 3/25/2008 6/16/2003 5/14/2008 05/1/2006 ? 5/22/2008 5/26/2008 5/15/2008 3/18/2008 11/1/2007 ? 5/7/2008 08/1/2008 ? 6/26/2008 4/23/2008 3/25/2008 Affiliation Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Layperson Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Layperson Layperson Monk, Bekar Monastery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Benkar Monastery Layperson ? Student, Tibet University Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Tashi Lhunpo Monk, Tashi Monastery Nun, Nyimo Gaysey Nunnery Monk, Monk, Ramoche Monk, Bekar Monastery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Benkar Monastery Nun, at tion Age 32 16 36 17 32 28 36 30 18 17 Deten F F F F M M M M M F M M M F M F M M F M F M F M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-71 2009-214 2009-24 2014-192 2014-51 2008-81 2011-6 2012-782 2007-18 2008-79 2008-67 2008-78 2003-18 2008-76 2006-17 2008-75 2008-66 2008-65 2008-74 2007-21 2008-73 2008-64 2008-72 2008-63 Name Bhumo Lhaga Bhumo Chintso Bhumo Bhumo Bhudrak Botho Bomo Bhudho Bhuchung Norbu Bhuti Bhuchung Norbu Bhuten Bhuchung Bhumo Tsega Bhuchung Bhumo Tengha Bhuchung Bhu Thabkhey Bhumo Sho Min Bhu Tenkay Bhumo Pema Bhu Tengay Bhumo Palmo Bhu Tashi

112 113 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE - Status Sentenced Sentenced Detained House ar rested Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Malho TAP, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Tsekhog County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Province Shigatse County, Shigatse TAP, TAR Shigatse TAP, Shigatse County, Punda Town, Dzoogong County, Chamdo Dzoogong County, Punda Town, TAR TAP, Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, County, Shigatse TAP, TAR Shigatse TAP, Namling County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Nomadic camp no. 4, Meuruma Village, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Rawa Township, Sog County, Nagchu Sog County, Township, Rawa TAP,TAR Sentenced 2 years 4 years 10 years 6 years 3 years Prison Mianyang Prison ? Mianyang Prison Tsekhog PSB Detention Center Tsekhog Shigatse Chamdo PSB Detention Center Markham PSB Detention Center ? Dzogang PSB Detention Center Ngaba Prison Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Slogan-Shout-Speech Security Slogan- Shout -Speech Counter Revolutionary Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Sabotage Slogan- Shout- Speech Connection with Local ? Protest LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 4/14/2008 7/1/2012 1/1/2013 ? 12/12/2012 5/17/1995 1/20/2009 5/12/2008 7/6/2011 4/21/2009 7/6/2011 3/29/2008 3/29/2008 9/30/2010 4/14/2008 12/22/2014 12/11/2013 1/1/2012 1/1/2008 ? 1/1/2012 ? 6/21/2005 8/13/2012 5/13/2008 - Affiliation Singer Layperson Rinpoche, Tashi Lhunpo Rinpoche, Tashi Monastery Layperson Monk, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery Layeperson Layperson Layeperson Monk, Ngaba Kirti Mon astery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nomad Monk, Labrang Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Kardze Gepheling Monastery Layperson Nun, Dragkar Nunnery at tion Age 52 32 47 55 23 13 20 16 22 50 16 40 30 48 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-88 2013-35 2013-69 2012-977 1995-08 2009-150 2008-84 2011-183 2009-173 2008-93 2011-179 2014-287 2008-92 2008-83 2014-333 2013-176 2014-111 2008-91 2005-25 2012-784 2012-794 2008-82 Name Chamdu Dudrub Chakdor Chagthar Chagthab Chadrel Rinpoche Buyang Dhargyal Butuk Butri Chime Chignyin Butop Buphel Chewa Kunchok Chewa Kunchok Dhargyal Bumga Chenpa Bumchok Bugoh Cheno Khedup Chemi Gonpo Buchung Nga Chechok Botsun

112 113 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Released? Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dingri County, Shigatse TAP, TAR Shigatse TAP, Dingri County, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Atso family, Rongpo Township, Sog County, County, Sog Township, Rongpo family, Atso TAR Nagchu TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Chogri County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chogri County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Tsekhog County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Province Shigatse County, Shigatse TAP, TAR Shigatse TAP, Shigatse County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Tagtse County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, County, Tagtse Nomadic camp no. 4, Meuruma Village, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Sentenced 13 years 1 year 12 years 7 years Prison Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu ( General Location) Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Kardze TAP Prison Kardze TAP Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Ranga Prison Ranga Markham PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Chogri PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Tsekhog PSB Detention Center Tsekhog Shigatse PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Counter Revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout-Speech Slogan-Shout-Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech His Holiness material Immolation Linked Date of Detention 3/21/2008 5/19/2008 3/23/2008 3/20/2008 8/25/2009 3/18/2008 10/15/2012 ? 9/25/2011 9/7/2014 4/21/2011 4/14/2008 4/21/2011 1/23/2012 5/24/2008 3/23/2008 3/25/2008 1/23/2012 12/12/2012 3/20/2008 12/16/2013 3/18/2008 2/12/2004 12/22/2014 7/15/2013 ? Affiliation Monk, Choedhe Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Wonpo MonasteryMonk, Wonpo Singer Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Drango Monastery Monk, Gonsar Monastery Monk, A-khor Monastery Nun, Disciplinarion Monk, Gaden Monastery Nomad at tion Age 23 33 46 19 49 28 22 25 41 33 20 16 21 60 27 Deten F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-108 2008- 1755 2008-106 2008-105 2009-244 2008-111 2013-115 2011-9 2014-202 2014-117 2008-100 2014-157 2014-307 2008-110 2008-99 2008-109 2012- 1026 2012-979 2008-98 2013-178 2008-96 2004-01 2014-332 2013-81 Name Choeden Choeden Choeden Choedar Choedar Choegong Choedar Choegon Choedak Choege Chodak Choedup Chobhey Choedrup Cho Gyatso Choedon Chime Lodoe Choedon Chime Lhazom Choedon Chime Gonpo Choedhen Rinzin Chime Dorjee Choedhar

114 115 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Sentenced Origin Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Machu County, kanlho TAP, Gansu Province kanlho TAP, Machu County, Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Province Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, TAR Phenpo Lhundup County, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sentenced 3 years and month 3 years and month 13 years 6 years 8 years 13 years 3 years Prison Dzoege PSB Detention Center Sichuan (General Location) Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Lithang PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Driru PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Pashoe PSB Detention Center ? Pashoe Sichuan (General Location) Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Moawan Prison Markham PSB Detention Center ? Illegal Assembly Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Split- Nation Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Endangering State Secrets Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Freedom Restoration Freedom LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 6/27/2010 4/21/2011 5/14/2008 3/15/2008 03/1/2010 ? 3/22/2009 11/26/2012 11/26/2012 3/17/2008 4/21/2011 12/9/2013 1/1/2013 ? 4/1/2011 11/17/2013 ? 1/27/2009 3/5/2009 12/7/2009 4/21/2011 5/17/2008 04/1/2001 ? 5/13/2008 4/26/2012 Affiliation Village head Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Head Master, Machu Tibetan Head Master, Nationality Middle School Monk, Lithang Monastery Student, Tsolho Vocational Vocational Student, Tsolho School Student, Tsolho Vocational Vocational Student, Tsolho School Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Jonang Monastery Layperson Monk, Dege Monk Businness Proprietor Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kardze Gepheling Monastery Monk, Woeser MonasteryMonk, Woeser at tion Age 16 40 18 18 41 17 18 23 Deten M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2012-931 2014- 264 2014-160 2008-115 2008-114 2014-249 2009-256 2012-984 2012-984 2008-119 2014-159 2013-174 2013-70 2013-180 2014-102 2009-132 2009-157 2009-229 2008-116 2014-158 2001-26 2008-112 Name Choenam Choelho Choelho Choelha Choeley Choekyong Tsetan Choekyong Tsering Choekyong Kyab Choekyong Kyab Choepa kyab Choekyi Gyaltsen Choepa kyab Choepa Gyal Choekyap Choenyi Woeser Choenyi Gyatso Choejor Palden Choenga Tsering Choenga Dolma Choejor Choenga Choegyal

114 115 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Yeggu Village, Yagla Township, Sog County, Sog County, Township, Village, Yagla Yeggu TAR Nagchu TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Rebkong County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Province Tsoe County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, County, Tsoe Kangtsa County, Tsojang TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsojang Kangtsa County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Pema County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Dopee Township, Yatse County, Qinghai County, Yatse Dopee Township, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Chunangtsong famiy, Rangpa Tsachung Tsachung Rangpa Chunangtsong famiy, Village, Shitse township, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sentenced 3-14 years 2 years 3 years Prison Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Lhasa ( General Location ) Lanzhou ( General Location ) Sichuan (General Location) Sichuan (General Location) Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Pema County Prison Pema Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter-revolutionary Counter-revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Date of Detention 6/18/2011 4/11/2008 4/29/2008 4/21/2011 4/21/2011 1/15/2012 3/23/2008 5/17/2008 5/17/2008 3/16/2014 3/17/2008 3/30/2008 4/21/2011 4/17/2008 8/7/2012 3/18/2012 6/12/2011 3/10/2008 3/11/2009 3/30/2008 03/1/2011? 10/19/2011 1/23/2012 Affiliation Nun, Nyagye Nunnery Monk, Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Tsanden Monastery Monk, Tsanden Monk, Tsanden Monastery Monk, Tsanden Monk, Gomang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Rongpo Thosam Monk, Rongpo Monastery Monk, Tsoe Monastery Monk, Tsoe Student, Kangtsa Minority, Student, Kangtsa Minority, Nationality Middle School Nun, Nyinmol Nunnery Writer, Gansu People Pub - Gansu People Writer, lishing House at tion Age 31 15 18 21 26 16 19 20 20 30 29 23 22 24 16 64 27 Deten F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M F M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2011-12 2008-135 2008-134 2014-123 2014-124 2012-54 2008-131 2008-128 2008-127 2014-57 2008-125 2008-141 2014-161 2008-140 2012-800 2012-817 2011-13 2008-121 2009-73 2008-120 2014-150 2012- 1009 2011-11 Name Choesang Choephel Wangpo Choephel Tashi Choephel Tashi Choephel Gyatso Choephel Dawa Choephel Choephel Choephel Choeying Kalden Choephel Choeyang Kyab Choephel Choeyang Gyatso Choeyang Gonpo Choephel Choeyang Choephak Choetso Choepa Tashi Choetso Choeshe Choepa lugyal

116 117 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Sentenced Detained Origin Chogri County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chogri County, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Chogyam Tsang family,Chukle Ghogma family,Chukle Chogyam Tsang Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Township, Sichuan Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, TAR Yulghan County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, County, Yulghan Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Pema County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Chidril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chidril County, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Sentenced 10 years 2 years 20 years Prison Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu ?(General Location) Gutsa PSB Detention Center Malho PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Pema County Prison Pema Lhasa ( General Location ) Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Lanzhou Prison Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Drango PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Qushui Prison (Chushur ) Qushui Prison Charge / Accusation Sensitive Lyrics Pro- Independence Pro- Fail- Reform Fail- Connection with protest activities Counter-revolutionary Participation in the boycott movement Connection with protest activities Endangering State Secrets LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 3/25/2008 3/18/2008 06/31/2008 4/15/2011 7/29/2012 4/1/2005 03/1/2008 ? 3/21/2008 4/19/2008 3/10/2008 03/1/2012 ? 3/18/2008 3/20/2008 6/30/2008 03/1/2008 ? 28/3/2008 4/21/2011 3/27/2009 3/20/2008 10/12/2013 1/15/2012 3/20/2008 3/19/2000 - Affiliation Nomad Singer Monk, Pangsa MonasteryMonk, Pangsa Monk, Tsang Monastery Monk, Tsang Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Labrang Monastery Monk, Monk, Tongkor Monk, Ngaba Kirti Mon astery Monk, Kirti Monastery Farmer Layperson Monk, Tsanden Monastery Monk, Tsanden Monk, Sog Tsedhen Monk, Sog Tsedhen Monastery at tion Age 21 33 28 30 24 20 40 15 14 22 33 31 28 Deten F F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-148 2008-147 2008-146 2011-10 2012-965 2005-06 2008-53 2008-160 2008-145 2008-157 2012-908 2008-156 2008- 143 2008-153 2008-144 2008-151 2014-125 2009-29 2008-142 2013-125 2012-881 2008-149 2000-14 Name Chokey Dolma Chokey Chokdup Chogyam Chogtsal Chung Tsering Chogtrin Gyatso Chukpo Tsering Chogri Yeshi Choyang Choezom Chosang Choezin Choney Khedup Choezin Cholo Choezin Chokyi Choeying Tashi Choksar Choeying Logyal Chokpo Choeying Khedub

116 117 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Sentenced Detained Detained Detained ? Detained ? Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Darlag County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Tawu County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Tawu Themchen County, Tsonub TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsonub Themchen County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Tawu County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Tawu Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Chushul County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chushul County, Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sugay Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Sugay Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Sentenced 10 years 3-14 years Prison Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Tawu PSB Detention Center ? Tawu Driru PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Tawu PSB Detention Center Tawu Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Lhasa ( General Location ) Sershul PSB Detention Center Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa ( General Location ) Sog PSB Detention Center ? Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Freedom Restoration Freedom Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Propaganda Connection with Local Protest Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Date of Detention 1/1/2012 ? 3/24/2008 3/23/2008 4/14/2008 3/21/2008 8/30/2009 02/15/2012 ? 7/1/2012 ? 06/1/2010 ? 1/1/2012 ? 4/2/2008 3/21/2008 02/15/2012 ? 2/16/2009 1/1/2008 ? 8/30/2009 4/28/2008 07/15/2013 ? 6/21/2008 3/18/2008 1/23/2012 5/26/2008 04/9/2014 ? 2/16/2009 Affiliation Layperson ? Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Juvenile Environmentalist Layperson Trader Monk, Bekar Monastery Layperson ? Environmentalist Layperson Nun, Shugseb Nunnery Monk, Ramoche Temple Monk, Ramoche Layperson at tion Age 22 29 14 38 35 37 42 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2012-937 2008-169 2008-168 2008-167 2008-166 2009-105 2012-35 2012-958 2010-16 2012-781 2008-165 2008-175 2009-13 2012-36 2008-174 2009-114 2013-82 2008-172 2008-164 2008-171 2012- 1017 2008-170 2014-76 2009-17 Name Damdul Damchoe Damchoe Damchoe Damchoe Damchoe Dawa Damchoe Dashi Dakpa Gyaltsen Dakpa Darlog Dargyal Dakpa Darchen Dagyam Dagyal Dangdrung Dagul Damdul Dadhul Damdul Dadak Damdul

118 119 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Chidza Sachen Village, Zatoe County, Chidza Sachen Village, Zatoe County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province TAR Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Lathok Township, Chamdo County, Chamdo County, Lathok Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Rebgong County, Melho TAP, Qinghai Melho TAP, County, Rebgong Province Lithang County, Kardze Prefecrure, Sichuan Lithang County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Sentenced Life 7 years 18 years Prison Sershul PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center? Lhasa General Location Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Dzogang PSB Detention Center Drapchi Prison Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba Detention Center Sershul PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center Markham PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan -Shout- Speech Leak State Secrets Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Leak State Secrets His Holiness Material Particapation in the political protest Slogan- Shout -Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 8/30/2009 9/3/2012 8/23/2014 3/14/2009 8/1/2014 ? 1/1/2008 ? 10/15/2013 5/17/2010 3/25/2008 4/15/2009 7/6/2011 1/1/1996 ? 3/18/2008 2/3/2012 5/12/2008 03/27/2008 ? 3/10/2014 ? 4/20/2008 2/12/2003 8/30/2009 8/3/2008 8/16/2012 Affiliation Trulku, Tashi Gepheling Tashi Trulku, Monastery Layperson Writer Layperson Layperson Abbot, Shag Ronpo Abbot, Shag Ronpo Monastery Layperson ? Villager Researcher Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Rongwo MonasteryMonk, Rongwo Business man Layperson at tion Age 68 20 25 30 19 75 31 27 42 38 Deten M M F M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M F M Sex ID TCHRD- 2009-107 2013-114 2014-175 2009-71 2014-181 2009-33 2013-129 2014-262 2008-185 2009-88 2011-180 1996-224 2008-183 2012-58 2008-181 2008-178 2014-90 2008-176 2003-21 2009-110 2008-180 2012-806 Name Dechen Thinley Dayang Dawa Tsomo Dawa Tsering Dawa Tashi Dawa Sangpo Dawa Lhundup Dawa Khyenrab Wangchuk Denden Dawa Drakpa Delo Dawa Dorjee Deleck Dawa Dorjee Dekyi Dawa Dega Dawa Dedhe Dawa Dechen Wangmo Dawa

118 119 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained ? Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Origin Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province TAR Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Tewo County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, County, Tewo Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sentenced 15 years Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center Markham PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Lanzhou ( General Location ) Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba Prison LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Slogan- Shout- Speech Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 3/21/2008 3/19/2008 4/20/2008 6/1/2010 03/27/2008 ? 5/14/2008 03/29/2008 ? 8/10/2010 03/27/2008 ? 03/24/2008 ? 3/14/2009 03/24/2008 ? 3/18/2008 04/1/2008 ? 3/15/2008 6/26/2011 05/14 2008 12/9/2013 4/14/2008 1/5/2014 03/27/2008 ? 3/18/2008 3/16/2008 Affiliation Farmer Trader Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Tsodun Kyi Monastery Kyi Tsodun Monk, Monk, Drepung Monastery Layperson Nun, Gaden Choeling Nunnery Monk, Jonang Monastery at tion Age 43 19 20 26 24 18 31 40 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M F Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-201 2008-204 2008-199 2014-275 2008-194 2008-205 2008-195 2010-89 2008-193 2008-191 2009-72 2008-190 2008-214 2008-25 2008-189 2011-018 2008-187 2008-186 2013-175 2014-02 2008-207 2008-184 2008-206 Name Dhargyal Dhargyal Dhargyal Dhargyal Dhargon Dhargayal Garwat - sang Dhargay Dhargay Dhamchoe Norbu Dhak Tso Dhondup Dhaden Dhonden Dhola Deyang Tashi Dheyang Deyang Depa Tenpa Dhelo Kyab Denma Tratop Dharyak Denden Dhari

120 121 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Released ? Released Released ? Released Released ? Released Sentenced Arrested Detained ? Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Origin Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Lhoepa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhoepa Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Raruwa Village, Cha Township, Ngaba Raruwa Village, Cha Township, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, County, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Province Dingri County, Shigatse TAP, TAR Shigatse TAP, Dingri County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sentenced 3 years 15 years 4 years 2 years and 6 month 4 years 4 years 3 years Prison Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu ?(General Location) Machu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa General Location Machu PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Chabcha PSB Detention Center ? Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Barkham PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail- Reform Fail- Connection with Local Protest Split- Nation Counter-revolutionary Incitement Charge / Accusation LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of 6/28/2011 5/12/2008 03/27/2008 ? 3/21/2009 7/15/2013 ? 3/21/2008 4/8/2011 4/11/2008 3/23/2008 6/7/2009 8/25/2009 1/30/2012 1/1/2010 3/21/2008 12/22/2010 11/26/2012 5/19/2008 03/27/2008 ? 5/24/2010 3/25/2008 03/27/2008 ? 3/10/2008 Detention Affiliation Nun Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Farmer Monk, Shak Rongpo Monk, Shak Rongpo Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Mishi Thangsar Monastery Trader Chant Master, Karma Chant Master, Monastery Singer/ Performer Layperson Student, Tsolho Vocational Vocational Student, Tsolho School Monk, Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Monk, Gomang Monastery Layperson at 18 40 26 34 19 45 40 24 tion Age Deten F F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID 2011-194 2008-231 2008-230 2009-22 2013-183 2008-226 2011-021 2008-236 2008-222 2009-288 2013-76 2009-95 2014-240 2008-235 2011-217 2012-986 2008-233 2008-249 2009-30 2008-217 2008-232 2008-216 TCHRD- Name Dickyi Lhamo Dickyi Dhusang Dhunka Dorjee Dhungphug Dhorga Chungwa Dhonyoe Dorjee Dolkyab Tsang Lama Dolkyab Tsang Kyab Dhonyoe Dhonkho Gyagpa Dhondup Gyaltsen Dolkyab Dhondup Dorjee Dolkar Kyab Dhondup Dorjee Dola Dok Chopo Dhondup Dogru Tsultrim Dhondup Dochoe Sonam Dhondup

120 121 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Released? Detained Detained Released ? Released Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Origin Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Pema County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Serde Village, Meruma Township, Ngaba Serde Village, Meruma Township, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, County, Dzamthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Tridu County, Yulshul TAP, Sichuan Province TAP, Yulshul County, Tridu Mari Township, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Mari Township, Province Lhuba Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhuba Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Rebgong County, Malho TAP,Qinghai Malho TAP,Qinghai County, Rebgong Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Rongwo Village, Tsekhog County, Malho County, Village, Tsekhog Rongwo Qinghai Province TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Tsochang TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsochang Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, Sichuan Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Sentenced 7 years 3 years 2 years and 6 month 6 years 4 years 10 years 11 years Death Prison Pema PSB Detention Center ? Pema Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu? (General Location) Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Dzamthang PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Tridu PSB Detention Center ? Tridu Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Xiling Prison Nagchu PSB Detention Center? Lithang ( General Location ) LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Connection with local protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Link Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout-Speech Slogan -Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Split- Nation Fail- Reform Fail- Pro- Independence Pro- Slogan -Shout- Speech Date of Detention 10/20/2013 02/1/2014 ? 05/14 2008 3/21/2008 3/24/2008 6/11/2008 8/1/2013 11/3/2014 7/6/2011 3/23/2011 3/21/2008 2/5/2012 3/18/2008 11/1/2012 ? 6/19/2011 4/1/2008 ? 11/1/2012 ? 6/7/2009 3/9/2005 05/27/2012 ? 10/3/2013 3/13/2013 1/20/2009 2/10/2013 Affiliation Monk, Drakdeb Monastery Layperson Monk, Akyong Monastery Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Layperson Monk, Zhabten Monastery Layperson Layperson Student, North- West National University Student, Rebgong County Student, Rebgong Middle School Nun, Nyimagyatsul Nunnery Layperson Student, Malho Nationalities Middle School Trader Writer, Teacher Writer, Layperson Layperson Monk, Lithang Monastery at tion Age 21 23 30 22 35 24 19 22 30 31 39 Deten M M M F M F M F M F M F F M F M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2013-41 2013-133 2014-52 2008-250 2008-133 2008-247 2008-255 2013-220 2011-190 2014-295 2011-25 2008-206 2008-243 2012-59 2011-23 2013-36 2013-1 2010-19 2005-09 2009-96 2012-822 2013-112 2010-206 2009-216 Name Dorje Dorgyal Dongak Tenzin Donga Dorjee Dolma Yangtso Dorjee Dolma Yangchen Dorjee Dolma Tso Dorjee Dolma Tsering Dolma Tsering Dorjee Dolma Palmo Dorjee Dorje Wangchuk Dolma Namgyal Dolma kyab Dorje Tsering Dolma Kyab Dolma Kyab Dorje Dragtsel Dolma Dhondup

122 123 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Released ? Released Released ? Released Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Arrested Origin Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Setri Village, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Kanlho TAP, Setri Village, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, Lhopa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhopa Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Qinghai Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Dzamthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Province Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Sankhok Town, Sangchu County, Kanlho Sangchu County, Sankhok Town, Gansu Province TAP, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sentenced 2 years 8 years Life 11 years Life 5-14 years 1 year and 6 month 6 and year 1 3-14 years Prison Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center Chengdu ? ( General location ) Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho Prefecture Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Connection with farm - ing boycott Connection with Local Protest Illegal Assembly Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 10/16/2014 3/21/2008 10/1/2013 ? 6/15/2008 1/3/2014 3/16/2009 3/21/2008 6/27/2010 5/14/2008 3/20/2012 4/3/2008 06/1/2010 ? 5/3/2008 1/1/2008 ? 09/1/2010 ? 03/1/2008 ? 3/15/2008 11/1/2013 ? 3/21/2008 3/23/2008 03/1/2008 ? 03/29/2008 ? 4/1/2008 Affiliation Layperson Layperson Village head Nun, Pangrin NunneryNun, Pangrin Singer Trader Monk, Sang Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Layperson Business Man, Yak Hotel Business Man, Yak at tion Age 37 23 37 34 40 40 55 + 25 21 Deten M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M F M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-291 2008-269 2014-09 2008-268 2014-08 2009-175 2008-267 2014-270 2008-265 2012-969 2008-264 2014-274 2008- 263 2010-235 2010-206 2010-50 2008-261 2014-11 2008-260 2008-271 2008-259 2008-270 2008-258 Name Dorjee Rinchen Dorjee Rabten Dorjee Rabten Dorjee Lorig Dorjee Lodoe Dorjee Lhamo Dorjee Kundup Dorjee Tsering Dorjee Khando Dorjee Tsephel Dorjee Gyaltsen Dorjee Thinley Dorjee Drakpa Dorjee Tashi Dorjee Dragtsel Dorjee Tashi Dorjee Dolma Dorjee Tashi Dorjee Dhondup Dorjee Rinchen Dorjee Dhargyal Dorjee Rinchen Dorjee Chuk

