MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

State Historical Society o*f M.» i*B*B* o *u» r»i 1898*1998

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, COLUMBIA THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State-Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978. OFFICERS, 1995-1998 H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid, President JAMES C. OLSON. Kansas City, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM. Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT. Liberty, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G. J. HOESTER. Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE. Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH. Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary, and Librarian

PERMANENT TRUSTEES FORMER PRESIDENTS OF THE SOCIETY WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood Avis G. TUCKER. Warrensburg LEO J. ROZIER. Perryville

TRUSTEES, 1995-1998 WALTER ALLEN, Brookfield R. CROSBY KEMPER III, St. Louis JAMES A. BARNES, Raytown VIRGINIA LAAS, Joplin VERA F. BURK, Kirksville EMORY MELTON. Cassville RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City

TRUSTEES, 1996-1999 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves JAMES R. MAYO, Bloomfield BRUCE H. BECKETT, Columbia W. GRANT MCMURRAY. Independence CHARLES B. BROWN. Kennett THOMAS L. MILLER SR., Washington LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN. Rolla

TRUSTEES, 1997-2000 JOHN K. HULSTON. Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND. Columbia JAMES B. NUTTER. Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis BOB PRIDDY. Jefferson City HENRY J. WATERS III, Columbia DALE REESMAN, Boonville

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight trustees elected by the board of trustees, together with the president of the Society, consti­ tute the executive committee. The executive director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia, Chairman LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN. Rolla WALTER ALLEN, Brookfield JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia VERA F. BURK, Kirksville MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOLUME XCII, NUMBER 4 JULY 1998

JAMES W. GOODRICH LYNN WOLF GENTZLER Editor Associate Editor

ANN L. ROGERS LISA FRICK Research Assistant Research Assistant

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Receipt of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is a benefit of membership in the State Historical Society of Missouri. Phone (573) 882-7083; fax (573) 884-4950; e-mail [email protected]. Periodicals postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. POSTMASTERS: Send address changes to MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Copyright © 1998 by The State Historical Society of Missouri EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be con­ sidered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West.

Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The foot­ notes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manuscripts on disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably in WordPerfect. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accept­ ed. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation, and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication become the property of the State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors.

Articles published in the Missouri Historical Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly, and The Journal of American History.

Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be addressed to Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor, Missouri Historical Review, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201-7298.

BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University Stephens College Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia CONTENTS

INTRODUCTORY NOTE 353

MAJOR ALPHONSO WETMORE'S DIARY OF A JOURNEY TO SANTA FE, 1828. Introduction by F. F. Stephens 354

TRAVEL INTO MISSOURI IN OCTOBER, 1838. By Eduard Zimmermann 371

MARTHA J. WOODS VISITS MISSOURI IN 1857. Edited by Donald H. Welsh 380

THE CIVIL WAR LETTERS OF COLONEL BAZEL F. LAZEAR. Edited by Vivian Kirkpatrick McLarty 393

SOME ASPECTS OF BLACK EDUCATION IN RECONSTRUCTION MISSOURI: AN ADDRESS BY RICHARD B. FOSTER. Edited by Antonio F. Holland and Gary R. Kremer 407

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

A Centennial Salute to George Caleb Bingham Opening Reception Held on April 5 421

Missouri Conference on History Held in April 424

Centennial History of the Society Now Available 425

Centennial Commemorative Items for Sale 426

News in Brief 427

Local Historical Societies 429

Gifts Relating to Missouri 441

Missouri History in Newspapers 443

Missouri History in Magazines 450

In Memoriam 458 BOOK REVIEWS 459

Reinert, Paul C, S.J., and Paul Shore. Seasons of Change: Reflections on a Half Century at Saint Louis University. Reviewed by Mary E. Seematter. Tucker, Phillip Thomas. The Forgotten "Stonewall of the West": Major General John Stevens Bow en. Reviewed by John Bradbury, Jr.

BOOK NOTES 463

Burnett, Robyn, and Ken Luebbering. German Settlement in Missouri: New Land, Old Ways. Stanard, John R. Caring for America: The Story of Family Practice. Crossroads at the Spring: A Pictorial History of Springfield, Missouri.

INDEX TO VOLUME XCII 465

MISSOURI IN 1898: SCOTT JOPLIN AND THE "MAPLE LEAF RAG" Inside back cover Introductory Note

While the State Historical Society of Missouri prides itself on the quali­ ty of articles published in the Missouri Historical Review, the inclusion of edited works in its quarterly journal has not been neglected. Edited letters, documents, diaries, and reminiscences have proven to be important compo­ nents in making accessible the history and heritage of the state and its peo­ ple. For this third number of the centennial volume of the Missouri Historical Review, the editorial staff has selected five edited works from past issues to illustrate the types of those materials that have been printed through the years. The Review has contained edited works from its first volume when Jonas Viles, a professor of history at the University of Missouri, contributed "Documents Illustrating the Troubles on the Border, 1858" (Vol. 1, April-July 1907; Vol. 2, October 1907). Interestingly, documents from the period lead­ ing up to the Civil War and the war itself comprise many of the edited works that have appeared in the Review, including the most recent, "Reporting From an Enemy's Land: The Indiana Letters of 'Chincoupin,' 1861," edited by Jeffrey L. Patrick for the April 1996 issue. The editors of the contributions selected for this issue are F. F. Stephens, William G. Bek, Donald H. Welsh, Vivian McLarty, Antonio F. Holland, and Gary R. Kremer. Stephens, who edited a Santa Fe Trail diary by Alphonso Wetmore, enjoyed distinguished teaching and administrative careers at the University of Missouri-Columbia. William G. Bek, who taught at the University of North Dakota, translated Eduard Zimmermann's 1838 Missouri travel account and contributed other significant items on Germans in Missouri to the Review. At the time Donald H. Welsh's edited version of Martha Woods's account of Missouri in 1857 appeared in the Review, he was an assistant editor of the journal. He later taught history at Valley City State College in North Dakota. When Vivian McLarty edited Bazel F. Lazear's Civil War letters, like Welsh, she also was a member of the State Historical Society's editorial staff, serving as copy editor of the Review. She was later on the staff of the State Historical Society of Iowa. Antonio F. Holland and Gary R. Kremer both taught at Lincoln University when they co-edited the address by Richard B. Foster on African American education in Reconstruction Missouri. Holland still teaches at Lincoln, while Kremer is now a professor of history at William Woods University, Fulton. The edito­ rial staff has incorporated corrections and punctuation, plus included first names in brackets where appropriate. These first-person experiences offer a variety of perspectives on social and political conditions in nineteenth-century Missouri and the West. James W. Goodrich Editor 353 Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis

Major Alphonso Wetmore's Diary of a Journey to Santa Fe, 1828

INTRODUCTION BY F. E STEPHENS*

Alphonso Wetmore,1 like several other of our noteworthy early settlers, first became interested in the Territory of Missouri as an official of the National Government, and when he later resigned his office he remained in the new State and became one of its influential citizens. Born in 1793, he was not yet twenty years of age when the second war with England commenced. He entered the national service at that time and lost his right arm in one of the northern frontier campaigns. He was retained in the service of the United States Army, however, after the war, and was sta­ tioned in the Territory of Missouri, being paymaster in the Sixth Regiment,

*F. F. Stephens (1878-1966) was a University of Missouri faculty member from 1907 to 1948. He served as a professor of history and, from 1941 to 1948, as dean of students in the College of Arts and Science. Stephens received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Pennsylvania. This article first appeared in the Missouri Historical Review in July 1914. 1 For notes on the life of Wetmore, see the following: F. L. Billon, Annals of St. Louis, 1804-1821, p. 96; A. Wetmore, Gazetteer of Missouri, preface; Missouri Statesman, June 22, 1849 (gives obituary notice); J. T. Scharf, History of St. Louis, Vol. II, p. 1615; R. G. Thwaites Early Western Travels, Vol. XXVI, p. 31. 354 Major Alphonso Wetmore's Diary 355

United States Infantry. After leaving the army service some years later, he settled on the extreme frontier, in the Boone's Lick country, where he became a merchant, lawyer, and author. He was one of the original trustees of New Franklin when it was incorporated in 1833, (the former town of Franklin hav­ ing been destroyed by the Missouri river.) Soon after 1833, he seems to have moved to St. Louis, where in 1837 he compiled and published the first Gazetteer of Missouri. For the next twelve years, Wetmore was engaged in the practice of law, and in writing for vari­ ous periodicals. In the summer of 1849, a terrible visitation of the cholera spread over the Mississippi Valley, and claimed Wetmore as one of its vic­ tims, June 13, 1849. It was when Franklin was the starting point for the "inland trade," and while Major Wetmore was one of its residents, that he became interested in the Santa Fe overland commerce. Various communications from his pen, in regard to the traffic, written either directly for the press or sent to prominent officials from whom it found its way into the papers, appeared from time to time in the Missouri Intelligencer, the famous Boone's Lick country pioneer newspaper. The following history of the trade, however, was written in response to an inquiry from Lewis Cass, Secretary of War in President [Andrew] Jackson's cabinet, and together with the "Diary," appeared as a part of Senate Document 90, 22nd Congress, First Session. The Missouri Legislature petitioned Congress with more or less regular­ ity for nearly twenty years for aid in carrying on the Santa Fe trade, and par­ ticularly for a rebate on foreign goods imported into the United States before being exported to New Mexico. Occasionally one branch or the other of Congress became interested enough to ask the President for more informa­ tion as to the trade. In this instance, Secretary Cass was collecting informa­ tion in response to a resolution of the Senate.

LETTER AND DIARY

FRANKLIN, MISSOURI, OCTOBER 11, 1831 Sir: In reply to the queries transmitted under cover of your letter of the 9th ultimo, I have the honor to submit the following history of our trade to Mexico. Early in the summer of 1821, several citizens of Boonlick made a small outfit at this place, and departed with the avowed purpose of visiting the set­ tlements of New Mexico. The enterprise was at the time, deemed one of infi­ nite peril; and the pecuniary venture was accordingly limited in amount; and the articles of merchandise comprised in it, were suited either to Mexican or Indian taste. In the event of failure to reach the point of destination, it was a part of the plan of the adventurous party to remunerate themselves with the capture of wild horses, or, in the manly and animating sport of the buffalo 356 Missouri Historical Review

chase; they returned the same season. In the spring of 1822, an increased number of adventurers packed on mules a small amount of merchandise (val­ ued at $3,000) at this place, with the purpose of making a farther experiment in the Santa Fe trade. In pursuing the route, in their judgment the most direct, they fell upon a sandy desert beyond the Arkansas, where they suffered infi­ nitely from thirst, for more than forty hours. They continued their route and were remunerated for their toil and perils with a profit of about two thousand per cent. Encouraged by this essay, in 1823, the trade assumed a more set­ tled and regular character. An additional number of respectable citizens, with increased capital, engaged in it, and wagons were employed this year, for the first time, in the transportation of merchandise. This company, too, suffered extremely in the passage of the great Jornada, or day's journey, from one watering place to another, beyond the Arkansas river. A safer route across the sands has been since traced out, and is now pursued with little or no inconvenience. The experiment of this year, gave encouragement for an increase of the trade, which has been progressive ever since; and its importance induced Congress to appropriate $30,000 for laying out and making the route. This task had been previously performed by the traders themselves; and no advantage was derived from the expenditure of the money in the summer of 1824. The pro­ tection subsequently afforded in 1829 by the troops, is matter of record in the War Department. The whole number of lives lost in the Mexican trade up to this year, is eight souls, to which we may add two of the fur traders, who fell on or near the trace, while the caravan of this year, which has just arrived, was returning. In 1827, the robberies on the Santa Fe trace amounted to 130 head of stock; and, in 1828, the loss was estimated at 825 head of animals of all kinds. Since that year, the losses have been so inconsiderable, that no mention is made of the particulars. The Camanches [sic] and Panis [Pawnees] are chargeable with these frays. In 1821, the caravan consisted of 21 men, and their merchandise was valued at $3,000. The caravan of last spring numbered 260 men, with 135 wagons, and merchandise to the amount of $270,000. Autumn is not the most favorable season for going through the unsettled tract of country of 800 miles, although it has been several times successfully attempted. A small company went out this fall. The dangers that are encountered in this trade, consist in the hostile operations against the caravans, of the Panis, Chians [Cheyennes], Comanches, Kiawas and Arrapaho [sic] Indians, all of whom hunt in and claim the country through which the Mexican road leads. The Blackfeet Indians have this year, for the first time, made their appearance in great force on the trace. To insure the safety of the caravans it is the custom of the traders, on reaching the rendezvous on the western boundary of Missouri, to elect a car­ avan bachi, and other officers, who are invested with such authority as may Major Alphonso Wetmore's Diary 357 be voluntarily conceded from day to day, or such as they may have the address to enforce. This is greater or less, as the dangers increase or dimin­ ish. When on the march, as night approaches, the wagons are thrown into a square, and made to resemble, with much aid of the imagination, a camp for­ tified by the Roman legions. Guards are always set, and these watch or sleep, as their interest or love of repose may predominate. The capital employed in the trade this year, is about three hundred thousand dollars. The outfits con­ sists [sic] of wagons, mule and ox teams. The arms carried, are generally rifles and pistols, with a light piece of artillery to each caravan. A small sup­ ply of provisions is laid in to subsist the company until they reach the buffa­ lo country, where an abundance is always procured by hunting during the march. The returns consist of bullion, Mexican dollars, fine gold, beaver, and horses, mules, and asses. One hundred packs of beaver are embraced in this year's return. The time of departure from the rendezvous on our border, is settled at or about the middle of May, when the prairie grass is sufficiently advanced to forage the teams, and the return caravans reach the same point from the 1st to the 10th of October. The time employed in going, in effect­ ing sales, and in returning, is less than five months. Those traders who bring their operations within the compass of one sea­ son, never penetrate the settlements more than one hundred miles, visiting the towns of Santa Fe and Toas [sic], and some small Pueblos, and Banchos, on Rio Del Norte. Those who remain in the country, extend their operations throughout the State of Senora and as far south as some of the most consid­ erable towns of the State of Chihuahua, (Chiquaqua,) including the city of that name.

State Historical Society of Missouri 358 Missouri Historical Review

When any of these traders may have completed their sales at a season unfavorable for their return by the interior routes, they proceed to the port of Brazos Santiago, near the mouth of Rio del Norte, or Rio Grand, (as it is there called) and return to the United States in one of the New Orleans packets. They likewise travel home through Texas. Thus it is the practice to perform the whole route from Franklin, in Missouri, with wagons, and the same mule team, to the gulf of Mexico, a distance by the coach road of three thousand miles. There is a good coach road from Santa Fe through El Pasos, Chihuahua, El Bayo, Mapomis, Paras, Saltillio, and Monteroy, to Matamoras, the business town for the port of Brazos Santiago. It will be per­ ceived that there is some connection subsisting between the Mexican (interi­ or) and the fur trade. American mountain companies are annually fitted out at Santa Fe, and at Toas, after the arrival of the caravans at these towns; and our traders take into account this branch of business in laying in their goods. In responding to the inquiry "what are the facilities or impediments offered by the Mexican Government," we are led to the most interesting point to which this communication tends. There are no facilities afforded the mer­ chants of the United States who trade to Mexico by the interior route. But great impediments have been always thrown in the way of this class of our citizens, who have, by their risks and daring enterprise, deserved much indul­ gence. The Mexican Government has always given a preference, strongly marked, to their own merchants. This cannot be objected to. But facilities are afforded to the merchants of Great Britain and France, that are denied to those of the United States. The most grievous exactions have been imposed on our merchants latterly in the form of a per diem tax, for keeping open retailing shops; and an arrival duty of ten dollars on each cargo, or mule load of merchandise, has been collected. State and federal enactments have some­ times conflicted, and these have tended to enhance the impositions. The suggestion for a remedy for these evils cannot, I presume, with pro­ priety, come within the compass of this communication. But, the merchants of the United States, trading to Mexico, by the interior, if allowed the advan­ tage of debenture, will, on entering the market, be placed on an equal footing with those of all nations trading through the sea ports. With this change the interior trade would assume an importance, which it has never claimed; and it would, probably, advance to several millions per annum. It might then be extended as far south as the city of Durango. A heavy duty is now collected in our ports on many of the leading arti­ cles of the Mexican trade, to which the Mexican duty is added before the goods are offered in market. The articles of foreign manufacture chiefly in demand, and which are not contraband, in the states of Chihuahua, and Senora, and province of New Mexico, are French calico and cotton shawls, English calico, brown and bleached cotton shirtings, and cotton hose, India black silk handkerchiefs, and German linens. If it is in contemplation to do Major Alphonso Wetmore's Diary 359

State Historical Society of Missouri

A Santa Fe Street Scene anything for this trade, it is only necessary to allow drawback on all mer­ chandise imported into the United States for the Mexican market, and actu­ ally exported by the interior, and our caravans will be strong enough for self defence. With all the disadvantages which have been encountered, this trade has continued to increase steadily for a period of nine years, and the circulating medium of Missouri now consists principally of Mexican dollars. Many of our citizens are profitably engaged in the trade; horses, mules, and oxen, are employed in carrying it on; the farmers and mechanics derive advantage from the outfits, and our whole community is benefitted by this interesting traffic. It has been remarked that the Government of Mexico evinces an unfriendly disposition towards the citizens of this country engaged in the trade; yet, in the personal intercourse I have had with the Mexicans in their own country, I find nothing to justify a belief that they entertain any but the most friendly, if not kindred feelings, for their republican friends of the north. The commercial regulations of which we have a right to complain, have been always effected by the deep laid schemes of the English merchants res­ ident in that country. They, too, may have retarded the negotiation of our commercial treaty with Mexico, and its ratification by that Government. The unsettled state of the Mexican Government gives encouragement, and insures success to the machinations of crafty men, who, perhaps, address themselves, on some occasions, to irresponsible and corrupt officers. The accompanying letter from a respectable merchant in Chihuahua is 360 Missouri Historical Review

offered for the information of the War Department; but it would, perhaps, be impolitic to publish its contents. With the existence of the kind feelings which the people and the Government of this country entertain towards the Mexicans, there can be no occasion for a hint, which, at this moment, occurs to me, but adopting the doctrine which may be applicable, if our just expectations are not realized, that "whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth," it may not be amiss to observe, that a field or battering train would encounter little or no obstruction between the place where I write and the city of Mexico. The provisional government of New Mexico has sometimes facilitated the operations of our traders; and, in 1829, furnished the return caravan with an escort commanded by Colonel Biscarara, a very distinguished officer of the Mexican army. The following extract from a diary which I kept while traveling from Missouri to New Mexico, may not be inappropriate, and it is accordingly offered for your perusal. In the memoranda made while pursuing my route from Santa Fe to the mouth of the Rio Grande, I find nothing that relates to the subjects embraced in your inquiries, which I have not already noted or alluded to, and the extracts, therefore, end on reaching the former place.

