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Rafael De Nogales Méndez Temas de nuestra américa Vol. 32 N.° 60 ISSN 0259-2339 Rafael de Nogales Méndez: testigo de la desaparición de cuatro imperios(1914-1919)1 Rafael de Nogales Méndez: A Witness of the Disappearance of four Empires Rafael de Nogales Méndez: testemunhar ou desaparecemento de quatro impérios Reinaldo Rojas Académico-investigador Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador Venezuela Recibido: 16/9/2015 - Aceptado:10/2/2016 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/tdn a.32-60.4 Resumen donde nos podemos aproximar al cono- cimiento de la Europa de la época, la La conmemoración de la Primera crisis política que antecede el conflicto Guerra Mundial y sus efectos direc- y los escenarios de la guerra en suelo tos en el mapa geopolítico europeo otomano como oficial del imperio tur- nos coloca frente al caso particular co. De allí que se puede afirmar que de del proceso de desintegración del Nogales Méndez fue testigo de la caída de Imperio otomano, como uno de los los cuatro imperios que participaron en la actores principales de esta confla- Primera Guerra Mundial: Alemania, Ru- gración. La presente comunicación sia, Austro-Hungría y el Imperio otomano. indaga en el papel jugado por un latinoamericano, el escritor y sol- Palabras clave: Primera Guerra Mundial, Im- dado venezolano Rafael de No- perio otomano, de Nogales Méndez, Temas de gales Méndez, quien no solo Nuestra América participó en aquel gran con- flicto bélico bajo la ban- Abstract dera de la Media Luna, The commemoration of World War I and its direct effects sino que, además, nos on the geopolitical map of Europe presents us with the dejó una obra escrita 1 Este artículo es resultado de la ponencia pre- sentada en el Simposio Internacional: 1915: el año más largo del Imperio otomano y la Turquía de hoy, organizado por el Centro de Estudios La- tinoamericanos de la Universidad de Ankara, Turquía, y realizado en la Universidad Central del Ecuador entre el 5 y 6 de mayo de 2015. Vol. 32 N.º 60 Julio-diciembre 2016 71 Temas de nuestra américa Vol. 32 N.° 60 Julio-diciembre / 2016 ISSN 0259-2339 particular case of the disintegration of the Mendez testemunhou a fim de quatro Ottoman Empire as one of the main actors impérios que participaram na Primei- of this conflagration. This communication ra Guerra Mundial: Alemanha, Rússia, explores the role played by a Latin Ameri- Áustria-Hungria eo Império Otomano. can, the Venezuelan soldier and writer Ra- Palavras chave: fael Nogales Méndez who not only partici- pated in that Great War under the flage of Primeira Guerra Mundial, Império Oto- the Crescent as an officer of the Ottoman mano, de Nogales Méndez, Temas de Empire, but also left a written work where Nuestra América we can bring to the knowledge of Europe of that time, the political crisis that prece- Introducción ded the conflict and the war scenarios on Ottoman soil. Hence, we may say that No- En la obra Age of Extremes (1994), el gales Mendez witnessed the collapse of the historiador británico Eric Hobsbawm four empires which participated in World no aborda el estudio del siglo XX a War I: Germany, Russia, Austro-Hungary partir de 1900 –como correspondería and the Ottoman Empire. a un enfoque cronológico tradicio- Keywords: World War I, Ottoman nal–, sino de 1914, coincidiendo con Empire, de Nogales Méndez, Temas de los inicios de la Primera Guerra Mun- Nuestra América dial, y cerrándolo en 1991, con la desaparición de la Unión Soviética. Resumo Para él se trata de un siglo corto que A comemoração da Primeira Guerra comienza con la crisis y desaparición Mundial e seus efeitos diretos no mapa de cuatro imperios continentales, a geopolítico europeu nos apresenta o caso saber: el ruso, el austro-húngaro, el particular de o processo de desintegração otomano y el alemán; y finaliza con do Império Otomano como um dos prin- la desaparición de otro: el gran impe- cipais atores dessa conflagração. Este rio soviético. Guerra y paz; nación e artigo explora o papel desempenhado imperio; capitalismo y socialismo. He por Rafael de Nogales Méndez, um lati- no-americano, escritor e soldado vene- ahí las contradicciones que orientan zuelano. Ele participou da grande guerra los acontecimientos que se suscitan sob a Bandeira do Crescente. Mas tam- en este corto período de la historia bém deixou um escrito onde, como um universal al cual hemos pertenecido. oficial do Império Turco, seu trabalho permite-nos desenhar a conhecer a Euro- Siguiendo a Hobsbawm, cronológica- pa do tempo, a crise política que prece- mente, este siglo se dividiría en los si- de o conflito e cenários guerra em solo guientes períodos: el correspondiente a otomano. Podemos dizer que de Nogales las dos guerras mundiales (1914-1945), 72 Rafael de Nogales Méndez: testigo de la desaparición de Licencia Creative Commons cuatro imperios (1914-1919) Atribución-No-Comercial Reinaldo Rojas SinDerivadas 3.0 Costa Rica. Julio-diciembre / 2016 Temas de nuestra américa Vol. 32 N.