122 123 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Origin Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Nangchen County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Province Tawu County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province TAP, County,Kardze Tawu Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Chukha Nang, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Chukha Nang, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Rebgong County, Melho TAP, Qinghai Melho TAP, County, Rebgong Province Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Chentsa County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Province Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsonub Wulan County, Province Sentenced 15 years 15 years 6 years 6 years Prison Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center Sichuan (General Location) Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Nangchen PSB Detention Center ? Tawu Detention Center Tawu Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Rebgong PSB Detention Center ? Rebgong Chentsa PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho Prefecture Chone PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kanlho Prefecture - LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Connection with protest activities Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail- reform Fail- Slogan- Shout- Speech Illegal Business Opera tions Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Date of Detention 3/22/2008 3/17/2010 6/21/2008 4/21/2011 3/18/2008 4/1/2008 7/12/2011 10/2/2003 28/03/2008 ? 3/25/2008 3/23/2008 03/1/2008 ? 3/18/2008 06/1/2008 ? 03/1/2008 ? 4/13/2008 3/20/2008 5/1/2008 03/1/2008 ? 3/23/2008 3/14/2008 2/17/2012 - Affiliation Student, National Higher Intermediate School Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Zurkhang Monastery Driver Monk, Ngaba Kirti Mon astery Layperson Nun Monk, Thangkya Monastery Gonchen Monk, Rong Monastery Monk, Gyutoe Monastery Business Man Monk, A-khor Monastery Businessman at tion Age 31 20 29 42 27 45 15 31 28 26 38 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2012-09 2008-288 2010-126 2008-287 2014-163 2008-171 2008-292 2003-05 2011-28 2008-296 2008- 1869 2008-294 2008-41 2008-293 2008- 1868 2008-284 2008-291 2008-283 2008-290 2010-49 2008-289 2010-52 Name Drakpa Drakho Drakden Dragu Dragpa Dradul Drakpa Drakpa Dosa Drakpa Dorlo Drakpa Dorjor Drakpa Dorjee Youdon Dorjee Wangyal Drakpa Dorjee Tsetan Drakpa Dorjee Tsetan Drakpa Dorjee Tsering

124 125 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Bathang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Bathang County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Province Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dathang Township, Driru County, Nagchu Driru County, Dathang Township, TAR TAP, Sentenced 3 years 4 years Prison Driru PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Bathang PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Chabcha PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 3/14/2012 4/17/2008 11/22/2014 ? 3/21/2008 3/20/2008 3/1/2008 3/22/2008 6/1/2012 6/18/2008 8/9/2008 1/5/2014 12/3/2012 10/23/2012 4/15/2009 1/23/2012 11/1/2007 ? 4/1/2008 3/22/2008 3/23/2008 5/15/2008 Affiliation Layperson Monk, Thangsar Monastery Jhangkar Monastery Layperson Nun, Geyma Drak Nunnery Monk, Khyanru Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery at tion Age 33 18 30 28 26 28 28 19 55 + Deten M M M F M M M M F F M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2012-17 2008-312 2014-323 2008-310 2008-307 2008-306 2008-305 2013-108 2008-303 2008-302 2014-05 2012-870 2013-28 2009-87 2012-999 2007-17 2008-315 2008-298 2008-314 2008-207 Name Drukdak Drugthar Drori Dronsep Dronkhoma Drongpo Rabten Drokho Drensel Drashi Tso Drangyae Yen Draktsa Dorjee Rigzin Draksang Dugkar Kyab Drakpay Dudhul Drakpa Gyaltsen Drukgyal Yak Drakpa Dorjee Drukgyal Drakpa Chakdri

124 125 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Released ? Released Sentenced Detained Origin Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Nangchen County, Jyekundo TAP, Qinghai Jyekundo TAP, Nangchen County, Province Phunpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phunpo Lhundup County, Palyul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Nagchen County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yulshul Nagchen County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dzatoe County, Jyekundo TAP, Qinghai Jyekundo TAP, Dzatoe County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Yeggu village, Yagla Township, Sog County, Sog County, Township, village, Yagla Yeggu TAR Nagchu TAP, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Rebgong County, Malho TAP,Qinghai Malho TAP,Qinghai County, Rebgong Province Matoe County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Qinghai Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province County, Shigatse TAP, TAR Shigatse TAP, Lhatse County, Sentenced 5 years 5 years and 6 month Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Nangchen PSB Detention Center Lhasa ( General Location ) Palyul PSB Detention Center ? Palyul Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Nagchen PSB Detention Cente ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Matoe PSB Detention Center ? ( General Location 0 Lhasa PSB Detention Center LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Fail- Reform Fail- Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter-revolutionary Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Particapation in the political protest Subversive Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 3/21/2008 6/27/2009 7/26/2008 4/11/2008 4/21/2014 05/14 2008 1/19/2013 3/10/2012 3/25/2008 6/18/2008 3/30/2010 7/15/2008 1/1/2013 3/25/2008 3/24/2008 3/20/2008 3/18/2008 1/1/2013 4/17/2008 12/4/2009 2/15/2012 7/13/2005 10/1/2008 Affiliation Monk, Thangsar Monastery Layperson Monk, Drepung Monastery Village Leader Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Farmer Business Man Monk, Jetrung Monastery Layperson ? Layperson Layperson ? Monk, Gartse Monastery Layperson Teacher Student Nun at tion Age 36 35 15 35 26 46 33 Deten M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-331 2009-232 2008-330 2008-328 2014-80 2008-336 2013-26 2012-18 2008-324 2008- 1871 2010-64 2008-325 2014-47 2008-324 2008-335 2008-323 2008-334 2013-78 2008-322 2009-196 2012-879 2005-31 2008- 1870 Name Gakhu Gage Gado Gaden Lhagyal Gade Gachung Bhumo Gachoe Dzomlha Kar Dunlag Dungkar Tashi Gawa Wangchen Gawa Wangchen Topgyal Dungkar Gawa Sangpo Dun Lak Gawa Dukhor Gawa Gartse Jigme Dukar Tsering Garab Dorjee Gangkye Drupa Kyab Dukar Kyab Gangkar

126 127 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Released ? Released Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Province Origin Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Yazi County, Tsoshar TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsoshar County, Yazi Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chentsa County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province , Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Lhari County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Sershul Township, Sershul County, Kardze Sershul County, Sershul Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Pema County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Village no 13, Gartsa Family, Rongpo Rongpo Village no 13, Gartsa Family, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Township, Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Nangchen County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sentenced 3 years 3 years Prison Lhasa PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Chentsa PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Lithang ( General Location ) Beijing ? ( General Location ) Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Ngari ( General Location) Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Pema PSB Detention Center ? Pema Sichuan (General Location) Lhasa ( General Location ) Nagchu PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Sabotage Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Security Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 3/10/2008 4/1/2008 7/1/2008 11/21/2012 5/15/2008 4/14/2008 4/26/2008 2/16/2009 1/1/2012 2/16/2009 2/16/2009 5/17/1995 03/28/2008 ? 06/1/2010 ? 4/26/2008 7/7/2013 7/6/2011 1/18/2014 4/21/2011 9/7/2014 4/26/2008 7/12/2011 04/1/2008 ? - Affiliation Monk, Lungkar Monastery Monk, Labrang Monastery Monk, Kathog Monastery Monk, Beudo Monastery Monk, Thoesamling Monastery Monk, Gur Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Rinpoche, Tashi Lhunpo Rinpoche, Tashi Monastery Monk, Ngaba Kirti Mon astery Trader Monk, Bada Samdupling Monastery Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Villager Monk, Akyong Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun Monk, Bada Samdupling Monastery Monk, Zumang Monastery Monk, Rabtsa Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery at tion Age 32 30 30 30 30 26 6 22 28 21 52 27 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-342 2008-341 2008-340 2008-337 2013-73 2008-352 2008-347 2008-346 2009-12 2014-112 2009-12 2009-4 1995-05 2008-339 2008-338 2014-271 2013-94 2011-178 2014-168 2014-14 2014-203 2008-343 2011-29 Name Geleg Samdup Geleg Pelho Geleg Gyurmey Geleg Gedun Tsultrim Gedun Gyatso Gedun Gyatso Gedun Gyatso Gendun Choephel Gendun Gedun Choephel Gelek Kunga Gedun Choekyi Nyima Choekyi Gedun Gelek Gyatso Gelek Dakpa Gedun Gelek Choephel Gedun Gedun Gelek Gedhi Geleg Thapkey Gaya Tashi

126 127 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Sentenced Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Arrested Detained ? Arrested Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Origin Qinghai Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Getsang Family,Pastoral division no. 3, Getsang Family,Pastoral Ngaba Ngaba County, Meruma Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Meruma 2nd Ruchen, Ngaba County, Meruma Ngaba County, 2nd Ruchen, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Serde Village, Meruma Township, Ngaba Serde Village, Meruma Township, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Yange Village, Yakia Township, Sog County, Sog County, Township, Village, Yakia Yange TAR Nagchu TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sentenced 2 years 3 years 6 years Prison Drango PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Leak State Secrets Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Link Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 4/17/2008 3/26/2008 3/26/2008 3/19/2011 1/1/2011 11/5/2014 03/24/2008 ? 5/15/2008 3/23/2008 3/18/2010 6/19/2008 12/7/2014 4/14/2008 12/7/2014 3/23/2008 3/18/2008 4/1/2008 1/1/2012 ? 12/3/2012 3/14/2014 4/3/2008 Affiliation Monk, Tongkor Monastery Monk, Tongkor Qinghai University Monk, Chogri Monastery Monk, Chogri Monastery Villager Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Monk Teacher and Writer Teacher Layperson Monk, Shetsang Monastery Layperson Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Labrang Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Bora Monastery Monk, Tsanden Monastery Monk, Tsanden at tion Age 70 50 60 23 30 47 20 Deten M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-360 2008-359 2008-358 2008-357 2011-33 2011-32 2014-297 2008-364 2008-356 2008-363 2008-362 2010-180 2014-319 2008-351 2014-320 2008-350 2008-361 2008-348 2012-832 2012-778 2014-56 Name Tsultrim Tenzin Geshe Tsultrim Geshe Tenzin Geshe Tenzin Choephel Geshe Sonam Gyurmey Geshe Namgyal Tsering Gerig Gephel Gephel Ghetse Dhorlo Gengya Tsundue Gheshor Ghayou Gendun Kyab Ghangha Gendun Gyatso Ghangdo Gendun Gyatso Ghangde Gendun Gyatso Gendun Gyatso Geylong Nyendak Gendun Drakpa

128 129 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained ? Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Tewo County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, County, Tewo Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Tsoe County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, County, Tsoe Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Serde Village, Meruma Township, Ngaba Serde Village, Meruma Township, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Province Sentenced 3 years 14 years 3 years Prison Kadze PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center Serthar PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech 0 Immolation Link Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 04/1/2008 ? 6/22/2009 3/25/2008 5/24/2008 1/1/2013 ? 3/18/2008 3/23/2008 5/18/2008 5/28/2008 3/17/2008 3/25/2008 1/1/2008 ? 1/1/2008 ? 5/10/2010 3/22/2008 4/20/2008 11/30/2013 5/14/2008 11/5/2014 3/20/2008 5/15/2010 5/16/2008 5/1/2008 Affiliation Nun, Drakgonpa Nunnery Layperson Monk, Gonsar Monastery Monk, Dargay Monastery Monk, Kardze Monastery Layperson Layperson Singer Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Layperson Layperson at tion Age 44 40 20 40 17 35 23 30 26 25 35 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M F M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-392 2009-149 2008-389 2008-381 2013-71 2008-381 2008-380 2008-379 2008-376 2008-398 2008-383 2008-396 2008-374 2008-369 2014-256 2008-369 2013-162 2008-368 2008-393 2014-296 2008-367 2014-255 2008-365 Name Gonpo Lhamo Gonpo Dhargyal Gonpo Gonpo Gonpo Gonpa Gongpa Yak Gongkar Thinley Gondon Sangay Gonpo Tsering Gonpo Tsering Gonpo Tsekho Gonam Gomchuk Gyal Gonpo Thar Ginike Tsulkho Gonpo Tenzin Gilu Gonpo Namgyal Ghoge Tsang Konme Ghoge Tsang Ghoeso Gonpo Lhundup Ghiling Lungtok

128 129 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Tsakleg Village, Lhopa Township, Kardze Village, Lhopa Township, Tsakleg Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Matoe County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Nyarong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyarong County, Province Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sentenced 11 years Prison Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu ?(General Location) Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Nyagrong PSB Detention Center ? Matoe PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Prison Prison Kardze Prefecture Nyagrong PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Subversive Displayment of Tibetan flag Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 3/26/2008 6/28/2008 3/28/2008 3/22/2008 03/27/2008 ? 4/22/2012 3/25/2008 3/29/2008 3/20/2008 7/8/2008 6/5/2010 6/27/2009 6/10/2011 4/15/2009 12/4/2009 4/16/2008 03/20/2008 ? 02/1/2004 ? 4/15/2009 07/15/2013 ? 3/20/2008 5/14/2008 Affiliation Monk, Nubsur Monastery Monk, Dzogchen Monastery Layperson ? Monk, Larung Nangten Lobling Monastery Monk Official (Townshi Level ) Official (Townshi Monk, Tsitsang Monastery Monk, Tsitsang Monk, Tsakho Monastery Monk, Tsakho Monk Nun, Gaden Choeling Nunnery at tion Age 36 38 30 23 18 25 28 54 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-423 2008-419 2008-416 2008-415 2008-414 2012-921 2008-413 2008-412 2008-411 2008-406 2014-277 2009-53 2011-37 2009-89 2009-194 2008-426 2008-403 2004-25 2009-84 2013-84 2008-401 2008-422 Name Gyalbha Gyachuk Wangchuk Guru Dorjee Guru Gurten Gurnam Gurkyi Gurgon Kyap Gure Gudrak Goyon Gyaltsang Dorje Goyang Gyalshay Gowang Gyalri Tsang Lama Gyalri Tsang Tsering Gonpo Wangyal Gyalpo Gonpo Tsewang Gyalhug Gonpo Tsetan Gyalga Lhamo

130 131 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE - Status Released ? Released Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Released ? Released Detained House Ar rested Origin Nangchen County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Province Gyalde Village, Ngaba County, Ngaba Gyalde Village, Ngaba County, Prfecture, Sichuan Province Matoe County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Lickok Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Lickok Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Chamdo County,Chamdo TAP, TAR TAP, Chamdo County,Chamdo Tawu County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province TAP, County,Kardze Tawu Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Zhanang County, Lhoka TAP, TAR Lhoka TAP, Zhanang County, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Dhamashap Village, Rotsa township,, Dhamashap Village, Rotsa Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Village no 13. Gartsa Family, Rongpo Rongpo Village no 13. Gartsa Family, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Township, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Zhanang County, Lhoka TAP, TAR Lhoka TAP, Zhanang County, Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Nyeshap Village, Tawu, Kardze County, Kardze County, Nyeshap Village, Tawu, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Sentenced 2 years 10 years 15 years Life Prison Matoe PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Tawu Detention Center Tawu Deyang Prsion Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Dranang PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Chushul( Qushul) Prison Chushul( Qushul) Prison Gonjo PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Subversive Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail- Reform Fail- Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail- reform Fail- Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 11/29/2013 6/2/2012 12/4/2009 5/12/2008 03/28/2008 ? 11/21/2011 1/1/2012 ? 1/23/2012 06/1/2008 ? 10/2/2003 3/18/2008 07/15/2013 ? 9/1/2010 08/1/2014 ? 6/6/2011 7/9/2014 6/27/2009 3/15/2008 03/1/2008 ? 8/21/2011 4/1/2008 3/17/2014 - Affiliation Abbot, Tanak Monastery Abbot, Tanak Layperson Monk, Tsakho Monastery Monk, Tsakho Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Ngaba Kirti Mon astery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Layperson ? Business man Monk, Serthar Buddhist Institutuion Monk, Mindrolling Mon - astery Monk, Kardze Monastery Monk Official Monk, Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Monk, Labrang Monastery Monk, Drilda Monastery at tion Age 41 42 46 52 23 29 18 29 40 Deten M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2013-168 2012-951 2009-192 2008-431 2008-429 2011-166 2012-779 2012- 1025 2008- 1873 2003-06 2010-439 2013-85 2014-283 2014-189 2011-38 2014-201 2009-134 2008-427 2008-438 2011-39 2008- 435 2014-61 Name Gyurme Tsultrim Gyurkho Gyebo Gyayul Tseyang Gyatso Gyatso Gyatso Gyashe Woeser Gyurmey Wangdak Gyari Choedak Gyurmey Thinley Gyalwa Gyurmey Tenzin Gyaluk Gyurmey Sonam Gyaltsen Phelgye Gyurmey Gonpo Gyaltsen Gyurmey Dhondup Gyaltsen Gyurmey Gyaltsen

130 131 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Arrested Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Darlag County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Gepasumdo County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, Province Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, Zakhog Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Zakhog Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Tawu County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province TAP, County,Kardze Tawu Sentenced Prison Sichuan (General Location) Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Nyagchukha Prison Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Drango PSB Detention Center ? Nyagchukha Prison Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Tawu Detention Center Tawu LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Leak State Secrets Particapation in the political protest Counter- revolutionaryCounter- Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Date of Detention 2/16/2009 4/21/2011 07/15/2013 ? 10/15/2013 1/23/2012 8/21/2004 3/25/2008 5/18/2008 3/25/2008 3/19/2009 3/16/2012 1/23/2012 6/21/2008 12/5/2009 5/12/2014 05/1/2009 ? 3/25/2008 12/5/2009 4/24/2008 3/18/2008 5/23/2008 3/23/2008 10/2/2003 Affiliation Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun Monk, Tehor Chakru Monk, Tehor Monastery Layperson Monk, Kardze Monastery Layperson ? Monk, Tse-tsang Monastery Monk, Tse-tsang Monk, Shingtri Monastery Beri Monastery Farmer Monk, Horshul Monastery Nun, Dargay Hardu Nunnery Driver at tion Age 40 30 21 20 27 27 36 25 25 35 39 42 Deten M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M F M F M F M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2009-15 2014-164 2013-86 2013-130 2012- 1012 2004-08 2008- 0488 2008-459 2008-448 2009-21 2011- 1011 2012-14 2008-456 2009-202 2014-93 2009-36 2008-457 2009-207 2008-454 2008-443 2008-451 2008-440 2003-07 Name Jampa Jampa Jampa Jampa Jamnam Jamgha Jamgha Jampa Dorjee Jamgha Jampa Dhondup Jampa Dhondup Jamg Rin Jampa Choephel Jamdo Jampa Choephel Jamdo Jampa Choekyi Jamdel Jampa Jamchu Jampa Hega Gyurwa Ngawang

132 133 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Machen County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Machen County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Rongtsa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Township, Rongtsa Sichuan Province TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Chuwa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Chuwa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Province Nyalung Village, Rebgong County, Malho County, Nyalung Village, Rebgong Qinghai Province TAP, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sentenced 8 years 3 years and 6 month 4 years Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Ngapa Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture ( General Location ) Kardze Prefecture Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Chabcha PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Pro- Independence Pro- Slogan- Shout -Speech Leak State Secrets Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 6/14/2008 4/5/2009 3/14/2008 6/9/2008 06/1/2002 ? 6/10/2011 5/23/2008 06/1/2006 ? 3/5/2009 6/18/2008 10/17/2013 4/16/2011 3/14/2008 2/16/2009 3/24/2008 11/1/2012 ? 11/26/2012 3/25/2008 2/16/2009 6/9/2008 Affiliation Layperson Monk, Khangmar Monastery Nun, Lamdrag Nunnery Nun, Dargay Hardu Nunnery Nun, Geci Nunnery Layperson Monk, Beri Monastery Monk, Shugding Monastery Nun, Bakdak Phuntsok Choeling Nunnery Monk, Ramoche Temple Monk, Ramoche Layperson Monk, Namtso Monastery Student, Malho Nationalities Middle School Student, Tsolho Vocational Vocational Student, Tsolho School Monk, Jammey Monastery Layperson Monk, Khangmar Monastery at tion Age 24 21 41 18 40 25 30 36 28 20 28 20 28 36 30 18 Deten M M M M M F F F F M M F M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-467 2009-82 2008-466 2008-447 2002-38 2011-43 2008-464 2006-25 2009-65 2008-468 2013-131 2011-44 2008-463 2009-9 2008-462 2014-40 2012-983 2008-461 2009-3 2008-40 Name Jampa Tashi Jampa Sonam Jampa Sangmo Jampa Phuntsok Jampa Nyamgyal Jampa Lhatso Jampa Lhamo Jampa Yangzom Jampa Lhamo Jampa Tsundue Jampa lekshay Jampa Tso Jampa Kalsang Jampa Tsering Jampa Gyatso Jampa Gyaltsen Jampa Tsering Jampa Gendun Jampa Thokmey Jampa Dorjee

132 133 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Sentenced Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Tsegorthang County, Tsoshar TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsoshar County, Tsegorthang Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Palyul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Province Lhuba Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhuba Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Nangchen County, Jyekundo TAP, Qinghai Jyekundo TAP, Nangchen County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Tsotoe Township, Phenpo Lhundup County, Phenpo Lhundup County, Township, Tsotoe Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Lathok Township, Chamdo County, Chamdo County, Lathok Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Marthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Province Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Lhopa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhopa Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sentenced Life 12 years Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Palyul PSB Detention Center ? Palyul Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Nangchen PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa General Location Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Detention Center Ngaba Prison ? Ngaba Prison Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Chone PSB Detention Center ? Lithang ( General Location ) LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Connection with Local Protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Connection with 2008 protest Possession of His Possession Holinessand Panchen rinpoche picures Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Date of Detention 3/23/2008 3/23/2008 3/14/2010 5/8/2012 4/21/2014 6/19/2011 7/26/2008 4/14/2008 4/11/2008 3/20/2008 1/31/2009 4/14/2008 12/3/2012 03/10/2014 ? 1/14/2013 4/14/2008 6/1/2006 01/1/2003 ? 2/16/2009 3/23/2008 3/17/2009 3/20/2008 Affiliation Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Ditsa Monastery Teacher, Luchu Private Luchu Private Teacher, Orphanage School Village Leader Nun, Nyima Gyatsul Nunnery Layperson Monk, Shetsang Monastery Monk Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Monk, Bora Monastery Abbot, Drepung Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Nun, Geci Nunnery Monk, Khangmar Monastery Layperson Monk, Akhor Monastery Layperson at tion Age 18 19 28 20 51 20 20 33 30 33 18 Deten M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M F M M M F Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-478 2008-480 2008-475 2010-94 2012-947 2014-82 2011-46 2008-474 2010-72 2008-490 2008-472 2009-218 2012-836 2008-471 2014-87 2013-12 2008-483 2006-01 2003-11 2009-7 2008-481 2009-217 Name Jamyang Jamyang Jamyang Jamyang Jamyang Jamyang Jamtruk Dolma Jamsang Jamphel Wangchuk Jamyang Gyatso Jamphel Tenzin Jamyang Gyatso Jamyang Gyatso Jamphel Gyatso Jamyang Dorjee Jampel Lhaksam Jamyang Dhondup Jampa Youtso Jamyang Choephel Jampa Yonten Jamyang ( Chewa ) Jampa Yeshe

134 135 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained ? Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Origin Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Marthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Lithang County, TAP, Sichuan Province TAP, Lithang County, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Kanyak Nomadic Village,Totsig Township, Township, Kanyak Nomadic Village,Totsig Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Sentenced 13 years 6 years 9 years 7 years Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Dzogang PSB Detention Center Marthang PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Dzogang PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Lanzhou ( General Location ) Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Lhasa ( General Location ) Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Sabotage Split- Nation Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Separatist Connection with the protest Security Counter Revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech His Holiness Materials Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 12/3/2012 4/1/2008 5/22/2009 1/23/2012 3/3/2009 2/16/2009 7/6/2011 3/20/2008 4/14/2008 7/2/2011 12/3/2012 3/21/2008 8/22/2007 4/15/2008 8/28/2012 4/14/2008 4/15/2008 4/21/2011 03/1/2012 ? 4/15/2008 08/1/2014 ? Affiliation Monk, Bora Monastery Monk, Rabtsa Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Villager Monk, Achog Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Village Leader Monk, Bora Monastery Monk, Yonru Geyden Monk, Yonru MonasteryRabgayling Teacher, Lithang Middle Teacher, School Monk, Shitsang Monastery Layperson Monk, Shetsang Monastery Monk, Gyurmey Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Labrang Monastery at tion Age 25 42 36 41 62 20 21 32 26 45 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-186 2012-834 2008-497 2009-58 2012- 1000 2010-24 2009-168 2011-177 2008-503 2008-495 2011-186 2012-835 2008-502 2007-03 2008- 1120 2012-858 2008-499 2014-165 2008- 1307 2012-907 2008-492 Name Jamyang Sonam Jamyang Soepa Jamyang Sherab Jamyang Sherab Jamyang Sherab Jamyang Phuntsok Jamyang Palden Jamyang Nyima Jamyang Toetin Jamyang Losel Jamyang Thinley Jamyang lodoe Jamyang Tenzin Jamyang Kunkhyen Jamyang Tenpa Jamyang Khyenkho Jamyang Tenpa Jamyang Tenpa Jamyang Jinpa Jamyang Tashi Jamyang Jinpa

134 135 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained ? Sentenced Sentenced Detained Origin ngchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, ngchu County, Gephen Likhogma Village, Drango County, Gephen Likhogma Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sa Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Wulan County, Tsonub TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsonub Wulan County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province She-ser Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, She-ser Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Marthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Tsoe County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, County, Tsoe Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Siling TAP, Qingha Province Siling TAP, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Dzogang County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogang County, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sentenced 4 years 12 years 7 years 4 years 1 year and 6 month 6 and year 1 Prison Sichuan (General Location) Markham PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Markham PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Marthang PSB Detention Center Chone PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba Prefecture ( General Location ) Ngaba Prefecture Sog PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center Dzogang PSB Detention Center LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Sabotage Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Espionage Illegal Assembly Incitement Date of Detention 1/1/2012 4/26/2012 3/18/2008 4/21/2011 3/22/2008 5/12/2008 3/23/2008 03/28/2008 ? 2/17/2012 4/14/2008 8/15/2012 3/23/2008 7/5/2011 3/20/2008 3/23/2008 2/7/2009 3/28/2008 2/3/3014 3/21/2008 11/1/2012 6/27/2010 5/18/2008 3/27/2008 06/1/2014 ? - Affiliation Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk,Khenpa Lung Monastery Monk, Wangchen Ponkar Ponkar Monk, Wangchen Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Layperson Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Monk, Achog Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Dhargyal Monastery Layperson Nun, Mamai Nunnery Student, Qinghai Communi College cations Technical Village head Monk, Samdup Monastery Layperson at tion Age 26 21 30 46 30 40 29 37 77 Deten M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M F M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-109 2012-929 2008-514 2014-167 2008-528 2008-512 2008-511 2008-522 2012-10 2008-521 2012-803 2011-45 2008-520 2008-517 2008-510 2009-242 2008-506 2008-507 2014-29 2013-2 2014-268 2008-504 2008-516 2014-314 Name Jiga Jewo Jawoe Jangkho Jigme Jangdrup Jamyang Yeshi Jigme Jamyang Woeser Jigme Jamyang Wangmo Jamyang Wangchuk Jigme Jigme Jamyang Tsundul Jigme Jamyang Tsultrim Jamyang Tsultrim Jigme Jamyang Tseten Jigje Kyab Jamyang Tsering Jamyang Tsering Jigchoe Jamyang Tsering