DIARY May 28, 1828. Reached the Blue Spring, the rendezvous of the Mexican traders, in season to attend to the election of officers; ourself elected captain of the host. "There may be some honor in it," as the deacon remarked on his own promotion, "but not much profit." 29th. In preparation for departure, inspection of arms, fixing ammunition. 30th. The caravan moved at 7 o'clock, a. m. made 16 miles, and encamped early. Formed our wagons into an oblong square, and set a horse guard. 31st. Made ten miles at noon, halt­ ed, and prepared for the approaching storm; after dinner, the rain com­ menced, and continued until sunset. June 1. (Sunday), a tempest just as we were ready to set forward, the mules disengaged from the wagons in haste, and double reefs taken in the wagon covers. All hands employed in detaining the mules, who are disposed to take leave of nos amigos. At 9 o'clock under way, reached the 'Big Blue,' all our spades in requisition to make the descent into the river practicable; the wagons eased down the bank by 20 men at a trail rope; encamped in the prairie beyond the river; met here two bee hunters; one of our hunters brought in a deer in the red, and lean of course; one prairie fly discovered today, alarming; my Mexican servant furnished with a gun, proud as Franklin was with his whistle. This character is today mounted on the verbatim copy of old Rosinante, caparisoned in character. June 2. Set off early, and marched 14 miles, and encamped at the Round Grove. 3d. Our route today lies over a fine prairie country, timber at a distance Major Alphonso Wetmore's Diary 361 on our right, and a little on our left; encamped at 20 miles distance from last night's camp, at a point of timber opposite Bel Mont. Found today a swarm of bees in our path. 4th. Moving smoothly forward, met an Indian moccasin track; en­ camped at a little grove on the left of the trace. Made 18 miles. 5th. The road today fine and the country beautiful; nothing wanting but timber; two irregular hills on our right, passed over corn hill, encamped on the right of the trace, one mile from timber. March of the day estimated at 18 miles. 6th. At 5 miles reached Elk creek, where we discovered the corpse of a wagon which had been left by the preceding caravan. O Temperance! O Ditch Water! Crossed Mari De Signe. Made 16 miles. 7th. At ten o'clock reached Rock creek, 8 miles; ate strawberries and caught fish; crossed two other small creeks, and, at 6 o'clock, encamped, after completing 18 miles. 8th. (Sunday). Passed three or four rocky fords, and over a thin rocky soil; rolling ground; took our siesta at an old Indian camp; picked up a soft- shelled turtle; saw fresh Indian signs. Made 18 miles. 9th. At 2 o'clock, a. m., thunder, lightning, and rain; in motion at ten o'clock; and at six miles arrested by high water. This, and the last stream, fell into the Arkansas river. Ate this morning bacon and goose eggs, and at noon turtle soup. Not an alderman present! ! ! 10th. Still waiting for the fall of the small water course in our route. 11th. The small streams are down this morning, and we are in motion at the usual hour. Road muddy; reached Council Grove; the creek Ni Osho [Neosho] too high to ford. Made 8 miles. 12th. Detained by high water; one mess breakfasting on ham and eggs, another dining on alderman soup; met here a return caravan. 13th. Made a bridge to the water edge and crossed the wagons in sea­ son to encamp before the storm; rain in the evening, and at midnight a thun­ der gust. 14th. Rain continues, which detains us until the middle of the day. Made only six miles, and encamped in time to reef wagon cover before a Noah-like tempest descended. 15th. Under way at 8 o'clock; made eight grievous miles, and encamped early at Diamond Spring; a mutinous disposition repressed by bandit logic. 16th. With infinite labor, through mud, we reached 8 miles, and slept in the prairie at a spring; no fuel. 17th. In four hours' march made only 8 miles; found weeds and brush sufficient to boil coffee. Our route today is over a roundabout (Irish) cutoff; encamped after marching 14 miles; not a tree in view; enough fuel procured to dress our suppers. These scanty gleanings consist of sumack brush. While 362 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri suffering with extreme thirst, about the middle of today, one of the party dis­ covered a spring, the water of which bubbled through white sands, at the head of a prairie ravine. 18th. Made a prairie bridge, and marched 12 miles, to Cotton Wood grove. 19th. After having proceeded 10 miles, halted at a place where there are "ferruginous appearances;" our mules found salt here on the surface of the earth. The antelope is a subject of speculation this morning, and one of our hunters has been occupied in decoying, with a flag, one of these nimble-foot­ ed animals. He likewise attempted this ruse de guerre to draw a wolf within reach of his rifle: a piece of flesh on the end of his gun-stick would have been more effectual. We find buffalo grass today; and fresh traces of buffalo remind us of the approaching marrow-bone feasts that are to change the monotony of our meals. No fuel; made 18 miles. 20th. Our route today is over a fine tract of table-land; passed several branches of Turkey creek, which runs into the Arkansas; saw one wild horse and a few antelope; encamped at a little creek; without fuel; two men lost; fired a gun, and, late at night, they reached camp. This day's march extend­ ed 20 miles. 21st. A little before daylight, the mules made an abortive attempt to raise a stampido; half an hour later an alarm was created by a shot from one of the sentinels, and the cry of Indians, aroused the whole camp. Killed and wounded, blank; alarmed, none. 22d. At 5 o'clock, a. m., after moving quietly forward three hours and a half, a team in rear of the caravan took fright, and, in an instant, more than twenty were coursing over the prairie with Olympic speed. Dined at twelve Major Alphonso Wetmore's Diary 363 miles, and dressed our first meal over a fire made of dry buffalo ordure; marched six miles further, and encamped on the branch of Little Arkansas. An Irish sentinel of the horse guard, about 10 o'clock, mistook one of the company for an Indian; he fired, and then challenged. Several fish caught this evening. 23d. At six o'clock commenced a bridge, and completed it at ten. Several fine fish caught this morning; crossed, and put the caravan in motion at 2 o'clock. The road lies over a less fertile country than that which we have passed; a hot wind from the sand hills to the south, and on our left. The ground here, in many places, covered with salt; made 12 miles, and encamped at a branch of Cow creek; timber on its banks. 24th. Dined at a difficult crossing of another branch of Cow creek, which we passed after an interesting entertainment of a wagon race. It is one of the foibles of mule teams that, after they have travelled four or five hun­ dred miles, and when it is supposed they are about to tire, to take fright from a profile view of their shadows, and run like the antelope of these plains. After marching 13 miles, reached the main branch of Cow creek, which is barely fordable. Bridged the crossing. 25th. Finished crossing at 10 o'clock; a good supply of fish caught last night, and this morning. Reached the Arkansas at 4 o'clock, encamped and replenished our shot pouches. "Keep your eyes skinned now," said the old trapper. We are now entering upon the most dangerous section of the trace, the war ground of the Panis, Osages and Kansas. This is likewise a fine buf­ falo country, but we have no hump! no marrow bones! and no tongues, except our own parts of speech. Our hunters have brought in an antelope. We have observed in the prairie, during the last six days, the sensitive plant, or, as our Englishman says, "the plant to try maids with." One of our hunters has filled the camp with "smiles" and buffalo meat: the first two buffaloes which we discovered are slain. Netty Bumpo himself would have granted an approv­ ing grin on such a hunt. 26th. Our route today lies up the left bank of the Arkansas river. Saw a hare, larger than the English animal of that name. We have bigger thunder here, too. Passed through several prairie-dog villages. Our hunters saw thir­ ty buffalo, and selected two. Made 20 miles. We find the Walnut creek swimming. 27th. A fish resembling a shad caught this morning. Waiting for the high water to recede. 28th. Discovered a shallow ford, and crossed. The prairie on our right and left, and in front, speckled with buffalo. Encamped early near the Arkansas. Our hunters give tongue and hump meat: this our old trapper calls "strong" buffalo signs, and the old Englishman was heard to mutter some­ thing about one Sir Loin, whom he had seen once or twice in Cumberland. A strong gale of wind at nightfall. Made six miles today. 364 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri

On June 26, Alphonso Wetmore recorded in his diary the sighting of prairie dog vil­ lages. 29th. Fine short grass prairie; buffalo in immense herds on all sides; selected several fat ones, and encamped, after a march of 19 miles. 30th. At 8 miles, reached the Pani fork of the Arkansas, cut down and bridged the muddy banks, and passed over in a thundergust. July 1st. Half the day spent in drying, and bringing up arrears of meals. Our route continued over a beautiful inclined plain 15 miles. During this day's march, the caravan bachi shot his own mule through the head in a buf­ falo chase. Stearne's lament over the dead ass repeated. 2d. Saw two small herds of wild horses; hunters killed five buffalo. Our road lies over a fine buffalo grass plain until noon, when we enter a rolling prairie country. Twenty-one miles today. 3d. Our march today is through a plain and rolling prairie, surrounded with buffalo. A herd of these attempted to break through our column of teams. "It will take a smart skrimmage and a sprinkle of shots," said the old trapper, "to turn them aside," and the leader fell at the flash of his rifle. Marched 20 miles, and encamped without timber—our supper dressed as usual, over buffalo fuel. 4th. Continued our march over the finest natural road in the world, along the left bank of the Arkansas, 18 miles, to Anderson's caches. Saw here the grave of a white man and a broken swivel; two miles farther reached the ford of the river. Encamped. 5th. This day employed in preparation for passing the deep ford. Major Alphonso Wetmore's Diary 365

6th. Doubled teams, and passed the river. Here we take in water for three days' march. 7th. At 4 p. m. we entered Jornada. After passing the sand hills, a few buffalo were discovered, which is an indication of water, and at 5 and 7 miles, ponds were discovered; at the last we encamped for the night. 8th. We have found water at 3, 4, and 12 miles; all apprehensions are at rest. Wild horses have approached within four miles of our line of march. Made 22 miles, and encamped without water. 9th. Three miles from camp, on the trace, we observed water; sixteen miles further on several ponds of water were discovered, which had been indicated as we were approached by herds of buffalo and swarms of mosqui­ toes. Encamped, after a march of 19 miles. 10th. Water in abundance along the trace today. At the pool where we dined, a buffalo approached within gunshot, and was slain. This day's march is estimated at 22 miles. 11th. Our course today was parallel with the Semiron [Cimarron]. Crossed Sandy creek, and, at 14 miles, halted. The Semiron here presents a fine view of water, and 8 miles further up, at our camp, not a drop of water appears in the channel. Our course from the Arkansas to the Semiron is gen­ erally southwest; along the left bank of the latter, it lies almost due—west. 12th. At 12 o'clock reached water. In the afternoon our course changed to south-southwest; about sunset a hill ahead and buffalo in view: both these indicate water. At 7 o'clock encamped at a small pond, after completing 22 miles. 13th. At 8 miles reached the Semiron, changed our course up the stream two miles, and dined at a spring which waters a small piece or parcel of tier- ra calicante. In the evening, proceeded up the stream 8 miles: the earth whitened with salt and saltpetre; thunder and wind; the earth thirsting, but not a drink obtained from the clouds. This day's march 18 miles. 14th. Advanced 11 miles up the left bank of the Semiron, and dined. In the evening marched 10 miles, crossing and recrossing the river. Saw two wild horses. Course southwest in the forenoon, and south-southwest in the evening. 21 miles, a stampido at night, with wind and rain. 15th. At 7 miles, reached the Willows, a noted land mark, and at the same time obtained a view of the Sugarloaf mound; the two middle mounds, and the table mound, all above and near the upper Semiron spring. At 12 o'clock, encountered an Indian and squaw of the Kiawa nation. Several teams tired; the road good, but the saltpetre along the river bottom weakens our animals. This might be avoided by keeping out on the plains. Only 17 miles today. 16th. Crossed and filed off from the Semiron, and at 10 miles reached the upper Semiron spring, at the base of a very abrupt rocky hill, on the sum­ mit of which is a cross standing over the bones of two white men, who were 366 Missouri Historical Review

slain while asleep by the gallant, high-minded, persecuted, gentlemen Indians. Saw here the first timber in nine days' march. 17th. At 7 miles a creek; cedars in abundance on the neighboring cliffs; marched 8 miles farther, and encamped at water, in a drain: 15 miles. 18th. After two hours' march, discovered the Rabbit Ears, two high iso­ lated mountains which rise above the plain; since we crossed the Arkansas, the soil is miserably poor; marched 10 miles over hilly ground. In the evening, our road lies up an inclined plain, toward the Rock Mountains; seven miles to our camp, on the bank of a muddy pool, around which one hundred and sixty mules are pressing; a puddle is reserved for ourselves, which is deemed a luxury, after having drank unto pickling the salt waters of the Semiron; our long-eared stoics opened their honks half an hour before we halted, inviting this humane measure. The chapter of untoward events today, are, the resignation, in disgust, of a guard sergeant, and a gun-broken head of a driver, who held a seditious rein of ill-governed ass colts: at 17 miles we halted, without timber. 19th. The road this morning over rolling ground six miles, to a dry creek; thence up the bed of the creek to a rocky basin of water; the videttes ahead. In the evening discovered three Kiawa Indians, who were at war with a buffalo bull; they hid themselves in cliff of a rock; when they came forth, they uttered all the Spanish they were masters of, bellowing lustily amigo! amigo! friend! friend! This day's march estimated at fifteen miles. 20th. The road today hilly until noon; in the evening over a plane; passed an excellent spring, and a small creek, IM Madre Loma, (Mother hill),

State Historical Society of Missouri Major Alphonso Wetmore's Diary 367 in our view. Yesterday morning after we encamped, a small party of red gen­ tlemen called on us; smoked, ate, drank, and slept with us; one of them, at the first setting, drank nine pints of water; he was probably a secretary of some cold water conventicle. The chief of this little band claimed the honor for them of being Kiawas. Through the medium of the Pani language, we learned that they had been on a gentleman-like horse stealing expedition against the Chians, in which they were at first successful, but when they believed that had escaped with their booty, the Chians were down upon them, and retook the cavalry and a few scalps. They had walked at double quick step for the last two or three days; finding themselves at ease and secure in our camp, they 'slept fast.' Our march of the day was 15 miles. 21st. This morning, we parted with our guests, with mutual expressions of esteem and good will; our old trapper told them that when he returned their visit, he would leave his card, meaning a ball cartridge. The soil today is improving as we advance. Saw wild horses, deer, and antelope; encamped four miles short of the Round Mound; 15 miles. 22d. Sent a party of 8 men ahead today to make arrangements for pay­ ment of duties; the supposed distance from Toas, the nearest settlement, is one hundred miles. This evening our road is fine, and lies over a plane, on all sides of which, detached mountains render the scenery extremely pic­ turesque; a few wild horses in view; the buffalo have been banished their usual range in these plains, by the droughth of the seasons. Recent rains have afforded us a supply; and in the deep rocky branch near where we are tonight encamped, there is really a deficiency. Our mules, during the last few days, have been thriving. 23d. Reached this morning the summit of the ridge which divides the waters of the Semiron and Canadian branch of the Arkansas. From this point, we have a view of a spar of the Rocky Mountains; we observe, likewise, Cievas las Gallinas, (Chicken Hills,) which are situated not far from St. Magill. The atmosphere on this mountain region is so clear that we can, with the naked eye, take in incalculable distances; a hill that may seem within an hour's ride, proves to be ten leagues from us. 24th. After four hours' march, we find ourselves at the Point of Rocks. We were today gratified with a full view of the Rocky Mountains ranging along to the right. When our Mexican, from a hill top, caught a distant view of the mountain, he lept for joy, discharged his carabine, and exclaimed, "La luz de mis ojos, mi casa, mi alma:" light of my eyes, my house, my love. Such emotions as these, we call, in Spanish, amor de la patria. Marched 17 miles. 25th. In the morning entertained with mule races by several teams; crossed the Canadian branch of the Arkansas; encamped after a march of 15 miles. 368 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri

26th. Still encamped at the ford of Canadian river; the base of the Rocky Mountains appeared to us not more than six leagues distant; the mountain tops are covered with snow. This evening when threatened with a famine, or a mule feast, two black specks appeared far off, up the ravine leading to the mountains: these were buffalo, and they cost us only two ball cartridges. 27th. Marched today twenty-five miles, and encamped at the Pilot Knobs. The only occurrence worthy of note, is a sample of sharpshooting by Maj. Nimrod; he attempted to create a wild mule, and shot him somewhere about the hips. 28th. Timber to the right and left, not far off; the soil sufficiently fertile for growing small grain. Our mules have been recently much benefited by the gramme grass, the best pasturage between the Atlantic and Pacific ocean. A heavy shower of rain fell on us as we were about to renew our afternoon march; before we halted for the night, another shower; and, about 9 o'clock, a rain far hung over the hills on our right; the moon was up; encamped near a grove of pines, after completing 20 miles. 29th. At dawn of day the whole caravan of merchants and muleteers resolved themselves into a committee of tar makers, and long before night every tar bucket was filled. Ourself here "bruised a serpent's head;" the snake measured 5 feet 3 inches in length, and one of the tar kill operators killed his brother or cousin, which measured 5 feet 4 inches, inclusive of rat­ tles. This last had swallowed a prairie dog of mature age and full grown. 30th. Resumed our march, and crossed el Mow and el Sapiote. Timber in all the streams of this region of country. Major Alphonso Wetmore's Diary 369

31st. Waiting the return of our advance party. The Mexicans spinning rope yarn out of the foretops of buffalo. August 1st. The caravan in motion at the usual time; at one mile from camp, "a horse loose in a cane brake," said the old trapper; turned around and saw twenty teams in full career; the mules had rested one day, and grateful for the indulgence, volunteered this entertainment. About noon saw a party of horsemen on the trace ahead; they were our advance party, with several Mexicans. Continued our march, and encamped at Rio las Gallinas. 2d. Left the caravan, which was within a day's march of San Magill, the first Mexican settlement through which the wagon road passes. A guide pro­ posed to lead the light party which I had joined, by a direct route, in one day to Santa Fe; he did so, but over Alps and Appenines. Before we reached the summit of the mountain, in mercy to our mules, we were constrained to dis­ mount. All marvellous, and some scientific, travellers write, "that, on ascending the summit of cloud ridden mountains, they feel great difficulty in respiration, on account of a change in the atmosphere;" never bearing in mind that their impatience to reach the end of the journey, imposes on their lungs the double duty of a blacksmith's bellows. End of extracts from the diary.

In expressing an opinion that the caravans are competent to self-defense, I have perhaps adopted the impression that prevails among men, with arms in their hands, and impelled by that fearless spirit which animates the people of this country. But the loss of several valuable lives in this trade has occurred; and this evil may be extended, if the Blackfeet Indians and the Chians continue to infest the route of the traders. These tribes are numerous, warlike, and extremely hostile. Perhaps the War Department may suggest some mode of military protection to this trade, which will meet with the approbation of Congress, so as to prevent a recurrence of the disasters of 1820. [Should be 1828—Ed.] In the autumn of that year, the largest return caravan was repeatedly attacked, and two lives lost. A smaller company, which returned late in the fall, was defeated, with the loss of one man, all their horses and mules; and they were to a precipitate flight in the night, lighted on the way by the blaze of their wagons. Toiling under the grievous weight of their money packs, feeding on the herbage of the prairies, they marched in this manner more than three hundred miles to our frontier settlements. The larger company was strong enough, and so prudent as to escape defeat, although two of their number were slain. One of these, with only the faint flickerings of life remaining, was borne along, with great care, two days' march; and when at length the caravan halted in the wilderness, to per­ form for him the last sacred office, the enemy appeared. A band of the same 370 Missouri Historical Review nation which had enacted the mischief, approached with friendly indications. The grief and indignation which were mingled, and strongly operating at the grave of their companion, rendered abortive all the conciliatory efforts of the commander of the caravan: not from the pipe of peace, but from fifty rifles, a volume of smoke arose. The bloody reprisal was complete; and when the traveller subsequently passed that way, he saw the wolf of the prairie

"Gorging and growling o'er carcass and limb; They were too busy to bark at him; From a Panis' scull they had stripped the flesh, As ye peel the fig when the fruit is fresh; And their white tusks cranched o'er the whiter scull As it slipped through their jaws, when their edge grew dull, As they lazily mumbled the bones of the dead, When they scarce could rise from the spot where they fed."

Permit me to conclude this communication, which, perhaps, has been already extended beyond endurance, with the description of a surgical oper­ ation that was performed on the plains beyond the Arkansas. One of the traders had a dangerous gun-shot wound in the arm; he was reduced to the alternative of death or amputation. The last was attempted, with such instru­ ments as could be found in the camp. The operation was performed by one of the hunters of the company, who had attained some celebrity in cutting out hump meat. A small cord twisted around the limb was the tourquet; the cutis was separated from the muscles by the application of the sharpest butcher's knife in camp. The muscles were divided, and the bone was cut asunder with a carpenter's saw. It was not deemed necessary to take up the arteries, and a large wagon bolt was heated, with which the stump was seared so effectual­ ly as to prevent hemorrhage. The whole operation was concluded by the application of a dressing from the nearest tar bucket. Not a groan nor a sigh was uttered during the operation, and the patient recovered. This is a lively picture of the shifts to which human ingenuity is some­ times driven; and the fortitude evinced by the sufferer in this case, is a trait of character belonging to the pioneers of the perilous commerce. I am, very respectfully, Sir, your obedient servant, ALPHONSO WETMORE HON. LEWIS CASS Secretary of War State Historical Society of Missouri

A View of St. Louis in the Early 1840s

Travel into Missouri in October, 1838

BY EDUARD ZIMMERMANN*

From among a number of old letters and diaries of some of the German settlers in Missouri the following account of a foot-tour extending about eighty miles into the state is described. The writer was a German, Eduard Zimmermann, who had recently come from Europe. The angle at which he views American conditions is not wholly without interest. This being the time when the great influx of Germans began in Missouri, this man's account doubtless was read with the keenest interest by his friends at home. The translation reads as follows: "On the twelfth of October, I left my stopping place, which is a few miles east of the Mississippi river in the state of Illinois, in order to go to St. Louis. In company with a friend who had but recently come from Germany, I intend to spend a few weeks in wandering through at least a part of the new promised land of the state of Missouri. We reached the Father of Waters at sunset, just in time to take a steamboat to the Missouri side. From sunrise to sunset the ferry boats do not run because of various dangers.