° 60 ISSN 0259-2339 teniendo a Alemania y su política de (a) El inicio de sus luchas en la Vene- expansión como eje; a este período le zuela gomecista y su actuación militar sigue la Guerra Fría (de 1945 a 1989), como guerrillero desde Colombia; una era de confrontación entre las dos superpotencias vencedoras de la (b) Su viaje al Lejano Oriente (China, Segunda Guerra Mundial, los Estados Corea, sin poder llegar a Japón); Unidos y la URSS, beneficiarias de la (c) Su presencia en el Imperio otomano; desaparición de aquellos viejos impe- rios; y el período que se inicia con el (d) Su participación en las luchas an- fin de aquel sistema bipolar de equili- tiimperialistas en Nicaragua y Centro- brio internacional y el surgimiento de américa contra los Estados Unidos, la globalización, la cual se ha extendido testimonio y acción que recoge en sus a estas dos primeras décadas del siglo cuatro libros publicados, entre 1924 y XXI. Cada uno con sus características 1934, en Alemania, Estados Unidos y económicas y sociales, sus confronta- Gran Bretaña (Nweihed, 2012). ciones ideológicas y políticas, sus for- Pero... ¿quién fue De Nogales mas de lucha y escenarios de la guerra y, Méndez? lo más importante en este caso, con sus respectivas concepciones geopolíticas.2 Rafael de Nogales Méndez: una nota Es realmente excepcional que un biográfica hombre como el venezolano Rafael de Nogales Méndez (l877-1937) haya De Nogales Méndez nació en San participado en los grandes aconteci- Cristóbal, Estado Táchira, el 14 de mientos que se desarrollaron en este octubre de 1877, según consta en su período de la historia universal, tanto partida de nacimiento; creció «en el en Europa como en el norte del Áfri- seno de una familia acaudalada de ca, América y Asia, en un ciclo vital procedencia llanera» (Nweihed, 2012, que uno de sus biógrafos y mayores p. 38). Sus padres fueron Felipe In- estudiosos, el internacionalista vene- chauspe, bisnieto del coronel Pedro zolano Kaldone Nweihed (2012), ha Luis Inchauspe, y Josefa Méndez Bri- dividido en los siguientes escenarios: to, descendiente del conquistador español Diego de Méndez. Nweihed recrea estos orígenes familiares en su 2 Véase Reinaldo Rojas (junio, 2014). Amé- biografía novelada Nogales Bey, escrita rica Latina y el Caribe entre las fronteras geopolíticas de la globalización. Enlace bajo el pseudónimo de Pedro Almar- Científico, año 15, N. º 10, 17-30. za, con este cuadro: Licencia Creative Commons Rafael de Nogales Méndez: testigo de la desaparición de 73 Atribución-No-Comercial cuatro imperios (1914-1919) SinDerivadas 3.0 Costa Rica. Reinaldo Rojas Temas de nuestra américa Vol. 32 N.° 60 Julio-diciembre / 2016 ISSN 0259-2339 Hijo varón único de uno de los y 1898. En la biografía novelada de Pedro hombres más ricos y honrados de Almarza es el propio De Nogales Méndez la comarca y de una madre culta y quien nos habla de su formación militar en hacendosa, que le contaba la his- Europa. Allí nos dice en primera persona: toria de los próceres. Nieto de la matrona que encabezaba la proce- Fue un periodo repartido entre las sión de la Semana Mayor (Almar- aulas alemanas para la formación za, 1997, p. 26). escolar, y mis estudios militares y La otra dimensión del escenario fa- universitarios en Bélgica, hasta ser miliar son las actividades económicas admitido como alférez en el Ejér- que lleva adelante su padre en San cito español (…) En realidad fue un periodo signado por altibajos: Cristóbal, dedicado a los negocios del suave y fluido en su etapa alema- café con casas comerciales alemanas, na, mientras mis padres vivían, y lo cual ayuda a explicar cómo este abruptamente agitado cuando me joven tachirense recibe en Alema- tocó culminar la carrera castrense, nia, Bélgica y España «una cuidadosa entre Bélgica y España, a uña de educación que incluye la disciplina caballo. Quiero decir que esta se- castrense» (Fundación Empresas Po- gunda etapa de mi vida fue muy in- lar, 2010, tomo III, p. 333). Sus dos tensa y decisiva; entré en ella como hermanas –según destaca la escritora aquel niño protegido por su arcán- Ana Mercedes Pérez en el prólogo a gel, y salí como un oficial listo para la acción (Almarza, 1997, p. 51). sus Memorias–se casan con jóvenes alemanes: Juana Josefa (Pepita) con Es posible extraer dos conclusiones Paul Gerstäcker y Ana María con el que explican su desenvolvimiento conde Max von Westerholt. posterior: su formación militar en En el esquema biográfico elaborado en el ámbito de la cultura alemana y su la investigación de Nweihed podemos ingreso profesional a las armas en apreciar las siguientes etapas de su vida: la España imperial, ya decadente de finales del siglo XIX, lo cual explica 1) Sus primeros ochos años, entre la su siguiente etapa de vida, a su vez, el niñez y la formación familiar en los primero de sus escenarios internacio- Andes venezolanos, período que va nales de lucha: de 1877 a 1885; 3) La guerra hispano-cubano-nortea- 2) su adolescencia y temprana juventud en- mericana (1895-1898), exhaustiva- tre Alemania, España, Bélgica y Suiza, don- mente tratada por el historiador nor- de recibe su educación formal, entre 1886 teamericano Philip S.
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