136 137 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Released ? Released Detained Detained - Origin Tsoe County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, County, Tsoe Luchang Village, Juicha Township, Luchang Village, Juicha Township, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Bathang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Bathang County, Province Shongka Village, Karashang township, Gan township, Karashang Village, Shongka Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, zi County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Tsolho TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Rebgong County, Melho TAP, Qinghai Melho TAP, County, Rebgong Province Tsoshar TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsoshar Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Shigatse County, Shigatse TAP, TAR Shigatse TAP, Shigatse County, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dechen County, Toelung kanlho TAP, Gansu Province kanlho TAP, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Ragcham Village, Serthar Kardze Ragcham County, Sichuan Province TAP, Sentenced 5 years 3 years 5 years 18 years 15 years 4 years Prison Tsoe PSB Detention Center Tsoe Bathang PSB Detention Center ? Kara PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Hongzhong Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Rebgong PSB Detention Center ? Rebgong Qushui Prison (Chushur ) Qushui Prison Chone PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho Prefecture Dzoege PSB Detention Center - Charge / Accusation Immolation Linked Split Nation Fail-reform Slogan-Shout-Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Advocating Pro Inde Advocating Pro pendence Endangering State Secrets Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 9/20/2012 10/17/2012 8/20/2011 4/2/2008 6/24/2012 8/1/2011 05/1/2005? 3/21/2008 3/23/2008 12/1/2012 ? 6/20/2008 8/27/1999 3/23/2008 4/14/2008 03/24/2008 3/23/2008 3/20/2008 8/11/2008 4/11/2003 3/17/2008 11/1/2010 ? 3/21/2008 Affiliation Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Dokar Monastery Monk and Writer, Labrang Monk and Writer, Monastery Abbot, Bathang Choede Monastery Layperson Monk, Gyalmo Monastery Monk, Kubhum MonasteryMonk, Kubhum Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Rongwo MonasteryMonk, Rongwo Abbot, Bangri Monastery Akhor Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Rahtram MonasteryRahtram Monk, Labrang Monastery Monk, Dingkha Monastery Monk Monk, Sogtsang Monastery at tion Age 47 45 17 22 42 33 27 30 22 39 26 Deten M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-372 2012-969 2008-538 2008- 1183 2012-954 2005-07 2011-173 2008-534 2008-544 2013-60 2008-533 1999-46 2008-531 2008-543 2008-529 2008-525 2008-541 2008-524 2003-02 2008-518 2010-41 2008-530 Name Jigme Gyatso Jigme Gyatso Jigme Guri Jigme Dorjee Jigme Dolma Jigme Dhasang Jigmey Samten Jigme Dhagyal Jigme Tsephel Jigme Thabkey Jigme Dawa Jigme Tenzin Jigme (Chungwa) Jigme Tenzin Jigme Jigme Jigme Lotsa Jigme Jigme Jamtruk Jigme Jigme Gyatso Jigme

136 137 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Released ? Released Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Origin Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Nangchen County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Province Province Sentenced 5-14 years 20 years Life 15 years Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Nyagchukha Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Nangchen PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Particapation in the political protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Particapation in the political protest Incitement Date of Detention 3/23/2008 3/25/2008 3/30/2008 3/28/2008 3/23/2008 10/25/2012 4/21/2011 3/21/2008 8/1/2011 3/23/2008 3/15/2008 3/29/2008 03/1/2008 ? 12/5/2009 1/14/2013 3/21/2008 3/17/2008 3/25/2008 3/16/2008 4/17/2008 3/18/2008 7/12/2011 - Affiliation Layperson ? Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Gyalmo Gedhen Dhar gayling Monastery Monk, Gaden Chokorling Monastery Monk, Samten Choekorling Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Gyalmo Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Tagtsang Lhamo Monk, Tagtsang Monastery Monk, Gaden Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Layperson ? Monk, Zurkhang Monastery at tion Age 38 22 35 23 23 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-564 2008-563 2008-562 2008-559 2008-558 2012-837 2014-170 2008-555 2011-172 2008-550 2008-570 2008-557 2008-72 2009-203 2013-13 2008-548 2008-568 2008-547 2008-567 2008-545 2008-565 2011-53 Name Tsering Jutse Jugney Jinpa Gyatso Jinpa Gyatso Jinpa Gyatso Jinpa Jinpa Kaljam Jinpa Kalden Chodak Jinpa Kalden Jinpa Kalden Jimpa Kalbha Jigtsoe Kalbar Jigthren Kagthar Jigtag

138 139 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained - Origin Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Tsoshar TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsoshar Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Yuthang Village, Tsachu Township, Driru Township, Village, Tsachu Yuthang TAR Nagchu TAP, County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dechen County, Toelung Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Namgchen County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yulshul Namgchen County, Province Tragyal Tsang house, Trotsik Township, Township, house, Trotsik Tsang Tragyal Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Dzogchen Township, Dege County, Kardze Dege County, Dzogchen Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Thangwa mai tragyal family, Totsik Town Totsik Thangwa mai tragyal family, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, ship, Ngaba County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sentenced 6 years 10 years 15 years + 3-14 years 3 years Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Tsoe PSB Detention Center ? Tsoe Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Palyul PSB Detention Center ? Palyul Sog PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Markham PSB Detention Center ? Mianyang Prison Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Connection with the Protest Illegal Assembly Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Slogan-Shout-Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 3/23/2008 12/1/2012 11/19/2013 6/17/2010 3/25/2008 11/23/2014 3/21/2008 3/22/2008 3/21/2008 4/14/2008 3/17/2008 3/23/2008 3/23/2008 10/17/2012 03/28/2008 ? 7/14/2012 3/1/2011 2/2/2014 4/22/2012 3/10/2008 03/11/2011 ? 3/21/2008 Affiliation Monk, Thangsar Monastery Debate Master, Drong Na Debate Master, Monastery Monk, Wara MonasteryMonk, Wara Layperson ? Monk, Tarmoe Monastery Monk, Tarmoe Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Monk, Dingkha Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Palyul MonasteryMonk, Palyul Layperson Monk, Dowa Shartsa Monastery Monk, Dzogchen Monastery Farmer at tion Age 49 32 25 28 22 42 18 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-584 2008-582 2013-61 2013-146 2010-35 2008-579 2013-160 2008-578 2008-594 2008-577 2008-592 2008-575 2008-588 2008-572 2012-970 2008-573 2012-824 2014-151 2014-22 2012-922 2008-583 2011-063 Name Kalsang Dhondup Kalsang Dhondup Kalsang Dhondup Kalsang Dhondup Kalsang Dhargay Kalsang Dawa Kalsang Choklang Kalsang Choephel Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Choedup Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Bhakdo Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Kalsang Dorjee Kalsang Kalsang Dhondup Kalsang

138 139 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Origin Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sankhok Town, Sangchu County, Kanlho Sangchu County, Sankhok Town, Gansu Province TAP, Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Wulan County, Tsonub TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsonub Wulan County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Garthog Township, Markham County, Markham County, Garthog Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Rebkong County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sentenced 3-14 years 3-14 years 1 year and 6 month 6 and year 1 Life 9 years 11 years Prison Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu Prefecture Sog PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Gonjo PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Markham PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center Driru PSB Detention Center LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail-reform Slogan- Shout- Speech Wechat Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail-reform Fail reform Fail Counter Revolutionary Counter- Revolutionary Counter- Date of Detention 6/18/2008 03/1/2008 ? 3/23/2012 6/18/2008 1/15/2012 4/14/2008 3/6/2014 3/28/2008 03/1/2008 ? 11/1/2013 ? 2/17/2012 04/1/2008 ? 3/25/2008 4/14/2008 2/2/2014 03/1/2008 ? 5/15/2010 5/12/2008 5/15/2010 3/21/2008 11/16/2007 11/16/2012 12/1/2012 3/10/2008 9/25/2007 - Affiliation Monk, Kardze Gepheling Monastery Monk, Bora Monastery Monk, Tarmo Monastery Monk, Tarmo Monk, Tsaden Monastery Monk, Tsaden Monk, Shetsang Monastery Monk, Drilda Monastery Monk, Gyalmo Gedhen Dhar gayling Monastery Monk, Bongtag Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Monk, Jammey Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Monk, Dowa Shartsa Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Monk, Wara MonasteryMonk, Wara Monk, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery Monk, Wara MonasteryMonk, Wara Monk, Achok Monastery Monk, Rongwo MonasteryMonk, Rongwo Layperson Monk, Choekorling Mon - astery at tion Age 23 42 28 22 17 29 17 29 17 27 28 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2007-15 2008-609 2008-610 2012-46 2008-608 2012-880 2008-603 2014-45 2008-600 2008-628 2014-10 2012-11 2008-626 2008-595 2008-625 2014-21 2008-622 2010-102 2008-619 2014-254 2008-618 2007-22 2013-184 2013-50 2008-593 Name Kalsang Rigsel Kalsang Nyima Kalsang Nyima Kalsang Lodoe Kalsang Lochok Kalsang Tsultrim Kalsang Khedup Kalsang Tsultrim Kalsang Jinpa Kalsang Tsering Kalsang Jinpa Kalsang Jangsem Kalsang Tsering Kalsang Jampa Kalsang Topten Kalsang Jampa Kalsang Tenzin kalsang Gyurmey Kalsang Tashi kalsang Gyurmey Kalsang Sonam Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Sonam Kalsang Sonam Kalsang Gyatso

140 141 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained ? Detained Detained ? Detained Arrested Detained Origin Nangchen County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Province Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dechen County, Toelung Bathang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Bathang County, Province Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chentsa County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Dechen Township, Taktse County, Lhasa County, Taktse Dechen Township, TAR TAP, Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Nangchen County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Nangchen County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Loshu Township, Sershul County, Kardze Sershul County, Loshu Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Chamdo County, Chando TAP, TAR Chando TAP, Chamdo County, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sentenced 15 years + Death 15 years Prison Nangchen PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Chentsa PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Markham PSB Detention Center ? Nangchen PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Nangchen PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Charge / Accusation Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Incitement Incitement Robbery Fail-reform Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout-Speech Propaganda Slogan- Shout -Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 7/12/2011 3/18/2008 3/1/2008 07/15/2013 ? 3/23/2008 3/23/2008 1/23/2012 1/1/2008 8/15/2012 7/12/2011 7/7/2013 7/12/2011 1/3/2010 6/24/2008 08/1/2014 ? 4/14/2008 8/12/2014 4/14/2008 6/5/2012 7/7/2010 3/14/2009 Affiliation Monk, Zumang Monastery Monk, Dingkha Monastery Monk, Jhangkar Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Farmer Layperson Monk, Zumang Monastery Layperson Monk, Monastery Environmentalist Monk, Beri Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Mediation Instructor, Miru Mediation Instructor, Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Monk, Chamdo Rata Monk, Chamdo Rata Monastery Monk, Gonmang Monastery at tion Age 27 27 31 40 40 20 22 42 27 22 17 Deten M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2011-59 2008-644 2008-643 2013-88 2008-639 2008-649 2012- 1020 2009-32 2012-802 2011-58 2013-95 2011-57 2010-6 2008-632 2014-200 2008-631 2014-121 2008-629 2012-823 2010-55 2009-76 Name Karma Monlem Karma Dawa Karma Choejor Karma Kardu Kardru Kapa Jamyang Kangtsuk Kalsang Youdon Karma Soepa Kalsang Yingyen Karma Samten Karma Samdup Kalsang Yeshi Karma Rinchen Kalsang Tsundue Karma Rinchen Kalsang Tsultrim Karma Rabten Kalsang Tsultrim Karma Norbu

140 141 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Sentenced Released? Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Origin Makhug Village, Machu County, Village, Machu County, Makhug Tara Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Labrang County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Labrang County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Tsarchu Village, Drango County, Kardze Village, Drango County, Tsarchu Sichuan Province TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Nangchen County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Province Chogri County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Chogri County, Province Dathang Township, Driru County, Nagchu Driru County, Dathang Township, TAR TAP, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Rachap Township, Palyul County, Kardze County, Palyul Township, Rachap Sichuan Province TAP, Sentenced 4 years 11 years 20 years Life 7 years 7 years 3-7 years Prison Driru PSB Detention Center? Kanlho Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho Prefecture Drango PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Chengdu ? ( General location ) Driru PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu? ( General Location ) LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Incitement Slogan- Shout -Speech Wechat Leak State Secrets Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 7/14/2013 10/20/2013 4/13/2009 10/23/2012 10/11/2013 10/17/2013 04/1/2008 ? 3/16/2008 1/23/2012 3/21/2008 10/1/2007 6/28/2011 6/11/2008 6/22/2008 3/20/2008 12/7/2013 3/24/2008 3/10/2012 3/24/2008 08/1/2014 ? 5/14/2008 5/25/2010 Affiliation Singer Layperson Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Layperson Monk, Shugding Monastery Monk, Rabtsa Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery Monk, Monk, Soe Monastery Monk, Beri Monastery Abbot, Jhapa Monastery Nun Nun Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Layperson at tion Age 38 36 20 23 28 29 64 38 43 43 32 Deten M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M F M F M F M Sex ID TCHRD- 2013-98 2013-135 2009-31 2013-29 2013-122 2013-132 2008-652 2008-651 2012- 1021 2008-647 2007-25 2014-211 2008-660 2008-646 2008-659 2013-173 2008-176 2012-20 2008-658 2014-182 2008-657 2010-76 Name Kelsang Yarphel Kelsang kelsang Namdol Kelsang Gyatso Kelsang Kelsang Gyatso Kelsang Kelsang Kelnam Kelden Kelbha kawa Nyima Kathup Thar Kham Lama karma Yeshi Kham Kho Karma Wangchuk Khakbey Karma Tsewang Khagongtsang Choedon Karma Tharlam Khagong Tsang Khagong Tsang Choedon Khagha Karma Tashi Kelyon

142 143 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Released ? Released Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Arrested Detained Arrested Detained Arrested Detained Sentenced Origin Siling County, Qinghai Province Siling County, Gepa Samdo County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Gepa Samdo County, Province Rebgong County, Melho TAP, Qinghai Melho TAP, County, Rebgong Province Wulan County, Tsonub TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsonub Wulan County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Menda Township, Chamdo County, Chamdo County, Menda Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Tsarchu Village, Drango County, Kardze Village, Drango County, Tsarchu Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Drushe Village, Shelkar Township, Dingri Drushe Village, Shelkar Township, TAR Shigatse TAP, County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Mashak Village, Shelkar Township, Dingri Mashak Village, Shelkar Township, TAR Shigatse TAP, County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Shelkar Township, Dingri County, Shigatse Dingri County, Shelkar Township, TAR TAP, Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, Sichuan Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Province Nangchen County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Province Sentenced 2 years 10 years 11 years 13 years 7 years 2 years and 6 month Prison Xining PSB Detention Center ? Tsolho PSB Detention Center Tsolho Malho PSB Detention Center ? Kardz PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Chengdu ? ( General location ) Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Split Nation Fail- Reform Fail- Immolation Linked Slogan-Shout-Speech Particapation in the political protest Connection with farm - ing boycott Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter Revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter Revolutionary Counter Revolutionary LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 12/6/2013 3/8/2012 4/13/2008 03/1/2008 ? 2/17/2012 3/7/2012 4/13/2014 3/25/2008 4/11/2008 3/27/2009 3/23/2008 1/23/2012 4/21/2011 3/25/2008 5/19/2008 6/18/2008 5/19/2008 6/11/2008 5/19/2008 05/27/2012 ? Affiliation Abbot, Japha Monastery Abbot, Gyegyel Zogchen Monastery Monk, Tsang Monastery Monk, Tsang Tsang Monastery Tsang Monk, Bongdak Monastery Monk, Samdup Monastery Abbot, Boyak Monastery Chant Master, Chogri Chant Master, Monastery Farmer Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Ngangong Nunnery Monk, Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Monk, Ngaba Zongse Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Layperson at tion Age 32 38 36 23 29 32 32 25 Deten M M M M M M M M M M F M M F M F M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-292 2012-23 2008-672 2008-673 2012-13 2012-21 2014-72 2008-680 2008-671 2008-670 2009-25 2012- 1019 2014-166 2008-665 2008-677 2008-662 2008-676 2008-661 2008-675 2012-820 Name Khenpo Kartse Khenpo Gyewala Khedup Gyatso Khedup Gyatso Khedup Gyatso Khedup Dorjee Khedup Khetsun Khechok Khechok Khethar Khawa Tsewang Khesang Khando Lhamo Khenrab Tharchin Khando Khenrab Tashi Khamgo Khenrab Nyima Khambe

142 143 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Origin Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Dzamthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Mangra County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Mangra County, Province Chentsa County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Province Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chentsa County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Province Chentsa County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Barkham County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Barkham County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Dzogchen Township, Dege County, Kardze Dege County, Dzogchen Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Wulan County, Tsonub TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsonub Wulan County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sentenced 6 years 10 years 3 years Unknown Prison Driru PSB Detention Center? Driru PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Dzamthang PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Mangra ( General Location ) Tsoe PSB Detention Center ? Tsoe Chentsa PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Barkham PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Split- Nation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Subversive Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout- Speech Illegal Assembly Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 12/1/2012 ? 11/18/2013 4/11/2008 4/9/2008 04/1/2008 ? 3/16/2008 5/14/2008 4/5/2008 3/23/2008 04/1/2009 ? 3/23/2008 10/17/2012 3/23/2008 3/20/2008 6/27/2010 12/28/2008 3/18/2010 4/26/2008 02/17/2012 ? 4/22/2012 3/29/2008 1/23/2012 Affiliation Monk, Rabten MonasteryMonk, Rabten Monk Monk, Tsendrak Monastery Monk, Tsendrak Monk, Sang Lung Monastery Monk, Rabtsa Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery Monk, Aadu Monastery Monk, Pangri na NunneryMonk, Pangri Monk, Ngulra Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Lutsang Monastery Monk, Namgyaling Mon - astery Monk, Dokar Monastery Farmer Village head Teacher, Nationalities Teacher, College Training Teacher Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Bongtag Monastery Monk, Dzogchen Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk at tion Age 21 28 16 33 28 20 20 31 28 Deten M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-700 2014-293 2013-163 2008-693 2008-692 2008-691 2008-702 2008-690 2008- 1184 2008-689 2009-277 2008-688 2012-971 2008-684 2008-699 2014-265 2009-42 2014-244 2008-697 2012-06 2012-919 2012- 1028 Name Kunchok Dakpa Kunchok Kunchok Dakpa Kunchok Kunchok Choephel Kunchok Kunchok Kunchok Kunchok Kunchok Jamphel Kunchok Kunchok Kunchok Gyatso Kunchok Kunchok Kunchok Gyatso Kunchok Kunbo Kunchok Gyatso Kunchok Kopa Tsetan Kopa Kunchok Dorjee Kunchok Konlho Kunchok Dolma Kunchok Kirti kyab Kunchok Dhondup Kunchok Kunchok Dhargye Kunchok Khyithar Khumig Tsultrim

144 145 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Origin Tewo County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, County, Tewo Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Tewo County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, County, Tewo Qinghai Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Zari Township, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Zari Township, Sichuan Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sentenced 3 years 15 years 20 years 12 years Prison Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba Prefecture( General Location) Ngaba Prefecture( Lhanzou ( General Location ) Lhasa General Location Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Markham PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Security Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 4/14/2008 1/1/2008? 4/14/2008 4/16/2008 09/1/2007 ? 4/17/2008 8/1/2012 3/29/2008 3/29/2008 3/29/2008 3/1/2011 ? 3/1/2008 2/16/2009 4/11/2008 4/17/2008 3/20/2010 5/15/2008 5/14/2008 3/18/2008 3/29/2008 4/26/2008 3/29/2008 3/18/2008 Affiliation Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, MonasteryMonk, Kumbum Farmer Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Talung Monastery Monk, Talung Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Lo Monastery Website Founder Website Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Gaden Choepheling Monastery at tion Age 17 33 22 33 38 39 41 22 21 21 18 33 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-721 2008-720 2008-719 2008-717 2008-713 2007-16 2008-712 2012-964 2008-711 2008-727 2008-710 2011-66 2008-709 2009-123 2010-73 2010-99 2008-725 2008-707 2008-724 2008-706 2008-722 2008-704 2009-85 Name Kunchok Sherab Kunchok Kunchok Sangpo Kunchok Kunchok Sangpo Kunchok Kunchok Sangay Kunchok Kunchok Samten Kunchok Kunchok Samphel Kunchok Kunchok Rabten Kunchok Kunchok Yarphel Kunchok Kunchok Rabgyal Kunchok Kunchok Woeser Kunchok Kunchok Pelsang Kunchok Kunchok Tsultrim Kunchok Kunchok Nyima Kunchok Kunchok Tsephel Kunchok Kunchok Nyima Kunchok Kunchok Namgyal Kunchok Kunchok Thabkey Kunchok Kunchok Nagdo Kunchok Kunchok Tenzin Kunchok Kunchok Lhundup Kunchok Kunchok Soepa Kunchok Kunchok Jinpa Kunchok Kunchok Jinpa Kunchok

144 145 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained ? Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Origin Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Machen County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Machen County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Barchung Village, Palyul County, Kardze County, Barchung Village, Palyul Sichuan Province TAP, TAR Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province TAR Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Phondo Village, Phenpo Lhundup County, Phondo Village, Phenpo Lhundup County, TAR Gade County, Golog TAP,Qinghai Province Golog TAP,Qinghai Gade County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sentenced 5 years 11 years 5 years 15 years 10 years 13 years 4 years 11 years Prison Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Chabcha PSB Detention Center ? Ranga Prison Ranga Machen PSB Detention Center ? Palyul PSB Detention Center ? Palyul Gonjo PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation His Holiness Material Slogan-Shout-Speech Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail- reform Fail- Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Split- Nation Slogan- Shout- Speech Freedom Restoration Freedom Date of Detention 8/2/2011 5/12/2012 1/23/2012 3/17/2009 27/3/2008 ? 1/1/2008 ? 4/21/2014 08/1/2014 ? 08/1/2014 ? 4/15/2009 03/1/2008 ? 3/25/2008 6/28/2011 4/1/2008 3/20/2008 3/25/2008 5/23/2008 4/26/2012 4/3/2008 5/24/2008 4/1/2011 7/15/2008 4/26/2012 8/26/2014 Affiliation Shop Owner Student, Tsolho Vocational Vocational Student, Tsolho School Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Village Leader Monk, Thangkya Monastery Layperson ? Nun Monk, Drepung Monastery Layperson ? Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Monk, Gonsar Monastery Layperson Monk, Dargay Monastery Nun, Dokha Nunnery at tion Age 25 20 19 22 20 22 30 30 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M F M F Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-208 2011-203 2012-988 2014-308 2008-751 2009-80 2008-734 2014-180 2014-81 2014-184 2009-90 2008-733 2011-193 2008-748 2008-750 2008-732 2008-737 2012-932 2008-730 2008-743 2008-729 2008-742 2014-103 2012-933 Name Kunsang Lhamo Kunsang Kunsang Choegyal Kunsang Kunsang Bum Kunsang Kunlho Kyara Kunga Tseyang Kunga Kunga Tenzin Kunga Kunga Tashi Kunga Kyamo Kunga Sherab Kunga Kyalgah Kunga Phuntsok Kunga Kunga Choezom Kunga kyakha Kyabkho Kunga Kunyang Kuntho Kunga Kunsang Tsering Kunsang Kunga Kunsang Tsering Kunsang Kunga Kundrup

146 147 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Origin Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Bendegon Village, Kardze County, Kardze Bendegon Village, Kardze County, Sichuan Province TAP, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Damshul County, Lhasa TAP, Sichuan Lhasa TAP, Damshul County, Province Jundhar County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jundhar County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lathok Township, Chamdo County, Chamdo County, Lathok Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Sentenced Death With 2 years reprive 4 years Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Damshul PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center Nagchu Prefecture( General Location ) Nagchu Prefecture( Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Particapation in the political protest Connection with the Protest Illegal Assembly LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 4/23/2008 5/6/2008 05/1/2009 ? 3/23/2008 04/1/2008 ? 1/1/2009 ? 8/11/2008 08/1/2014 ? 4/23/2008 3/29/2008 3/23/2008 03/10/2014 ? 3/18/2008 7/15/2008 3/25/2008 4/2/2008 4/2/2008 6/27/2010 7/21/2010 5/14/2008 27/3/2008 ? Affiliation Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Farmer Monk, Gaden Chokorling Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Kolo MonasteryMonk, Kolo Nun Dragkar Nunnery Layperson Layperson ? Layperson ? Village head Monk, Shak Rongpo Monk, Shak Rongpo Monastery at tion Age 30 23 23 32 34 36 26 Deten F F M M M M M M F M F M M M M M M M M F M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-777 2008-772 2009-181 2008-769 2008-765 2010-100 2009-52 2014-191 2008-760 2008-759 2008-758 2014-89 2008-756 2008-782 2008-755 2008-781 2008-754 2014-267 2014-281 2008-779 2008-753 Name Lhaga Lhadue Lhadar Lekshe Lama Phuntsok lamchung lama Lhaka Lama Lakyab Lagha Kyong Kyap Kyong Kyipo Lhaje Olha Kyipay Lhagyal Kyi Kyi Kyi Lhagon Kyi Jigme Kyi Lhago Kyenrab Norbu Kyenrab Lhagha Kyegon