* William G. Bek (1873-1948), a professor at the University of Missouri, 1907-1911, and then a professor of German and dean of the College of Science, Literature, and Arts at the University of North Dakota, translated this letter by Eduard Zimmermann. The article first appeared in the Missouri Historical Review in October 1914. 371 372 Missouri Historical Review

Previously I had seen St. Louis only during the hottest time of the year. How striking then was the difference between that season and this! Now activity and joyousness was seen on every hand. During my other visit all the shops were closed and empty, the streets forsaken and the places of amusement dead. Cholera and bilious fever raged as for a wager, and the hearse alone was constantly on the go. Sickness, death, burial, these were the themes of all conversation. Precautions and medical directions the sole objects of reflection and thought. How entirely different it was now. The streets were lively, the coffee houses and other places of entertainment were filled with people, the most care-free enjoyment of life had taken the place of deathly anxiety and precaution. St. Louis is after all a second New Orleans, in spite of [Gottfried] Duden's statement to the contrary. This is the place where the inestimable quantities of produce from the entire Missouri Valley and of the upper Mississippi Valley accumulate in order to find a good and speedy market on the Gulf of Mexico. Here is also the gathering place of men and merchan­ dise coming from the Ohio River and the eastern states. The extra distance from the mouth of the Ohio is wholly disregarded because here the shippers and the travelers are certain of finding opportunities of rapid transportation to the mouth of the Mississippi, regardless of the stand of the water. Trade and commerce flourish more and more and will be brought to a still higher degree of efficiency when the proposed waterways through the state of Illinois are completed. Settlers from all the states of North America come here, and the still greater mass of European immigrants arrive here from New Orleans, from the seaports of the Atlantic, from New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, to pour themselves into the fertile plains of Illinois, into the much- praised Missouri, into the recently opened state of Arkansas, even into southern Texas, where not only the beauties of nature but the exceptionally alluring material inducements attract the agriculturists. St. Louis numbers at present scarcely more than ten thousand inhabi­ tants, and yet it surpasses in the varied mixture of its population, in the great number of strangers within its midst and in its geographic significance and interest every city of its size in the old and the new world. Beside the many descendants of genuine Indian blood, a large part of the population consists of Frenchmen, Germans and Spaniards. The descendants of the Britons, of course, constitute the majority. Several thousand negro slaves and free col­ ored people live here, and if on Sunday the devout are at their churches, and the care-free inhabitants have been lured to the country, then one might eas­ ily imagine himself to be walking on the streets of some city in San Domingo. Only black faces are then seen on the streets, only gaudily dressed groups of colored children play before the houses. In the larger hotels and the 'entertainments' the haggard American gentlemen sit around the hearth in Travel into Missouri, 1838 373 a semicircle, showing an almost Indian-like apathy, their legs crossed, rock­ ing themselves and chewing tobacco, (a custom which in the interior of America is by no means regarded as improper). The Frenchman with light­ ed cigar hops around the billiard table in the coffee house and wastes more breath in a minute than an American does in an entire day. The easy-going German, too, finds his place of entertainment, where the beverages are toler­ able and the stay homelike and pleasant, and there amid the smoke of the pipes and the clinking of glasses a German song and the sound of musical instruments are heard. Since the distribution of Duden's book St. Louis has become the main goal and gathering place, especially of the German immigrants. Those who live here or in the neighborhood are well informed regarding the affairs in Germany, and often times know more than their friends at home, because the newspapers are not subjected to censorship. St. Louis has grown rapidly during recent years. This growth is hastened by the discovery of near-by lead mines, by the rapidly growing population in the interior of Missouri, and especially by the rapidly increasing Illinois town on the opposite bank of the river. One of the main branches of trade in the city is the fur trade which is car­ ried on by a company of specially privileged private citizens who have one of their main depots here. These special privileges consist, as far as I have been able to ascertain, in this, that other private individuals are not permitted to trade with the Indians for certain definite articles, especially firearms and tomahawks. These articles may be sold only by the company. The sale of intoxicating liquors is forbidden by the United States even to the fur compa­ nies, in order to prevent certain avaricious white persons from deriving exor­ bitant profits from this sort of trade. The enormous basin of the Missouri river which is visited annually by hired hunters who work for the fur compa­ nies (among whom there are many Germans but still more French adventur­ ers,) furnishes thousands of buffalo hides and also quantities of the still more valuable beaver pelts. Nothing is more fascinating than the stories of such hunters. The hunting expeditions usually depart from here in April or May. The usual time of service is eighteen months, of which more than half is required for the journey to and from the Rocky Mountains. Eighteen dollars and provisions, which in the far west consists almost solely of buffalo meat, constitutes their monthly wages. But then the hunters must agree to perform all sorts of service. Usually the hunters go by steam-boat as far as Liberty in Clay County, the most western town in Missouri. From there they go either on horseback or in small boats which usually have to be pulled by the men themselves, further into the interior. Council Bluffs, the outmost fortification of the United States, is about five hundred miles above St. Louis. This is said to be the farthest point to which settlements and civilization have thus far 374 Missouri Historical Review

f *r J /*W f - -^-<^M j^te-v*^^^fe4 Bernard Pratte was one of the influen­ , ~-e?iyj[^B tial fur merchants in St. Louis in the 1830s. ^IKX^^BI

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State Historical Society of Missouri penetrated. The so-called forts further up the river on the important tribu­ taries, the LaPlatte and the Yellowstone, have been established by the fur companies themselves, but they are in reality only pallisades not real forts, and must be regarded as simply the offices of the company. Several hundred miles west of the state of Missouri the large herds of buffalo begin. From there on these animals appear in such large herds that their actual number can no longer be accurately determined, but the space of ground which they occu­ py is taken as the measure of their number. At first I did not believe the sto­ ries of the hunters, but books of travel by trustworthy men assure me that the buffalo in those regions are actually counted by the mile. T saw five, ten, or fifteen miles of buffalo,' that is the current expression in regard to their num­ ber. The buffalo is shot with a rifle. The Indians who have a cunning way of enticing the animals into an enclosed place kill them with the bow and arrow. The buffalo is by no means dangerous and always seeks safety in flight. The beaver is caught with traps in his holes. The manner of trapping them has been learned from the Indians. Concerning the Indians I have heard various contradictory reports. Some depict them as peaceable and even honest, while others cannot tell enough of their wicked intentions and their cunning. The various tribes differ in this regard. The relations of the Indians to the fur-trad­ ing companies must necessarily often times be strained because of the pas­ sion and the lack of self control on the part of these children of nature on the one hand and the avarice and selfishness of the whites on the other. All accounts agree that the Indians live in constant bloody feuds with one anoth­ er. The Sioux, the Osages, the Delawares, the Mandans and the Blackfeet are the tribes with which the hunters have most to do on this side of the Rocky Travel into Missouri, 1838 375

Mountains. The Blackfeet are said to be the most hostile and dangerous. In dress and manner of living the western tribes differ vastly from those which are still found in the states of the Union, though there appears to be no essen­ tial difference in their customs and their character. We should have left St. Louis on the day following our arrival there, if we had not found many highly educated and most agreeable German immi­ grants who had just arrived and in whose company we felt comfortable and at home. Besides this, another cause for my stay was the horse races which were scheduled to take place at this time, the like of which I had not seen either here or in Europe. The races took place about three miles from the city at the so-called Prairie House, a favorite place of amusement of the St. Louisans. The races were attended by large crowds. I believe indeed that these Americans are happy at such occasions, but we foreigners were not able to detect many evidences of it, for their joy and delight manifests itself in ways so much different from ours. External pomp and finery which make such a pleasing effect at our public gatherings are entirely wanting here. Varying costumes, music, songs and dancing, all that makes an European public gathering so cheerful and lively, one looks for in vain in America. The eye of the foreigner, at least, is able to distinguish only one class of people here. From the Governor to the jockey they all belong to the large class of gentlemen; at least, I was not able to discern any difference between them. But this sort of monotony does not entertain. In this regard it is different among us. At home it is seen what each one is or what he professes to be. Every characteristic is sharply defined. There is the student, the soldier, the clergyman from the country, the merchant, the baron—crowded in a little space one believes to see the whole world before him. Of course we owe this entertaining mixture chiefly to our differences in rank and station, to our prej­ udices and to our arrangement of state. But who thinks of all this in the moments of joyful intoxication, who concerns himself with sad reflections during these fleeting moments of joy! It is enough that one is entertained and charmed; the question as to what produces this delight does not concern us in the moments of bliss. One thing that gives an amusing touch to the gath­ erings of the Americans, whether these gatherings be secular or religious in character, is the fact that everybody arrives on horseback. Women and chil­ dren everybody is on horseback. In the country frequently two, sometimes even three persons, are seen riding one horse. Such a gathering has much in common with a camp of Cossacks, and the lover of horses certainly finds plenty material for entertainment. The Americans, like the English, are much given to betting, and at the horse races hardly anybody is a mere spectator. In the state of Missouri there are apparently no strict laws against gambling, especially against games of hazard, as in most of the other states, or these laws are waived on special occasions, for one roulette wheel stood beside another at these races. The number of persons who took part in the gambling 376 Missouri Historical Review

is incomprehensible. Without dismounting from their horses many made a wager with the nearest by-stander and without apparently enjoying the exhil­ aration of the suspense rode on again when the result was made known. On the morning of the fifteenth of October we started on our excursion into the valley of the Missouri. We took a westerly direction, slightly toward the north. We had made up our minds to follow the highway toward Jefferson City, the seat of government of the state of Missouri, and to deflect from this road only for the purpose of seeking out the settlements of the educated Germans. Close to St. Louis the country is not especially attractive, but fur­ ther on it becomes more so. Two German writers, one of whom is Friedrich Schmidt, have written contradictory reports as to the region immediately around St. Louis. The one asserts that it is prairie land while the other claims that it is woodland. Both are right. It is manifest that once everything was prairie. Everybody in the west knows how quickly a prairie is transformed into forest land if it is no longer set on fire in the autumns. Illinois, which is chiefly a prairie state, is constantly in the process of changing into the most attractive forest land. If Mr. Schmidt was here twenty-five years ago, he doubtless saw but little forest land. Even now there are still miles of prairie. The weather was delightful for our journey. The sky and the air reminded us of spring. The prairies are said to be enchantingly beautiful in spring. Even now they are still marvelous. Here and there the young hickory trees glowed in the most livid gold, numerous varieties of sumach glowed in fiery red and caused the wide prairie to appear like a huge carpet wrought in purple. Countless clusters of flowers of bright colors modified by the thousandfold

A Nineteenth-Century Artist's Depiction of a Prairie Fire State Historical Society of Missouri Travel into Missouri, 1838 377 autumnal shading of their leaves adorned the plains. After a few hours of rest with a cultured German family which lives about ten miles from St. Louis, we went about an equal distance further and spent the night with an American, who a few years ago immigrated from Virginia. Inns are found only in the cities and towns, or possibly along the mail-routes. The traveler is therefore obliged to make use of the hospitality of the settlers. This sort of hospitality is perhaps nowhere developed to a higher degree than in this new country where it would indeed be unnatural and inhuman if a stranger were not hospitably and cordially received. For our purpose of becoming acquainted with the land and its people we had chosen the right mode of trav­ eling, for it compelled us to stop several times each day in the huts of the inhabitants. Necessarily we had to enter into conversation, and no theme was nearer at hand for discussion than the nature of the country, the advantages and disadvantages of the settlement, the kind of produce raised, and the means of disposing of it. By constantly losing our road we went much farther than we ought to have gone, but occasionally we struck upon a shorter way without knowing it. Below the river Au Vasse, which we had to cross in a canoe, the country is for the most part prairie land, except that part which is nearest the river. The cold became painful, and the icy wind which blew across this vast plain, where no elevation offered it resistance, seemed to us to come from the Rocky Mountains, many thousand miles to the northwest. We found no German settlements in this region, but were told that shortly before this time a deputy had bought land for some Germans in Bran (?) County, [perhaps Boone County], above Jefferson City. Before we reached the little town of Pinkney our way led us through Louther Island in Montgomery County. This island has been formed by a creek, which, having divided into two parts, flows in two channels into the Missouri. The island is exceptionally fertile. There are large and beautifully equipped settlements here which have much in common with the plantations of the southern states. Many of the houses of the homesteads are used exclusively as the dwellings of the black slaves. Here the farmers raise tobacco and cotton. Tobacco is said to do exception­ ally well in Missouri and to be preferred to all other tobaccos on the market in New Orleans. The practice of cultivating this crop, however, might easily bring the condition of the slaves near to that condition which their unfortu­ nate fellows suffer in the southern states. Up to this time the treatment of the slaves, who are in the country districts, is very good. Their material condi­ tion is very endurable. As a rule they live in families, have their own dwelling houses, their own livestock and till a certain amount of land for themselves, in which way they have their own earnings. This tolerable con­ dition of the Missouri slaves by no means excuses the shameful practice of slavery, however, and against this sin committed against humanity one must strive with all energy. The Germans who live in Missouri have no slaves as 378 Missouri Historical Review yet, and are still opposed to the institution of slavery. However, it is possible that in time this feeling may become dulled, and their posterity may grow up with the idea that it is a necessary institution. No German ought to live in a slave state. Illinois, a free state, has a great advantage over its neighboring states. The breech between the free states and the slave states is inevitable, and who should then like to be found on the wrong side? Near Louther Island we met with a slight adventure. In the darkness of the night we had lost our way, and finally came to a broad creek. The icy coldness of the water rather than its depth repelled us from wading it. Finally our calling and shooting was answered by the barking of dogs in the distance. We went in the direction from which the barking came and were so fortunate as to find a sort of a bridge which had been made of felled logs, which brought us to a very new little settlement. The cold became more intense day by day, so that our hands became very cold on the rifle barrels. With every degree that the mercury fell our faith in Duden's pleasant winters in these western states van­ ished more and more. [A footnote states that the winters of the previous years were very severe.] To be sure there are many days which make us feel that we are ten and more degrees further south than we were in our old home, but there is no such thing in Missouri as a winter which approaches the rainy season of the tropics. There will be no change in the climate of the state until clearings and tilling of the soil have done their work. Pinkney, a little town of a few houses, is prettily located. Here many Germans have settled and some of them have chosen very romantic locations. The Americans reproach the Germans for selecting the very poorest land at times, and this is on the whole true. The Germans prefer high lying regions because they are more healthful, open and attractive. This the Americans do not comprehend. They call only that land pretty which is rich in fertility. They never become attached to a given region. If they can sell their proper­ ty to any sort of advantage, they are certain to do so, regardless of the fact that it may be the scene of their happy childhood with its dearest memories. This characteristic of the Americans is not beautiful, but for the rapid settling of a new state it is very advantageous. It is also beneficial to the political con­ dition of the Republic that the American is less susceptible to moral and eth­ ical impressions. The more self-satisfied a people is the more easily it is gov­ erned, provided the right cords are touched. The so-called man of feeling is the toy of every ambitious person. Ten miles below Pinkney is the new town of Marthasville in the newly created County of Warren which was formerly a part of Montgomery County. Here the German settlements are numerous. The settlers seem to think that their fortune is made if they are close to Duden's old home. All the Germans whom we met in Missouri belong to the educated classes, and in spite of the short time they have lived here many of them are already handsomely arranged in their homes. Most of them have forgotten the disappointment Travel into Missouri, 1838 379

Paul Follenius, a German lawyer, was a leader of the Giessen Emigrant Society who immigrated to the Marthasville area in 1834. Members of the group may have been among those "educated Germans" visited by Zimmermann.

State Historical Society of Missouri which at first gave them so many sad hours, and they fare better here than they did in their oppressed home country. Duden's place itself is not as poor­ ly situated as some people say. But the wanderer seeks in vain for something that might with due apology be called a dwelling house. Neither are there any arbors and beautiful vistas to be observed. However, it must be remem­ bered that the settlement has been lying idle for several years and on this account it makes an unattractive and unpleasant impression. A beautiful road led us from Lake Creek to Missouritown, a very small, dead village, which, however, boasts of a very beautiful situation on the river. There are many German settlements along Lake Creek.—Limestone consti­ tutes the greater part of all bluffs along the Missouri. Sandstone occurs more rarely. Granite is not found at all between the Alleghany and the Rocky Mountains. Our plan to return by way of St. Charles was frustrated when we again lost our road. It would have taken us too long to have found the right road again, so we returned to the right side of the Missouri at Lewis' Ferry. For a while we followed the river valley, crossing Bon Homme creek and Creve Coeur creek and on the twenty-second of November we again reached St. Louis, our starting place, after three weeks of wandering."

Translated by William Godfrey Bek, University of North Dakota Martha J. Woods Visits Missouri in 1857

EDITED BY DONALD H. WELSH*

Through the courtesy of the Board of Managers of Arrow Rock Tavern the Society acquired recently the 1857-1860 diary of Martha J. Woods. Diaries vary tremendously in value to the historian and to the typical reader. Some merely note weather conditions from day to day or trivial incidents in the writer's daily activities, while others demonstrate the author's ability to observe and to record his observations in a style which will interest others. Martha J. Woods' diary falls in the latter category. Little is known about Martha J. Woods today, as her diary is the sole source of personal information. We know that she was a native of Augusta County, Virginia, and that she began her journey to Missouri on March 17, 1857. Martha traveled in a party composed of her sister, Mary Cobb; her brother-in-law; the Cobb children, including Jimmie, 13, Ella, 10, Willie, 5, Jonnie, and one or two others; "the boy Fielding," probably a slave; other employees; and the dog, Jim. Martha clearly indicated her feelings toward her departure as she wrote: "This day will ever be memorable as having been the most painful of my life. . . . The agony of that parting seems there are no words in our language to express. The separation from many relatives and friends, and above all from the dearest and best of Mothers was almost too much for poor frail human nature to bear." The party at first stayed at night in hotels or vacant houses, but later it became necessary to camp out and to sleep in tents. The journey ended in Saline County on May 9, 1857, with no serious misfortunes. Martha's mother came to Missouri in the fall of 1858 to visit her two daughters and other relatives, and on March 29, 1859, Martha and her moth­ er boarded the steamboat Row ena, probably at Arrow Rock, on their return to Virginia. At St. Louis they began the railroad phase of their travel, which brought them to their home in Augusta County on April 2. A year later Martha again visited Missouri because "duty calls me ... to go [to] the deeply afflicted family of my beloved Sister Cobb, for she has been called on to pass through the deep waters and fiery trials of affliction since I parted from her." Arriving in Arrow Rock on the Spread Eagle on March 25, 1860, she found that her sister was convalescing satisfactorily but that Jonnie was seriously ill. Willie, the youngest boy, "the pet and darling," had died in April, 1859; "their lovely and beautiful daughter Ella was called aged 12 years" in May; and Jimmie, "the pride of the house their first born

*Donald H. Welsh served as assistant editor of the Missouri Historical Review from 1957 to 1961. He retired in 1985 as professor emeritus at Valley City State College in Valley City, North Dakota. The article first appeared in the Review in January 1961. 380 Martha J. Woods Visits Missouri 381

State Historical Society of Missouri

St. Louis Levee in 1855 who was just entering manhood as he was 16 and well grown and manly of his age," died in January, 1860. And two weeks after Martha's arrival Jonnie died, leaving only two daughters in the family. The diary closes a week later, so we know nothing about Martha's later life. We know that she was a very charming young lady and that she felt deep affection towards the members of her family. Her vocabulary and spelling indicate that her education was above average, and a number of French lessons are included in the book in which she kept her diary. Martha's com­ ments as she passed through Missouri show clearly that she continually com­ pared her environment to conditions which she knew in Augusta County, which lies less than 100 miles west of Richmond in the upper Shenandoah Valley. The portion of the diary which describes the 1857 journey in Missouri is reproduced below, with four subsequent entries which demonstrate her adap­ tation to the new life. The original text is retained with changes in spelling and punctuation only where needed for clarity.