146 147 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Sentenced Detained Detained Released ? Released Released? Released? Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Released ? Released Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Sentenced Origin Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Lhopa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhopa Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagchu County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagchu County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Shenang VIllage, Soonga Township, Kardze Shenang VIllage, Soonga Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Gyesangdha Village, Soonga Township, Gyesangdha Village, Soonga Township, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Dazi County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dazi County, Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Khangmar County, Shigatse TAP, TAR Shigatse TAP, Khangmar County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sentenced 7 years 3 years 7 years 5 years 15 years 5- 14 years 15 years 15 years Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Nyagchukha Prison Kara PSB Detention Center Driru PSB Detention Center? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Kardze PSB Detention Center Deyang Prsion Lhasa (General Location ) Chabcha PSB Detention Center ? Shigatse Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Shigatse Prefecture Lhasa? ( General Location ) Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Sabotage Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Security His Holiness Materials Separatist Involvement in the acivities Political Counter- Revolutionary Counter- Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 12/1/2012 10/23/2012 3/17/2009 5/12/2008 12/5/2009 7/20/2013 10/20/2013 3/21/2008 3/25/2008 6/17/2011 03/27/2008 ? 6/18/2011 1/1/2012 5/12/2008 4/27/2008 11/1/2011 12/5/2012 3/9/2012 6/14/2007 6/1/2008 6/1/2008 3/15/2008 5/14/2008 Affiliation Layperson Nun Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Layperson Monk, khangmar Monastery Monk, khangmar Monastery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Layperson Farmer Student, Tsolho Vocational Vocational Student, Tsolho School Teacher Teacher Teacher Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri at tion Age 33 64 21 17 41 44 31 25 33 Deten M M F F M M M F M M M M M F M M F M M F F F F Sex ID TCHRD- 2013-51 2013-30 2009-219 2008-792 2009-205 2013-104 2008-803 2013-136 2008-801 2011-67 2008-798 2011-68 2014-113 2008-195 2011-205 2008-786 2012-40 2012-981 2007-08 2008-794 2008-784 2010-59 2008-783 Name Lhamo Dorjee Lhamo Dhondup Lhamo Dechen Lhamo Chokey Lhamo Choedup Lhamo Choedup Lhubhum Gyal Lhamo Lho Yeshi Lhama Tsering Lhekden Lhama Tsering Lhaksam Lhawang Choekyi Lhaten Lhakpa Tsering Lhakpa Lhaten Lhakdon Lhamo kyab Lhakdon Lhamo Kyab Lhakar

148 149 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained ? Detained ? Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Origin Gepasumdo County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, Province Tsoshar TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsoshar Trinken Dewa, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Ngaba TAP, Dewa, Ngaba County, Trinken Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Marthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Province Kangtsa County, Tsochang TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsochang Kangtsa County, Province Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sentenced 4 years 7 years 21 years Prison Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Marthang PSB Detention Center Deyang Prison Driru PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Counter-revolutionary LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 4/21/2011 3/14/2012 12/1/2012 ? 11/6/2011 3/25/2008 03/27/2008 ? 03/27/2008 ? 03/27/2008 ? 4/3/3008 3/20/2008 10/20/2008 1/1/2009 ? 1/1/2012 ? 3/20/2008 1/14/2013 03/1/2008 ? 6/11/2008 3/21/2008 3/23/2008 3/18/2008 1/1/2008 ? 3/21/2008 Affiliation Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Shingtri Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Tongkor Monastery Monk, Tongkor Monk, Achog Monastery Student, National Middle School Monk Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Tsug lhakhang Monk, Tsug Layperson Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Gaden Choepheling Monastery at tion Age 23 21 35 23 20 23 36 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-138 2012-811 2013-62 2011-168 2008-819 2008-817 2008-816 2008-815 2008-813 2008-812 2008-810 2014-217 2012-791 2008-828 2008-830 2013-14 2008-829 2008-806 2008-822 2009-84 2008-809 2008-805 Name Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Lobe Lo Yeshi Ling Namgyal Ling Kyikyi Ling Dapo Lhungo Lhundup Yonten lhundup Lhundup Lhundup Lobsang Lobsang Lhundrub Yarphel Lobsang Lhunbhum Tsering Lobsang Lobsang Lhumte Lhubhum Thar

148 149 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Origin Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Chushul County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chushul County, Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province She-ser Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, She-ser Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Tsaphuk Village, Pashoe County, Chamdo County, Village, Pashoe Tsaphuk TAR TAP, Pashoe County, Chamdo TAP, Sichuan Chamdo TAP, County, Pashoe Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Machen County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Machen County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Meruma 2nd Ruchen, Ngaba County, Meruma Ngaba County, 2nd Ruchen, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Sentenced 3 years 4 years 10 years 5 years Prison Ngaba Prefecture( General Location) Ngaba Prefecture( Sog PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Pashoe PSB Detention Center Pashoe Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu ( General Location) Machen PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Immolation Linked Immolation Linked Immolation Linked Counter-revolutionary Slogan-Shout-Speech Wechat Slogan -Shout- Speech Counter Revolutionary Slogan- Shout -Speech Possession of Tibetan Possession flag Counter-revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 4/11/2011 3/13/2014 03/1/2008 ? 03/1/2008 ? 11/18/2013 5/12/2011 3/30/2011 7/1/2008 4/8/2011 4/21/2011 6/18/2008 7/5/2011 1/10/2011 3/4/2014 7/1/2013 7/7/2013 3/31/2008 5/13/2008 3/22/2009 4/21/2011 3/29/2008 3/26/2008 Affiliation Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Drilda Monastery Nun, Shar Bumpa Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Bhenkar Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Beri Monastery Monk, Dargye Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Drongsar Monastery Monk, Drongsar Monastery Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Monk, Kardze Monastery Monk, Ragya MonasteryMonk, Ragya Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery at tion Age 31 19 19 24 27 24 26 35 48 20 35 18 28 35 Deten M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2011-77 2014-48 2008-841 2008-839 2013-159 2011-74 2011-73 2008-835 2014-130 2014-141 2008- 0850 2011-72 2011-79 2014-38 2013-93 2013-96 2008-845 2009-42 2009-255 2014-139 2008-843 2008-833 Name Lobsang Dhargyal Lobsang Dhargyal Lobsang Dawa Lobsang Choezin Lobsang Choeying Lobsang Choephel Lobsang Choephel Lobsang Choejor Lobsang Gelek Lobsang Choejor lobsang Gelek Lobsang Choejor Lobsang Gedun Lobsang Choejor Lobsang Gedun Lobsang Choejor Lobsang Dhondup Lobsang Choeden Lobsang Dhargye Lobsang Choedak Lobsang Dhargyal Lobsang Chodar

150 151 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Released ? Released Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Origin Cha Township, Paltang family,Nangtsagma family,Nangtsagma Paltang Cha Township, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Village, Ngaba County, Province Nyagchukha County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagchukha County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Meruma Township, Ngaba County, Ngaba Ngaba County, Meruma Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Pashoe County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, County, Pashoe Chongrung Village, Golham Township, Chongrung Village, Golham Township, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Pashoe County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, County, Pashoe Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province TAR Tridu County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul County, Tridu Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sentenced 8 years 5- 14 years 3 years 3 years 10 years 5 years Prison Nyachukha PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa? ( General Location ) Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Pashoe PSB Detention Center ? Pashoe Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Drango PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail-reform Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter-revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 03/28/2008 ? 03/1/2012 ? 03/1/2008 ? 3/22/2011 4/11/2008 03/28/2008 ? 3/15/2008 7/9/2011 4/15/2014 3/6/2009 1/29/2009 6/18/2011 1/23/2012 4/21/2011 03/28/2008 ? 7/1/2014 10/3/2013 03/28/2008 ? 3/22/2011 9/1/2012 04/1/2008 ? Affiliation Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Othog Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Gema Dra-wok Nunnery Monk, Mera Monastery Nun, Nyagye Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Drongsar Monastery Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Zilkar Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery at tion Age 34 17 43 16 38 39 20 21 20 34 34 38 17 33 19 31 Deten M M M M M M M M M F M F M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-869 2012-842 2008-867 2011-199 2008-897 2008-859 2008-874 2011-005 2014-298 2009-20 2009-63 2011-82 2012-998 2011-175 2008-853 2014-289 2013-54 2008-852 2014-149 2012-860 2008-851 Name Lobsang Jigme Lobsang Jangchup Lobsang Jamyang Lobsang Jamyang Lobsang Jampa Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Khechok Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Khando Lobsang Gyaltsen Lobsang Khando Lobsang Gonpo Lobsang Kelsang Lobsang Gendun Lobsang Gendun Lobsang kelsang Lobsang Gelek Lobsang Kalsang Lobsang Jinpa Lobsang Gelek

150 151 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Sentenced Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Released ? Released Arrested Origin Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Machen County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Machen County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Chengdu TAP, Sichuan Province Chengdu TAP, Chugle Gabma, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Ngaba TAP, Chugle Gabma, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Meruma Township, Ngaba County, Ngaba Ngaba County, Meruma Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Sentenced 7 years 10 years Death( 2 years reprieve) 11 years 3 years Prison Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Deyang Prison Sichuan (General Location) Chamdo PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Machen PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Kardze Prefecture Prison Prison Kardze Prefecture Chengdu ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Counter-revolutionary Displayment of Tibetan flag Date of Detention 03/28/2008 ? 2/15/2009 7/10/2011 4/16/2008 6/28/2009 5/14/2008 3/14/2009 4/28/2011 08/1/2012 ? 3/10/2008 1/15/2009 7/9/2011 3/25/2008 3/30/2011 3/12/2008 1/14/2013 3/14/2008 4/21/2011 02/1/2004 ? 5/12/2012 5/6/2011 12/27/2014 Affiliation Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Nekhor Monastery Student Student, Guru Gewa School Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Oenpo Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Gaden Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk Writer, Poet Writer, Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery at tion Age 33 37 19 18 28 25 28 40 29 27 32 35 25 22 21 25 36 20 Deten M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-329 2008-883 2009-1 2011-84 2008-881 2009-137 2008-880 2009-70 2011-196 2012-853 2009-106 2009-46 2011-189 2008-877 2014-133 2008-876 2013-15 2008-875 2014-140 2004-23 2013-186 2011-83 Name Lobsang Lungrig Lobsang Lhundup Lobsang Lhundup Lobsang Lhundup Lobsang Kyab Lobsang Nyendak Lobsang Kunchok Lobsang Nyendak Lobsang Kunchok Lobsang Kunchok Lobsang Ngodup Lobsang Kirti Lobsang Ngodup Lobsang Khetsun Lobsang Ngodrup Lobsang Khenrab Lobsang Ngodrup Lobsang Khedup Gyatso Tenpay Lobsang Ngawang Lobsang Khedup Lobsang Namgyal Lobsang Khedup

152 153 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Arrested Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Pastoral division 2, MerumaPastoral township, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Tsodun Township, Barkham County, Ngaba Barkham County, Township, Tsodun Sichuan Province TAP, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lithang County, Kardze Prefecrure, Sichuan Lithang County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Province Sentenced 8 years 9 years Prison Lithang PSB Detention Center ? Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Detention Center Chengdu ( General Location ) Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Dege PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba Prefecture( General Location) Ngaba Prefecture( Sichuan (General Location) Barkham PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Lithang PSB Detention Center Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech His Holiness material Slogan- Shout- Speech Connection with farm - ing boycott Counter-revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter-revolutionary Counter-revolutionary LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 3/19/2008 7/10/2011 10/1/2011 ? 2/16/2009 12/3/2012 08/1/2014 ? 3/25/2008 8/15/2006 6/18/2008 05/1/2009 ? 4/21/2011 5/1/2011 05/9/2011 ? 4/21/2011 8/19/2012 3/21/2008 4/21/2011 9/15/2007 3/30/3008 Affiliation Student Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Bora Monastery Monk, Kardze Gepheling Monastery Monk, Beri Monastery Farmer Monk, Kirti Monastery Village Leader Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Tsodun Monastery Monk, Tsodun Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Lithang Monastery Monk, Dongri Monastery at tion Age 17 29 37 34 22 26 37 34 21 20 34 22 30 29 Deten M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-896 2011-86 2012-953 2009-96 2012-833 2014-176 2008-895 2006-06 2008-892 2009-145 2014-134 2011-85 2011-87 2014-148 2012-856 2014-142 2008-891 2007-07 2008-890 Name Lobsang Phuntsok Lobsang Phuntsok Lobsang Phuntsok Lobsang Phendey Lobsang Phagpa Lobsang Palsang Lobsang Palmo Lobsang Palden Lobsang Palden Lobsang Palden Lobsang Rinchen Lobsang Palden Lobsang Rinchen Lobsang Palden Lobsang Rabten Lobsang Rabjor Lobsang Nyima Lobsang Phuntsok Lobsang Nyima

152 153 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Sentenced Released ? Released Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Origin Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Village no 2, Meruma Township, Ngaba Village no 2, Meruma Township, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Barkham County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Barkham County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sentenced 3 years 2 years 5 years 2 years 5 years 3-14 years 3-14 years 7 years Prison Mianyang Prison Driru PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Barkham PSB Detention Center? Sichuan (General Location) Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Chengdu ?(General Location) Sershul PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Leak State Secrets Counter-revolutionary Illegal Assembly Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter-revolutionary Slogan- Shout -Speech Counter-revolutionary Slogan -Shout- Speech Date of Detention 11/1/2011 ? 9/23/2013 03/28/2008 ? 4/21/2011 1/18/2013 3/24/2008 8/14/2012 4/26/2014 8/28/2012 5/14/2008 5/13/2008 8/12/2012 4/21/2011 03/1/2008 ? 03/1/2008 ? 1/1/2008 ? 03/28/2008 ? 03/28/2008 ? 2/16/2009 4/21/2011 11/1/2011 ? 3/10/2013 Affiliation Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Rabten MonasteryMonk, Rabten Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Drenpa Monastery Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kardze Monastery Monk, Kardze Gepheling Monastery Monk, Tsodun Monastery Monk, Tsodun Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Gaden Samten Dargyeling at tion Age 26 26 42 43 24 30 19 17 17 19 23 38 21 39 26 31 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2011-165 2013-120 2008-908 2014-136 2014-37 2008-906 2012-852 2014-83 2012-857 2009-41 2014-911 2012-809 2014-143 2008-903 2008-910 2008-901 2008-909 2008-900 2009-11 2014-135 2014-129 2013-55 Name Lobsang Tashi Lobsang Tashi Lobsang Sonam Lobsang Soepa Lobsang Soepa Lobsang Sherab Lobsang Sangye Lobsang Tenpa Lobsang Tenpa Lobsang Sangya Lobsang Tenpa Lobsang Tenpa Lobsang Sangay Lobsang Tenchog Lobsang Samten Lobsang Tashi Lobsang Samten Lobsang Tashi Lobsang Samten Lobsang Tashi Lobsang Samten Lobsang Tashi Lobsang Samten

154 155 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE - Status Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Arrested Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained House Ar rested Sentenced Detained Sentenced Origin Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Chushul County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chushul County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Meruma Township, Ngaba County, Ngaba Ngaba County, Meruma Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Pema tsang house, Naktsangma, Cha Pema Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Township, Sichuan Province Doda village, Dzatoe Township, Dege Doda village, Dzatoe Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Pashoe County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, County, Pashoe Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chamdo County, Chando TAP, TAR Chando TAP, Chamdo County, Bora Village, lota Township, Ngaba County, Ngaba County, Bora Village, lota Township, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sentenced 9 years 15 years 10 years 2 years and 6 month 10 years Prison Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Immolation Linked Propaganda His Holiness Material Counter-revolutionary LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 07/15/2013 ? 1/1/2008 ? 3/9/2013 3/15/2008 03/28/2008 ? 3/30/2008 12/26/2014 4/14/2008 2/16/2009 3/25/2011 02/1/2012 ? 8/1/2012 4/15/2012 03/31/2014 ? 3/12/2008 4/21/2011 1/30/2012 3/19/1988 6/26/2012 08/1/2012 ? Affiliation Monk, Ratoe MonasteryMonk, Ratoe Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Dongri Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Trulku, Gochen Monastery Trulku, Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Karma Monastery Student, Tibet University Monk, Kirti Monastery at tion Age 27 29 34 30 21 21 22 40 24 32 21 24 21 31 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2013-89 2008-922 2011-92 2008-921 2008-918 2008-917 2014-330 2008-915 2009-5 2011-88 2012-845 2012-854 2012-898 2008-924 2014-78 2014-137 2012-05 1988-7 2012-04 2013-31 Name Lobsang Tsering Lobsang Tsephel Lobsang Tsepak Lobsang Tsemey Lobsang Thokmey Lobsang Thinley Lobsang Thinley Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tsewang Lobsang Tsering Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tsering Lobsang Tsering Lobsang Tsering Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tsering

154 155 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Released ? Released Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Origin Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Taktse County, Lhasa Municipality, TAR Lhasa Municipality, County, Taktse Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Meruma 2nd Ruchen, Ngaba County, Meruma Ngaba County, 2nd Ruchen, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Dzampa Family, Soruma Nomadic Vil - Dzampa Family, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, lage, Ngaba County, Province Sentenced 15 years 11 years Prison Sichuan (General Location) Lithang PSB Detention Center ? Nyagchukha Prison Chushul Prison ? Chushul Prison Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Drango PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Sog PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Dzogang PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture - LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Counter-revolutionary Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Partipation in the politi cal protest Slogan- Shout -Speech Counter-revolutionary Immolation Linked Counter-revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter-revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 4/21/2011 3/10/2009 12/5/2009 1/1/2009 ? 2/16/2009 3/25/2008 3/30/2008 4/21/2011 3/22/2011 4/21/2011 4/5/2008 2/2/2014 3/31/2008 4/14/2008 4/21/2011 3/30/2008 6/18/2011 7/6/2011 6/18/2011 03/1/2012 ? 03/28/2008 ? Affiliation Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Lithang Monastery Taxi Driver, Former Monk Former Driver, Taxi Abbot, Chogri Monastery Monk, Dongri Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Dowa Shartsa Monastery Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Dongri Monastery Nun, Nyagye Nunnery Villager Nun, Nyagye Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery at tion Age 27 29 26 30 28 15 22 31 26 26 19 25 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-145 2009-220 2009-201 2009-109 2009-10 2008-933 2008-932 2014-144 2011-93 2014-147 2014-20 2008-931 2008-938 2008-930 2014-146 2008-929 2011-159 2011-159 2011-181 2012-841 2008-935 Name Lobsang Wangdak Lobsang Wangchuk Lobsang Wangchuk Lobsang Wangchuk Lobsang Wangchuk Lobsang Wangchen Lobsang Tsundue Lobsang Tsundue Lobsang Tsundie Lobsang Yeshi Lobsang Yeshe Lobsang Tsultrim Lobsang Yarphel Lobsang Tsultrim Lobsang Yarphel Lobsang Tsultrim Lobsang Yangtso Lobsang Yangtso Lobsang Tsultrim Lobsang Tsultrim Lobsang Wangdak

156 157 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Origin Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Garthog Toenship, Ngaba County, Ngaba Ngaba County, Garthog Toenship, Sichuan Province TAP, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Woca Tsang household ,Shongwa Dewa Tsang Woca Ngaba County, Village, Andu Township, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sentenced 21 years 7 years 12 years 13 years 10 years 3 years Prison Drapchi Prison Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Markham PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Barkham PSB Detention Center Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter Revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Illegal Assembly LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 1/17/1993 1/1/2008 ? 3/21/2008 3/20/2008 04/1/2008 ? 3/21/2008 03/28/2008 ? 5/12/2008 3/23/2008 03/28/2008 ? 3/10/2008 1/1/2012 ? 4/14/2008 1/23/2012 6/27/2010 3/21/2008 10/20/2011 3/10/2008 03/28/2008 ? 3/21/2008 - Affiliation Staff, Sog Drama Associa Staff, tion Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monastery Monk, Tsendrak Monastery Monk, Tsendrak Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monastery Monk, Rabtsa Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery Akhor Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Oenpo Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Village head Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, at tion Age 33 19 22 23 25 15 23 30 43 36 20 35 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008-949 1993-240 2008-180 2008-947 2008-943 2008-955 2008-946 2008-941 2008-954 2008-944 2008-940 2008-953 2009-105 2012-787 2008-952 2012- 1008 2014-269 2008-950 2011-094 2008-939 Name Lodoe Rabten Lodoe Gyatso Lodup Tendhar Lodoe Lodhak Lodup Phuntsok Lodoe Lochoe Lodup Lodoe Lochoe Lodrak Lodoe Lochoe Lodoe Wangpo Lodoe Loche Lodoe Tenpa Lodoe Lobsher

156 157 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained ? Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Origin Tawu County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Tawu Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Gyalmo Township, Kanlho Prefcture, Gansu Kanlho Prefcture, Gyalmo Township, Province Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Chentsa County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Barkham County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Barkham County, Province Tridu County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul County, Tridu Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Meruma Township, Ngaba County, Ngaba Ngaba County, Meruma Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sentenced Death 6 years 6 years 4 years 13 years Prison Tawu PSB Detention Center ? Tawu Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Barkham PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Mianyang Prison Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Particapation in the political protest Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout-Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 02/15/2012 ? 3/25/2008 3/25/2008 3/17/2008 3/18/2008 3/20/2008 3/20/2008 8/30/2009 4/9/2008 1/1/2008 ? 03/27/2008 ? 3/20/2008 4/15/2008 1/20/2009 4/19/2012 3/22/2008 3/13/2014 12/7/2014 3/21/2008 3/19/2008 01/23/2012 ? 3/20/2008 3/23/2008 Affiliation Environmentalist Layperson ? Monk, Lithang Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikyi Monk, Labrang Tashikyi Monastery Monk, Lithang Monastery Singer Monk, Drilda Monastery Layperson Farmer Layperson Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery at tion Age 27 25 25 40 40 29 42 18 24 33 33 18 Deten M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2012-37 2008-976 2008-975 2008-974 2008-973 2008-970 2008-986 2009-112 2008-983 2008-968 2008-982 2008-966 2009-221 2012-915 2008-981 2008-960 2014-49 2008-978 2014-318 2012-848 2008-980 2008-956 2008-979 Name Lumbu lukyi Lukon Lubhu Yak Lu lu Loyak Luwa Tamding Loyak Luthar Loten Lushul Jamgha Lori Lori Lolo Lushoep Tenzin Lokey Lungtok Gyaltsen Lungrig Lokel logya Lungrig Lodup Yeshi Lungrig

158 159 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Sentenced Released? Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin gaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, gaba County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province N Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Thakse Village, Dingri County, Shigatse Thakse Village, Dingri County, TAR TAP, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Matoe County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Nomadic camp no. 3 Meuruma Village, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sentenced 14 years 13 years 15 years + 3-14 years 10 years Prison Sershul PSB Detention Center Qushul Prison ?( Chushur ) Qushul Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Prison Ranga Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Matoe PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center Sog PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation His Holiness Materials Slogan- Shout- Speech Split- Nation Slogan-Shout-Speech Immolation Linked Subversive Wechat Incitement LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 03/1/2012 ? 4/4/2010 3/22/2008 3/14/2008 5/15/2008 1/23/2012 03/1/2008 ? 3/1/2008 10/20/2013 03/28/2008 ? 1/14/2013 03/1/2011 ? 4/24/2008 11/29/2013 12/4/2009 4/11/2008 3/5/2009 2/3/2014 3/6/2014 12/27/2014 3/1/2008 4/22/2012 Affiliation Monk, Dzogchen Monastery Trulku, Taglung Monastery Taglung Trulku, Monk, Drango Monastery Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Sera Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choede Monastery Abbot, Tsakho Monastery Abbot, Tsakho Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Blogger, Univeristy Student Blogger, at tion Age 44 19 20 25 21 39 40 21 Deten M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2012-792 2012-41 2010-66 2008-994 2008- 1004 2008- 1001 2012-940 2008- 1002 2008- 1003 2013-137 2008- 1009 2013-16 2014-210 2008-996 2014-84 2009-195 2008- 1007 2009-69 2014-25 2014-43 2014-331 2008-991 Name Mingyur Migmar Kalsang Namgyal Metok Migmar Dhondup Meshi Dakpa Namgyal Migmar Migmar Mengyal Namdol Migmar Nagten Mekang Tenpa Migmar Markyi Samgha Moti Tsang Mewa Gyatso Margong Monlam Gyatso Meu Soepa Malle

158 159 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Lhopa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhopa Township, Sichuan Province TAP, TAR Chushul County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chushul County, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Nagchen County, Yushul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yushul Nagchen County, Province Rebgong County, Malho TAP,Qinghai Malho TAP,Qinghai County, Rebgong Province Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, Tsodun Township, Barkham County, Ngaba Barkham County, Township, Tsodun Sichuan Province TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Garthog Township, Markham County, Markham County, Garthog Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Sentenced 8 years 6 years 2 years and 6 month 10 years Prison Ngaba Prison ? Ngaba Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chushu PSB Detention Center Machu PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Rebgong PSB Detention Center ? Rebgong Barkham PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center Machu PSB Detention Center ? Markham PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout -Speech Pro- Independence Pro- Slogan-Shout-Speech Connection with Local Protest Connection with the Protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Espionage Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Connection with Local Protest Counter Revolutionary Date of Detention 1/17/2009 8/15/2006 3/15/2009 1/25/2012 4/16/2008 03/20//2008 3/26/2008 6/13/2011 9/1/2012 10/29/2011 5/1/2013 ? 8/12/2012 3/14/2009 1/23/2012 6/11/2008 3/26/2008 3/30/2010 3/21/2008 3/15/2008 3/21/2008 5/12/2008 Affiliation Monk, Kardze Gepheling Monastery Layperson Monk, Ratoe MonasteryMonk, Ratoe Chant Master, Chogri Chant Master, Monastery Nun, Mandrak Nunnery Businessman Abbot, Karma Monastery Retired Teacher Retired Monk, Tsodun Monastery Monk, Tsodun Farmer Editor, Pandita Printing Press Printing Pandita Editor, Monk, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery at tion Age 27 26 37 25 45 40 47 44 18 28 30 18 Deten M M M M M M M F M M M M M M F M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2009-162 2006-04 2009-222 2012-65 2008- 1017 2008- 1016 2008- 1015 2011-1 2012-967 2011-207 2012-808 2013-164 2009-77 202-866 2008- 1022 2008- 1014 2008- 1013 2014-243 2008- 1012 2008- 1020 2008- 1011 Name Sonam Namkha Gyaltsen Namkha Gyaltsen Namkha Gyaltsen Namkar Namgyal Tseten Namgyal Tsering Namgyal Lhamo Nangchen Tashi Namsey Sonam Namsey Namgyal Jam Namsel Dorjee Namgyal Dhondup Namse Lhamo Namgyal Namgyal Namsay Namgyal Namlo Namgyal

160 161 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Arrested Detained Arrested Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Origin Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Tikar Township, Gonjo County, Chamdo Gonjo County, Tikar Township, TAR TAP, Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Mokhyim Village, Driru County, Nagchu Mokhyim Village, Driru County, TAR TAP, Matoe County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province TAR Lhasa TAP, Sentenced 15 years 3-14 years 10 years 6 years 15 years + 11 years 15 years Prison Lhasa Prison Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu Prefecture( General Location ) Nagchu Prefecture( Matoe PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center Qushui Prison ? ( Chushur ) Qushui Prison Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa? ( General Location ) - Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Subversive Fail-reform Partipation in the politi cal protest Separatist Fail reform Fail Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 04/1/2008 ? 4/1/2008 03/1/20088 03/27/2008 ? 7/22/2012 1/14/2013 11/24/2013 5/17/2010 4/12/2009 03/28/2008 ? 3/10/2013 11/20/2007 6/18/2008 8/30/2009 6/7/2009 11/22/2014 ? 1/14/2013 5/15/2010 3/1/2008 4/24/2008 04/1/2008 ? Affiliation Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Chant Master, Drepung Chant Master, Monastery Village Leader Monk, Shak Rongpo Monk, Shak Rongpo Monastery Abbot, Tsakho Monastery Abbot, Tsakho Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Tarmo Monastery Monk, Tarmo Layperson Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Wara MonasteryMonk, Wara at tion Age 38 23 60 41 30 42 27 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1035 2008-40 2008- 1033 2008- 1032 2008- 1057 2012-793 2013-17 2014-65 2009-126 2014-263 2008- 1030 2013-56 2007-24 2008- 1037 2009-213 2009-187 2014-322 2013-18 2010-81 2008- 1035 2008- 1025 Name Ngawang Choenyi Ngawang Choenyi Ngawang Choeden Ngawang Ngawang Ngawang Ngawang Ngangtak Ngaksung Ngawang Jangchup Ngakho Ngawang Gyatso Nening Ngawang Gyaltsen Nemel Ngawang Dorjee Nemed Ngawang Donden Nangsey Ngawang Choeyang Nangrin

160 161 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Origin Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province TAR TAR Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Bumshul Village, kardze County, Kardze Bumshul Village, kardze County, Sichuan Province TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, Dechen County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Dechen County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Sershul Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Sershul Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dechen County, Toelung Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Phondo Town, Phenpo Lhundup County, Phenpo Lhundup County, Phondo Town, TAR Sentenced 8 years 8 years 15 years 8 years Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa? ( General Location ) Deyang Prsion Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Markham PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Split- Nation Date of Detention 04/1/2011 ? 1/5/2009 04/1/2008 ? 04/1/2008 ? 6/18/2008 1/14/2013 03/28/2008 ? 5/24/2008 6/18/2008 7/15/2011 1/14/2013 1/15/2014 3/18/2008 3/16/2008 3/18/2008 1/14/2013 6/23/2008 1/14/2013 3/17/2008 5/13/2008 04/1/2008 ? 1/24/2009 Affiliation Layperson Farmer Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Tarmo Monastery Monk, Tarmo Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Gonsar Monastery Layperson Layperson ? Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Farmer Monk, Tsug lhakhang Monk, Tsug Layperson Monk, Sera Monastery Monk, Dingkha Monastery Monk, Woeser MonasteryMonk, Woeser Monk, Rabtsa Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery at tion Age 32 38 30 17 32 34 53 51 25 26 20 51 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-99 2009-41 2008- 1047 2008- 1046 2008- 1045 2013-22 2008- 1043 2008- 1042 2008- 1044 2011-198 2013-21 2014-03 2008- 1056 2008- 1041 2014-215 2013-20 2008- 1058 2008- 1051 2013-19 2008- 1050 2009-56 2008- 1040 Name Ngawang Tashi Ngawang Sonam Ngawang Serthok Ngawang Serchen Ngawang Sange Ngawang Samten Ngawang Phuntsok Ngawang Phuntsok Ngawang Phuntsok Ngawang Phuntsok Ngawang Palsang Ngora Tashi Namgyal Ngora Tashi Ngogha Ngodup Phuntsok Ngawang Lophel Ngodup Dorjee Ngawang Tharchoe Ngawang Lodoe Ngawang Tenzin Ngawang Tashi Ngawang Lobsang

162 163 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Arrested Arrested Detained Sentenced Released ? Released Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Tsogo Township, Dingri County, Shigatse Dingri County, Township, Tsogo TAR TAP, Dingri County, Shigatse TAP, TAR Shigatse TAP, Dingri County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Palyul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Rinah Lungpa village of Tawu, Kardze Rinah Lungpa village of Tawu, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Pelbar County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, County, Pelbar Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Choekor Township, Jomda County, Jomda County, Choekor Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Matoe County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, - Lema Town Tsa Khadrok Village, Rongpo Sichuan Kardze TAP, ship, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze Kardze County, Lhopa Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Sentenced 7 years 2 years 12 years 15 years Prison Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Prison ? Prison Kardze Prefecture Chushul Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Ranga Prison Ranga Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Palbar PSB Detention Center ? Palbar Driru PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Matoe PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Fail- Reform Fail- Viewing the picture of HH Dalai lama His Holiness Material Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Wechat Slogan-Shout-Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Causing Serious Disturbance Sabotage Subversive LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 6/27/2009 1/14/2014 1/14/2014 1/23/2012 3/18/2008 1/1/2010 ? 5/14/2008 3/6/2014 1/23/2012 3/25/2008 6/22/2008 5/12/2008 4/24/2008 8/19/2011 07/1/2008 ? 1/1/2012 ? 1/24/2009 4/12/2009 4/2/2012 4/24/2008 3/17/2009 Affiliation Layperson Layperson Farmer Monk, Rachap MonasteryMonk, Rachap Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Layperson ? Layperson Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery Abbot, Tsakho Monastery Abbot, Tsakho Khadrok School Principal, School Jamtse Rokten Nun at tion Age 38 49 28 42 35 22 50 19 51 40 20 Deten M M M M M M F M M M M M F M M M M M M F F Sex ID TCHRD- 2009-230 2014-325 2014-16 2012- 1027 2008- 1064 2012- 1032 2008- 1063 2014-42 2014-306 2008- 1062 2008- 1071 2008- 1061 2008- 1069 2011-99 2008- 1068 2012-790 2009-55 2009-127 2012-34 2008- 1059 2009-214 Name Norlu Norlha Norkyi Norgay Norbu Wangyal Norbu Tsering Norbu Tsering Norbu Dolma Norbu Dhondup Nyima Norbu Nyilu Norbu Nyigha Norbu Nyidor Norbu Nyichey Nobay Nyendak Nikay

162 163 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained ? Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Released ? Released Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Origin Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, lushoe Township, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, lushoe Township, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, TAR Chushul County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chushul County, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Maldro Gongkar County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Maldro Gongkar County, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Dranang County, Lhoka TAP, TAR Lhoka TAP, Dranang County, Lhoepa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhoepa Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Zhanang County, Lhoka TAP, TAR Lhoka TAP, Zhanang County, Dartsedo County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Dartsedo Kardze TAP, County, Province Tawu County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Tawu TAR Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, Sichuan Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Province Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Sentenced 13 years 13 years 12 years 11 years Prison Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center Nagchu Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu Prefecture Lhasa Prefecture ( General Location ) Lhasa Prefecture Dege PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Qushui Prison ( Chushur ) Qushui Prison Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chushul PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center ? Deyang Prsion Ranga Prison Ranga Dzogang PSB Detention Center LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Counter Revolutionary Social Stability Connection with 2008 protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Leak State Secrets Slogan-Shout-Speech Date of Detention 3/25/2008 03/27/2008 ? 3/19/2008 3/26/2008 1/1/2008 ? 2/23/2012 9/24/2004 04/1/2008 ? 4/22/2012 6/21/2008 3/15/2008 3/21/2009 6/1/2011 3/15/2008 3/25/2009 4/19/2008 04/1/2008 ? 5/12/2008 1/23/2012 05/27/2012 ? 7/6/2011 01/9/2009 ? Affiliation Layperson ? Monk, Thangkya Monastery Businessman Monk, Pangsa MonasteryMonk, Pangsa Monk, Dzogchen Monastery Layperson Monk, Samye Monastery Farmer Monk, khangmar Monastery Monk, Samye Monastery Monk, Lhagang Monastery Layperson Monk, Drepung Monastery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Layperson Villager Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery at tion Age 35 27 20 36 30 21 50 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2009-55 2008- 1087 2008- 1086 2008- 1085 2008- 1084 2008- 1079 2012-891 2004-09 2009-208 2008- 1078 2012-39 2009-24 2008- 1077 2011-170 2008- 1077 2009-315 2008- 1074 2008- 1090 2014-309 2008- 1072 2012-821 2011-201 Name Nyishek Nyisar Nyipal Nyinkho Nyinkhar Nyima Wangchuk Nyima Tsering Nyima Tenzin Nyima Tenzin Nyima Tashi Nyima Tashi Padgyal Pachen Nyima Tashi Pachen Nyima Tashi Olu Nyima Drgapa Olo Ogyen Tsering Nyima Nyurgyog Nyima

164 165 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Arrested Origin Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Nyimo Village, Palbar County, Chamdo County, Nyimo Village, Palbar TAR TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Machen County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Machen County, Province Lhopa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhopa Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Machen County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Machen County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sentenced 7 years 7 years Prison Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Palbar PSB Detention Center ? Palbar Driru PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa ( General Location ) Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Golog Prefecture? ( General Location ) Golog Prefecture? Charge / Accusation Causing Serious Disturbance Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail-reform Participation in the boycott movement Espionage Slogan- Shout -Speech Possession of Tibetan Possession Flag during the protest LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 3/22/2009 7/21/2013 03/21/2008 ? 6/11/2008 07/1/2008 ? 9/1/2010 3/19/2008 3/16/2008 3/18/2008 5/24/2008 3/25/2008 4/25/2008 3/16/2009 3/27/2009 7/2/2008 03/1/2012 ? 5/15/2008 8/28/2014 6/11/2008 05/1/2009 ? 11/22/2014 ? Affiliation Monk, Ragya MonasteryMonk, Ragya Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Soe Monastery Farmer Monk, Karma Monastery Monk, Gonsar Monastery Layperson ? Layperson Farmer Monk, Ngaba Zongse Monastery Farmer Layperson at tion Age 20 25 30 34 40 60 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2009-97 2013-101 2008- 1101 2008- 1100 2008- 1099 2014-284 2008- 1098 2008- 1097 2014-216 2008- 1096 2008- 1106 2008- 1094 2009-215 2009-28 2008- 1105 2012-912 2008- 1104 2014-213 2008- 1102 2009-182 2014-321 Name Palden Gyatso Palden Palden Gyatso Palden Palden Dawa Palden Palden Chungwa Palden Palden Choedak Palden Palden Choedak Palden Palden Palden Palden Tashi Palden Palden Palden Sherab Palden Palchen Kyab Palchen Palden Rinchen Palden Palchen Palden Nyendak Palden Pagyal Palden Migmar Palden Pagya Palden Gyatso Palden Paga Paga

164 165 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained ? Sentenced Released ? Released Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Origin Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Tsangral Road, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Road, Tsangral Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dzamthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Kanyag Village, Totsik township, Ngaba Kanyag Village, Totsik Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, County, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dechen County, Toelung Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Garthog Township, Markham County, Markham County, Garthog Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Gyesangdha Village, Soonga Township, Gyesangdha Village, Soonga Township, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sentenced 7 years 3 years 17 years 13 years 7 years Prison Lhasa ( General Location ) Lhasa? ( General Location ) Mianyang Prison Drapchi Prison Sershul PSB Detention Center ? TAR General Location TAR Ranga Prison Ranga Markham PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Chengdu ( General Location ) LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Reactionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Reactionary Slogan-Shout-Speech Counter Revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 6/18/2008 8/12/2009 6/18/2008 1/1/2008 ? 10/31/2008 5/3/2008 3/20/2008 3/20/2011 3/18/2008 03/27/2008 ? 1/1/1997 ? 3/31/2008 1/1/2010 ? 1/23/2012 5/12/2008 7/1/2013 6/18/2011 5/13/2008 6/11/2011 5/13/2008 5/18/2008 Affiliation Business Man Monk, Sang Lung Monastery Farmer Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Singer Monk, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery Monk, khangmar Monastery Monk, Kardze Monastery Monk, khangmar Monastery Monk, Kardze Monastery Monk, Kardze Monastery at tion Age 32 19 32 81 45 38 23 21 30 18 19 Deten M F M F M M M F M F M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2011-103 2008- 1125 2009-138 2008- 1123 2008- 1124 2008- 1114 2008- 1112 2008- 1135 2011-102 2008- 1131 2008- 1111 1997-118 2008- 1870 2010-236 2014-303 2008- 1126 2013-90 2011-104 2008- 1108 2008- 1869 2008- 1107 Name Passang Rinchen Passang Passang Nyima Passang Passang Norbu Passang Passang Dolma Passang Passang Dhondup Passang Paljor Norbu Paljor Paljor Pelha Paljor Paylo Palgon Passang Tsognyi Passang Paldor Passang Tsering Passang Paldor Passang Tashi Passang Palden Yigyen Palden Passang Rinchen Passang Palden Tsultrim Palden Palden Tsondue Palden Palden Thinley Palden

166 167 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Sentenced Detained Origin Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province TAR Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Maldro Gongkar County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Maldro Gongkar County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Gepasumdo County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, Province Phondo Town, Phenpo Lhundup County, Phenpo Lhundup County, Phondo Town, TAR Sichuan Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Gade County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Gade County, Reedha Village, Shitse township, Kardze Reedha Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Rabkar Village, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Village, Kardze TAP, Rabkar Province Dzamthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Province Phondoe Village, Phenpo Lhundup County, Phondoe Village, Phenpo Lhundup County, TAR Sentenced 12 years 8 years 5 years 8 years Prison Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? ( Gutsa ) Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa Prefecture ( General location ) Lhasa Prefecture Drango PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center Lhasa ( General Location ) Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Dzamthang PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail- Reform Fail- Separatist Connection with the Protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Split- Nation Sabotage Participation in the boycott movement Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Split- Nation Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 08/1/2014 ? 3/10/2008 6/7/2009 4/9/2008 6/7/2009 10/23/2012 1/23/2012 03/28/2008 ? 04/1/2008 ? 7/5/2011 5/22/2008 3/16/2012 04/1/2011 ? 1/1/2012 3/27/2009 4/14/2012 3/10/2008 6/18/2011 6/11/2008 04/1/2011 ? 3/23/2011 - Affiliation Monk, Sera Monastery Trader Trader Monk, Ngaba Kirti Mon astery Monk, Pangsa MonasteryMonk, Pangsa Writer Nun, Nyimo Gaysey Nunnery Monk, Shingtri Monastery Layperson Farmer Layperson Monk, Lungkar Monastery Nun, Nyagye Nunnery Layperson at tion Age 30 50 46 25 30 34 40 Deten M M M M M M M M F M F M M F F F M F M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-177 2008- 1143 2009-142 2008- 1142 2009-189 2013-32 2012- 1023 2008- 1138 2008- 1137 2011-108 2008- 1136 2012-15 2014-108 2014-104 2009-26 2012-826 2008- 1146 2011-106 2008- 1144 2014-100 2011-105 Name Pema Gyalpo Pema Pema GarwangPema Pema Drinme Pema Pema Dorjee Pema Pema Dorjee Pema Pema Dhondup Pema Pema Choedak Pema Pema Pema Pema Rinchen Pema Pema Pema Rigzin Pema Pema Norbu Pema Pema Pema Lhamo Pema Pema Pema KarwangPema Peltruk Pema Gyaltsen Pema Pema Gyalpo Pema Pelkho

166 167 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Origin Nyemo County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Nyemo County, Sa’gya County, Shigatse TAP, TAR Shigatse TAP, Sa’gya County, Thangkyi Township, Nyagrong County, Nyagrong County, Thangkyi Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Rebgong County, Malho TAP,Qinghai Malho TAP,Qinghai County, Rebgong Province Bathang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Bathang County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Chengdu Township, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Chengdu Township, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dechen County, Toelung Do-nga Vilage, Soongo Township, Kardze Do-nga Vilage, Soongo Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Phondo Town, Phenpo Lhundup County, Phenpo Lhundup County, Phondo Town, TAR Beri Village, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Beri Village, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Shigatse County, Shigatse Prefecture, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Shigatse County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Nomadic camp no. 4, Meuruma Village, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sentenced Life Imprisonment Death With 2 years reprive Life 13 years 5 years 8 years 8 years 2 years 2 years and 6 month Prison Dartsedo PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Batang ( general location) Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Barkham PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Shigatse PSB Detention Center ? Mianyang Prison ? Mianyang Prison LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Freedom Restoration Freedom Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Split- Nation Slogan- Shout- Speech Security Date of Detention 4/21/2009 4/21/2009 11/3/2010 5/14/2008 3/20/2009 11/1/2012 3/5/2009 1/1/2012 ? 4/19/2010 1/3/2014 4/22/2012 2/26/2010 10/23/2012 3/10/2008 6/12/2011 04/1/2011 ? 3/21/2008 6/7/2011 3/20/2008 07/1/2012 ? 5/7/2013 Affiliation Layperson Layperson Farmer Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Layperson Nun Monk, Dzogchen Monastery Typist, Pandita Printing Press Printing Pandita Typist, Nun, Nyinmo Nunnery Layperson Monk, Beri Monastery Singer Singer at tion Age 23 28 33 27 22 23 17 22 31 21 22 44 Deten F F M F M M F M M M F F M M F M M M F M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2009-172 2009-171 2010-104 2008- 1158 2008- 1862 2013-40 2009-130 2012-938 2014-252 2014-07 2014-241 2013-33 2012-923 2008- 1860 2011-111 2008- 1150 2014-101 2011-110 2008- 1861 2013-38 2014-301 Name Penkyi Penkyi Pema Yeshi Pema Pema Yangtso Pema Phagpa Thar Phagpa Pema Yangtso Pema Pema Woeser Pema Petrug Pema Tsultrim Pema Pema Tso Pema Pema Tso Pema Petop Pema Tsering Pema Penpa Lhamo Penpa Pema Tsering Pema Penpa Pema Tsering Pema Penkyi Pema Thinley Pema Pema Rinzin Pema

168 169 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Palgon County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, County, Palgon Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Tsoshe VIllage, Dhadho Township., Kardze VIllage, Dhadho Township., Tsoshe Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Lhoka TAP, TAR Lhoka TAP, Kyiray Hometown, Kongpo, Nyinchi TAP, Nyinchi TAP, Hometown, Kongpo, Kyiray TAR Lhatse County, Shigatse TAP, TAR Shigatse TAP, Lhatse County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Toelung Dechen County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dechen County, Toelung Gyalde Village, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Ngaba TAP, Gyalde Village, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Amchok Township, Chuchen County, Chuchen County, Amchok Township, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, T AR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Township, Trido Sentenced 9 years 13 years 3 years Prison Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center? Nagchu Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu Prefecture Qushui Prison ( Chushur ) Qushui Prison Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Sog PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Lhoka PSB Detention Center ? Chushul( Qushul) Prison Chushul( Qushul) Prison Nyari Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan ( General Location) Markham PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan -Shout- Speech Shout- Reactionary- Slogans Espionage Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 1/3/2014 1/27/2013 4/19/2007 03/1/2008 ? 6/19/2011 4/6/2014 03/1/2008 ? 3/18/2008 3/20/2008 04/1/2008 ? 3/15/2008 12/21/2004 10/17/2011 3/16/2009 5/14/2008 6/11/2008 6/2/2012 8/15/2012 8/3/2012 4/24/2008 3/20/2008 Affiliation Monk, Gephel Ling Mon - astery Village Staff Businessman Nun, Gaden Choeling Nunnery Layperson Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monastery Monk, Samye Monastery Monk, Dhargayling Mon - astery Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Drepung Monastery Layperson Layperson Singer at tion Age 20 33 54 48 24 28 30 40 21 Deten M M M M F M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-06 2013-27 2007-09 2008- 1120 2011-115 2014-74 2008- 1865 2008- 1869 2009- 1864 2008- 1868 2008-190 2004-11 2011-113 2009-216 2008- 1159 2008- 1867 2012-950 2012-804 2012-874 2008- 1866 2008- 1863 Name Phuntsok Namgyal Phuntsok Jungne Phuntsok Gyaltsen Phuntsok Doree Phuntsok Dolma Phurbu Phuntsok ? Phupo Phuntsok Phuntsok Tsewang Phuntsok Phuntsok Tsering Phuntsok Phuntsok Rabgyal Phungar Phuntsok Nyinpo Phulten Phuntsok Nyima Phulchung Phuntsok Ngode ? Phagpa Tsering

168 169 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Tsigorthang County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho County, Tsigorthang Province Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Pema County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Zatoe County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Zatoe County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chingring Village, Serkhar Township, Chingring Village, Serkhar Township, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sentenced 8 years and 6 month 2 years Prison Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa ( General Location ) Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa ( General Location ) Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center Tsigorthang PSB Detention Center ? Tsigorthang Dege PSB Detention Center ? Pema PSB Detention Center ? Pema Zatoe PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa ( General Location ) Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa ( General Location ) Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Fail-reform Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail- Reform Fail- Connection with the Protest Connection with the Protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Freedom Restoration Freedom Fail- Reform Fail- Fail-reform Date of Detention 5/24/2008 03/1/2012 ? 3/21/2008 4/7/2008 3/30/2008 08/1/2014 ? 6/18/2008 6/27/2009 3/28/2014 3/26/2008 4/22/2012 4/3/2008 03/1/2012 ? 3/10/2008 5/18/2008 4/15/2008 4/22/2012 4/26/2012 3/18/2008 03/1/2012 ? 3/25/2008 6/7/2009 9/11/2008 Affiliation Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Ramoche Temple Monk, Ramoche Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Yarteng Monastery Layperson Singer, Performer Singer, Layperson Layperson ? Teacher, Monsel School Teacher, Monk, Sera Monastery Monk, Pangri and Ya-tseg and Ya-tseg Monk, Pangri Nunneries Monk, Tashi Kyil Monastery Kyil Monk, Tashi Layperson Layperson Trader Journalist at tion Age 28 27 35 22 53 30 26 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1874 2012-911 2008- 1873 2008- 1161 2014-194 2008- 1205 2008- 1871 2009-184 2008- 1201 2014-69 2012-924 2008- 1167 2008- 1166 2012- 1037 2014-206 2008- 1878 2012-926 2012-935 2008- 1876 2012-909 2008- 1875 2009-94 2008- 1866 Name Rangjung Rangdol Rabten Rabsel Rabgyal Pugyal Rigdol Powang Rigchung Nyidrag Ribum Gyal Phurtse Ribo Phuri Phurdan Rhagpa Phurbu Tsering Rebtsa Gendun Rebtsa Nagdang Phurbu Tsering Phurbu Tsering Rayab Choklo Rayab Phurbu Gyal Rasha Samten Rasha Phurbu

170 171 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Origin Rabkar Village, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Village, Kardze TAP, Rabkar Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Tawu County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Tawu Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Pema County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Gade County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Gade County, Khangsar Town, Tawu County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, County, Tawu Khangsar Town, Sichuan Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Rongtsa Village, Sangchu County, Kanlho Village, Sangchu County, Rongtsa Gansu Province TAP, Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Thingkha Township,Gonjo County, Chamdo County, Thingkha Township,Gonjo TAR TAP, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Tsekhog County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Province Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Mokhyim Village, Driru County, Nagchu Mokhyim Village, Driru County, TAR TAP, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Sentenced 12 years 10 years 10 years Prison Kardze Prefecture Prison ? Prison Kardze Prefecture Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Driru PSB Detention Center ? Pema PSB Detention Center ? Pema Tawu PSB Detention Center ? Tawu Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Nyarong PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Tsekhog PSB Detention Center Tsekhog Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? TAR ( General location ) TAR Kardze PSB Detention Center ? TAR Sites TAR Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout-Speech Fail-reform Slogan- Shout -Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 6/15/2008 3/19/2008 9/10/2013 3/19/2008 6/17/2011 1/1/2012 ? 2/6/2014 3/10/2008 4/15/2014 3/20/2008 04/1/2008 ? 5/28/2008 03/15/2012 ? 4/12/2008 5/22/2008 12/12/2012 03/1/2008 ? 11/24/2013 03/1/2008 ? 3/5/2009 03/1/2010 ? Affiliation Businessman Farmer Monk, khangmar Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Shedrupling Mon - astery Shop Owner Layperson Student Layperson Monk, Thangkya Monastery Nun, Nyimo Gaysey Nunnery Nun Thangkya Monastery Village Leader Monk Student, Kardze Middle School Monk at tion Age 24 41 50 28 15 13 35 21 27 28 40 40 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M F F M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2010-14 2008- 1225 2008- 1224 2013-116 2008- 1223 2011-116 2012-789 2014-35 2008- 1217 2014-77 2009-133 2008- 1216 2014-53 2008- 1261 2008- 1233 2012-50 2008- 1228 2012-980 2008- 1227 2008- 1226 2014-66 Name Rinchen Dorjee Rinchen Dhondup Rinchen Dhondup Rinchen Dhargay Rinchen Rinchen Rinchen Rinbo Rin Gyalmo Rikchung Rinchen Phuntsok Rigzoe Rigzin Tsering Rinchen Lhamo Rinchen Jamcan Rigzin Dorje Rinchen Jamatsang Rigshe Rinchen Gyaltsen Rinchen Dorjee Rigsel