Mississippi Co. Mo. April 22nd 1857 This morning we ferried the largest river on the North American Continent,1 and it is well calculated to fill the mind and soul with awe and revererance, when we remember the Hand that formed this stupendous river formed also the smallest grain of matter in the Universe. It is indeed a grand sight to see the noble steamboats gliding on its rolling current, and just to think of the 100 and 1000 of poeple that are constantly being conveyed on its mighty waters, and at the solemn thought that thousands are sleeping their last sleep on its bottom! How these thoughts conspire to make us remember our own feebleness and entire dependence on the Mercies of God. This is

1 The party crossed the Mississippi River by steam ferryboat from Columbus, Kentucky. 382 Missouri Historical Review

certainly the most beautiful river scenery I ever beheld. The river is 1 mile wide and bordered on either side by lofty forests just beginning to bud forth and put on their smiles to gladden the eyes and hearts of weary travellers. The children and servants were perfectly delighted with all they see here, and there are many objects of curiosity to them. The captain on this ferry is the most gentlemanly and obliging one I have ever met. Since leaving the river we have been passing through the Mississippi bottom which is the richest land I ever saw, though nearly entirely in woods, only a few huts to be seen occupied by woodcutters. The trees on this bottom are the tallest and largest I ever saw and suppose not many larger in the world. It makes me grow dizzy to look up to their tops. We have now stopped to feed and dine while we rest our horses as we have just had a terrible time crossing a slough. One of the Jersey-wagon2 horses mired and I thought at one time would never be got out, but by great exertion it was extricated and by hitching on 2 more horses drew the wagon out; the carriage came through empty, safely. We were then in quite a dilemma about our large baggage wagon as that was so heavily loaded we knew it would be folly to attempt to cross as it would be impossible, when we were relieved by a kind stranger passing and directing to another place where it came over without difficulty. I am truly grateful to our Heavenly Father that he has brought us safely through this as well as many other diffi­ culties on our way.

Mis Co. Mo. April 22d We travelled the whole of yesterday on this bottom and not through yet. It is a dead level all the way and densely covered in forest, except a very few small clearing and some newly built log cabins. I suppose it is almost impos­ sible to make any head way clearing; the trees are so very large. There are some very great hinderence to the settlement of this Co. although it is so very rich. There are no springs or running streams of water in Mississippi Co., only lakes, ponds and wells though very little trouble to dig wells as water can be had at not more than 4 feet from the surface, which is another serious affection to me. We had a nice place to camp last night, near the only good looking settlement we have seen on the bottom, where we got plenty of provender for our horses at pretty low rates.

Scott Co. Mo. April 24th We have made one more days travel in Mo. and are somewhat out of the woods though still in a thinly settled country. The land is still level though not so rich looking as some we passed since we came into the state. Last night we camped near a man's house that came from Pensylvania. He seemed to be a pleasant kind hearted person. Came to our camp and chatted

2 The Jersey wagon was a light vehicle especially suitable for use on the loose, sandy soil common to New Jersey. Martha J. Woods Visits Missouri 383 an hour or 2. We passed through Charleston the Co. seat of Mississippi Co. yesterday. It is a small though neat place, has a Court House and churches. One a pretty brick building with a handsome steeple. I did not learn of what denomination. We also passed a large lake miles long which abounds with large numbers of wild ducks and geese.3 This lake and the numerous swamps and bayos make this country very damp and I would think sickly, though the inhabitants all say they are healthy. It is quite cold this morning for the rea­ son as there is ice. We are now in the midst of a moving poeple as I never saw anything like it; we are constantly meeting and passing movers. We have seen 9 families in the last 24 hours. Nearly all of them moving with oxteams so we do not keep company long. Some of them seem very poor, and I expect are very trifling and lazy.

Cape Girardeau Co. April 25th We left the bottom yesterday4 just before we reached Benton, the Co. seat of Scotte, which is by the way, a very small village. This is now a rather hilly country but seems finely adapted to the growth of wheat as I never saw a finer prospect than in this Co. The country is still sparcely settled. We stopped yesterday to see the magnificant monument erected to the memory of Leutinant governor Brown5 by the General assembly of Mo. who died in 1855. Thus it is with this world. The wise and honored as well as the poor and unhonored must pass from the "Earth and lie cold in the grave."

Noon of same day We have passed today through the Co. seat of this Co., Old Jackson, which is a pretty thriving place, with nice genteel looking, fashionable inhab­ itants, though I fear are not very religious as I saw no churches; though there may be some I did not see.

April 26th We have been travelling ever since yesterday noon through a poor hilly country where provisions are scarce and high. This with having learned we have still a long journey before us to get to Saline make us feel somewhat dis­ couraged. This is another Holy Sabbath day and oh how sad to think I can­ not go to the House of God to try to worship Him. Though I trust and try to pray that we may not be forsaken as He can be with us to bless, as well in the wilderness as in the sanctuary, if we will only put our whole trust in His

3 Probably Big Lake, in Mississippi and Scott counties. 4 This likely is the area in Mississippi and Scott counties which is known as Tywappity Bottoms. 5 Wilson Brown became lieutenant governor in 1853 and died in 1855 while still in office. He was buried on his farm in Scott County. Brown had served as State auditor from 1849 to 1852. 384 Missouri Historical Review promises. Churches are few and far between in this part of the country as I have only seen 3 since I came into the state. But I am told we have been in a Catholic settlement most of the way. Owing to there being no mile posts we cannot now tell our distance as no 2 persons give the same distance from 1 town to another.

Bollenger Co. April 27th 1857 We travelled on yesterday all day through this poor hilly part of the state with the roughest, most grotesque, looking set of ruffian settlers imaginable. What would Eastern Virginians think of men being dressed in blue coats, red striped linsey wolsey pants or else blue geanes [jeans], pants as well as coats, pink shirts, red cravats, and plaid vests? It is no exageration when I say we have seen many such in the last 2 days. The women about as tastily dressed if we can use such a term in speaking of such garbs. The poeple seem to be nearly heathens as there are no churches to go to, and they spend the sabbath visiting, hunting, or even in more vicious sport, as we passed some men pich- ing money on Sunday and from their red faces, coarse behavior, and horse laughter, looked as if the intoxicating draughts had passed freely.

St. Francis Co. Mo. April 28th About half the day yesterday we were crossing high hills which was very disagreeable and tiresome, though the latter part of the day we had more level though somewhat rolling, with some very pretty farms, and a few good hous­ es, but mostly poor with miserable huts. We camped last night near 4 other families of movers, and 1 of the gen­ tlemen also is from Tennessee, going to Kansas; came to our tent and talked an hour or 2. He seemed to be a good pious man and is a baptist; the first I have conversed with out of our own family since I left Va. It was truly grat­ ifying to meet with one that could feel and sympathize with us in our reli­ gious views.

Washington Co. At night of 28th We passed Farmington, the Co. seat of St. Francis, early this Morning. It is a small place but before any town I have seen in this state as it regards church privileges, as there are 3 churches, a Methodist, Campbellites, and Presbyterian. After leaving there we came on through the hills to the Iron Mts. and of course found the country very poor as metalic mines and rich lands are never found in the same spot. Since we passed there the appear­ ance of the country is greatly improved; some of the farms look fine with neat pretty houses. But provisions are very scarce and high which causes us all much uneasiness about our horses as we sometimes cannot get enough hay or any roughness for them, at others not enough grain for any price. Martha J. Woods Visits Missouri 385

Washington Co. Mo. April 29th We again camped last night near 4 families and 3 of the gentlemen came to our tent and spent an hour or 2 which made the evening pass off more pleasantly than it would otherwise have done as they told many anecdotes and thrilling adventures.

Crawford Co. April 30th 1857 We travelled the whole of yesterday through rough rugged mts nearly entirely covered with rocks with very little land that could be cultivated at all. There were a very few farms that looked like poeple might live and as they have no market in reach we succeeded in getting food more easily than for several days previous. We saw many places where they had been digging for ore and passed another furnace at a small village right between the mts by the name of Webster. We parted company with the other movers last evening as they took a different road. We had such a nice place to camp last night, right in the woods, as we came off the ridges just at night, and we had such a sweet serenade by the birds as there are a great variety and many of them the most beautiful singers I ever heard; I have ever been fond of the music of the feath­ ered tribes.

May 1st We are still in Crawford Co. just 3 miles from the Co. seat, Steelville, which is a small ordinary looking village surrounded by these same rough blackjack, white flint rock ridges that we have now been in pretty much for 3 days and not out yet, and I reckon will not be till we pass Massies Iron works which is 7 miles off. This is undoubtedly the poorest country I ever saw as far as the soil is concerned though rich in minerals. But this is one of

Iron Mountain, St. Francois County, in 1857

State Historical Society of Missouri

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s^#3^gMN^ ' ':|J 1 '''^^f*%j5lte:; fW ^^^' 386 Missouri Historical Review the laws of Nature that rich lead and metals are never found in the same region. Yesterday morning I came to a church near a dwelling house, and I inquired to what denomination it belonged and was told Baptists, and as it was the 1st baptist church I had seen in the state to know it to be such I went in, and felt glad to do so although I had not the pleasure of hearing a sermon, that I wished great­ ly to hear. It was only a plain framed building with no paint but still I was glad to see it, as it proved that some one in that community cared for their own salvation as well as others. State Historical Society of Missouri Old Maramec Iron Works Furnace May 1st Noon After leaving our camp this morning 8 miles drive across those terrible ridges brought us to Massies Iron works,6 where we stopped to see them cast­ ing, which was quite a curiosity to the Maramec Spring children and servants as they had State Historical Society of Missouri never seen anything of the sorts before. It was the first of 3 furnaces that we have passed that was in blast. We also visited the largest spring I ever saw.7 It furnished water for the furnace and a large Merchant Mill. From there we came to the 1st prairie we have seen except a lush prairie in the South east part of the state.

6 Samuel Massey was a partner with Thomas James in the establishment of the iron­ works six miles southeast of St. James in 1827. 7 Maramec Spring. Martha J. Woods Visits Missouri 387

This prairie is indeed a beautiful sight, a perfect plain just beginning to look green owing to the lateness of the Spring. We have now left the Metalic Mts which are the most barren I ever saw with but little growth of any kind and that altogether of scrub oak. This land here looks rich and I suppose it is so.

May 2nd 1857 Yesterday afternoon we travelled through some hills and 2 prairies, though neither of them so pretty as the one we saw in the forenoon. We still meet with difficulty in getting provisions for our horses. The poeple are lazy and not at all provident as they never save anything more than for present use, and last year they had in the early part of the year drought and in the fall early frost, so that the crops were cut short, and the long cold winter consumed the most of that. Besides I think they have very little feeling for movers, and not much wonder either, for the whole country is thronged with them. I never saw anything like it, going to and fro in all directions. In addition to all these I think we are passing through a low ignorant set, not much more than sav­ ages. The land looks pretty good and I believe if the folks would work they would have plenty.

Marion Co.8 Mo. May 3d Another Holy Sabbath morning finds us on the road wandering along, strangers in a strange land, but my trust in God for He is my help in every- time of need. I wonder if my dear Mother and all the rest of my dear friends in Virginia will think of me and pray for me today! I hope I shall not be forgotten by them and above all that my Redeemer will be with us to protect and bless. Our travel yesterday brought us through a thinly settled country with only now and then a house. It was alternately ridges and prairie, one of which was the largest and prettiest I have seen and looks to be rich land. We saw many prairie chickens and Brother Cobb and Jimmie tried very hard to kill some of them but they were so shy they could not. We see a great vari­ ety of game such as deer, turkies, chickens, ducks, and squirrels, but kill very little as we have no time to spare to hunt them. Late yesterday evening we crossed the Gasconade River, which general­ ly has to be ferried, but it was so low that we forded with care and camped half mile from it. We have rare and sweet music from the many tribes of feathered songsters this morning which makes everything look cheerful and smiling. We also succeeded in getting plenty of provisions for our teams that adds much to our comfort.

The party was now in Maries County. 388 Missouri Historical Review

Miller Co. Mo. Morning I had thought that we were over all the rough roads and country, but yes­ terday afternoons drive was through as rough if not the roughest part of the country we have passed through. 'Tis true we occasionally came to prairie but we just went from one hill or mountain to another all the time, and we are told it is no better to the Osage River. Everything looks wild in the extreme. Nature perfectly untamed as though fit haunts for bears and wolves. We have only seen 8 or 10 dwellings in 2 or 3 days. This is quite a new portion of the state. We saw a large drove of turkies and some deer yesterday but as it was Sunday did not get a shot.

Tuscumbia Miller Co. May 5th Last night ended our 7 weeks that we have been on the road, and I am getting so tired I hardly know how to get along. We travelled yesterday again through a new settled part of the county and some of the land looked to be good, but very little in cultivation. It was alter­ nately hills and bottom. We reached the Co. seat last night at dark, having been detained at the Osage; as we had to cross on the meanest old boat I ever saw. The town is miserably located right on the Osage River just at the foot of the bluff and is a mean looking place with only a few indifferent houses. And I think it will never be much better than it is now.

Morgan Co. Mo. May 6th 1857 After leaving Tuscumbia yesterday had to climb one bluff and then trav­ elled 12 miles through timber, pretty good roads, and then came to prairie and have been travelling in it every since and camped on it last night. The coun­ try is still rather thinly settled though looks fine. I have not yet spoken of the great variety of beautiful wild flowers on the Prairie. Some of them resem­ ble some of the rare exotics that are so much prized and cultivated in Virginia. It is said they are nothing like so many or so beautiful as there are of a more forward spring.

At noon While dinner is being prepared I am scratching off something of what I have seen today. 7 miles drive this a.m. brought us to Versailles the Co. seat of Morgan which is yet in its infancy, though it bids fair I think to be a town of some size and maybe of importance, although entirely inland, for it is sur­ rounded by a most beautiful country and looks to be rich land. The location I think very pretty. The land for the last 2 days has been indeed beautiful and looks to be very rich, though I am not a competent judge of this soil as it all now looks dark, though there is some difference in it. There are 2 serious objections to all this Prairie country, Its scarcity of timber and water, though the latter can be had by digging wells or cisterns. This is a great stock coun­ ty as we passed one man yesterday that has 900 head of his own. Martha J. Woods Visits Missouri 389

Morgan Co. May 7 1857 We are nearing our journeys end as a 2 or 3 days more, Providence per­ mitting, will land us. We have great reason to be very thankful that we have got along so well; although it has been long, none of us have been seriously indisposed on the way and we have had fine weather nearly all the time. Our horses have performed nobly and all things considered we have been blessed. We are much pleased with the appearance of the country and are in good health and spirits. Yesterday afternoon we came into the timber and camped in it last night. Some of the timbered land is poor and some rich. This is a rich bottom where we are now.

Cooper Co. Mo. May 8th Yesterday we travelled through a fine looking country in portions of Cooper and Pettis and it brought to within a day's journey of our destination. So if we have good luck we will get to the neighborhood we are aiming for tonight and our long tedious journey will be at an end, and I will be so glad to be once more quiet and begin to live like other folks.

Noon Our forenoons travel brought us through some rough ridges and a large prairie then through ridges again to this place which is at a large sulphure spring, that has never been improved at all, but is one of the largest boldest mineral springs I ever saw in the west and so strong at this time of the day that I can hardly stand by it.9 It may be a great place some day.

Saline Co. May 9th Last evening and night were by far the most trying of my life; the roads were the worst I ever saw and we could not get along. Night came on and found us in a strange place not knowing even whether we were in the right road or not. We had run out of provisions for the horses and nearly out our­ selves and had been trying all day to buy and could not, and to add to our troubles, as they never come alone, the bolt of our Jersey wagon broke and compelled us to camp though it was then late at night; we had beautiful moonlight which was our only comfort.

9 Probably Chouteau Springs, the most celebrated mineral springs in Cooper County. These springs, located ten miles southwest of Boonville, three miles south of the post office at Lamine, were used for medicinal purposes before 1840, and by the time of the Civil War a hotel had been built on a hill overlooking the valley where the springs were located. The land for­ merly belonged to Pierre Chouteau, who acquired it from the Osage Indians in 1792, and to William Ashley, who purchased it in the 1830's. See Missouri, A Guide to the "Show Me" State (New York, 1954), 358-59. 390 Missouri Historical Review

But the greatest of our troubles was we heard late in the evening that our Cousin had failed to rent us a home and here we were strangers and Pilgrims in a strange land without home or friends, compelled to stop and take our chances. We sent late at night as it was, to a farm nearby and the gentleman was a Virginian and he sent corn and meal, so that we made out last night, but what we will do now God only knows. We have not yet seen any of our rela­ tions and I do not know whether they will prove friends or not. But we have one true Friend that is God. Last night I could only go at a late hour of the night by the light of the moon to the grove near our camp and pour out my soul to Him and beg his assistance. If He forsakes us we are indeed missed [?], But I trust him still. It maybe that he will hear my prayer for Christ sake. He has promised he will never forsake those that trust in him, and ask for faith to believe his promises in this my time of great need, A poor frail imper­ fect creature that I am. Since writing the above the gentleman we went to last night for provisions has been to our camp and made us a present of the pro­ visions he sent us and says we must send to his house and get more. He says he would not give a cent for a Virginian that would not give an old Virginian a few bushels of corn. He also told us that our Cousin David is willing to divide his house with us till we can get a home. Thank God he has heard my prayer.

Evening of 9th of May We are now at Cousin Davids and are receiving all kindness, from him­ self and servants, as he has no family. But the prospect is indeed gloomy as to getting a house or land. He and Brother Cobb are now gone to look [at] a place. I hope they succeed.

May 10th They have not yet succeeded but several kind friends say many things to encourage us. I hope for better days.

Saline Co. June 13th 1857 How many reasons have I to be Humble and thankful to the Great Dispenser of all good for his many mercies and blessings he has bestowed on my Brother & Sister Cobb, their family and my imperfect self since this lit­ tle journal was concluded. We have made the acquaintance of many of our relations since and all are just as kind as can be, and many that are not relat­ ed at all equally as much so. Our prospects for a home were gloomy for some days. But our Good Cousin David B. Wood was a friend all the time. He persuaded a bachelor friend to move to live with him and let us have his house, which he did free of charge. Our Uncle Milton Wood who is equally kind offered a part of his house but we would not accept as we knew it would be doing him injustice with his large family. He also offered land to cultivate Martha J. Woods Visits Missouri 391 free of rent which was accepted very thankfully. We have now been to our­ selves about a month and our neighbors are so very liberal that we feel almost ashamed of ourselves as we have been here so short a time we have no means of returning it. Until we could buy cows we had milk and butter given us. Our chickens were furnished to raise from, our ice is given just when we send to get it. Nice fresh meat, fresh fish and many little varieties too tedious to mention are sent us. We were at firstdissatisfie d with the country and are now not perfectly satisfied though we like [it] better. The want of Church privi­ leges is our greatest cross. Though we must do in this as in everything else, trust in God, and pray the prayer of faith and he will hear and bless. I have great right to have faith in his promises since he has brought us out of our troubles so often, according to our requests. I have not been to see our uncles in Pettis yet but have received some affectionate messages to go to see them and shall, if I can, go soon.

Saline County Missouri July 4th 1857 At night I attended today the first anniversary celebrations of our glorious liberty in this state. There were present a large crowd of poeple of all sorts and con­ ditions in this region of country. The Declaration of Independence was read by Dr. Durrett; followed by an Oration suitable to the occasion by Mr. J. V. Price. Then there was a plen­ tiful dinner Barbacued after which the sentiments were read with responses, some of them very good. If they had have had music everything would have been fine. As it was all went off pleasantly, Though of course I did not enjoy it as I would have done a similar occasion in my native state. There I would have known nearly every one; here I knew but few and they but slightly. We had a pleasant trip going and returning as there was an agreeable lady in the carriage with us. I mean by us, Brother Cobb, Sallie and self.