170 171 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Sentenced Origin Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province TAR Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Trido Township, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Township, Trido TAR Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Rebgong County, Melho TAP, Qinghai Melho TAP, County, Rebgong Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Mangra County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Mangra County, Province Youruma Village, Lithang County, Kardze Village, Lithang County, Youruma Sichuan Province TAP, Sentenced 13 years 20 years 5 years 8 years Prison Machu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Pawo Tramo Prison Tramo Pawo Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Mianyang Prison - LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Partipation in the politi cal protest Counter- Revolutionary Counter- Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Split Nation Date of Detention 4/11/2008 3/17/2009 8/1/1995 5/23/2008 03/28/2008 ? 5/13/2008 04/1/2008 ? 4/24/2008 3/24/2008 4/21/2011 3/14/2009 4/11/2011 3/28/2014 6/13/2012 3/24/2008 1/23/2012 2/19/2013 1/23/2012 03/24/2008 ? 7/19/2006 8/1/2007 Affiliation Layperson Nun, Dargay Hardu Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Layperson Monk Monk Monk, Tsernga Monastery Monk, Tsernga Herde, Yonru clan, Nomadic Herde, Yonru Herders at tion Age 30 23 48 23 17 21 40 39 16 31 23 44 30 52 Deten M M M F M F F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1239 2009-217 1995-100 2008- 1238 2008- 1211 2008- 1237 2008- 1235 2008- 1247 2008- 1234 2014-153 2009-78 2011-200 2013-109 2014-68 2008- 1246 2012- 1030 2013-43 2012- 1005 2008- 1240 2006-05 2007-01 Name Rongchok Tsang Tsang Rongchok Khechok Rinzin Woeser Rinzin Wangyal Rinzin Wangdon Rinzin Rinyang Rinlo Samdup Ringthoe Gurkyab Samdup Rinchen Wangsel Samdup Samdup Rinchen Wangdu Sakor Guru Rinchen Wangchuk Ruoba Rinchen Thinley Rongwa Wangpo Rongwa Rinchen Sangpo Adrak Ronggye

172 173 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Sentenced Released ? Released Sentenced Detained Arrested Detained Detained Origin Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Pema County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lona Village, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Lona Village, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Haiyan County, Tsojang TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsojang Haiyan County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dashi County, Tsojang TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsojang Dashi County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province TAR TAR Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sentenced 3 years 5 years 13 years Prison Sichuan (General Location) Pema County Prison Pema Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Drapchi Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa General Location Driru PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Incitement Fail- Reform Fail- Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech His Holiness Material Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 9/30/2010 4/21/2011 4/21/2011 1/14/2013 2/27/2013 3/10/2008 6/27/2009 03/28/2008 ? 7/10/2011 4/27/2008 3/23/2008 5/15/2008 3/10/2008 5/2/2010 04/1/2008 ? 7/1/2009 3/16/2008 4/1/2008 03/28/2008 ? 3/10/2008 04/1/2008 ? Affiliation Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Chant Master, Sera Mon - Chant Master, astery Monk Monk, Kirti Monastery Student Monk, Zahog Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Lungkar Monastery Monk, Jadrung Gatrok Monastery Monk, Rabtsa Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery Layperson Monk, Labrang Tashikyi Monk, Labrang Tashikyi Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk,Drepung Monastery at tion Age 30 32 31 23 17 28 34 17 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-285 2014-162 2014-154 2013-23 2013-45 2008- 1258 2009-185 2011-118 2008- 1262 2008- 1256 2008- 1259 2008- 1253 2008- 1264 2010-86 2008- 1263 2012-889 2008- 1249 2008- 1260 2008- 1264 2008- 1248 2008- 1266 Name Samten Samten Samten Samten Samten Samsang Samten Samphel Norbu Samphel Dhondup Samten Samphel Samten Samdup Yalo Samten Samdup Gyatso Samten Samdup Gyatso Samdup Samten Samten Samdup

172 173 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Origin Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho Prefecture, Gansu Kanlho Prefecture, Luchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Dashi Village,Darlag County, Golog TAP, Golog TAP, Dashi Village,Darlag County, Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, Sichuan Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Shollingshar Village, Shelkar Township, Shollingshar Village, Shelkar Township, TAR Shigatse TAP, Dingri County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sentenced Prison Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Nyagrong PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Connection with Local Protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Connection with the Protest Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter Revolutionary Date of Detention 3/21/2008 3/20/2008 3/21/2008 3/21/2008 4/14/2008 3/30/2008 5/14/2008 3/23/2008 3/22/2008 3/19/2008 8/13/2008 3/25/2008 5/15/2008 3/23/2012 6/17/2008 05/27/2012 ? 08/1/2012 ? 4/21/2011 3/18/2008 5/19/2008 3/25/2008 Affiliation Monk, Shetsang Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Labrang Monastery Singer, Performer Singer, Monk, Tokden Mindrol Tashi Mindrol Tashi Monk, Tokden MonasteryKyil Layperson ? Monk, Gyutoe Monastery Monk Yarteng Monastery Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choedhe Monastery at tion Age 32 13 38 42 25 33 38 33 Deten M M M M M M F M M F M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1298 2008- 1296 2008- 1293 2008- 1292 2008- 1288 2008- 1286 2008- 1285 2008- 1310 2008- 1284 2008- 1308 2008- 1281 2008- 1305 2008- 1280 2008- 1245 2012-24 2008- 1303 2012-818 2012-855 2014-169 2008- 1301 2008- 1762 Name Sangay Wangchen Sangay Rabten Sangay Kyab Sangay Kharr Sangay Gyatso Sangay Gyatso Sangay Gyatso Sangmo Sangay Gyatso Sangkhog Thapkey Sangay Dolma Sangay Bum Sangey Sangay Sangdok Lhawang Sandrag Sangdhue Samten Khache Sangden Samten

174 175 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Wulan County, Tsonub TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsonub Wulan County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Pema County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Dartsedo County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Dartsedo Kardze TAP, County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Machen County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Machen County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sentenced 10 years 4 years Prison Machu PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Chabcha PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Pema PSB Detention Center ? Pema Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Machen PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Connection with Local Protest Slogan- Shout -Speech Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Possession of Tibetan Possession Flag during the protest Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 03/28/2008 ? 03/23/2008 ? 3/20/2008 3/14/2009 7/23/2013 2/17/2012 5/8/2012 11/26/2012 5/12/2008 6/17/2008 1/23/2012 3/23/2012 4/22/2012 5/14/2008 4/28/2008 2/6/2014 04/1/2008 ? 03/28/2008 ? 3/22/2009 5/12/2008 Affiliation Monk, Nobsur Monastery Monk, Tsendrag Monastery Monk, Tsendrag Performer ( Song and Dance ) Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Bongdag Monastery Teacher, Luchu Private Luchu Private Teacher, Orphanage School Student, Tsolho Vocational Vocational Student, Tsolho School Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Nun, Yatsek Nunnery Nun, Yatsek Monk, Bora Monastery Layperson Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Shedrubling Mon - astery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Ragya MonasteryMonk, Ragya Nun, Dragkar Nunnery at tion Age 17 33 29 30 39 43 29 36 Deten M M F M M M M F M M F M F M M M M F M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1320 2008- 1319 2008- 1316 2009-79 2013-102 2012-12 2012-33 2008- 1398 2012-985 2012- 1003 2008- 1326 2012-47 2008- 1315 2012-38 2008- 1314 2014-36 2008- 1312 2008- 1323 2008- 1183 2009-99 Name Sashe Sarpa Tsang Lodoe Sarpa Tsang Sangzin Kyi Sangye Tsering Sangye Palden Sangye Gyatso Sangye Dhondup Seshugtin Dickyi Sangye Bum Sangyal Gyatso Sengtop Sangyal Gyatso Sangwang Sengge Sangsang Lele Selshay Sangpo Sekar Trintse Se Lhamo Sangpo

174 175 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained ? Released Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Released ? Released Origin Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chentsa County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Province Nangchen County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Province Tsoe County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, County, Tsoe Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Gepasumdo County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Matoe County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Rebgong County, Malho TAP,Qinghai Malho TAP,Qinghai County, Rebgong Province Tsekhog County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Province Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Thunde County, Tsolo TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolo Thunde County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Sentenced 5 years Life Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Nangchen PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Matoe PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan (General Location) Sershul PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Nyagchukha Prison Tsekhog PSB Detention Center Tsekhog Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chushul Prison Tsolho Detention Center Tsolho Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Particapation in the political protest Subversive Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan-Shout-Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 04/1/2008 ? 3/23/2008 7/12/2011 8/7/2012 7/1/2013 ? 3/16/2012 3/25/2008 4/12/2009 3/1/2011 03/28/2008 ? 3/23/2008 4/21/2011 8/30/2009 11/1/2012 ? 5/22/2008 12/5/2009 12/12/2012 3/18/2008 3/19/2000 5/20/2005 6/17/2008 3/25/2008 Affiliation Monk, Rabtsa Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery Monk, Makur Namgyaling Monastery Monk, Zurkhang Monastery Monk, Tsoe Monastery Monk, Tsoe Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Shingtri Monastery Layperson ? Monk, Tsakho Monastery Monk, Tsakho Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk Monk, Kirti Monastery Singer Layperson Monk, Sog Tsedhen Monk, Sog Tsedhen Monastery Monk, Labrang Monastery Nun, Yatsek Nunnery Nun, Yatsek Layperson ? at tion Age 40 25 22 28 30 40 36 30 30 27 25 26 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1343 2008- 1342 2011-122 2012-816 2013-91 2012-829 2009-128 2008- 1339 2008- 1337 2011-208 2008- 1335 2014-156 2009-118 2013-8 2008- 1351 2009-198 2012-978 2008- 1350 2000-18 2005-14 2008- 1329 2008- 1344 Name Sherab Sherab Sherab Sherab Sherab Sherab Sherab Palsang Sherab Nyima Shepen Shegha Sherab Gyatso Shedup Sherab Gyatso Sheba Shawo Tashi Sherab Gyaltsen Sherab Dolma Shawo Sherab Chaktso Sey Khedup Sherab Setruk lhamo

176 177 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Sentenced Detained Released? Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Origin Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Jundhar County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jundhar County, Marthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Rebkong County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Dartsedo County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Dartsedo Kardze TAP, County, Province Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Wulan County, Tsonub TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsonub Wulan County, Province Sentenced 1 year and 6 month 6 and year 1 2 years Death With 2 years reprive 12 years 6 years 10 years 1 year and 6 month 6 and year 1 Prison Mianyang Prison Machu PSB Detention Driru PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ( Gutsa ) Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa Prefecture ( General location ) Lhasa Prefecture Driru PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Prison ? Prison Kardze Prefecture Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Ranga Prison Ranga Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Leas State Secrets Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Particapation in the political protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout-Speech Immolation Linked Fail-reform LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 02/1/2012 ? 6/18/2012 10/19/2013 6/18/2008 1/23/2012 5/3/2008 6/1/2012 5/14/2008 1/1/2009 3/1/2003 7/9/2014 11/1/2012 ? 3/25/2008 3/18/2008 03/28/2008 ? 3/10/2012 3/26/2008 07/15/2013 ? 1/23/2012 2/27/2012 03/1/2008 ? Affiliation Monk, Drango Monastery Layperson Layperson Nun, Gewa Drak Nunnery Retired Employee Retired Layperson Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Kolo MonasteryMonk, Kolo Monk, Khangmar Monastery Monk, Serthar Buddhist Town Layperson Layperson ? Monk, Dongthok Monastery Monk, Bongdag Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery at tion Age 43 34 26 63 23 35 18 40 25 39 Deten M M M M F M M F M M M M M M M F M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1865 2012-844 2014-253 2013-138 2008- 1361 2012-997 2008- 1359 2008- 1368 2013-110 2003-10 2010-109 2013-187 2014-98 2008- 1358 2008- 1366 2008- 1357 2012-19 2008- 1356 2013-92 2014-310 2012-8 Name Sicho Shonu Shonnu Palden Shodhar Shitso Soegay Shilog Soega Sheygyal Sherthar Soedo Soebum Sherkyab Sherde Sodor Sherab Yangzom Siga Sherab Sangpo Sichoe Sherab Sangpo Sherab Sangpo

176 177 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Origin Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Yulgan County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Yulgan Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Jhorya Township, Lhoka TAP, TAR Lhoka TAP, Jhorya Township, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Tsoe City, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, City, Tsoe Zoege County, Sichuan Province Zoege County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Thangpu Township, Jomda County, Jomda County, Thangpu Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Sentenced 4 years 15 years Prison Sershul PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center Chamdo Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo Prefecture Kardze Prefecture ( General Location ) Kardze Prefecture Yulgan PSB Detention Center Yulgan Chushul Prison ? Chushul Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Nyagrong PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Particapation in the political protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Pro- Independence Pro- Sensitive Lyrics Propaganda Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Fail-reform Illegal Assembly Slogan- Shout -Speech Fail reform Fail Date of Detention 8/30/2009 3/22/2011 1/23/2012 3/23/2012 6/9/2008 7/5/2008 5/15/2010 5/15/2008 06/1/2006 ? 10/15/2012 ? 9/20/2012 8/1/2008 6/22/2008 03/28/2008 ? 3/24/2012 3/28/2008 1/15/2011 03/1/2008 ? 3/24/2008 3/12/2009 5/15/2010 - - Affiliation Monk, Bora Monastery Monk, Khangmar Monastery Layperson Layperson Layperson ? Nun, Geci Nunnery Monk, Wonpo MonasteryMonk, Wonpo Singer Businessman Monk, Khangmar Monastery Monk, Ngaba Kirti Mon astery Monk, Gyalmo Gedhen Dhar gayling Monastery Monk, Drenpa Monastery Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monastery Monk, Mingge Monastery Layperson Monk, Wara MonasteryMonk, Wara at tion Age 20 18 44 37 37 30 26 Deten M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2009-116 2014-120 2012-996 2012-45 2008- 1382 2008- 1381 2014-258 2008- 1399 2006-02 2013-117 2012-968 2010-69 2008- 1379 2008- 1386 2012-887 2008- 1385 2011- 2018 2008- 1384 2008- 1373 2009-234 2010-82 Name Sonam Sonam Sonam Sonam Solu Solo Sokho Sogyal Sonam Choezom Sonam Choedar Sogtrug Sherab Sonam Bagdo Soga Sonam Soga Sonam Soepa Gyatso Sonam Soepa Sonam Soegon

178 179 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Origin Lopa Township, Ganzi County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Ganzi County, Lopa Township, Sichuan Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Sethar County, Kardze TAP, TAR Kardze TAP, Sethar County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dashi Village, Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Thangkyi Township, Nyagrong County, Nyagrong County, Thangkyi Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Sentenced 4 years 10 years 13 years 10 years 12 years Life Prison Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Kara PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center? Mianyang Prison ? Mianyang Prison Kardze Prefecture ( General Location ) Kardze Prefecture Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Ranga Prison Ranga Drango PSB Detention Center ? Qushui Prison ( Chushur ) Qushui Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Qushui Prison (Chushur ) Qushui Prison Deyang Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? - Charge / Accusation Fail reform Fail Spreading Rumour Partipation in the politi cal protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Propaganda Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Pro- Independence Pro- Slogan-Shout-Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Espionage Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Possession of His Possession Holiness pictures and tapes Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 5/15/2010 3/19/2009 10/15/2012 ? 04/1/2009 ? 5/5/2010 11/26/2013 10/12/2013 05/14 2008 3/17/2010 06/1/2006 ? 06/31/2008 1/23/2012 3/26/2008 03/1/2008 ? 08/1/2008 ? 5/19/2009 5/20/2008 8/28/2005 11/3/2009 5/20/2008 Affiliation Senior Monk, Wara Senior Monk, Wara Monastery Businessman Monk, Wonpo MonasteryMonk, Wonpo Chant Master, Denma Chant Master, Choekorling Monastery Monk, Chotsang Talu Monk, Chotsang Talu Monastery Layperson Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Student, National Higher Intermediate School Nun, Geci Nunnery Geshe, Chogri Monastery Monk Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Nun, Nyagay Nunnery Vendor School Cook, Thangkyi Primary School Nun, Dargay Nyagey Nunnery at tion Age 40 22 25 16 19 35 18 39 33 38 44 24 27 Deten M M M M M M M F M M F M M M M M M M M F Sex ID TCHRD- 2010-112 2012-892 2013-118 2009-258 2010-34 2013-161 2013-126 2008- 1415 2010-46 2008- 1404 2006-14 2014-304 2008- 1412 2008- 1411 2008- 1407 2009-40 2005-30 2008- 1400 2010-84 2008- 1362 Name Sonam Gonpo Sonam Gonpo Sonam Gonpo Sonam Geleg Sonam Dorjee Sonam Dorjee Sonam Dondrub Sonam Lhatso Sonam Dhondup Sonam Dhargyal Sonam lhamo Sonam Dhargay Sonam Jigme Sonam Gyon Sonam Dakpa Sonam Gyatso Sonam Gyalpo Sonam Chokey Sonam Gonpo Sonam Chokey

178 179 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Released ? Released - Origin Dartsedo County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Dartsedo Kardze TAP, County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Semi Nomadic family, Rachap towship, Pa Rachap Semi Nomadic family, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, lyul County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Lathok Township, Chamdo County, Chamdo County, Lathok Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, Badhak Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Badhak Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province TAR Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Gola Village, Drongsar Township, Pashoe Pashoe Gola Village, Drongsar Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, County, Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Tridu County, Yulshul TAP, Sichuan Province TAP, Yulshul County, Tridu lhasa TAP, TAR lhasa TAP, Barkham County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Barkham County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sentenced Death 7 years 7 years Life 5 years 3 years 10 years 2 years Prison Lhasa ( General location ) Kardze Detention Center Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Qushui Prison ? ( Chushur ) Qushui Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu Prefecture Deyang Prison Chushul PSB Detention Center Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Qushui Prison ( Chushur ) Qushui Prison Barkham ( General Location ) LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation His Holiness Material Connection with farm - ing boycott Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan -Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Date of Detention 4/7/2008 12/23/2004 05/1/2009 ? 10/1/2009 ? 3/31/2008 6/7/2009 3/20/2008 03/10/2014 ? 4/1/2009 1/23/2012 5/1/2014 1/23/2012 9/24/2004 1/1/2008 ? 2/16/2009 9/6/2009 6/17/2011 3/18/2008 3/10/2013 9/1/2012 3/10/2008 3/17/2010 4/26/2012 Affiliation Monk, Ramoche Temple Monk, Ramoche Farmer Layperson Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Businessman Monk, Tsitsang Monastery Monk, Tsitsang Monk Driver Layperson Businessman Student Monk, Gaden Samten Dargyeling Monk, Zilkar Monastery Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Student, National Higher Intermediate School Layperson at tion Age 39 30 23 35 40 18 29 52 23 26 30 19 Deten M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1495 2004-21 2009-144 2010-74 2008- 1418 2009-186 2008- 1417 2014-86 2009-236 2012- 1016 2014-04 2012- 1031 2004-10 2008- 1416 2009-2 2010-33 2011-127 2008- 1420 2013-57 2012-859 2008-945 2010-044 2012-927 Name Sonam Rabgyal Sonam Phuntsok Sonam Palmo Sonam Tsering Sonam Nyima Sonam Topgyal Sonam Nyima Sonam Topgyal Sonam Nyima Sonam Thinley Sonam Nyima Sonam Thinley Sonam Nyidrup Sonam Norbu Sonam Tenpa Sonam Ngodup Sonam Namgyal Sonam Sherab Sonam Namgyal Sonam Sherab Sonam Lodoe Sonam Rinchen Sonam lhundup

180 181 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Origin Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Rabkar Village, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Village, Kardze TAP, Rabkar Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Zatoe County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Zatoe County, TAR Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sentenced 12 years 10 years 3 years Life 3-14 years Prison Ngaba PSB Detention Center Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Qushul Prison ?( Chushur ) Qushul Prison Kyegudo PSB Detention Center Kyegudo Sichuan (General Location) Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Connection with Local Protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout- Speech Sabotage Espionage Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail-reform LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 8/10/2010 3/30/2008 8/30/2009 4/2/2008 11/26/2014 3/23/2008 5/14/2008 5/12/2008 3/20/2008 3/22/2011 6/15/2008 8/9/2008 04/1/2008 ? 3/10/2008 1/1/2012 03/1/2008 ? 1/1/2008 ? 09/5/2012 ? 4/21/2011 03/1/2008 ? 6/17/2008 Affiliation Monk, Sog Tsedhen Kyiti Kyiti Monk, Sog Tsedhen Monastery Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Juvenile Monk, Mange Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Driver Business Woman Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Yarteng Monastery at tion Age 38 10 21 22 26 31 22 18 40 23 35 Deten M M M M M M F M M F M M F M M M M F M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1434 2010-108 2008- 1433 2009-106 2009-83 2014-300 2008- 1429 2008- 1437 2008- 1436 2008- 1428 2008- 1427 2011-130 2008- 1426 2008- 1425 2008- 1435 2014-114 2008- 1424 2012-966 2008-202 2014-171 2008-123 Name Sotruk Lhamo Sothar Sopal Sonam Yonten Sonam Yarphel Sonam Yarphel Sonam Yangtso Sungrab Sungdue Kyab Sonam Yangtso Sonam Wangyal Sumdup Sonam Wangmo Sonam Wangdue Sumdor Sugoen Sonam Tsetan Soyig Sonam Tsering Sotse Sonam Tsering

180 181 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Nagchen County, Yushul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yushul Nagchen County, Province Dzamthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chentsa County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, Sichuan Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Province Nyoelang Village, Serchuteng Township, Nyoelang Village, Serchuteng Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Tewo County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, County, Tewo Sentenced 2 years 4 years and 6 month 10 years Prison Zamthang PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Chabcha PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Incitement Split- Nation Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail reform Fail Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail-reform Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 2/22/2012 4/24/2013 3/18/2008 3/20/2008 4/17/2008 5/14/2008 5/16/2010 5/12/2008 7/8/2008 08/1/2014 ? 3/21/2009 1/24/2009 4/17/2008 03/23/2008 ? 3/19/2008 4/24/2008 05/27/2012 ? 5/12/2008 12/1/2012 5/12/2008 4/14/2008 Affiliation Businessman Monk, Jonang Monastery Nun, Gaden Choeling Nunnery Senior Monk, Wara Senior Monk, Wara Monastery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Larung Nangten Lobling Monastery Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery Monk, Makur Namgyaling Monastery Layperson Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Khyamru Monastery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery at tion Age 32 29 23 29 44 56 20 40 19 41 36 36 Deten M M M M M F M F M M M M M M M M M F M F M Sex ID TCHRD- 2012-22 2013-141 2008- 1452 2008- 1449 2008- 1448 2008- 1447 2010-116 2008- 1446 2008- 1464 2014-179 2009-83 2009-167 2008- 1461 2008- 1442 2008- 1459 2008- 1440 2012-819 2008- 1458 2012-868 2008-1457 2008- 1456 Name Tamding Tamding Talo Taklha Dhondup Taklha Takho Takdon Tagyal Tagha Taphun Taga Taphel Tado Tamding Tsetan Tamding Tabo Tamding Tashi Tamding Tamding Tsering Tamding Tabhe Tamding Kyab Tamding Tamding Tsekyi Tamding Sungrab Gyatso Chokey Tamding

182 183 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained ? Arrested Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Origin Palyul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Nyagrong County, kardze TAP, Sichuan kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Choekor Township, Jomda County, Jomda County, Choekor Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Lathok Township, Chamdo County, Chamdo County, Lathok Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sentenced 3-7 years 15 years 13 years Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center Barkham ( General Location ) Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Dzogang PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Nyarong PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center Palyul PSB Detention Center ? Palyul Dartsedo ? Prison Ranga Prison Ranga Serthar PSB Detention Center Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Sabotage Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout-Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 5/25/2010 6/13/2011 3/21/2008 03/28/2008 ? 4/8/2010 7/20/2010 2/27/2009 6/1/2008 5/22/2009 02/1/2010 ? 03/10/2014 ? 7/6/2011 5/14/2008 03/15/2012 ? 5/17/2010 12/7/2014 7/14/2012 11/22/2014 ? 1/1/2012 ? 08/1/2014 ? 1/23/2012 5/17/2003 Affiliation Business Women Nun, Mandrak Nunnery Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Guru Monastery Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery Layperson Villager Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Layperson Layperson Layperson Monk, Palyul MonasteryMonk, Palyul Layperson Monk, Drango Monastery Monk, Drango Monastery Monk, Serthar Buddhist Institude at tion Age 22 24 19 30 24 30 36 Deten M F F M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-305 2010-75 2011-132 2008- 1468 2008- 1467 2010-87 2014-279 2009-166 2008- 1472 2009-57 2010-27 2014-88 2011-185 2008- 1471 2012-49 2014-260 2014-317 2012-825 2014-324 2012-939 2014-187 2003-19 Name Tashi Dhargay Tashi Tashi Choedon Tashi Tashi Choedon Tashi Tashi Tashi Tashi Tashi Tashi Tashi Tashi Tashi Tashi Tashi Dorjee Tashi Tashi Dorjee Tashi Tashi Tashi Dorjee Tashi Tashi Tashi Dolma Tashi Tashi Tashi Dhondup Tashi Tashi Tashi Dhondup Tashi Tashi Tashi Dhargyal Tashi Tashi Taphun

182 183 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Released ? Released Detained Released ? Released Detained Released ? Released Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, Machen County, Qinghai Province Machen County, Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Arura Village, Khogtsey Township, Kardze Arura Village, Khogtsey Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Matoe County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Machu County, kanlho TAP, Gansu Province kanlho TAP, Machu County, Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Badhak Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Badhak Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Sentenced 12 years 3-14 years 5-14 years Prison Chamdo PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Xiling Prison Nyagrong PSB Detention Center Machu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Matoe PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center Chamdo PSB Detention Center Tsoe PSB Detention Center ? Tsoe Drango PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center Dzogang PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Possession of His Possession Holiness pictures and tapes Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Subversive Leak State Secrets Slogan- Shout -Speech Immolation Linked Fail-reform Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 6/7/2010 5/14/2008 03/10/2014 ? 5/5/2001 3/23/2012 4/5/2008 08/1/2008 ? 2/11/2012 3/20/2008 12/4/2009 4/8/2010 1/22/2009 10/1/2012 ? 1/23/2012 3/23/2012 6/24/2008 2/27/2013 3/15/2008 4/26/2008 7/2/2011 1/14/2013 03/28/2008 ? 08/1/2014 ? Affiliation Monk, Wara MonasteryMonk, Wara Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Herder Monk, Worpu MonasteryMonk, Worpu Monk, Ngulra Monastery Monk, Mishi Thangsar Monastery Monk, Tsakho Monastery Monk, Tsakho Monk, Monastery Layperson Monk, Dokar Monastery Monk, Bora Monastery Monk, Beri Monastery Monk Monk, Zahog Monastery Village Leader Monk, Sera Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery at tion Age 22 37 33 14 21 33 26 29 22 30 60 23 Deten M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2010-36 2008- 1485 2014-91 2001-45 2012-25 2008- 1484 2008- 1483 2012-944 2008- 1478 2009-193 2010-62 2009-45 2012-972 2012- 1018 2012-44 2008- 1489 2013-46 2008-164 2008- 1476 2011-187 2013-24 2008- 1487 2014-183 Name Tashi Lhundup Tashi Tashi Lhawang Tashi Tashi Gyurmey Tashi Tashi Gyatso Tashi Tashi Phuntsok Tashi Tashi Gyatso Tashi Tashi Gyatso Tashi Tashi Palden Tashi Tashi Gyatso Tashi Tashi Nyima Tashi Tashi Gyatso Tashi Tashi Norbu Tashi Tashi Gyatso Tashi Tashi Norbu Tashi Tashi Gyatso Tashi Tashi Ngodup Tashi Tashi Gyatso Tashi Tashi Namgyal Tashi Tashi Gyaltsen Tashi Tashi Namgyal Tashi Tashi Gyaltsen Tashi Tashi Nag Tashi Tashi Gonpo Tashi