Saline County Co. Mo. July 10th 1857 Yesterday three young ladies besides myself started off unattended to go to a picnic on Black Water.10 Expecting to get company by the way, but unfortunately for us, were too late; as every one had gone before we reached their houses; and we were reduced to the necessity of returning or going on without escorts. The ladies decided on the latter. I of course as a stranger acquiesced though I confess reluctantly, as none of the party knew the way; we thought however we could follow the carriage tracks but soon found we did so to our sorrow, as the roads were almost impracticable; We were now

Blackwater River joins the Lamine River in extreme northwestern Cooper County. 392 Missouri Historical Review willing to turn back but could not turn the carriage around so had to drive over a road that was dangerous to ride horseback on. But as troubles never come alone we at length found to our dismay that not one of the party knew their whereabouts; thus we continued to wander on till our appetites warned us it was dinner time. So we stoped and ate dinner. We then traveled on till we came in sight of a house. We then determined to go and get directions homeward, notwithstanding we felt ashamed to go to it in such a flight; for with walking, watering our horses, perspiration &c &c, we were the dirtiest sights I ever wish to see. But here we found to our sur­ prise that we were not more than 100 yards from the Picnic party. All cov­ ered with dirt, we decided to go on as the gentleman of whom we made inquiries kindly sent a guide with us. We reached the party just as they were dispersing to go to their homes, so it was labor lost at last. This was a bad beginning for me as it was my first picnic in Mo. We had a nice escort home which in some measure compensated for our troubles. Though a distressing nervous headache soon drove me to bed where I spent a restless sleepless night. All things considered I "paid dearly for my whistle."

March 22nd 1859 Arrow Rock, Saline Co. Mo. It has been nearly 2 years now since the above was written and through how many scenes I have been called on to pass. We have moved twice, and have made many acquaintances, had some joys and many sorrows; but in them all we have great right to be thankful to Divine Providence. And in none of my blessing have I more right to be grateful, than that our dear Mother has been spared to come to see us and spend the Winter. How much she has enjoyed being with dear brother and Sister Cobb and their sweet chil­ dren. She has been disapointed, not meeting my brother and his wife but that is owing to Sister Mary's ill health. But Ma and myself has been to see them much to their enjoyment as well as ours. Sister Mary is ill, but I hope and pray she may get well. The time is fast approaching when I will bid farewell to Mo. and my dear ones to accompany my dear Mother home. Oh how I dread the separation for we never know where we part whether we will ever meet again in this life. But may we meet in Heaven is my prayer. State Historical Society of Missouri

This view of the 1861 Battle of Lexington shows the Oliver Anderson house on the left and the Masonic College on the right. Lazear's headquarters in 1863 were in the col­ lege building.

The Civil War Letters of Colonel Bazel F. Lazear

EDITED BY VIVIAN KIRKPATRICK McLARTY*

PART II Bazel F. Lazear, a native of Ashley, Pike County, Missouri, enlisted in the Home Guards during the early days of the Civil War, became a major in the 5th Missouri State Militia in 1861, and in 1862 became a lieutenant colonel in the 12th Missouri State Militia. In 1863 he was transferred to the 1st Missouri Cavalry M.S.M. His letters, written to his wife in Ashley during the years 1861-1865, tell of his activities which were mainly breaking up guer­ rilla bands in Missouri. In Part I were given some of his letters from October, 1861, through June, 1863. Excerpts from some of his letters of 1863 and 1864 are given below.

*Vivian Kirkpatrick McLarty, a native of Illinois, received her A.B., A.M., and Ph D degrees at the University of Illinois. She taught history and government at the Mississippi State College for Women, the University of Illinois, and Stephens College. McLarty was also on the staffs of the State Historical Society of Missouri and the State Historical Society of Iowa. "The Civil War Letters of Colonel Bazel F. Lazear" appeared in three parts in the Missouri Historical Review, April, July, and October 1950. Due to space limitations, only part II has been reprint­ ed here. r 393 394 Missouri Historical Review

THE LETTERS

Head Quarters Lexington June 8th 1863 Dear Wife . . . This is quite a little city and red hot Secesh alltho they are very good Union now. The college building1 in the breastworks in which we have our head quarters is shot full of holes which was done at the time of the Mulligan fight2 and a great many houses in town have holes made through them at the same time. They were looking for this place to be attacked the night I came in here but it did not come nor do I think there is any danger of an attack. General [Benjamin] Loan came here yesterday and I suppose will make his Head Quarters here and I expect our Regt. will be ordered together and we will take the field for active duty which will suit me better than laying around these parts. Some think that there are a good many rebels above here in Jackson County but I think the most of them are above the river. This coun­ ty is a splendid county of land and a big fine country . . . Your loving husband B. F. Lazear

Head Quarters Lexington June 15th 1863 Dear Wife ... I have been very well received here and am treated very kindly by all except a few men who belong to what I call the horse stealing party and them I dont want to please. It is very different soldiering here to what it was in South East Mo. where the people were ignorant and knew nothing. Here the people are rich and refined and in fact a good deal aristocratic. I have invi­ tations every day to go somewhere to dinner or tea or to hear music as all- most every house has a Piano and somebody to use it. On Saturday night I was serenaded by a band they have here and of course I had to carry the thing out and do the agreeable and I have not settled my bill yet but I expect it will cost me not less than fifty dollars. Pretty expensive you will think but I will be compelled to spend more money here than where I have been before but then I have my place to fill and when I am in Rome I have to do as Rome does ... I wish you could come and see me here awhile. A good many have been at me to send for you as they expect I will be stationed here permanently

1 The old Masonic College which later became Central Female College. 2 The battle of Lexington took place September 12-20, 1861, when General Sterling Price with a force of nearly 15,000 men attacked Colonel James A. Mulligan with 3,000 Union sol­ diers from Illinois, who had been ordered to assist Colonel Everett Peabody, the Union com­ mander at Warrensburg, in holding Lexington. The battle resulted in a valuable victory for Price. He captured 3,500 prisoners, $100,000 of commissary stores, $900,000 in money, and a large supply of arms. See Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, Land of Contrasts and People of Achievements (Chicago, Lewis, 1943), I, 849-850. Lazear Civil War Letters 395 but they may be mistaken in that. I expect I will be at home if nothing hap­ pens in August. I could make a bully Regt. of [this group] if I had command of it but when the Col. returns it will all be knocked in the head again for without speaking disrespectful of my superior officer I know he is a very poor mili­ tary man alltho I suppose he is a very good man ... I will send you some envelopes and if you will put your letters in them I can get them in three days if the Post Master sends them right up here. Your loving husband B. F. Lazear

Lexington June 22nd 1863 Dear Wife ... If you want to come and see me and can get some one to stay with the children come on. You can go out to Wellsville and get on the train that goes up in the forenoon and go to Macon City or Hudson which is the same. There you will get on the Hanibal and Saint Jo Road and come to Hamilton where you will get off and stay all night and next day you will come to Lexington in the stage arriving here in the evening ... If you should come tell the stage driver when you get to Lexington you want to stop at the City Hotel. I am boarding there now ... There is plenty of Rebels above here. We killed three one night last week. I sent out a party a foot and they waylaid the road when four came along and fifty men fired on them and killed three. Wonder how they like bushwhacking. I had quite a bad streak of luck this morning and came near loosing button. My black boy who was taking care of him rode him off of a steep bank in the river and it was all button could do to get out and the poor n— was drowned. I was sorry for him for he was a good boy ... I am glad to hear that things are quiet now in our county but tell the folks there that yesterday I learned that Kale Dorsey3 with seventy five men passed our post in Henry county last Sunday on his way north of the river and he will very likely make for that section. They are playing the devil again on the Potomac arent they. I think Vicksburg will go under yet and that in a short time . . .4 Your loving husband B. F. Lazear

Lexington Sept. 10th 1863 Dear Wife ... I am well and hope this may find you a good deal better than when I was there and that the children are all well. I have been very busy since I

3 May have been Colonel Caleb Dorsey, a Confederate who made several sorties into Missouri. 4 Vicksburg surrendered to Grant, July 4, 1863. 396 Missouri Historical Review

Lexington's City Hotel in the 1870s

State Historical Society of Missouri came from home. Fifteen days of that time I have been after [William] Quantrill.5 I am now here in command of the Regt & Post but am going up to Kansas City on the first boat but will only be gone a few days ... I want you to get ready to come to me . . . You may be able to get some one to go and keep house for the children as there is hundreds of people leaving their homes from this country and god knows what is to become of them. It is heart sickening to see what I have seen since I have been back here. A des­ olated country and women & children, some of them allmost naked. Some

5 William Clarke Quantrill, Missouri guerrilla fighter and a captain in the Confederate army, prepared for a raid on Lawrence, Kansas, by gathering together 310 of his men in Johnson County, Missouri. Starting west on August 19 his forces were augmented by 104 men under Col. John Holt and later by some 50 other men. August 21, 1863, this force attacked the unsuspecting free-soil stronghold of Lawrence. It is estimated that they damaged property to the amount of $1,500,000 and killed from 143 to 216 people. After destroying the town, Quantrill and his men retreated southeast, breaking up into small bands as they entered Missouri. There, almost daily skirmishes were fought with Union scouting parties. See Floyd C. Shoemaker, ed. Missouri, Day by Day (Columbia, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1943), II, 120-121. Wiley Britton, The Civil War on the Border (New York, Putnam's, 1899), II, 142 describes Lazear's chase after Quantrill and one of these bands: "Lazear . . . started in pursuit of the guerillas [sic] the moment he heard of their movement west, but [he] met with some delay in concentrating his detachments near Chapel Hill from . . . Lexington, Warrensburg, and Harrisonville." He followed Quantrill to a point on Big Creek, five miles west of Pleasant Hill. As Lazear's troops were emerging from brush at 2 A.M., August 22, they saw a large force of men advancing over the prairie. Lazear sent parties forward to ascertain who they were and they replied "Federal troops" but declined to say whose command. Lazear satisfied himself they were guerrillas. They formed a battle line but Lazear advanced and scattered them, killing five. It was Quantrill's command with 200 men. Lazear sent Capt. H. F. Peery after them. Five more guerrillas were killed. The ground was strewn with goods brought from the sack of Lawrence. Finally Lazear reported sixteen guerrillas as killed, eight male and two female pris­ oners, twenty-five captured horses and a number of guns. Only one of Lazear's men was killed and one wounded. Lazear Civil War Letters 397 on foot and some in old wagons. Oh, God. What a sight to see in this once happy and peacable country. There is no punishment on earth great enough for the villians who have brot this Rebellion about. We have put a good many of them out of the way lately. I yesterday had one publically shot. He was a prisoner we took the evening after we had the fight with Quantrill and was in the Lawrence raid. He is the second prisoner I have had shot and I will have every one of them shot I can get hold of, as such inhuman wretches deserve no mercy and should be shot down like dogs where ever found. There is more excitement in this section of country than I have ever seen before I believe. Quantrill is in here yet with some three hundred men but they are so scatered that it is hard to find them. I shall have to stop writing for I have so much to do that I cannot think of nothing to write about. . . Your loving husband. B. F. Lazear

Lexington Mo Sept. 17th 1863 Dear Wife ... Well you ought to have been with me coming down from Kansas City and saw the secesh women and children and the few men with them fleeing from the wrath to come. They were all from Jackson county and were leav­ ing in accordance with General [Thomas] Ewings order.6 The boat was crowded full of them and god knows where they are all going for I dont nor do I care so we can get rid of them in Missouri for I think if we get rid of the women and Bushwhackers that it will not be to hard to get rid of them. A great many think that was a very unjust and cruel order of General Ewings but I think it was one of the best orders that has been issued and I think will have a good effect. It may prove hard on some few Union people but very few as they, [at] least all of the men, have had to leave long ago. And if we cant get the Bushwhackers out of here soon this region will be much the same way. I intend to send all the families of Bushwhackers out of this and Johnson county just as fast as I can give them notice to leave. Bushwhackers are very plenty here in this county now and I intend in a few days to make a general move against them and try if I cant rid these two counties of them as I will have about one thousand men in a few days and will have the control in this and Johnson county and if let alone wont let them rest night or day

6 As a result of Quantrill's raid on Lawrence, Kansas, on August 21, Union General Thomas Ewing issued his notorious and drastic "Order No. 11" on August 25. According to this order all residents in Jackson, Cass, and Bates counties and a part of Vernon County except those living within one mile of the limits of the principal towns, were obliged to leave their homes within fifteen days. Only 600 of the 10,000 residents of Cass County were allowed to remain. In Bates County there were even fewer people left. After the people left, the Kansas "Red Legs" and bushwhackers ruthlessly laid these counties waste. See Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 862. 398 Missouri Historical Review

William Quantrill and his guerrilla fol­ lowers returned to Missouri after their devastating raid on Lawrence, Kansas, but eluded capture by Union forces.

State Historical Society of Missouri until they are all killed or leave. So if you should not hear from me regular you may know that I am in the brush with Quantrill and his band. I wish I could get over there to get after Dorsey awhile. I think I could catch him and if I can only catch Quantrill and Dorsey is still there I will be able to get over there and catch him . . . The Bushwhacker [relieved] a steamboat a little below here last night of considerable money and goods . . . Your loving husband B. F. Lazear

Lexington Sept. 27th 1863 My Dear Wife . . . You complain of my not writing but I write at least every week and I am so busy and have been doing so much scouting that when I do write I am so tired and hurried that I can think of nothing to write of interest. As to them women I have not been to see one since I came back from home. When I come in off of a scout I have all my official writing to do up and I have but little time to think of any woman except you. Just about the time you were writing your letter of the 22nd I was having a fight with the guerillas. We killed three of them and captured all their horses. One of our men was killed. He did not belong to the Regt but was our guide. The fight did not last long but was awful hot while it did last. Since I came from home we have killed and wounded at least fifty guerilla and captured nearly one hundred horses. Our district has been changed and we are now under General [Egbert B.] Lazear Civil War Letters 399

Brown. I will start out again in the morning with about three hundred men and I think we will do a good weeks work if they will let us alone. I think we will get our name up after awhile. I have the name here of being the best scouter that has ever been here and if we could only succeed in catching Quantrill that would put the cap-sheaf on for us. And if he dont leave here we will get him yet. . . Your loving husband B. F. Lazear

Warrensburg Oct. 4th 1863 Dear Wife As you see by the heading of this letter I have again moved my boarding. Since writing to you the General, that is General Brown, has been up here and he has made a district of Lafayette & Johnston counties and he has, he says in reward to my services and as an approval of my course, placed me in com­ mand and says it is the most important command in his district and indeed in Missouri. Very flattering aint it but I expect he was only gassing. And in consequence of that order he has made my headquarters here where in all probability I will remain this winter. Since writing to you last we have had another scout another fight and capturing several horses arms &c and I am satisfied now that Quantrill and nearly if not quite all his men have left the country. I am sorry we let him get away for I did want to catch him so bad that I was willing to undergo all most anything to catch him and whip them so bad that he would never want to come back again. But if he is gone we cant help it and let him go and if it is so our fighting is over for this season. I have been allmost constantly in the saddle since I came from home and have had some very narrow escapes but I have passed through without a scratch and we ought to be very thankful for it. The General has ordered military commissions for this place and Lexington and I expect they will be engaged nearly all winter in trying cases and I think by spring there will be a great change in this part of the country or at least I hope so . . . Your loving husband B. F. Lazear

Warrensburg, Oct. 22nd 1863 Dear Wife As I have got through my throng of work and what is better having got over the fatigue and hardship of our late campaign I set down to give you a history of that important expedition after [Joseph O.] Shelby.7 We left here

7 "In the fall of 1863 a part of General W. L. Cabell's command, which was stationed on the Choctaw Indian reservation where supplies were becoming scarce, made a raid into Missouri mainly for the purpose of forage. This raid, made under the command of Colonel 400 Missouri Historical Review

at 11 o'clock on the night of the 7th part of our men having come from Lexington & Wellington the same day. We had ten companies of our Regt. The next day at 11 oclock we were at Clinton Henry County. Here I learned that the Rebels had taken Warsaw8 and were marching north. I disobeyed General Brown's order (which was to march to Oceola) and moved that night to Calhoun where we were joined by about seventy men of the 7th M.S.M. who had been driven from Warsaw the morning before. This was the move that put us ahead of all other pursuing parties. From Calhoun we went to Cole Camp9 where we found the Rebel trail and he was about four hours ahead of us. From here we marched through Florence to Tipton on the P.R.R. where we overtook a few straglers and killed two and took one prisoner. From here we marched to Syracuse & from there to Booneville getting with­ in four miles of that place at dark where the enemy had a strong picket which we drove from their position that night. We had camped the night before in line of battle and it was raining and we camped again in line of Battle cold & drizzly nothing to eat and no fires. We were now on the Tipton and Booneville road and just at night I learned that General Brown was on the Georgetown & Booneville road and the rebels were on that road three miles from town. By examining the map you will see that we had him bagged as he was flanked on one side by the Missouri River and on the other by a dense thicket that it would have been impossible to get through with artilery or even an organized force. It will be proper to state here that I was joined on Saturday night at Tipton by Maj. Kelley [George W Kelly] & two hundred men of the 4th M.S.M. & Maj. [William] Gentry of the 5th Prov. E.M.M. with two hundred men and at the camp near Booneville by Capt. Ware [W. D. Wear] & one hundred men of the 9th Prov. E.M.M. making my force eleven hundred and ninety men but Compy B of one Regt. was left with our train which reduced the number sixty men. From here I sent a messenger

Shelby, is commonly known as Shelby's raid. The troops crossed the Arkansas River a little east of Fort Smith, where General Blunt was stationed, and swept rapidly into southwest Missouri. At Crooked Prairie they were joined by a force under Colonel Coffee, which swelled their number to 2500. From this point they marched with haste to Boonville, expecting addi­ tional reinforcements, but they were disappointed. Not daring to advance further they plun­ dered Boonville of $100,000 worth of property and quickly retreated. Near Arrow Rock they were attacked by General E. B. Brown and suffered the loss of 300 men and all their artillery but one gun. . . . This raid . . . was the last engagement of any importance in Missouri between the Federals and the Confederates in 1863." See Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 863- 864. 8 Shelby burned the courthouse at Stockton and then turned northeast to Warsaw October 8 and then north toward Sedalia. Major Foster (U) with Cos. B. and G. of the 7th M.S.M. locat­ ed Shelby, however, and by dragging branches of trees in the road created such a cloud of dust that Shelby was deceived into thinking that General Brown was close behind him with a large force. Shelby therefore deflected his course to the east toward Tipton. See George S. Grover, "The Shelby Raid," Missouri Historical Review VI (April, 1912), 109-110. 9 October 9, 1863. Lazear Civil War Letters 401

General Egbert B. Brown became Lazear's commanding officer in September 1863.

State Historical Society of Missouri across to General Brown telling him where we were and that I would move on the town of Booneville at 5 oclock in the morning and for him to move at the same time which if he had done we would have taken Shelby and his whole command as Brown had eight hundred men and four pieces of artillery. We also had two pieces of Artillery 2 pound guns but unfortunate­ ly General Brown moved across from that road to our rear and let the enemy pop out. We started at five oclock and passed through Booneville rapidly and our advance came in sight of the enemys rear as he left his camp. In a few miles skirmishing commenced and was kept up allmost continually untill we reached Dug Ford on the Lamine River. Here a severe skirmish ensued. Capt. [Joseph H.] Little & Co. E of our Regt made a desperate charge and received a terrible fire from some two to three hundred rebels only a few yards distant which resembled a crash of thunder more than anything else I can think of but our boys broke their lines and they run. We lost in this charge three killed & four wounded—one horse killed & several wounded. We mortally wounded several one a Lt. Col. and took one prisoner here. Two men of the 7th M.S.M. had been killed before this & two wounded and up to this place we had killed eight took four prisoners and no dout wounded a large number. In a few miles from this place Brown fell in ahead of us and had a skirmish killing one. Some of his scouts had in the morning also killed one and wounded two. It was now late in the evening of Monday and our command stoped to feed and get something to eat as we had had nothing since Sunday morning and all we had now was to kill meat & broil it on the coals and eat it. It was raining too and cold. General Brown pushed on after the enemy and our men had not all got as much roasted meat as they could 402 Missouri Historical Review eat when the Artillery commenced booming in our front. Of course there was no more time spent in eating and feeding as all were anxious to get into the fight but we had only clearly got started when it was dark and the canonad- ing ceased. We moved up to General Brown and formed line of Battle in the woods when it was so dark that we had to make fires to form our line and again laid down in line of Battle which was the third night and it was 11 oclock at night & cold & raining some. This was near Jonesboro but on the opposite side of the river and Brown & Shelby had been fighting across a small stream called Salt Fork of Lamine. We had one man killed here and learned afterwards that the enemy lost one, a Lieutenant. At five oclock we were ordered to move to Marshel. The seventy men of the 7th M.S.M. joined their Regt here which left us one thousand and twenty men. We reached Marshel about seven oclock10 and in half an hour the Battle commenced and we held the enemy 1600 strong and his two pieces Artillery for more than two hours before Brown came up. The fighting at times was very severe alltho our loss was very small. I advanced at one time to within two hundred and fifty yards of the enemies Artillery with only two little guns but it was so hot here that our support, the E.M.M. fell back without firing a gun and four men wounded at one piece. We were obliged to fall back to the edge of the town. My horse was badly wounded shot twice and since dead. The bullets were as thick as a hail storm and I cannot see how any of us escaped that were in this position but we did. The enemy fired at us about a shot every two min­ utes with their Artillery for four hours and only killed two horses. Besides they made a number of charges on different parts of our line but our riflemen would lay flat on the ground until they would get in good range when they would raise up and let them have it and the rebels would run like turkies to rally and try it in another place. Shortly after General Brown came up the enemy commenced moving off to our extreme left. I sent word to the General when he brot round two pieces Artillery & the 7th Regt, which came up with him but they could not stop them. Maj. Kelley and his command two hundred of the 4th had been held in reserve now made a splendid charge and cut the enemies column in two and part of them went East & part West. Unfortunately the party that went East were not noticed and had one piece of Artillery with them and I expect have carried it out of the state with them. I do not know how many of the enemy was killed as I left immediately the fight was over in the direction of Lexington but I do not think there was less than one hundred & fifty killed & wounded. Our loss was very small. Only five wounded. I do not know what was the loss in the other commands but it was very light. I chased the party that went West and Shelby was with them two days longer and pressed them so tight through my district that they did

October 13, 1863. Lazear Civil War Letters 403

Joseph O. Shelby in 1864

State Historical Society of Missouri not have time to feed. They were travelling night and day and the last I heard of them they were near the Osage River. They ought to have all been cap­ tured and if other forces had used half the exertion that we did there would not have been any of them got away. But I suppose Brig. Generals did not like to act on the suggestion of a Lt. Col. and therefore all the good that might have come out of the information I gave them and the suggestions was lost to the country. General Brown & General Ewing could have headed them at Booneville if they had acted on my suggestions. Ewing was in hearing of the fight but turned and went the other way. Our men were from Sunday morning untill Wednesday night without rations and in that time did not get more than one meal and no bread with that and it cold and raining and but very little sleep. I have been thus particular in giving you all the particulars for I see you will get none of the facts in the papers as there are men now trying to give notoriety to men who I never saw nor heard of in the chase or fight. In fact my command that I had with me are entitled to all the credit of driving Shelby out of the county. We were foremost in the chase all the time but about three hours the evening when Brown fell in ahead of us after the fight at Dug Ford. And then was the only force that seemed to dare to throw ourselves in the front of Shelby and his picked force for they were picked men picked from twenty three Regiments and numbered sixteen hundred men two pieces Artillery one six pound brass gun and one nine pound Parrott Iron gun. General Brown was well pleased 404 Missouri Historical Review with our conduct and acknowledged on the Battle ground that he was indebt­ ed to me .. . Your loving husband B. F. Lazear

Head Quarters 1st Cav. M.S.M. Warrensburg, Mo. Jan 13 1864 Col. [Lazear] . . . Co. G. has been ordered from Lexington and a Court of Inquiry appointed to investigate the conduct of the officers, and men of Co. G. upon a Complaint that they have conducted themselves so as to become a terror to the people of Lexington. I have ordered Co. G. to Columbus. No other news of interest. Very Respectfully your Obt Servt James McFerran Col 1st Cav. M.S.M. Commdg Regt. To Lieut Col. B. F. Lazear Clinton, Mo.

Warrensburg, Jan. 13th 1864 Dear Wife ... I am afraid that you have striped yourself most too bare of greenbacks but I will try and send you some occasionally so that you wont get out but greenbacks are not very plenty with me now and grey backs11 have com­ pletely played out but I dreamed the other night that I had a batch of clean clothes just from the washwoman and one of my under shirts was covered with them. But I hope that it like all other dreams will turn out to the con­ trary and that greenbacks will be plentier than grey backs . . . We are having a very pleasant winter here . . . The country is I think full of Rebels and we are doing nothing as usual to catch them. They had a little skirmish day before yesterday at Lexington but what the result was I dont know . . . Your loving husband B. F. Lazear

"Greybacks" referred to vermin. Lazear Civil War Letters 405

Jefferson City April 24th 1864 Dear Wife I arrived at this place Fryday and it has been raining ever since and I do think this is the dullest lonely place I ever was in. I would just as soon put in what time I stay here in the penitentiary as to be out of it. There is not very much for the court [martial] to do here and unless there is more cases to be sent here I will not be long here but as General Brown showed such extraor­ dinary haste in sending me here he may send work enough to keep me here. I see that I am to have but little satisfaction here in the service if we have to stay under Brown. I wish to god we were under General Ewing then I could have some chance of serving with the Regiment. I am stoping at the Virginia Hotel. I could not bear the idea of going to a private boarding house as it is so lonesome and it is not much better here . . . Your loving husband B. F. Lazear

Jefferson City, Mo. June 17th 1864 Dear Wife ... I hope this may find you Dear Wife still mending and the children all well and as bad as usual. I have very bad news from our Regt last Sunday the Bushwhackers killed twelve men of Co. M. and one missing who I sup­ pose is killed too. There was but fourteen of our men and only one got back

This panoramic view of Jefferson City was published in 1859, five years before Lazear was stationed in the capital city. State Historical Society of Missouri 406 Missouri Historical Review to tell the tale. This was in Johnson County. Since that, I do not know the day, thirty men of Co. I & F on their way to Lexington after rations with two teams had two fights with about one hundred guerillas and eight of our men were killed. They lost their teams and the guerillas killed the mules and burnt the wagons. It makes me allmost sick to hear of our poor boys being killed in that way and I cant hear of no guerrillas being killed . . . This place is as dull and lonely as ever. I will try and get to come home in August. You need not look for any money until after the first of July as this month was so near out I concluded I would wait and draw four months pay . . . Your loving husband B. F. Lazear

Jefferson City, June 20th 1864 Dear Wife ... I have been told privately that I will be put under arrest soon and charges preferred against me by [James] McFerran & Brown but I am not afraid of them and I dont care how soon they do so but I think they are afraid to do so but their will is good. The reason that I am afraid I cant get to go home is that they know that I want to go to Saint Louis and they know if I get there that I will give them trouble . . . Your loving husband B. F. Lazear

Jefferson City July 15th 1864 Dear Wife . . . The news from your side of the river is very bad as the guerillas seem to have possession of a good portion of North Missouri and tell Mc that he must be ready for them and not let them take Ashley ... I expect that our court will adjourn today and I will go back to Warrensburg whether I will go into the field or on a court there I dont know but expect that I will go on a court there. WTien I come home if I get to come I will bring you the oil cloth you want. . . You had better get these things if you get the money and I cant say now when that will be for my money was paid on the 7th of this month and it seems to be lost for I have heard nothing of it yet but I hope it will turn up all right yet as I have got a man at Saint Louis to look after it. I think it must have been sent to some other place by the express company. God knows I dont want to loose it for it is four months pay ... If things keep on raising I dont know what people are to do for it takes so much now to buy nothing . . . Your loving husband B. F. Lazear '4—J Jpp^ BF •K X 1 ^fSMIII^^^I^^^^Hf fx

State Historical Society of Missouri

Richard B. Foster

Some Aspects of Black Education in Reconstruction Missouri: An Address by Richard B. Foster

EDITED BY ANTONIO F. HOLLAND AND GARY R. KREMER*

In 1933, Carter G. Woodson, writing on the educational problems confronted by black Americans, charged that whites "had thoroughly demonstrated" they were no longer willing to serve a useful function in the educational life of blacks. "They have not," he said, "the spirit of their predecessors and do not measure up to the requirements of educators desired in accredited colleges." That, Woodson suggested, was unfortunate. For there had been a time, shortly after the Civil War, when a number of sincere Northern whites had gone South "and established schools and churches to lay the foundation" for black colleges.1

* Antonio F. Holland received the B.A. and M.A. degrees from Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, and the Ph.D. from the University of Missouri-Columbia. He is a pro­ fessor of history at Lincoln University, Jefferson City. Gary R. Kremer has the B.A. and M.A. degrees from Lincoln University, Jefferson City, and the Ph.D. degree from American University, Washington, D.C. He is a professor of history at William Woods University, Fulton. This article first appeared in the Missouri Historical Review in January 1976.

1 Carter G. Woodson, The Mis-Education of the Negro (Washington, D.C, 1933), 26. 407 408 Missouri Historical Review

There was, in Woodson's view, little doubt about the moral soundness of those men's motives. Indeed, in his words, "Anathema be upon him who would utter a word derogatory to the record of these heroes and heroines."2 Some thirty-four years later, Henry Bullock, another historian of black education in the South, also extolled the qualities of whites who founded Southern black schools during the early years of Reconstruction. These peo­ ple, whom he categorized as coming mainly from the religious group of the North:

. . . were in the main devout Christians. . . . They were largely trained in New England colleges and universities and were probably some of the best pre­ pared of the nation's small supply of common school teachers. They had interpreted the Emancipation Proclamation in terms of what it was supposed to mean—the freedom of Negroes to care for themselves and participate in a free society like other people.3

Richard B. Foster, a founder of Lincoln University of Missouri, was one such man. Foster was born and raised in Hanover, New Hampshire, and was graduated from Dartmouth College, well steeped in the Congregationalist tradition. He was the descendant of an old New England family which had emigrated from Ipswich, England, before the Revolution. He taught school in Illinois and Indiana prior to the outbreak of the Civil War. Foster demon­ strated his abolitionist sentiments as early as 1856 by taking part in the John Brown raid upon Fort Titus, Kansas. In 1862 he entered the service of the Union Army as a private in the First Nebraska Regiment. When Abraham Lincoln authorized the formation of black regiments, Foster immediately vol­ unteered to join the Sixty-Second United States Colored Infantry, later rising to the rank of lieutenant. He was in command of the rear guard at the battle of Palmetto Ranch, Texas, May 25, 1865.4 At the end of the war, Foster was asked by the men of the 62nd and 65th colored regiments to act as their agent in the establishment of a school for blacks in Missouri. Foster accepted this expression of confidence and left the next year for Missouri, carrying with him more than $6,000.00 raised by the members of the 62nd and 65th. In 1866 he founded Lincoln Institute in Jefferson City, Missouri, and there served the cause of black education as principal of the school for the next six years. The following document, an address delivered before the State Teachers' Association in St. Louis in 1869, offers some insight into the problems he faced in Jefferson City, and the problems black education, in general, faced

2 Ibid. 3 Henry Bullock, A History of Negro Education in the South (New York, 1970), 24. 4 W. Sherman Savage, A History of Lincoln University (Jefferson City, Mo., 1939), 7-10; William E. Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 1865-1870 (Columbia, Mo., 1965), 128-132. An Address by Richard B. Foster 409 in Reconstruction Missouri. Foster's address was published in the Jefferson City Weekly Missouri State Times, May 21, 1869.

Address Upon Colored Schools Delivered Before the State Teachers' Association at St. Louis, Mo., May 17th, 1869 By R. B. Foster, of Jefferson City

The State Superintendent reports in this State thirty-four thousand col­ ored children "of educable age." As it is at last discovered that they are edu- cable, it becomes an interesting question what provision is made that their possibilities of educableness may be realized. A summary of the reports of County Superintendents shows fifty-nine public colored schools in the state, and an attendance of 2,000 pupils. One- seventeenth! This showing must be erroneous. There must be more than 2,000, there must be more than one-seventeenth of the colored children of the State in school. There are many subscription schools, some of them quite small, and some taught by indifferent teachers, but still doing something. There are many schools supported by benevolent societies in the North, whose teachers are thoroughly qualified, and endued with self-denying mis­ sionary spirit. [Many of these have not been]5 reported by indifferent super­ intendents. All this is so. The office of the Freedmen's Bureau in this City has reports of seventeen schools, with sixteen hundred pupils, some of whom are and [some are] not, included in the other list. I estimate that there are about five thousand colored children in the State attending school. On the other hand, the same indifference that fails to report all the schools, also fails to report all the children. I shall not be thought unreason­ able if I estimate fifty thousand as the number of this class for whom schools should be provided; certainly not if a small allowance be made for adults. So, instead of the number two thousand, and the ratio one-seventeenth, we may claim the number of five thousand, and the ratio one-tenth, as actu- aly provided with schools. Is this a showing to be proud of? Can we point to those figures with exultation?6

5 Words introduced in brackets in the text of this document represent editorial interpola­ tions added where the original manuscript was illegible. 6 Foster's estimate of 5,000 seems conservative when compared with a study done by a Freedmen's Bureau agent in 1869. The agent reported that by fall of 1869 there were 114 Negro schools, mostly public, with 6,240 pupils in attendance throughout the state. The cen­ sus of 1870 revealed an enrollment of 9,080 black students. Professor William Parrish esti­ mates that the potential Negro student group of the entire state contained approximately 42,000 children. Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 123. 410 Missouri Historical Review

But perhaps the character of such schools as the colored people enjoy is so high as to atone in part for the paucity of their num­ bers. Would it were so! But is it reasonable to expect this? By what test or tests shall we judge? By the respect given to the teacher? By the money paid them? By the cost of the school-houses? By the value of the furniture State Historical Society of Missouri and apparatus provided? Alas! by all these tests, the colored schools are inferior. It is undeniable that as a general rule the teachers of colored schools are held in less estimation, and are in less danger of becoming rich than the teachers of the white schools.7 Understand, it is not the teachers but the schools, whose cause I am pleading. If there is any teacher of a colored school, who cannot make a living at that, let him do something else or starve. Better that an incompetent should starve than go into the school-room as a teacher, even of Negroes! But as to school-houses. How many good school-houses in this State have dusky faces for occupants? Houses that would be satisfactory to the white children of the locality? Where are they? Where is one? In St. Joseph the colored school-house is a frame building—all rest are brick.8 Are there any forty thousand dollar school-houses in St. Louis for the five thousand colored children?9 In Jefferson City, has been partly bought and partly built, within a year and a half, a comfortable brick for the white children, containing four [large]

7 For example, in 1873 average salaries ranged from $46.70 monthly for a male teacher in a colored school to $82.72 monthly in white schools. Women were grossly underpaid in both cases: $40 monthly average in black schools; $46.64 monthly in white schools. Ibid., 128. 8 St. Joseph had started its first black school in 1866. By 1871 St. Joseph had two one- room schools for blacks and by 1874, 386 of the 651 blacks enumerated in the city were enrolled under four teachers. Robert Irving Brigham, "The Education of the Negro in Missouri" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, 1946), 84. 9 St. Louis had more schools for blacks at this time than any other community in the state. The state legislature had granted power to the city to establish separate schools for blacks in 1865. In 1866 three schools were established for blacks, one in the north, one in the south, and one in the central part of the city. By 1868 there were five black schools. In 1871 a sixth school was established, and by 1875 there were twelve black schools. Ibid., 90-91. An Address by Richard B. Foster 411 rooms and a recitation room, and furnished with good desks—at a cost of about ten thousand dollars.10 Not too much certainly, no, not half enough for one thousand children. But the colored school is provided with a frame twen­ ty-two feet wide, built for a school-house in the ante-diluvian ages, and for years considered worthless, resuscitated by an outlay of five hundred dollars, and furnished with the home-made desks thrown out of the white school- house. How is that single room for three hundred and fifty children? Number of colored children one-fourth the whole, cost of their school- house one-twentieth! Would St. Louis, would the state show a nearer approx­ imation to equal justice than that? I imagine not. I suppose the majority of colored schools in this state are taught in cabins and in churches. In the rural districts in cabins never meant for school-houses, and in towns in churches never fit for a school-house. For though a church may well go into a school- house, a school should never go into a church.11 In fact, I presume that my school-house, the one just referred to, that cost five hundred dollars to revive it—is much better than the average house occu­ pied by my kind of school. I have a room six feet too narrow, but of good length; with an entry, in an airy, beautiful situation; with good windows and good roof; not quite a good floor; wall and ceiling plastered; walnut desks, made by a mechanic who was a good workman, but who did not know how a desk should be made for the comfort and health of the pupil; and a good, large black-board, and three small ones. In that room—not always as good as now—I have taught nearly three years. Will you bear with me while I describe the scene of my first entrance on my labor there as memory recalls it? The rain is pouring in torrents. As I approached the school-house, I am stopped by a creek, the bridge over which has been swept away—usually

10 The school was located on a lot known as Hobo Hill, fronting on Miller Street, between Miller and McCarty (then called Van Buren), and Marshall and Jackson. It was the site of the first public school land to be purchased by Jefferson City, also the first site of Lincoln University, and, currently, the site of Simonsen Junior High School. Jerena East Giffen, The House on Hobo Hill: The History of the Jefferson City Public Schools (Jefferson City, Mo., 1964), 14, 58. 11 Another example of the kind of schools about which Foster is speaking, includes a school established in St. Louis by Hiram Revels in 1856. Revels later became the first Negro to sit in the United States Senate. In Hannibal, Tom Henderson, a free black man who had become a Methodist minister, held classes at the Second Baptist Church before the Civil War. When war came, he turned the job over to Blanche K. Bruce, who later also became a United States senator. In Columbia, the board of education opened a combination school-church in the fall of 1866. In 1865 the Western Sanitary Commission at St. Louis was operating a high school for about fifty or sixty black people in the basement of one of the churches. In 1869 one of the three black elementary schools in St. Louis was being conducted by two teachers in the basement of the Chambers Street Baptist Church, corner of 10th and Chambers streets. Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 118-120, 124; J. W. Evans, "A Brief Sketch of the Development of Negro Education in St. Louis, Missouri," The Journal of Negro Education, VII (October, 1938), 548-552. 412 Missouri Historical Review fordable, but now impassable by reasons of the flood. A half hour's detour, and the scrambling of several fences brings me to the sanctuary of learning. What a sanctuary! The rains pour through the roof scarcely less than outside. I could throw a dog through the side in twenty places. There is no sign of a window, bench, desk, chair or table. In this temple of the muses I meet two pupils. On the next day the same scene is repeated. The third day the rain has ceased, the creek has become fordable, and seventeen pupils are enrolled; and for more than six weeks, new names are added to the register every day. I will not weary you with details of gradual improvement since. I have taught one hundred and thirty pupils in that house at one time, without assistance. But since last January, half my scholars have been sent to an assistant, half whose wages are paid by the school board, who teaches in a church with her brother, the principal of Lincoln Institute, and I have been comparatively happy.12 I have not troubled you with these details as supposing they have any value of themselves, but they illustrate the difficulties under which colored schools have been established in this State. And I was not the pioneer. It deserves to be recorded that the two ladies who first taught a colored school in Jefferson City were stoned in the street, and owed their safety to the pro­ tection of Governor [Thomas] Fletcher. Yet I think our circumstances were and are not worse but better than the average. Still less State Historical Society of Missouri are you to suppose that I have taken this covert means to complain of the board of education. Far from it.