184 185 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Released ? Released Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kangtsa County, Tsojang TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsojang Kangtsa County, Province Adhue Thawa village, Ngaba County, Ngaba Adhue Thawa village, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province TAP, Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Lhoka TAP, TAR Lhoka TAP, Palyul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Thamay Village, Kardze TAP, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Sugay Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Sugay Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Sentenced 7 years 3 years 3 years and 6 month 5 years 3-7 years 6 years Prison Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kanlho Prefecture Nyarong PSB Detention Center ? Chushul Prison ? Chushul Prison Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Markham PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Driru PSB Detention Center ? Nyagrong PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? ? Prison Kardze Prefecture Drango PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Propaganda Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Connection with Local Protest LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 6/22/2011 04/1/2008 ? 3/18/2012 04/1/2011 ? 03/15/2012 ? 5/25/2010 08/1/2009 ? 3/30/2008 7/5/2010 02/1/2012 ? 3/10/2008 3/14/2008 5/20/2008 1/1/2012 ? 3/23/2012 6/22/2008 3/18/2008 1/1/2008 ? 6/7/2010 4/2/2008 01/23/201 ? Affiliation Monk, Dargye Monastery Layperson Student, Kangsta Minority Nationality Middle School Layperson Layperson Layperson Businessman Monk, Gomang Monastery Monk Monk, Drango Monastery Nun, Tehor Nyagay Nunnery Nun, Tehor Monk, Bekar Monastery MonasteryMonk, Worpu Monk, Khangmar Monastery Monk, Wara MonasteryMonk, Wara Layperson ? at tion Age 19 28 22 33 29 31 30 31 23 48 36 15 35 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 2011-192 2014-55 2012-801 2012-799 2012-48 2010-77 2010-119 2008- 1501 2010-245 2012-796 2008- 1500 2008- 1493 2008- 1445 2012-780 2012-26 2008- 1492 2008- 1497 2008- 1491 2010-37 2012- 1015 1595 Name Tashi Tsewang Tashi Tashi Tsewang Tashi Tashi Tsering Tashi Tashi Tsering Tashi Tashi Tsering Tashi Tashi Tsering Tashi Tayang Tashi Topgyal Tashi Tatse Tashi Topgyal Tashi Tashi Topgyal Tashi Yarphel Tashi Tashi Sonam Tashi Yangtso Tashi Tashi Sonam Tashi Woeser Tashi Tashi Sherab Tashi Wangyal Tashi Tashi Sangpo Tashi Wangdue Tashi Tashi Rabten Tashi

184 185 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Sentenced Detained ? Detained Arrested Arrested Detained Arrested Arrested Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Garthog Township, Markham County, Markham County, Garthog Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Shelkar Township, Dingri County, Shigatse Dingri County, Shelkar Township, TAR TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province TAR Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Zakhog Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Zakhog Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Doda Village, Dzatoe Township, Dege Doda Village, Dzatoe Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Chushul County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chushul County, Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province TAR Chamdo TAP, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sentenced 5- 14 years 8 years Prison Markham PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Driru PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Markham PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Sertha County Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Ngari ( General Location) Lhasa ( General location ) Lhasa Prison Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Counter Revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter Revolutionary Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Propaganda Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter Revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 5/12/2008 3/15/2008 4/14/2008 4/22/2012 5/19/2008 2/27/2013 04/1/2008 ? 2/27/2013 05/1/2009 ? 11/20/2007 1/23/2012 5/22/2008 5/14/2008 4/15/2012 5/13/2008 5/22/2008 06/1/2010 ? 3/1/2008 12/29/2010 03/1/2008 ? 12/29/2010 4/6/2014 3/29/2008 Affiliation Monk, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Monk, Dzogchen Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Layperson Farmer Monk, Bekar Monastery Nun, Gesay Nunnery MonasteryMonk, Woeser Monk MonasteryMonk, Woeser Monk, Getsul Monastery Trader Monk, Ratoe MonasteryMonk, Ratoe Writer Monk, Tsenyi Monastery Monk, Tsenyi Monk, Ngayur Densa Chenmo Monastery Monk, Drilda Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery at tion Age 26 30 28 26 19 25 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1519 2008-165 2008- 1515 2012-918 2008- 1764 2013-48 2008- 1513 2013-47 2009-35 2007-23 2012- 1007 2008- 1509 2008- 1523 2012-902 2008- 1521 2008- 1508 2014-272 2008- 1506 2011-213 2008- 1505 2014-278 2014-73 2008- 1516 Name Tenpa Gyaltsen Tenpa Tenpa Gyaltsen Tenpa Tenpa Dhondup Tenpa Tenpa Dhargyal Tenpa Tenzin Tenpa Tensang Tensang Tenpa Tenphel Gyalpo Tenphel Tenpa Tenphel Tenpa Tenkar Tenphel Tengyal Tenphel Tenga Tenphel Tendhar Lodoe Tenpa Tendhar Lodoe Tenpa Tendar

186 187 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Origin Lithang County, Kardze Prefecrure, Sichuan Lithang County, Province Pashoe County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, County, Pashoe Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dzatoe County, Jyekundo TAP, Qinghai Jyekundo TAP, Dzatoe County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipal - Phenpo Lhundup County, TAR ity, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Raruwa Village, Cha Township, Ngaba Raruwa Village, Cha Township, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Choekor Township, Jomda County, Jomda County, Choekor Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sentenced 20 years 15 years 20 years 15 years 15 years 15 years 13 years 5 years 10 years Prison Chuandong Prison Pashoe PSB Detention Center ? Pashoe Chengdu ( General Location) Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Qushui Prison ? ( Chushur ) Qushui Prison Dzogang PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Inciting Separatism Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Reactionary Separatist Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 4/7/2002 1/29/2009 03/1/2008 ? 1/1/2008 ? 03/15/2008 ? 3/30/2010 11/1/2007 ? 8/1/2011 3/23/2008 3/16/2011 4/15/2008 4/8/2011 03/1/2008 ? 7/20/2013 5/22/2009 3/23/2008 3/23/2011 1/22/2009 6/7/2009 7/20/2010 6/11/2008 3/25/2011 1/23/2012 Affiliation Trulku, Jamyang Choekorling Jamyang Choekorling Trulku, Monastery Monk, Mera Monastery Monk, Langthang Monastery Monk, Nedo Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Gyalmo Monastery Monk, Gaden Chokorling Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashi Khyil Monk, Labrang Tashi Monastery Monk, Labrang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Singer Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Music Shop Owner Monk, Farmer Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk at tion Age 52 16 23 25 16 26 44 28 27 37 25 32 21 43 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2012- 1029 2002-18 2009-62 2009-122 2009-81 2009-19 2010-63 2007-20 2011-74 2008- 1525 2011-138 2008- 1530 2011-136 2008- 1529 2013-100 2009-54 2008- 1524 2014-209 2009-163 2009-188 2014-280 2008- 1535 2011-135 Name Tenzin Dhargyal Tenzin Tenzin Deleck Tenzin Tenzin Choephel Tenzin Tenzin Choedak Tenzin Tenzin Choedak Tenzin Tenzin Bhuchung Tenzin Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Tenzin Gyaltsen Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Ghamo Kha Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Dorjee Tenzin Tenzin Tenzin Dhargyal Tenzin Tenzin

186 187 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Released ? Released Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Arrested Sentenced Detained Arrested Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Released ? Released Origin Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Yulshul TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Zhanang County, Lhoka TAP, TAR Lhoka TAP, Zhanang County, Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Geney Village, Shangchu Town, Driru Geney Village, Shangchu Town, TAR Nagchu TAP, County, Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhakyi Village, Thingpa Township, Kardze Lhakyi Village, Thingpa Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Tengchon County, Yunnan Province Yunnan County, Tengchon Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Bichu Village, Gyatso Township, Dingri Bichu Village, Gyatso Township, TAR Shigatse TAP, County, Lingshar Village, Gaymar Township, Dingri Lingshar Village, Gaymar Township, TAR Shigatse TAP, County, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sentenced 5 years 15 years Death 6 years 13 years 5 years 14 years 10 years Life 12 years 13 years Prison Lhasa PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ PSB Detention Center Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Driru PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Tridu PSB Detention Center ? Tridu Chushul( Qushul) Prison Chushul( Qushul) Prison Driru PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo Detention Center Dege PSB Detention Center ? Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Nyagchukha Prison LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Social Stability Slogan- Shout -Speech Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Propaganda Counter Revolutionary Counter Revolutionary Propaganda Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Date of Detention 2/25/2012 2/16/2009 10/18/2013 4/8/2009 3/16/2008 4/2/2012 9/1/2008 3/15/2008 05/1/2008 ? 3/15/2008 6/12/2011 5/25/2008 3/15/2008 5/23/2008 7/18/2001 4/15/2012 5/19/2008 5/19/2008 4/15/2012 3/23/2008 4/12/2012 5/15/2008 12/5/2009 - Affiliation Teacher Layperson Monk, Samdupling Mon - astery Monk, Drango Monastery Monk, Jowo Monastery Monk, Gom Gonar Mon astery Nun, Dargay Hardu Nunnery Monk, Tsampung Monastery Monk, Tsampung Monk, Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Monk, Gaden Chokorling Monastery Layperson Monk, Labrang Monastery at tion Age 29 32 17 25 47 29 27 19 23 24 Deten M M M M M M M M M M F M F F M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2012-890 2009-8 2013-164 2009-31 2008- 1554 2012-03 2009-89 2008-180 2014-97 2008- 1552 2011-139 2008- 1553 2008- 1543 2008- 1767 2012-901 2001-14 2008- 1551 2008- 1541 2012-43 2008-20 2012-27 2008- 1538 2009-199 Name Tenzin Thabkey Tenzin Tenzin Sangye Tenzin Tenzin Rangdol Tenzin Tenzin Phuntsok Tenzin Terzoe Tenzin Palsang Tenzin Tenzin Norbu Tenzin Tenzin Zoepa Tenzin Tenzin Lhundup Tenzin Tenzin Yeshi Tenzin Tenzin Lhatso Tenzin Tenzin Yeshi Tenzin Tenzin Lhamo Tenzin Tenzin Wangdon Tenzin Tenzin Tsondue Tenzin Tenzin khedup Tenzin Tenzin Tsering Tenzin Tenzin Gyephel Tenzin Tenzin Tsering Tenzin Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Tenzin Tsering Tenzin Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Thinley Tenzin

188 189 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Arrested Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Origin Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Gyalyung Village, Serchuteng Township, Gyalyung Village, Serchuteng Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Gar County, Ngari TAP, TAR Ngari TAP, Gar County, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Dzamthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Sangkag Village, , Tsolho Tsolho Sangkag Village, Guinan County, Qinghai Province TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sentenced 3-14 years 15 years 9 years 5 years 15 years 18 years Prison Driru PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center Markham PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center Driru PSB Detention Center Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Guinan [Mangra] (general location) - Charge / Accusation His Holiness Material Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail reform Fail Partipation in the politi cal protest Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan -Shout- Speech Pro- Independence Pro- Leak State Secrets LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 12/1/2013 ? 03/1/2008 ? 3/25/2008 3/15/2008 3/20/2008 3/22/2008 3/2/2009 3/21/2008 3/21/2008 5/13/2008 6/18/2008 5/15/2010 8/30/2009 3/18/2010 02/1/2012 ? 4/5/2010 8/30/2009 9/6/2007 1/26/2012 4/8/2013 1/20/2009 04/1/2009 ? - Affiliation Monk, Drong Na Monastery Layperson ? Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Ngaba Kirti -astery Monk, Gomang Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Beri Monastery Monk, Wara MonasteryMonk, Wara Disciplinarion, Tashi Gephell Disciplinarion, Tashi ing Monastery Business Man Monk, Drango Monastery Layperson Student Student Monk, Mange Monastery Monk, Lutsang Monastery at tion Age 34 45 30 20 25 45 20 15 ? 20 23 Deten M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-63 2008- 1562 2008- 1563 2009-80 2008- 1560 2008- 1573 2009-66 2008- 1570 2008- 1556 2008- 1568 2008- 1555 2010-80 2009-218 2014-248 2012-797 2014-250 2009-117 2007-26 2012-66 2013-63 2009-219 2009-174 Name Thardoe Gyaltsen Tharchin Tharchin Thapkey Gyatso Thapkey Thinley Thangzin Thinley Thang- Ya Thinley Thang- Nge Thinley Thambo Thinley Thinley Thagchoe Tharshong Thade Kyab Tharpa Thabkhe Thargyal Thabkhay Gyatso

188 189 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Barkham County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Barkham County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Punda Town, Dzogong County, Chamdo Dzogong County, Punda Town, TAR TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province TAR Lhasa TAP, Chushul County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Chukhor Village, Golham Township,, Kardze Chukhor Village, Golham Township,, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Sentenced 9 years 7 years and 6 month 10 years Prison Chone PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center Sershul PSB Detention Center Mianyang Prison Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Chushul PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Ranga Prison Ranga Chone PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Leak State Secrets Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter Revolutionary Cynicism Divulging State Secrets Slogan -Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Separatist Slogan-Shout-Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 3/23/2008 3/18/2008 3/21/2008 6/11/2008 11/20/2013 ? 8/30/2009 11/1/2011 ? 1/20/2009 3/10/2008 3/18/2008 4/16/2008 6/16/2008 3/11/2009 3/10/2013 6/18/2011 6/7/2009 1/23/2012 3/23/2008 4/9/2008 3/23/2008 3/20/2008 Affiliation Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Soe Monastery Singer Layperson Layperson MonasteryMonk, Wonpo Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery MonasteryMonk, Ratoe Monk, Nurma Monastery Monk, Mange Monastery Nun, Nyagye Nunnery Trader Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery at tion Age 23 35 22 24 24 24 38 36 29 30 30 22 28 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1581 2008- 1580 2008- 1579 2008- 1577 2013-181 2009-113 2012-838 2009-44 2008- 1560 2008- 1575 2008- 1589 2008- 1574 2009-81 2013-58 2011-143 2009-190 2014-311 2008- 1571 2008- 1585 2008- 1572 2008- 1583 Name Thokmey Thoesam Thoepa Thoekay Thoegha Thinley Tsekar Thinley Nyima Thupdor Thinley Ngodup Thupdon Thinley Namgyal Thupchok Thinley Dorjee Thugsam Thubten Gelek Thinley Dolma Thubpa Thinley Dhargay Thinley ( Senior ) Thrukpa Khar Thinley ( Junior )

190 191 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Origin Nyagchuka County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagchuka County, Province Maldro Gongkar County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Maldro Gongkar County, Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Lhopa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhopa Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Gepasumdo County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sog County,Nagchu TAP,TAR Sog County,Nagchu Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Tengchon County, Yunnan Province Yunnan County, Tengchon Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Barkham County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Barkham County, Province Dartsedo County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Dartsedo Kardze TAP, County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province - Pa Township, Barchung Village, Tromthar Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, lyul County, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sentenced 3-14 years Life 6 years Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa Prefecture ( General Location ) Lhasa Prefecture Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa General Location Driru PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center Nagchu PSB Detention Center Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Barkham PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Palyul PSB Detention Center ? Palyul Sog PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa ( General Location ) Chigdril PSB Detention Center Charge / Accusation Fail-reform Connection with 2008 protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Connection with Local Protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter Revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Wechat Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 5/3/2008 04/1/2008 ? 03/1/2008 ? 3/11/2009 3/10/2008 1/1/2012 ? 03/1/2008 ? 3/14/2012 11/11/2013 3/20/2008 08/1/2014 ? 7/18/2001 7/10/2008 4/11/2009 3/19/2008 8/16/2012 3/25/2009 06/1/2008 ? 4/21/2014 3/6/2014 03/1/2012 ? 3/19/2008 1/1/2012 ? Affiliation Trulku, Yangdhen Monastery Yangdhen Trulku, Monk, Pangsa MonasteryMonk, Pangsa Monk, Bhumsar Monastery Layperson Monk, Darthang Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Shingtri Monastery Businessman Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Monk, Tsampung Monastery Monk, Tsampung Monk, Dargay Monastery Monk, Zhabten Monastery Farmer Monk, Tsodun Monastery Monk, Tsodun Monk, Lhagang Monastery Layperson Village Leader Monk, Drilda Monastery Monk, Palyul MonasteryMonk, Palyul Monk, Bekar Monastery at tion Age 30 17 30 29 27 31 40 47 25 20 Deten M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1606 2008- 1626 2009-209 2008- 1607 2009-223 2008-290 2012-786 2008- 1602 2012-814 2013-145 2008- 1608 2014-190 2001-016 2008- 1594 2009-32 2008- 1599 2012-807 2009-314 2008- 1608 2014-79 2014-46 2012-914 2012-777 Name Thupten Nyima Thupten Nyima Thupten Nyima Thupten Namgyal Thupten Lhamo Thupwang Thupten Jampa Thupten Gyatso Thupten Yeshi Thupten Gyaltsen Thupten Tsering Thupten Choephel Thupten Thapkey Thupten Thupten Thabgyal Thupten Thupten Tenzin Thupten Thupten Phuntsok Thupga Thupten Palden Thupeten Tsomo Thupeten Dhonyoe

190 191 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Sentenced Sentenced Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Arrested Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Arrested Detained Sentenced Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Gade County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Gade County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Trido Township, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Township, Trido TAR Mokhyim illage, Driru County, Nagchu Mokhyim illage, Driru County, TAR TAP, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Doda Village, Dzatoe Township, Dege Doda Village, Dzatoe Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Drushe Village, Shelkar Township, Dingri Drushe Village, Shelkar Township, TAR Shigatse TAP, County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Karsel Village, Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, TAP, Tsolho Karsel Village, Chabcha County, Qinghai Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sichuan Province Sentenced 9 years 22 years 13 years 12 years 5 years 3 years Prison Gade PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Chushul Prison Sog PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Ngari ( General Location) Markham PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Amdo Tsoe Prison Amdo Tsoe Nyagchukha Prison Machu PSB Detention Center Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? TAR PSB Detention Center TAR LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Endangering State Secrets Split Nation Propaganda Counter Revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Split- Nation Illegal Assembly Date of Detention 3/11/2013 3/29/2008 1/1/1992 ? 04/9/2014 ? 11/1/2013 ? 3/17/2014 4/15/2012 5/19/2008 3/21/2008 03/27/2008 ? 6/1/2010 5/13/2008 4/12/2012 3/25/2008 3/25/2008 04/1/2011 ? 12/5/2009 3/17/2010 3/19/2008 12/1/2009 ? 10/28/2013 06/6/2014 ? 10/23/2011 5/23/2006 Affiliation Monk, Tonkyab Monastery Monk, Tonkyab Writer, Kirti MonasteryWriter, Farmer Layperson Senior monk, Drilda Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Trader Monk, Woeser MonasteryMonk, Woeser Layperson Monk, Jammey Monastery Teacher, Nationalities Teacher, College Training Teacher Monk, Lungkar Monastery Monk, Jophu Monastery Writer Village Leader Monk, Sera Monastery at tion Age 26 29 33 35 17 40 26 26 30 19 Deten M M M M M M M F M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2013-59 2008-170 1992-156 2014-75 2014-67 2012-900 2014-294 2008- 1631 2008- 1618 2008- 1630 2008- 1629 2014-273 2008- 1616 2012-29 2011-145 2008- 1615 2009-206 2010-121 2008- 1625 2011-144 2013-140 2011-209 2014-95 2006-08 Name Trisun Trintse Trinkar Trindu Trigyal Tragyal Tsangyang Gyatso Tsangyang Tsangyang Topgyal Kyab Tsangpa Tsangpa Topgyal Topden Tsamchen Tsakho Topden Tsagye atha Tsagye Topden Trulku Tenpa Rigsang Tenpa Trulku Trulku Jangchup Trulku Topden Tobden Trothar Thupyen Samten

192 193 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Sentenced Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Arrested Detained Origin Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, TAR Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Pema County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Chakse Township, Driru County, Nagchu Driru County, Chakse Township, TAR TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Pema County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Village 4, Trido Township, Sog County, Sog County, Township, Village 4, Trido TAR Nagchu TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Shukpa Village, Denma Township, Sershul Shukpa Village, Denma Township, Sichuan Province TAP, County,Kardze Lhopa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhopa Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Sentenced 13 years 3 years 6 years 15 years Prison Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Pashoe PSB Detention Center ? Pashoe Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center Driru PSB Detention Center ? Barkham PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Pema County Prison Pema Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? - Charge / Accusation Endangering State Secrets Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Partipation in the politi cal protest Immolation Linked LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 3/17/2008 12/7/2009 5/18/2008 3/10/2008 6/29/2008 5/15/2010 9/30/2010 1/18/2014 3/14/2012 11/17/2013 ? 3/21/2008 08/1/2014 ? 5/14/2008 3/10/2008 3/22/2008 3/30/2014 3/16/2008 08/28/2014 ? 3/17/2009 3/21/2012 1/23/2012 Affiliation Businness Proprietor Monk, Kardze Monastery Monk, Sera Monastery Layperson Layperson Monk, Thangsar Monastery Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Layperson Layperson at tion Age 27 43 22 74 25 22 31 29 31 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M F F M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2012-883 2008-21 2009-228 2008- 1643 2008- 1642 2008- 1641 2014-257 2014-286 2014-15 2012-16 2013-182 2008- 1640 2014-196 2008- 1683 2008- 1646 2008- 1635 2014-71 2008- 1633 2014-212 2009-224 2012- 1014 Name Tsekhog Tsekho Tsejor Gonpo Tsejor Tsehog Tsegyam Tsegyal Palbatsang Tsegyal Tselo Tsegon Tselha Kyab Tselha Tsegon Tselha Tsedup Tsekyan Wangmo Tsekyan Tsedon Tsekyab Tsedak Tseko Tsechoen Tsekhok Tse Tenzin Tse Tsawas Thunglo Tsawas

192 193 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Released ? Released Released ? Released Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Released ? Released Detained Detained Origin Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Raru VIllage, Cha Township, Ngaba County, Ngaba County, Raru VIllage, Cha Township, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Pashoe County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, County, Pashoe Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Garthog Township, Markham County, Markham County, Garthog Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Marthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Zatoe County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Zatoe County, Matoe County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Markham County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Markham County, TAR Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Raru VIllage, Cha Township, Ngaba TAP, Ngaba TAP, Raru VIllage, Cha Township, TAR Maldro Gongkar County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Maldro Gongkar County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sentenced 5 years 16 years 5 years Prison Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Nyagchukha Prison Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Sichuan (General Location) Machu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Drapchi Prison Nyagchukha Prison Markham PSB Detention Center ? Barkham PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Zatoe PSB Detention Center ? Matoe PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail- Reform Fail- Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Counter Revolutionary Subversive Slogan -Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Pro- Independence Pro- Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 3/22/2008 6/27/2009 12/5/2009 05/1/2009 ? 1/1/2008 ? 4/21/2011 4/1/2010 ? 4/16/2008 08/1/2014 ? 4/17/2008 1/1/1997 ? 12/5/2009 5/12/2008 2/26/2010 3/20/2008 03/1/2012 ? 4/12/2009 2/10/2013 04/1/2008 ? 06/31/2008 4/1/2010 4/12/2012 04/1/2005 ? 5/14/2008 - Affiliation Monk, Maru Monastery Farmer Monk, Kirti Monastery Former Monk, KirtiFormer Mon astery Monk, Serwa Monastery Monk, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery Monk, Rongtha MonasteryMonk, Rongtha Former County GovernmentFormer Official Monk, Khakor Monastery Monk, Drakdeb Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Nomad Layperson Monk, Pangsa MonasteryMonk, Pangsa Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri at tion Age 25 26 22 20 64 15 23 32 28 22 34 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1658 2009-231 2009-200 2009-183 2008- 1668 2014-155 2011-212 2008- 1667 2014-188 2008- 1665 1997-52 2009-197 2008- 1653 2010-17 2008- 1652 2012- 1036 2009-129 2013-42 2008- 1651 2008- 1664 2014-207 2012-28 2005-26 2008- 1648 Name Tsering Tsering Tsering Tsering Tsering Dorjee Tsering Tsering Tsering Tsering Dorjee Tsering Tsering Tsering Dhondup Tsering Tsepal Tsering Dhondup Tsering Tsepak Namgyal Tsepak Tsering Dhondup Tsering Tsepak Kyab Tsepak Tsering Dhondup Tsering Tsepak Tsering Dhondup Tsering Tsensang Tsering Tsering Tsering Tsering Tsenor Tsering Tselu