12 Foster's assistant was Fan­ nie Payne and the school she was conducting was located in the Colored Baptist Church, which, at the time, was itself housed in an old frame building once used for a sta­ ble. It stood near the present site of the railroad depot. Ms. Payne's brother, W. H. Payne, was the sec­ ond principal of the school (after Foster), and the first black princi­ pal. He was educated at Adrian College in Michigan. Savage, A History of Lincoln University, 8, 12, 16-17, 198. An Address by Richard B. Foster 413

Their treatment of me has been generous, and they have gone to the extreme limit of their means in providing for my school.13 But we may as well accept that the colored schools of this State are most­ ly in poor condition; too few in number, little thought of, little cared for. As a state we are not doing our duty for the education of the colored people, and probably not doing half so much as most of us, in our self-complacency, think we are. It is comparatively of less consequence that the teachers of white schools should be fit for their post. For, mark you, the colored children have no other means of education than the school room. They have no intelligent parents, no refined homes supplied with books and papers, to supplement the defi­ ciencies and correct the mistakes of the teacher. Let him have provincialisms of speech, antiquated and false methods of instruction, and his pupils receive it all as law and gospel. Soon the older pupils will be taking little subscrip­ tion schools in the rural district, and will at least perpetuate and propagate all the falsehoods they have learned.14 Therefore, I say emphatically the colored schools need the best of teach­ ers. How shall they be obtained? There are not competent teachers for the white schools in the State. Have any of you known a surplus of thoroughly competent teachers, unable to find situations in any community in the State? But, as I have intimated, the white schools usually give better pay in money and social position than the colored; and teachers would be more than human if they did not seek the best places. There are needed to-day in this State one thousand first class teachers for colored schools, and there are not one hun­ dred whose qualifications rank as fair. I know of only one way to [get] col­ ored teachers. We can draw some from the North and East; we must educate the most at home. There are but few occupations fairly open to the colored people that are both honorable and lucrative. Next to farming, which is the most honorable

13 Despite State Superintendent T. A. Parker's efforts to advance the cause of black edu­ cation in Missouri, progress along those lines was handicapped by the general unwillingness of Missouri school boards to go along with his plans. The ground rules for the establishment of black schools had been laid in 1866 by the Twenty-Third General Assembly which stipulated that separate schools were to be established by a township in which there were twenty blacks of school age enumerated. In such localities as had less than twenty blacks of school age the money raised for their schooling was to be used for their education in such ways as local school boards saw fit. However, as late as 1867, the superintendent of Missouri schools pointed out that there was no effective way of enforcing such laws in the state of Missouri. The 1868 leg­ islature tried to remedy this situation by giving the state superintendent the power to establish schools for blacks should local school boards refuse to do so. Additional legislation, passed in 1871, made school officials who failed to live up to this specific duty liable to a fine of from fifty to five hundred dollars. Brigham, "The Education of the Negro in Missouri," 83-84. 14 Subscription schools were simply schools in which the pupils were charged a fee to cover the cost of the teacher's services and the facilities used. They received no state support. Both black and white subscription schools were common during this period. 414 Missouri Historical Review of all, the rightly pursued, the most lucrative, for it pays health, quiet, peace of mind, communion with God and nature—the highest, purest, sweetest life is that of him who sucks the breast of mother earth, next to farming is teach­ ing. That profession has received a special honor in taking a Prof. [Ebenezer Don Carlos] Bassett from his school-room in Philadelphia—and mark you, he had a good school-house—to be Minister to Hayti.15 Missouri has a col­ ored teacher, J. Milton Turner of Boonville, who, if he did not receive the mission to Liberia, was at least worthy of it. He, instead of myself, ought to have delivered this address to you.16 In encouraging colored teachers I would not discourage white teachers from taking colored schools. I am no friend to the dogma that colored peo­ ple must keep to themselves in school and church. I am the sworn enemy of caste in all its forms. But here is an inviting field which fit persons ought to enter, the need can not be otherwise supplied, and in some cases, not being themselves entirely free from that caste spirit that has been and is such a bit­ ter enemy to them, they prefer teachers of their own color. They are an imitative race, and imitation, like love and justice is blind. It seizes alike on virtue and vice. And they have derived from us something of that spirit of caste which we so faithfully cherish. While no white church in the land would accept the ministrations of a colored pastor, though he were another Athanasius or Augustine; while no white regiment would consent to be led into battle by a colored colonel, though he were a worthy successor to Hannibal and Toussaint L'Ouverture, let us not blame them too severely if they sometimes prefer teachers of their own class, especially as some white men and women have thought them­ selves good enough to teach schools, who were confessedly not fit to teach white children. We must then have colored teachers. Whence? How? We must draw what we can from outside. Immigration has been the salvation of Missouri. A few carpet-baggers of the right kind would help the colored people amaz­ ingly. [But] we can not count much upon them. The supply of suitable mate­ rial is too limited; and other fields, where the blacks are stronger, an educated

15 Ebenezer Bassett was a Connecticut-born high school principal who had studied at Yale. He was appointed to the Haitian ministership by President Ulysses S. Grant and served during Grant's entire tenure in office. Benjamin Quarles, Frederick Douglass (New York, 1969), 321, 323. 16 James Milton Turner was born a slave in St. Louis County, in 1840. After serving in the Civil War, he returned to Missouri and became involved in efforts to advance the cause of black education in particular and civil rights generally. In the process, he became recognized as a spokesman for blacks, not only in Missouri, but throughout the country. Though, as Foster reports in this speech, Turner did not receive the ministership to Liberia when he first applied in 1869, he was appointed to that position by President Grant early in 1871. Gary R. Kremer, "James Milton Turner: The Hopeful Years 1868-1875" (unpublished essay written in U.S. History Seminar at The American University, Washington, D.C, Spring, 1975), 7-12. An Address by Richard B. Foster 415

The first structure at Lincoln Institute was completed in 1871.

State Historical Society of Missouri man might get to Congress, are more attractive. Then we must educate them at home. How? In the scattered, irregular, inferior schools, and poor school- houses they now have? How many teachers of colored schools are there to­ day in Missouri who are graduates of some good normal school, up with the progress of the age and the science of teaching, and thoroughly competent to train teachers? If there is one, it is beyond my knowledge. Then we must have a normal school to train colored teachers. That's what we want. A normal school in a suitable location, provided with good buildings and a good corps of instructors, and with tuition free. There are large numbers who would seek its advantages, who, in two years, would make second class teachers, and in four years would become first class. Some of the pupils would, in one year, be better qualified than three- fourths of those now in the field. The buildings for such a school ought to be erected this summer, and the school to open with two hundred pupils next September. Is it possible to do that? Ten thousand dollars added to what is now ready for that purpose would put up the buildings. Let me explain what I refer to as now ready for the purpose. In January, 1866, I was in Texas, a Lieutenant in the 62nd regiment United States Colored Infantry. I was about to be mustered out on a consol­ idation of the regiment into four companies. A sort of spontaneous move­ ment arose to raise a subscription to establish a school in Missouri—ours was a Missouri regiment—of which I should take charge. The primary idea was for the benefit of colored soldiers. I did not suggest the undertaking, but accepted it as an indication of providence as to my field of duty. The imme­ diate results, were five thousand dollars from our regiment, thirteen hundred 416 Missouri Historical Review and twenty-five from the sixty-fifth, and two thousand dollars from the Freedmen's Bureau; the organization of a legal board of trustees under the name of Lincoln Institute; and the opening of the school in September, 1866, in the manner I have before referred to. The results to this time have been that [the school has been established and] is now taught in a church by a colored man, Mr. W H. Payne, a gradu­ ate of Adrian College, and his sister; an agent, a colored man, Rev. C. R. Beal, is at work in the East, and rather more than keeps the school going by his labors; and there is a permanent endowment, above expenses for three years, of seven thousand dollars, mostly invested in land near Jefferson City. 17 The trustees are anxious first of all to preserve the funds committed to them, safe from all abuse and chance of loss. Counsels of the utmost prudence have prevailed. They will not build or spend more than is necessary to keep the school alive till the way is clear. They have asked the Legislature for a small share of the three hundred and thirty thousand acres of Agricultural College land given by Congress to this State, and in two successive sessions a bill has passed the Senate embracing that feature. Once it failed in the House to receive a constitutional majority, though there were ten more votes cast for it than against it, and last winter its consideration was postponed till the adjourned session. So far as I know, opposition to the bill was confined to other features, viz. The proposed disposal of the principal part of the grant! so that it may be assumed that this provision is likely to become law, and a fund thereby realized at some future time, the product of say thirty thousand acres of land.18 According to the standard of North Carolina this would come to fifteen thousand dollars. According to the standard of Minnesota to one

17 Again, this was the school that was being conducted in the Colored Baptist Church. W. H. Payne and Charles A. Beal, both of whom had been students at Adrian College in Michigan, had dedicated their lives to Negro education and had sent letters to the governors of former slave states inquiring about the possibility of gaining teaching positions in black schools. Their letter to Governor Thomas Fletcher was passed on to Richard B. Foster who immediately solicited Beal and Payne's assistance. Payne came as a teacher and was made principal and Beal was made field agent. Lincoln Institute did not have enough money to pay Payne a salary and he was asked to provide his own remuneration. He was able to get the American Missionary Association to contribute $400.00 toward that end. Savage, A History of Lincoln University, 8, 12, 16, 198. 18 In 1869 a bill was offered in the legislature by Representative L. A. Thompson of Montgomery County to enlarge the University of the State of Missouri by establishing the Department of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. This bill included a proposal that would have given Lincoln Institute 10 percent of the income from the agricultural college land grants pro­ vided by the federal government. When the bill was finally passed, the part about Lincoln Institute had been dropped. It was not until 1870, after a mass demonstration by black citizens from all parts of the state in Jefferson City, that Lincoln Institute was allocated state funds to continue its educational programs. In that year, the general assembly, in an attempt at com­ promise, offered a resolution, introduced by J. B. Harper of Putnam County, granting five thou­ sand dollars annually in state aid to Lincoln if its trustees would consent to convert the school into one designed for the training of Negro teachers for public schools. Savage, A History of Lincoln University, 12-14; Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 131-132. An Address by Richard B. Foster 417

W. H. Payne

Lincoln University Library hundred and fifty thousand. But in either case this is uncertain, except as to the fact that it will not be available for years; and an agriculture college is not a normal school.19 But if the colored people of this State are to have good common schools supplied with competent teachers; if they are to have the opportunity of a higher education in agriculture, the mechanic art, law, med­ icine, theology, science and art, without going out of the State for it, and without waiting for the slow process of such correction of public sentiment as will open our high schools and colleges to them—a process much hindered by their ignorance—it is simply a necessity of the case that all the means available should be concentrated in one institution, strong enough to be respectable and useful, and with elasticity to develope each department of a complete university as it may be needed. It is not a necessity that this institution be called Lincoln Institute, that it be located at Jefferson City, or that the individuals who now constitute the board of trustees of Lincoln Institute have control of it. But there are seven thousand dollars and an actual beginning of a school; and while I speak for myself alone, without authority of the board, [I] think I am safe in saying that that sum can be joined to any other funds that may be raised to establish such a school as is needed, in any location and under any name that may be most advisable.

19 A normal school had as its primary purpose the training of persons to become teachers. An agricultural college, on the other hand, was less academic and more vocational, training its students to become scientific farmers and practitioners of the mechanical arts. 418 Missouri Historical Review

The normal school should be the first department open. That is the most pressing necessity. I ask the State [Teachers'] Association to adopt [a resolution urging the Legislature to [act] without delay [and requesting] a generous and philanthropic public not to wait for the legislature, but to contribute enough to inaugurate the work. It will be said that teachers are not the only need. Our reply, they are the greatest. I know of schools waiting for teachers; schools that have applied to me for teachers, and I could not send them. Other schools have applied to the State Superintendent for teachers and he could not supply them. Here I desire to call attention to a very effective provision of our school law: that namely which makes it the duty of the State Superintendent to establish colored schools where the local board fails to do so. It is within my knowledge that the mere fact of that law on the Statute book, coupled with a firm impression that the Superintendent would obey it, has caused [sic] num­ ber of schools to be established where other means had failed. If in any com­ munity where the local board neglects to provide a school, the colored peo­ ple have one intelligent friend, he can do them no other service so great, as by assisting them to make out a case for the Superintendent. He can only act "upon satisfactory proof." It appears by the last biennial report of the State Auditor, that during two years 6,000 dollars had been appropriated from the State Treasury to the Military Institute at Lexington; $10,000.00 to build the president's house at Columbia; and $29,259.23 out of "seminary moneys" [sic] to the State

Lincoln Institute, Jefferson City

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J h4^^^^ An Address by Richard B. Foster 419

University—in all $45,259.23 to seminaries of learning above the grade of the common school. No colored student is ever seen in either of those insti­ tutions. No Statute law forbids their presence, but it is prohibited by a law whose edicts are more certain to be obeyed than those of the Legislature— the law of public opinion. I demand that the next biennial report of the State Auditor shall show disbursements to an institution of learning above the grade of the common school, that shall be open to colored students.20 But there are those who will say to this class, "Now you ought to be con­ tent with what you have obtained. Your masters have lost a great deal of money by your liberation. You are now as free as anybody. Equal civil rights are guaranteed to you by the laws. We expect some of you want to learn to read and [write and we will give you a chance,] but you must not expect that the people, (have you ever noticed, how in talking about the people, it is almost universally assumed that Negroes are no part of the people?) but the people won't stand a tax to build you fine school-houses and hire as good teachers as the white schools have. N— are impudent and forward anyhow." I say language substantially like that expresses the view of a great many hon­ est and well-intentioned persons. But I do not agree that that view is essen­ tially sound. I think it is essentially wrong. With due deference to those who differ from me, I advance the following: The natural rights of all classes are alike. If there is any difference in their claims, it is the result of fortuitous circumstances. Long continued deprivation of just rights does not constitute a valid reason to perpetuate that deprivation. From the first settlement of this State down to 1865, the Negroes were deprived of liberty and incidentally of education. During that period their unremunerated labor created a vast amount of the material wealth of the State. To give them now the widest possible opportunity for education, to let them have the fullest chance to find out what capacities God has given them, is perhaps to lessen the obligation but it is not to cancel it. The debt is one which from its nature and from its magnitude can never be payed. It is true they have not much property to pay taxes on; but let society restore to them the earnings of which they were feloniously deprived and they will need no help. A particular case will put this in a clearer light than a general statement. My friend and neighbor Cyrus Trigg, was 68 years old when freedom came. For 50 years, with stout muscles and vigorous health he had done a man's work and received a slave's wages.21 Now, considering that money was for-

20 The next biennial report of the State Auditor did, of course, reflect the newly appropri­ ated $5,000 specifically earmarked for Lincoln Institute. By 1879 the state of Missouri had taken over complete operation of the school. Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 132. 21 Cyrus Trigg apparently gained his freedom sometime prior to or during 1855. He appeared before the Cole County Court in that year and asked the court to grant him a "free license" to remain in the state. His descendants, among them Lincoln University professor Joseph Trigg, still live in Jefferson City. Gary R. Kremer, "Cole County, Missouri Freedmen, 1865-1880" (unpublished Master's thesis, Lincoln University, 1972), 15-16. 420 Missouri Historical Review

merly worth more than its present value, reckon his work at $100.00 a year more than such food and clothing, as he received, and interest averaging 25 years at only 4% and not compounded, and we have $5,000.00 principle, and as much more for interest that we owe him. I say we, for his master is not specially to blame. The responsibility lies on the State of Missouri, the State of Virginia, and the American nation, North and South. The United States owes him. How much it owes him in the nature of damages, for the repres­ sion and subjugation of his manhood, for false imprisonment, for tearing from him all his twelve children, ten of whom have never been recovered— I will not undertake to say, but I will say that we owe to him and his class that the number of colored schools in this State be increased ten-fold, the value of the houses for such schools one-hundred fold, and the character of their teachers raised to the highest possible rank.

What Is Politics?

Columbia Missouri Herald, September 2, 1898. Chewing black tobacco, drinking liquor, and standing on the street corner and "cussing" is not politics. Nor is the buying of votes, or handshaking, or sycophanting. Nor is playing upon prejudice or demogoguing, or pulling wires, or manipulating conventions. Politics is a profession requiring honesty, common sense and industry, and while many who possess all these fail at it, those who do not possess them can not maintain success after they win it.

That's Possible

Unionville Putnam County Leader, January 21, 1898. Edith—Jack says his father threatens to disinherit him. Marie—That is a mere bluff to make you think his father has money.—Puck.

What Next?

Canton Press, January 7, 1898. "Those new neighbors seem to be great borrowers." "Borrowers! One night when they gave a dinner they borrowed our family album.'

On the Icy Path

Unionville Putnam County Leader, January 21, 1898. She—Very slippery coming home[,] was it not? He—Yes, very. "Couldn't keep your feet, I suppose[.]" "Oh, yes, I did manage to keep them but they changed places with the back of my neck several times." Yonkers Statesman. 421

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society Trustee Tom Miller (foreground) and Other Guests During the Opening of A Centennial Salute to George Caleb Bingham

A Centennial Salute to George Caleb Bingham Opening Reception Held on April 5

A reception and special preview of the Society's A Centennial Salute to George Caleb Bingham took place on Sunday, April 5. H. Riley Bock, pres­ ident of the Society, welcomed the guests and introduced the speakers during a brief ceremony prior to the opening of the art gallery. Guests included offi­ cers and trustees of the Society, officers and board members of NationsBank and Boone County National Bank, and owners of Bingham paintings loaned for the exhibit. NationsBank and Boone County National Bank underwrote the reception and the ninety-day exhibition. Richard Wallace, chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia, welcomed the attendees to the campus. Bo Fraser, president of Boone County National Bank, announced that in addition to celebrating the opening of the exhibition, the reception would also honor Albert M. Price, former president and chairman of the board of the bank and the Society's treasurer since 1968. Fraser spoke about Price's longtime and extensive community 422 Missouri Historical Review

University of Missouri-Columbia Chancellor Richard Wallace delivered remarks on behalf of the university at the reception preced­ ing the opening of the Society's Bingham exhibition.

service. Following Fraser's remarks, Gerald Brouder, president of Columbia College, presented Price with a pencil drawing of the college's first building done by Robert Beverly Price in the 1850s. Bingham portraits of R. B. Price and his father, Edwin Price, had been loaned by Albert Price for the exhibi­ tion. Carol Gruen, vice president for corporate affairs at NationsBank, St. Louis, presented a brief history of the bank's ownership of Bingham's "Election Series" and expressed the bank's pleasure at being able to make the three paintings, The County Election, The Verdict of the People or Announcement of the Result of the Election, and Stump Speaking or The County Canvass, available for the Society's exhibit. Sid Larson, the Society's art curator and a professor of art at Columbia College, commented on the exhibition's significance, and James W Goodrich, executive director of the Society, expressed the Society's appreciation to the owners of Bingham works loaned for the exhibit.

Albert and Marjo Price pose with the pencil drawing of early Christian College (now Columbia College) exe­ cuted by Robert Beverly Price. Bingham's portrait of Robert Beverly Price hangs in the background. Historical Notes and Comments 423

Representing NationsBank at the April 5 preview were Thomas Hoien, executive vice president, NationsBank Columbia; Mary Hoien; Carol Gruen, vice president for cor­ porate affairs, NationsBank St. Louis; W. Curtis Graff, president, NationsBank Springfield; Julie Westerman, vice president for corporate affairs, NationsBank St. Louis; and Margaret E. McDermott, regional sales and service manager, NationsBank Columbia.