194 195 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Origin Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Tilken Village, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Ngaba TAP, Tilken Village, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Ganzi County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Ganzi County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Tridu County, Yulshul TAP, Sichuan Province TAP, Yulshul County, Tridu Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Dwelling no 2, Triru Village, Sog County, Village, Sog County, Dwelling no 2, Triru TAR Nagchu TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Gansu Province Choekor Township, Jomda County, Jomda County, Choekor Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Tridu County, Yulshul TAP, Sichuan Province TAP, Yulshul County, Tridu Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sentenced 10 years 15 years 13 years 3 years 12 years Prison Gonjo PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Drapchi Prison Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSb Detention Center ? Lhasa ( General Location ) Kardze Prefecture Prison ? Prison Kardze Prefecture Lhasa ( General Location ) Lhasa ( General location ) Nyagchukha Prison Tridu PSB Detention Center ? Tridu Sog PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Tridu PSB Detention Center ? Tridu - Charge / Accusation Fail- reform Fail- Partipation in the politi cal protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked His Holiness Material Immolation Linked Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan-Shout-Speech Sabotage Sabotage Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Immolation Linked Slogan-Shout-Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 03/1/2008 ? 3/22/2008 3/11/2009 3/19/2000 6/1/2011 3/16/2011 10/17/2011 8/30/2011 03/1/2012 ? 2/27/2013 3/18/2008 3/1/2012 3/10/2008 12/5/2009 9/29/2013 2/5/2012 11/1/2013 3/14/2014 1/1/2012 5/22/2009 3/5/2009 1/24/2009 4/28/2011 2/5/2012 Affiliation Monk, Thangkya Monastery Layperson Layperson Business Owner Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk Monk, Tsechang Monastery Monk, Tsechang Monk Layperson Monk, Drong Na Monastery Layperson Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery Student, Kardze Middle School Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk at tion Age 30 17 40 25 22 25 18 36 17 Deten M M F M M F F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1672 2008- 1671 2009-75 2000-12 2011-191 2011-164 2011-211 2011-148 2012-910 2013-49 2008- 1669 2012-913 2008- 1670 2009-204 2013-121 2012-61 2013-142 2014-50 2014-110 2009-59 2009-235 2009-165 2011-147 2012-62 Name Tsering Nyima Tsering Tsering Logya Tsering Tsering Lhamo Tsering Tsering Lhagon Tsering Tsering Kyipo Tsering Tsering kyi Tsering Tsering kyi Tsering Tsering Tamding Tsering Tsering Jigmey Tsering Tsering Tagchen Tsering Tsering Gyurmey Tsering Tsering Sonam Tsering Tsering Gyatso Tsering Tsering Sangpo Tsering Tsering Gyaltsen Tsering Tsering Sangpo Tsering Tsering Gyal Tsering Tsering Samphel Tsering Tsering Phuntsok Tsering Tsering Palden Tsering Tsering Dragpa Tsering Tsering Palden Tsering Tsering Dradul Tsering Palden Tsering

194 195 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Origin Dzogong County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Dzogong County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Lhoepa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhoepa Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sherteng Village, Palyul County, Kardze Sherteng County, Village, Palyul Sichuan Province TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Tsekhog County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Province Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Chengguan County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chengguan County, Tridu County, Yulshul TAP, Sichuan Province TAP, Yulshul County, Tridu Ramdo Vllage, Nagchen County, Yulshul Yulshul Vllage, Nagchen County, Ramdo Qinghai Province TAP, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sentenced 5 years 3-14 years 10 years Prison Dzogang PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Kardze Prefecture Prison ? Prison Kardze Prefecture Drango PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Barkham PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Tridu PSB Detention Center ? Tridu Driru PSB Detention Center? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? - LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Partipation in the politi cal protest Wechat Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout-Speech Propaganda Fail- reform Fail- Date of Detention 7/6/2011 6/26/2008 3/11/2009 3/21/2009 6/26/2008 1/23/2012 04/1/2009 ? 3/6/2014 3/18/2008 1/3/2011 3/11/2009 3/19/2008 1/1/2009 ? 3/22/2008 5/12/2012 02/6/2014 ? 1/1/2012 ? 1/14/2013 2/5/2012 9/18/2013 10/12/2013 03/1/2008 ? 12/1/2012 ? Affiliation Villager Farmer Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery Chant Master, Dargye Chant Master, Monastery Monk, Writer, Palyul Palyul Monk, Writer, Monastery Monk, Maru Monastery Student, Tsolho Vocational Vocational Student, Tsolho School Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Tsug lhakhang Monk, Tsug Layperson Environmentalist Layperson Monk, Thangkya Monastery at tion Age 17 17 40 45 23 17 19 35 18 30 Deten M F F M F M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2013-52 2011-184 2008- 1679 2009-233 2009-23 2008- 1677 2012- 1024 2009-257 2014-44 2008- 1161 2011-150 2009-74 2008- 1675 2009-52 2008- 1674 2012-987 2014-32 2012-788 2013-25 2012-60 2014-12 2013-127 2008- 1682 Name Tsesung Kyab Tsesung Tsesong Tsering Yangtso Tsering Tsering Wangmo Tsering Tsering Wangdak Tsering Tsering Wangchuk Tsering Tsering Wangchuk Tsering Tsetan Sonam Tsetan Tsering Tharpa Tsering Tsetan Phuntsok Tsetan Tsering Tenzin Tsering Tsetan Lhamo Tsetan Tsering Ten Tsering Tsetan Lhamo Tsetan Tsering Tashi Tsering Tsering Tashi Tsering Tsetan Gyal Tsetan Tsering Tashi Tsering Tsetan Dorje Tsetan Tsering Tashi Tsering Tsetan Dhondup Tsetan Tsering Tashi Tsering Tsetan

196 197 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Origin Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Serchuteng Township, Kardze County, Kardze County, Serchuteng Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Palyul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Thangkyi Township, Nyagrong County, Nyagrong County, Thangkyi Township, Sichuan Province kardze TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Dingri County, Shigatse TAP, TAR Shigatse TAP, Dingri County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sentenced 6 years 3-7 years 16 years 8 years 7 years 9 years Life Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Deyang Prison Qushul Prison ?( Chushur ) Qushul Prison Drango PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Gonjo PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center ? Kara PSB Detention Center Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Split- Nation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail- reform Fail- Connection with the Protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter Revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 02/1/2012 ? 5/28/2008 5/25/2010 3/25/2008 11/4/2010 03/1/2008 ? 4/21/2011 3/24/2008 6/9/2011 6/6/2008 5/18/2008 03/1/2008 ? 4/2/2008 5/14/2008 4/20/2008 3/17/2014 5/19/2008 1/1/2012 ? 6/6/2011 1/1/2008 ? 8/3/2008 Affiliation Monk, Drango Monastery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Layperson Layperson ? Cook, Thangkyi Primary School Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun Monk, Kardze Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Layperson ? Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Drilda Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Monk,Bekar Monastery Monk, Kardze Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery at tion Age 42 38 32 38 20 20 38 17 25 Deten M M F M M M M M M M F M M F M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2010-234 2012-798 2008- 1696 2010-78 2008- 1695 2010-85 2008-188 2014-152 2008- 1692 2009-119 2011-195 2008- 1691 2008- 1700 2008- 1699 2008- 1688 2008- 1698 2014-59 2008- 1697 2011-152 2012-783 2008- 1687 Name Tsewang Rinzin Tsewang Tsewang Namgyal Tsewang Tsewang Khando Tsewang Tsewang Gyurmey Tsewang Tsewang Gyatso Tsewang Tsewang Gyatso Tsewang Tsewang Dorjee Tsewang Tsezin Tsewang Dhondup Tsewang Tsewang Dakpa Tsewang Tseyang Tsewang Tsewang Yeshi Tsewang Tsewang Tso Tsewang Tsewang Tsewang Thapkey Tsewang Tsewang Tsewang Tenzin Tsewang Tsewang Tashi Tsewang Tsethar Tsetan Wangmo Tsetan

196 197 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Origin Chushul County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chushul County, Yazi County, Tsoshar TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsoshar County, Yazi Tsekhog County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Marthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Dechen County, Dechen TAP, Yunnan Yunnan Dechen TAP, Dechen County, Province Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Chigdril County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Gyengya Village, Sangchu County, Kanlho Gyengya Village, Sangchu County, Gansu Province TAP, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sentenced 3 years 12 years 6 years Prison Chushul PSB Detention Center Tsekhog PSB Detention Center Tsekhog Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center Dechen PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout-Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Date of Detention 4/28/2008 11/21/2012 12/12/2012 5/14/2008 7/6/2008 01/1/2003 ? 3/23/2008 3/22/2008 3/23/2008 11/1/2007 ? 04/1/2009 ? 12/13/2013 3/20/2008 08/1/2014 ? 4/24/2008 03/28/2008 ? 3/19/2008 3/25/2008 5/19/2009 3/18/2008 1/1/2011 ? 3/27/2008 Affiliation Nun, Shugseb Nunnery Monk, Beudo Monastery Monk, Dorje Drag Monastery Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Khangmar Monastery Monk, Mishi Thangsar Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Farmer Layperson ? Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery School Director, Luchu School Director, Orphanage School Private at tion Age 27 49 33 31 40 26 22 30 19 40 36 35 Deten M F M M F M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M F M Sex ID TCHRD- 2012-32 2008- 1711 2013-74 2012-976 2008- 1710 2008- 1709 2003-70 2008- 1718 2008- 1704 2008- 1717 2007-19 2009-136 2013-177 2008- 1716 2014-193 2008- 1715 2008- 1705 2008-175 2008- 1703 2009-39 2008- 1702 2008- 1701 Name Tsondue Gyatso Tsondue Tsondue Tsondue Tsondru Tsomo Tsolo Tsokphel Tsultrim Tsokho Tsultrim Tsokchoe Tsultrim Tsokay Tsultop Tsogyal Tsulkho Tsulkho Tsognyi Tsulkho Tsognyi Tsondue Gyatso Tsondue Tsoema Tsigpo

198 199 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Detained ? Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Origin Kharang nomadic camp, Tridu County, County, Kharang nomadic camp, Tridu Sichuan Province TAP, Yulshul Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Chushul County, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chushul County, Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, Sichuan Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Province Yulghan County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Malho TAP, County, Yulghan Province Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Nagchu County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Nagchu County, Gepasumdo County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Tsachu Township, Driru County, Nagchu Driru County, Township, Tsachu TAR TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Sentenced 10 years 9 years 10 years Life 11 years 13 years 9 years Prison Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Chushul PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Malho PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center Lanzou ( General Location ) Nagchu PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Chushul (Qushul) Prson Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sog PSB Detention Center ? Chushul Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail-reform Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Leak State Secrets Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 9/1/2012 3/21/2008 1/1/2008 ? 4/28/2008 4/14/2008 3/22/2008 03/1/2008 ? 4/11/2009 4/12/2011 05/22/2008 ? 4/11/2009 03/28/2008 ? 4/11/2011 3/14/2012 10/11/2013 3/21/2008 2/2/2014 12/1/2013 ? 3/21/2008 03/28/2008 ? 3/10/2008 Affiliation Monk, Zilkar Monastery Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monastery Nun, Shugsib Nunnery Monk, Shetsang Monastery Monk, Shapten Monastery Monk, Tsang Monastery Monk, Tsang Monk, Zhabten Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Geshe, Zhabten Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Geshe Monk, Shingtri Monastery Writer Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monastery Monk, Dowa Shartsa Monastery Senior monk, Rabten Senior monk, Rabten Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery at tion Age 23 25 29 42 30 27 30 36 34 19 34 27 20 40 16 Deten M M m M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2008- 1739 2012-861 2008- 1738 2008- 1730 2008- 1746 2008- 1732 2008- 1745 2008- 1735 2009-34 2008- 1731 2011-153 2009-33 2008- 1742 2009-33 2013-124 2012-812 2014-19 2008- 1727 2014-174 2008- 1725 2008- 1724 Name Tsultrim Lodoe Tsultrim Tsultrim Kalsang Tsultrim Tsultrim Jugnye Tsultrim Tsultrim Gyatso Tsultrim Tsundue Tsultrim Gyatso Tsultrim Tsundue Tsultrim Gyatso Tsultrim Tsundue Tsultrim Gyaltso Tsultrim Tsundue Tsultrim Gyaltsen Tsultrim Tsultrim Sangpo Tsultrim Tsultrim Gyaltsen Tsultrim Tsultrim Gyaltsen Tsultrim Tsultrim Rinchen Tsultrim Tsultrim Palsang Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Nyendak Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim

198 199 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Released? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Origin Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Yompa Village,Driru County, Nagchu TAP, Nagchu TAP, Village,Driru County, Yompa TAR - Denma Shugpa Village, Loshu Town Sichuan TAP, ship, Sershul County,Kardze Province Nangchen County, Yulshul TAP, Qinghai TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Choktsang Village, Serthar Kardze County, Sichuan Province TAP, Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Dhomda Town, Nangchen County, Yulshul Yulshul Nangchen County, Dhomda Town, Qinghai Province TAP, Garthog Township, Markham County, Markham County, Garthog Township, TAR Chamdo TAP, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Rebgong County, Malho TAP,Qinghai Malho TAP,Qinghai County, Rebgong Province Sentenced 2 years 9 years 2 years Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Drapchi Prison Nangchen PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Nangchen PSB Detention Center ? Markham PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Mankar Prison LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Propaganda Slogan- Shout- Speech Sabotage Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech His Holiness Materials Counter Revolutionary Slogan- Shout- Speech Freedom Restoration Freedom Date of Detention 3/10/2011 5/14/2008 3/22/2008 3/20/2008 4/15/2012 1/23/2012 08/1/2014 ? 2/28/2012 8/11/2014 7/12/2011 6/24/2008 4/2/2010 4/17/2008 02/1/2012 ? 5/12/2008 6/8/2008 3/22/2011 4/26/2012 3/15/2009 11/16/2012 Affiliation Monk, Dontog Monastery Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Doctor Village Leader Monk, Zurkhang Monastery Monk, Beri Monastery Juvenile Singer Monk, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery Nun, Drago Nunnery Layperson Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Rongwo MonasteryMonk, Rongwo at tion Age 55 45 39 20 21 25 22 30 38 18 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2011-182 2008- 1777 2008- 1776 2008- 1775 2012-896 2012- 1001 2014-204 2011-31 2014-122 2011-154 2008- 1783 2010-65 2008- 1781 2012-42 2008- 1779 2008- 1750 2011-197 2012-928 2009-225 2013-10 Name Wangchen Gelek Wangchen Wangchen Gadro Wangchen Wangchen Wangchen Wangchen Wangchen Wangchen Urgyen Tenzin Wangdak Urgyen Samten Wangchuk Dorjee Wangchuk Urgyen Namgyal Wangchuk Ugyen Tenzin Wangchuk Tsunma Guru Tsunma Wangchuk Wangchen Tsering Wangchen Tsundue Gyatso Tsundue Tsundue Choeden Tsundue

200 201 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Arrested Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained ? Sentenced Origin Gonjo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Gonjo County, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Serka Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Serka Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Dzamthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Province Rasa Village, Lingchung, Gonjo County, Village, Lingchung, Gonjo County, Rasa TAR Chamdo TAP, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Tawu County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province TAP, County,Kardze Tawu Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Taktse County, Lhasa Municipality, TAR Lhasa Municipality, County, Taktse Dechen Township, Chengguan, Lhasa Dechen Township, TAR TAP, Pema County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Doda Village Dzatoe Township, Dege Doda Village Dzatoe Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Province Sentenced 5 years 1 year and 9 months 7 years 13 years 15 years Life 10 years Prison Chabcha PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu ? ( General location ) Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Dzamthang PSB Detention Center ? Chushul Prison ? Chushul Prison Drango PSB Detention Center ? Tawu Detention Center Tawu Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Chushul( Qushul) Prison Chushul( Qushul) Prison Qinghai ( General Location ) Dege PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Freedom Restoration Freedom Particapation in the political protest Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Espionage Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Espionage Leading the protest Propaganda Slogan- Shout- Speech LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 5/12/2012 4/3/2008 4/26/2012 3/20/2008 3/25/2008 3/22/2008 3/24/2008 6/7/2011 06/1/2008 ? 3/23/2011 8/2/2009 1/23/2012 10/2/2003 1/1/2008 ? 3/18/2008 3/14/2008 1/1/2008 ? 4/15/2012 6/19/2011 03/24/2008 ? Affiliation Student, Tsolho Vocational Vocational Student, Tsolho School Monk, Thangkya Monastery Layperson ? Nun, Ngangong Nunnery Monk, Beri Monastery Monk Layperson Monk, Palyul MonasteryMonk, Palyul Driver HIV Aids Project Officer, Officer, HIV Aids Project Burnet Institute Layperson Monk, Kardze Monastery at tion Age 21 20 32 40 29 31 28 25 45 45 40 41 50 Deten M M M M M M F M M M M M M M F M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2012-982 2008- 1792 2012-936 2008- 1791 2008- 1789 2008- 1800 2008- 1773 2011-157 2008- 1787 2011-156 2010-40 2012- 1022 2003-08 2009-113 2008- 1794 2008- 1786 2008- 1870 2012-897 2011-155 2008- 1784 Name Wangyal Tsering Wangyal Wangyal Wangtse Wangtop Wangpo Wokay Wangmo(Wamo) Woeser Phuntsok Woeser Wanglo Woeser Dorjee Woeser Wangdue Gyatso Wangdue Woeser Wangdue Wangdue Wochung Kyi Wochung Wangdu Washul DortrugWashul Wangdu Wangyang Wangdhak

200 201 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 Status Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Detained Origin Roltsa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Township, Roltsa Sichuan Province TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chokru Village, Pema County, Golog TAP, Golog TAP, Chokru County, Village, Pema Qinghai Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Lhopa Township, Kardze County, Kardze Kardze County, Lhopa Township, Sichuan Province TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, TAR Lhasa TAP, Phenpo Lhundup County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Barkham County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Barkham County, Province Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Province Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Sentenced 3 years 12 years 6 years 3-14 years 2 years Prison Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture Lhasa ( General Location ) Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Kardz PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Barkham PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center Lanzhou ( General Location ) Chone PSB Detention Center ? Barkham PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout -Speech Wechat Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Propaganda Slogan- Shout -Speech Propaganda Slogan- Shout- Speech Participation in the boycott movement Slogan- Shout -Speech reform Fail- Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Date of Detention 3/24/2009 5/7/2008 11/1/2013 ? 10/23/2012 3/20/2008 3/28/2008 08/1/2014 ? 08/1/2014 ? 08/1/2014 ? 4/15/2012 3/18/2009 4/15/2012 12/16/2013 1/1/2008 ? 4/2/2012 6/17/2008 3/27/2009 8/12/2012 8/30/2009 03/1/2008 ? 3/23/2008 3/17/2010 Affiliation Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Doctor, Lhasa People’s Lhasa People’s Doctor, Hospital Teacher Monk, Nobsur Monastery Nun Teacher, Khadrok Jamtse Teacher, School Rokten Nun, Yarteng Nunnery Farmer Monk, Tsodun Monastery Monk, Tsodun Monk, Gaden Chokorling Monastery Student, National Higher Intermediate School at tion Age 36 32 27 35 36 34 18 20 Deten F F F F M M F F M M F M F M F F F M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2009-37 2008-286 2014-41 2013-34 2008- 1806 2008- 1805 2014-199 2014-185 2014-195 2012-899 2009-226 2012-895 2013-179 2008- 1822 2012-894 2008- 1819 2009-27 2012-850 2009-109 2008- 1813 2008- 1797 2008-128 Name Yargay Yankyi Dolma Yankyi Yangzom Yangtso Yangmo Kyi Yangmo Yangdo Yangchuk Gham Yangchuk Yangchen Palmo Yangchen Yeshi Yangchen Lhamo Yangchen Jungne Yeshe Yangchen Choegyal Yeshe Yangchen Yeshe Yama Tsering Yama Yelo Yali Yarphel Yagar Yargay Woser Thayal Woser

202 203 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Released ? Released Detained Detained Sentenced Origin Do-nga Vilage, Soongo Township, Kardze Do-nga Vilage, Soongo Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Thamey Village, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Thamey Village, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Norpa Village, Drango County, Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Norpa Village, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Gepasumdo County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Jomda County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Jomda County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lhasa TAP, TAR Lhasa TAP, Sog County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Sog County, Tsegorthang County, Tsoshar TAP, Qinghai TAP, Tsoshar County, Tsegorthang Province Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sentenced 4 years 15 years 9 years Prison Kardze Prefecture PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze Prefecture Prison ? Prison Kardze Prefecture Kardze Prefecture Prison ? Prison Kardze Prefecture Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chabcha PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? TAR Prison ( Drapchi ) Prison TAR Nagchu Prefecture PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu Prefecture Driru PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Connection with farm - ing boycott Slogan- Shout- Speech Fail-reform Espionage Espionage Slogan- Shout- Speech Sabotage LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 6/12/2011 5/14/2008 5/28/2008 5/17/2008 1/23/2012 5/17/2008 12/3/2012 3/20/2008 11/17/2008 1/23/2012 3/16/2012 6/14/2008 08/1/2014 ? 05/1/2009 ? 5/14/2008 4/3/2008 03/1/2008 ? 10/1/2009 3/14/2010 1/1/2012 1/1/2012 ? Affiliation Nun, Nyinmo Nunnery Nun, Gaden Choeling Nunnery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, khyamru Monastery Monk, Sera Monastery Monk, Kharnang Monastery Monk, Shingtri Monastery Monk, Khangmar Monastery Farmer Nun, Gaden Choeling Nunnery Monk, Tongkor Monastery Monk, Tongkor Former Doctor Former Monk, Ditsa Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery at tion Age 27 26 24 54 37 43 32 40 27 36 26 57 25 20 36 Deten F F F M M M M M M M M M F M F M F M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2012-785 2011-160 2008- 1836 2008- 1771 2008- 1834 2012- 1010 2008- 1833 2012-869 2008- 1831 2009-04 2012- 1006 2012-830 2008- 1838 2014-197 2009-146 2008- 1828 2008- 1837 2008- 1827 2009-61 2010-13 2014-107 Name Yeshi Lodoe Yeshi Yeshi Lhatso Yeshi Yeshi Lhamo Yeshi Yeshi Lhadon Yeshi Yeshi Jigme Yeshi Yeshi Tsering Yeshi Yeshi Gyurmey Yeshi Yeshi Sangpo Yeshi Yeshi Dorjee Yeshi Yeshi Dorjee Yeshi Yeshi Rigsel Yeshi Yeshi Dorjee Yeshi Yeshi Palden Yeshi Yeshi Dolma Yeshi Yeshi Palden Yeshi Yeshi Choetso Yeshi Yeshi Nyima Yeshi Yeshi Choedon Yeshi Yeshi Namkha Yeshi Yeshi Yeshi

202 203 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2014 - Status Detained Released ? Released Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Sentenced Detained House Ar rested Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Sentenced Origin Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Doda VIllage, Dzatoe Township, Dege Doda VIllage, Dzatoe Township, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Driru County, Nagchu TAP, TAR Nagchu TAP, Driru County, Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Province Nomadic camp no. 4, Meuruma Village, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sershul County,Kardze TAP, Sichuan TAP, Sershul County,Kardze Province Rongtsa Township , Sershul County, Kardze , Sershul County, Township Rongtsa Sichuan Province TAP, Chamdo County, Chamdo TAP, TAR Chamdo TAP, Chamdo County, Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Province Palyul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Province Sentenced 10 years 3 years 7 years 3-7 years Prison Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Dege PSB Detention Center ? Serthar PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Prefecture ( General Location ) Kardze Prefecture Mianyang Prison ? Mianyang Prison Nyagrong PSB Detention Center ? LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Charge / Accusation Slogan- Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout- Speech Calling Independence Propaganda Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout- Speech Counter-revolutionary Slogan- Shout -Speech Pro- Independence Pro- Immolation Linked Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Date of Detention 7/31/2013 4/1/2008 11/4/2011 8/1/2011 1/23/2012 4/15/2012 03/27/2008 ? 10/12/2013 4/15/2012 2/9/2012 3/21/2008 12/22/2014 7/17/2008 02/1/2013 ? 08/1/2014 ? 3/31/2008 7/21/2009 06/1/2006 ? 10/18/2010 4/15/2009 5/25/2010 Affiliation Monk, Gephel Samtenling Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Labrang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Gyalmo Monastery Businessman Layperson Nomad Herder Former Nun Former Monastery Layperson at tion Age 37 34 19 50 19 26 20 19 17 27 40 Deten M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M F M F Sex ID TCHRD- 2010-280 2013-103 2008- 1842 2011-174 2011-171 2012- 1013 2011-167 2008- 1854 2013-128 2012-903 2012-864 2008- 1851 2014-334 2008- 1841 2013-53 2014-178 2008-125 2009-191 2006-03 2009-85 2010-79 Name Yonten Gyatso Yonten Yonten Gyatso Yonten Yonten Yonten Yonten Youtrug Yonten Youngdrung Yougyal Yonten Yongten Sangpo Yongten Yougam Yinmey Yonten Tso Yonten Yija Yonten Kyab Yonten Yigha Yonten Gyatso Yonten Yiga Yiga Yeshi Tsomo Yeshi

204 205 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Status Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Origin Zachok Village, Nagchen County, Yulshul Yulshul Zachok Village, Nagchen County, Qinghai Province TAP, Darlag County, Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Province Pema County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Serthar County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Serthar Kardze TAP, County, Province Sentenced 2 years Prison Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Pema PSB Detention Center ? Pema Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Charge / Accusation Fail-reform LIST OF POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE LIST OF POLITICAL Date of Detention 12/25/2013 03/27/2008 ? 3/29/2008 5/15/2008 2/6/2014 1/1/2009 ? 6/13/2013 Affiliation Environmentalist Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Shedrubling Mon - astery Layperson at tion Age 51 Deten M M M M M M M Sex ID TCHRD- 2014-13 2008- 1863 2008- 1859 2008- 1858 2014-34 2009-51 2013-111 Name Zumgha Zoedon Zambala Zambala Yutruk Yulshey Yudrang

204 205 human rights situation in tibet: annual report 2014

Breakdown of PPD by Province (1992 – 2014) ( 2,036 known cases)

Yunnan province 0

Gansu province 316

Qinghai province 251

TAR 476

Sichuan province 993

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Breakdown of PPD by Age (1992 – 2014) (2109 known cases)

1200 1101

1000

800

600 484

400 287

200 127 97 13

0 Below 18yrs 19 - 25yrs 26 - 40yrs 41 - 60yrs 61yrs & above Unknown

Breakdown of PPD based on Prison Term (1992 – 2014) ( 396 known cases)

20 23 20 70 1-3yrs

3-6yrs

6-9yrs

9-15yrs

134 80 15yrs & above

Life sentence

Death sentence

66 S.death sentence

206