Following the opening ceremony, guests viewed the exhibition, which featured twenty-one portraits, six genre paintings, and two landscapes exe­ cuted by Bingham during his lengthy nineteenth-century artistic career. In addition to a selection of Bingham works owned by the State Historical Society, NationsBank, and Albert M. Price, the exhibition included portraits of John Augustus and Mary Louisa (Hathaway) Williams loaned by Columbia College; portraits of Thomas Hart Benton and William F. Switzler loaned by the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; Fishing on the Mississippi from the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City; a portrait of John Quincy Adams loaned by Clarkson B. Rollins and Sarah Rollins Olmsted; Mountain Landscape, 1878 from the collection of Nelson A. and Susan D. Reiger; and a portrait of Richard Gentry loaned by Elizabeth Gentry Sayad and Elisha William Gentry Sayad. The exhibition was open to the public from April 6 through July 3. 424 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri Conference on History Held in April

The fortieth annual Missouri Conference on History met in Columbia on April 16-18. Alan R. Havig, Stephens College, Columbia, was the featured speaker at the first plenary session on April 16. The author of the newly pub­ lished history of the State Historical Society, Havig discussed "Bridging Public and Academic History: A Perspective on the State Historical Society of Missouri's First Century." On April 17 a second plenary session focused on "The Nature of Biography." Panel members, which included Gary Anderson, University of Oklahoma; Robert Ferrell, Indiana University; James N. Giglio, Southwest Missouri State University; and Mary Lee Spence, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, spoke about their expe­ riences in researching and writing biography. Fifteen sessions, comprising two or three papers each, were held during the conference. Many of the sessions focused on Missouri history, with the topics ranging from judicial and political history to the experiences of African Americans and women in the state. Panelists at one session present­ ed an overview of the ongoing study of the Hickman House in Howard County. Topics of other sessions included researching and teaching about the Salem, Massachusetts, witchcraft episode and history in film and artifact. At the luncheon on April 17, Conference President James W Goodrich, executive director of the State Historical Society of Missouri, announced the winners of the annual book and article prizes. Lawrence O. Christensen, University of Missouri-Rolla, and Gary R. Kremer, William Woods University, Fulton, received the book prize for A History of Missouri: Volume IV, 1875 to 1919. The recipient of the article prize was Joel P. Rhodes, a graduate student at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. Rhodes's prize- winning article, "It Finally Happened Here: The 1968 Riot in Kansas City, Missouri," appeared in the April 1997 issue of the Missouri Historical Review. Steering committee members elected at the business meeting fol­ lowing the luncheon included Fred Fausz, University of Missouri-St. Louis; Shawn Hull, William Woods University; Matthew Mancini, Southwest Missouri State University; and Pamela Sanfilippo, U. S. Grant National Historic Site, St. Louis. During 1998-1999, Virginia J. Laas, Missouri Southern State College, Joplin, will serve as president and Louis Gerteis, University of Missouri-St. Louis, as vice president. The 1999 Missouri Conference on History, scheduled for April 15-17, will be hosted by Missouri Southern State College in Joplin. Historical Notes and Comments 425

Centennial History of the Society Now Available

Alan R. Havig, professor of history at Stephens College, Columbia, has recently completed A Centennial History of the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1898-1998. In this volume, Havig has surveyed the Society's founding and its development under the administration of the five directors who headed the institution during its first one hundred years. Within that framework, the author discusses key officers, trustees, and staff, acquisitions and collections, programming, funding, facilities, and publications. Drawing on archival materials and secondary sources, Havig has traced the Society's evolution from its founding in 1898 by the Missouri Press Association to its current position as the preeminent research facility for the study of the state's heritage. He has also placed the Society in context with trends in historical scholarship and practice. In Chapter 1, Havig discusses the founding of the Society by the press association and its early years under the administrative leadership of Isidor Loeb, 1898-1901, and Francis A. Sampson, the first paid, full-time secretary, 1901-1915. During these years, the Society became a trustee of the state, received its first state appropriation, began an extensive collecting program, and established the Missouri Historical Review as a vehicle for informing Missourians about their history. Housed on the University of Missouri cam­ pus, the Society began a long-term and occasionally uneasy relationship with that educational institution. Chapters 2 and 3 focus on the secretaryship of Floyd C. Shoemaker, who headed the Society from 1915 to 1960. Under his leadership, the institution became the nation's largest state historical society in terms of membership. Shoemaker also embarked upon an extensive publications program and added the rich J. Christian Bay Collection of Middle Western Americana to the library. As funding and staffing permitted, the longtime secretary involved the Society in public celebrations such as the Missouri statehood centennial and established a historic site marking program. Havig examines the Richard S. Brownlee administration, 1960 to 1985, in Chapter 4. A trained historian, Brownlee, according to the author, brought a new sense of professionalism to the Society. Under his leadership, the Society and the University of Missouri became more integrated, including the establishment of a joint manuscript collection where researchers could use the primary sources collected and processed by the staff of both institu­ tions. Brownlee also consolidated the Society's services and outreach and refined the historical scholarship published in the Missouri Historical Review. Chapter 5 details the administration of James W. Goodrich, executive director of the Society since 1985. Like his predecessors, Goodrich contin­ ued to strengthen the Society's collections and to stress professionalism 426 Missouri Historical Review among its staff. As the Society approached its centennial, Goodrich estab­ lished new programs that emphasized the public service nature of the institu­ tion, among these an oral history program, sponsorship of State History Day in Missouri for junior and senior high school students, and joint ventures with other agencies to promote the preservation and study of the state's her­ itage. Havig concludes his volume by analyzing the State Historical Society's programs and services in the context of public history. This volume will appeal to readers interested in the role of historical societies in the preserva­ tion and dissemination of state and local history as well as to members of the Society.

Centennial Commemorative Items for Sale

The Society is offering for sale several commemorative items in cele­ bration of its centennial year. Coffee mugs ($6.00, postpaid) and T-shirts ($10.00, large and extra-large; $12.00, double extra-large, postpaid) feature the Society's centennial logo. A limited-edition centennial print of George Caleb Bingham's Watching the Cargo, an 1849 river painting by Missouri's preeminent nineteenth-century artist, is available in two sizes (20" x 25", $50.00, plus $3.00 shipping; 17" x 12 1/4", $20.00, plus $2.50 shipping). Note cards featuring the painting are also available for $8.00, postpaid, for a packet of eight cards and envelopes. Alan Havig's A Centennial History of the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1898-1998 can be purchased for $29.95, plus $5.00 shipping. All the items can be purchased at the Society's office, Monday to Friday, 8:00-4:30, or by mail. Send order and check to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. 427 NEWS IN BRIEF

Pam Babbitt, a teacher in the gifted pro­ Curator, James J. Hill Reference Library, 80 gram at Carl Junction High School, received West Fourth Street, St. Paul, MN 55102; call the state nomination for National History (612) 265-5441; fax (612) 222-4139; or e- Day Teacher of Merit and the Joseph Webber mail [email protected]. Teaching Award from the State Historical Society at State History Day in Columbia on April 18. Babbitt has sponsored History Day On April 30 the Missouri Press entries for eight years, and her students have Association and the Missouri Press won numerous awards at the district, state, Foundation hosted a marker dedication cere­ and national levels. In addition to assisting mony on the Katy Trail at Old Franklin in students in preparing their History Day per­ Howard County. The marker commemorates formances and exhibits, Babbitt works tire­ the Missouri Intelligencer and Boon's Lick lessly to promote the event in the community, Advertiser, founded in Old Franklin, as the often arranging for students to present their first newspaper published west of St. Louis. projects before local civic groups. The Carl Nathaniel Patten and Benjamin Holliday Junction schools traditionally provide the issued the firsteditio n on April 23,1819. The largest number of entries for Missouri's press association first erected a monument in Region 6 district competition—a tribute to 1919, but the marker was washed away in the the work and enthusiasm exhibited by Missouri River flood of 1993. Among those Babbitt and her colleagues. making remarks at the dedication ceremony were Bob Smith, president of the press foun­ dation; Stephen Mahfood of the Missouri The Missouri State Genealogical Asso­ Department of Natural Resources; William ciation's 1998 Annual Genealogy Conference H. Taft, historian, and Doug Crews, executive will be held July 31 to August 1 at the Capitol director, both of the press association; and Plaza Hotel, Jefferson City. James L. James W. Goodrich, executive director of the Hansen, a reference librarian and genealogi­ State Historical Society. The new monument cal specialist at the State Historical Society of is a replica of the 1919 marker. Wisconsin, will be the keynote speaker. For more information contact registration chair­ man Jerry Ennis, 4900 Royal Lytham Drive, Columbia, MO 65203-6272, or call Ennis at The Annual Missouri Historic Pres­ (573) 442-2387. ervation Conference was held April 24-25 in Cape Girardeau. The event, sponsored by the Missouri Alliance for Historic Preservation, The James J. Hill Reference Library, St. explored current issues in historic preservation Paul, Minnesota, will award grants of up to through lectures and educational workshops $2,000 in support of research in the James J. on such topics as preserving documents and Hill and Louis W. Hill papers. The Hill photographs, Missouri's new historic papers offer a rich source of information on preservation tax credit program, and a study the railroad industry, tourism, Glacier of preservation projects in eastern Missouri. National Park, and other political and region­ al developments and topics concerned with the Upper Midwest, the Pacific Northwest, On April 25 Reference Library staff mem­ and western Canada. Principal correspon­ ber Marie Concannon represented the State dents include presidents from Grover Historical Society at a booth at the Northeast Cleveland to Woodrow Wilson. The deadline Missouri Genealogical Society meeting held for applications is November 1, and the at Hannibal-LaGrange College. Concannon awards will be announced in early 1999. For sold books and talked with genealogists more information contact W. Thomas White, about the resources available at the Society. 428 Missouri Historical Review

On March 14 Society staff member Ara Allen, Ontario, Canada. Brown-Kubisch Kaye gave a tour of the Newspaper Library to spoke on the Queen's Bush, a black coramu- about thirty-five members of the Columbian nity established in Ontario by fugitive slaves Chapter of the Daughters of the American in the 1830s. On May 11, Brown-Kubisch Revolution. Kaye spoke about resources also presented a program about the Queen's available at the Society. Bush at a joint meeting of the Waterloo County Historical Society, Waterloo- On May 3, Linda Brown-Kubisch, Wellington Branch of the Ontario Reference Library staff member, was the Genealogical Society, Woolwich Historical guest speaker at the Wellington County Foundation, and the Maryhill Historical Historical Society meeting, held in Glen Society in Kitchener, Ontario.

One Praiseworthy Cow

Kansas City Times, January 10, 1898. A Kansas farmer, who is evidently a poet after the English laureate's own heart, recently advertised his "gazelle-eyed" Jersey as "an excellent performer at the pail."

The Patient Critic

Unionville Putnam County Leader, January 28, 1898. Poet—Which of my poems do you like best? She—I haven't read that one yet.

A "Tail" of Woe

Columbia Missouri Herald, July 1, 1898. Audrain County has a rat case that bids fair to become as famous as the celebrated Iowa calf case, that ate up several farms in costs. A farmer named Sturgeon hired a man named Walker to kill rats. The caudal appendage of each rat killed was turned in by Walker as an evi­ dence of his services. When 750 tails had been presented for tally Walker asked for $7.50 as pay. . . . Here the trouble began. Sturgeon claims Walker was to be paid $10 for killing 1,000 rats and nothing for a smaller number. He also claims Walker tried to palm off mice tails on him as tails of young rats. The parties have aired their grievances in the justice and circuit courts, Walker securing verdict. Sturgeon will continue his legal fight to escape payment. Hence this tail of woe.

The Golden Gamble

Kansas City Times, January 15, 1898. Once more begins the great rush to the Klondyke. It is singular how many men will hurry to hard work and poor living when there is an element of gambling in the venture. We rarely hear of a rush to the lumber camps or coal mines. 429

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Adair County Historical Society Barry County Genealogical The Society established an annual history and Historical Society award to recognize one junior in the county's The Society met on February 17, March high schools for work in history and social 17, and April 21 at the Cassville Community studies. The museum in Kirksville held a Building. Programs for the first two meet­ showing of handmade scale replicas of the ings included speakers, and the third was a Illinois Bend Christian Church and the Miley business meeting. General Store at Fegley this spring. Barton County Historical Society The Society met on April 19 at Lamar Affton Historical Society United Methodist Church for the program The Benoist family held a reunion at "Our Indian Heritage" presented by Ralph Oakland House, the historic 1853 home of Williston, a former teacher and a member of L. A. Benoist, on May 25, 1997. Four of the the Choctaw tribe. Williston displayed nine Benoist children were represented, and Native American items such as an axe, a nearly one hundred were in attendance. A drum, beadwork, arrowheads, and a pre- mass was celebrated on the veranda, and the Columbian bowl. He also discussed the feature of the day was a field organ played by Choctaw language. Society member Annette Riney. Docents gave tours of the home. The Society opened Bates County Historical Society Oakland for an Easter event, the Bunny New Society officers are Brad Vermaas, Hutch, on March 26-29, 1998. president; Barbara Burch, vice president; Sharon Carullo, treasurer; and Jim Laughlin, Andrew County Museum secretary. and Historical Society The group celebrated "An Evening with Belton Historical Society the West" on March 21 at Savannah High On April 26 members toured the historic School. On April 24 the museum held a pro­ Wilson house on Scott Street and heard a pro­ gram to offer its exhibit concepts to museum gram by Bill Musgrave, vice president of professionals. Members traveled to Bonner external affairs for Science City at Union Springs, Kansas, to tour the National Station. Musgrave showed depictions of the Agricultural Hall of Fame and the Wyandotte proposed restoration and renovation of County Historical Society and Museum on Kansas City's Union Station. From April May 2. A membership dinner with the theme through July, the museum featured a display "Remembering the Great Depression" was devoted to Richards-Gebaur Air Base (now held on May 3 at the Andrew County Senior Richards-Gebaur Memorial Airport), its his­ Center in Savannah. The museum is open tory, and its connection to Belton. The Monday through Saturday, 10:00 A.M.-4:00 Society meets the fourth Sunday of January, P.M., and Sunday, 1:00-4:00 P.M. April, July, and October in the Old City Hall.

Benton County Historical Society Ballwin Historical Society On February 12, Don Grove, owner of The Society met on March 10, April 14, J & D Pharmacy in Warsaw, spoke on the and May 12 at the Government Center. effects of air pollution. Jack Abraham Before the April 14 meeting, members recounted his experiences during a seven­ attended a presentation on the history of West teen-day boat trip on the Missouri, St. Louis County by Esley Hamilton at St. Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, and Luke's Hospital. Tombigbee Rivers, Kentucky Lake, and the 430 Missouri Historical Review

Gulf of Mexico on March 12. At the April 9 held a meeting at the Ebenezer United meeting, Edith Scarbrough presented "Ozark Church of Christ in Augusta and then toured Spoken Here." On May 14, John Owen, the the Sehrt House Museum. Society's "Mr. Museum," gave the program. The annual fund-raising banquet was held on Boonslick Historical Society May 7 at the First Baptist Church in Warsaw. The Society held its annual spring meet­ Tracie Snodgrass performed "The Ozark ing on April 24 at the New Franklin Senior Mountain Maid (Jean Wallace) of Roaring Center. James Meier presented "A Step into River State Park." The group meets on the the Past: The Search for the Steamboat second Thursday of each month at 7:30 P.M. Washington." Meier is working with other in the Boonslick Regional Library in Warsaw. area residents to locate and possibly excavate the wreckage of this early boat. Bonniebrook Historical Society The Society held its Shelley's Tea on Brush and Palette Club April 18 at Bonniebrook, Rose O'Neill's The Club awarded its annual scholarships home in Branson. An antique show was held to Stephanie L. Schutt to attend the on April 24-25 at the Branson Fairgrounds. University of Missouri-Kansas City Medical School and Andrew J. Wilding to attend the Boone County Historical Society University of Missouri-Rolla. Both students The February 15 program, "Excavations are 1998 graduates of Gasconade County R-l at Arrow Rock," presented by Deborah High School at Hermann. Krause, assistant field director, featured information on the 1996 and 1997 excava­ Butler County Historical Society tions. Bob Milne and Jodi Kopine Bonin pre­ A silent antique auction to benefit the sented an impromptu concert of "Blind" Society was held on March 5-9 in Poplar Boone's music at the museum on March 4. Bluff. Gary Kremer presented "The At the April 19 meeting, the Society's his­ Importance of Preserving Local History" at toric sites committee previewed the dedica­ the group's meeting on March 23 and "Local tion of Market Square in Columbia. Speakers History as Self-Discovery" on April 27 in the included former Walters-Boone County Bloodworth House in Poplar Bluff. Historical Museum curator Tom Prater; Columbia mayor Darwin Hindman; James Goodrich, executive director of the State Camden County Historical Society Historical Society; and John Ott, chairman of "Camden County Historic Play" was per­ Columbia's Trailhead Park Commission. formed April 16-17 at the museum in Linn Environment and Man, an exhibit of colored Creek. Members heard the Lake Jazz Band pencil drawings by Don Duncan, former perform over dinner on May 9. Officers are director of the School of Forestry, Fisheries, Norine Albers, president; Daphne Jefferies and Wildlife at the University of Missouri- and Ken Parsons, vice presidents; Judy Columbia, opened on May 3 in the Montminy Latimer and Shirley Porretti, secretaries; and Gallery. The exhibit will continue through David Foster, treasurer. The Society meets August 2. Members meet bimonthly at the after a potluck dinner on the third Monday of Walters-Boone County Historical Museum in each month at the museum. Columbia. Carondelet Historical Society Boone-Duden Historical Society Activities at the February 22 meeting The Society met at the Daniel Boone included the viewing of recent acquisitions, a School in New Melle on February 23 for a part of the collections of Donald Dates and program on the history of the Dardenne Ernest Winkelmann, and a video on Presbyterian Church. On April 27 members Carondelet. The April 26 meeting featured a Historical Notes and Comments 431 luncheon and videos about the St. Boniface Charles E. Hoffhaus, president; Ward H. picnics of the 1930s and the activities of the Haylett, Jr., and Octave Merveille, vice pres­ Spanish society. A wall hanging created and idents; Bernadette Weber, secretary; and quilted by Frank Foley was raffled in con­ Gordon Robertson, treasurer. junction with a quilt exhibit, Stitches in Time Revisited, held at the Carondelet Historic Civil War Round Table of Kansas City Center, March 21-28. Members met on February 24, March 24, and April 28 at Leawood Country Club in Carroll County Historical Society Leawood, Kansas. At the February meeting, The Society met in Bosworth on March E. Chris Evans, who has written articles for 24. The museum, located at 510 North the Blue and Gray magazine and is active in Mason Street in Carrollton, is open May 1- Civil War preservation, appeared as postwar August 30. The group can be reached on the General William Tecumseh Sherman. At the Internet at http://www.carolnet.com/cchs. March meeting, Lance Herdegan, president of the Milwaukee Civil War Round Table and Cass County Historical Society a Civil War scholar, discussed the Iron At the February 22 meeting in Pearson Brigade. The April meeting featured Hall in Harrisonville, Roy Ranck, Jr., dis­ "Bleeding Kansas," a presentation about the cussed the early history of Westport. Officers violent antebellum struggle in the area, by for 1998 are Tom Clatworthy, president; Civil War writer Tom Goodrich. On April 1, Mary Doris Davis and Connie Price, vice Betty Ergovich represented the organization presidents; Mary Margaret Ingels and Katrine at the ceremonial groundbreaking for a visi­ Cummins, secretaries; and Irene Webster, tor center at Mine Creek Battlefield near treasurer. Pleasanton and Mound City, Kansas.

Cedar County Historical Society Civil War Round Table of St. Louis On February 23 the Society met in the On February 25, Dan Cheatum performed county museum in Stockton. Eldon Steward, Civil War-era songs on a guitar from that president, gave a presentation about James period. Carol Reardon, author of Pickett's Butler "Wild Bill" Hickok, Union scout. The Charge in History & Memory, presented Society met in the El Dorado Springs "Pickett's Charge" on March 25. Mark Community Building on April 27. Inez Nesbitt held an open forum on his books on Hoffman talked about the development of the April 29. county. Clark County Historical Society Chariton County Historical Society Officers for 1998 are Kristy Fishback, Members met on April 19 at the museum president; Doris Walker, vice president; Lois in Salisbury. May Couch reported on birth Herring, secretary; and Renee Anderson, certificates and death records compiled for treasurer. The Society meets the fourth the museum, and Frank Roling of Salisbury Saturday of each month at the museum, 252 displayed Native American artifacts and dis­ North Morgan Street, Kahoka. cussed tribes that inhabited the county. The museum is open from 2:00 to 4:00 P.M., Clay County Archives except Mondays and Fridays, April through and Historical Library October. Library staff members continue to refile and computer index early circuit court Chouteau Society records. Court records dated from 1822 The Society held its annual meeting on through the 1870s have been filmed. Clay February 24 at Tatsu's French Restaurant in County Marriages 1881-1904 is now for sale Kansas City. Officers elected include ($29, cloth; $24, paper, postpaid) at 210 East 432 Missouri Historical Review

Franklin Street, P.O. Box 99, Liberty, MO Dallas County Historical Society 64069. The library is open 10:00 A.M.-4:00 On March 16 the Society met in the muse­ P.M., Monday through Wednesday. um in Buffalo Head Prairie Historical Park in Buffalo for Tracie Snodgrass's portrayal of "Mountain Maid." The Society met in the Clay County Museum Crescent School for a presentation of mid- and Historical Society western music by Harry Langdon of Kansas The Society celebrated "Spring on the City on April 16. Officers for 1998 are Square" in Liberty on May 16. Thelma Kurtz, president; Monty Viets, vice president; Eva Marie Glor and Leni Howe, Clinton County Historical secretaries; and Ralph Tucker, treasurer. and Genealogical Society A reenactment group presented a local DeKalb County Historical Society historical Civil War event on May 9 in The county has transferred sixty indexes Plattsburg. of recorded marriages and deeds with corre­ sponding microfilm to the Society. Cole County Historical Society On March 4 the Society held a luncheon Fair Grove Historical for docents at Central Bank in Jefferson City. and Preservation Society William Tackett, Society president, made a Members met on March 10, April 14, and short presentation. May 12. Meetings are held the second Tuesday of every month at 7:30 P.M. at the Commerce Historical Fair Grove Lions Club. and Genealogy Society Ferguson Historical Society Society members cleaned cemeteries in On February 22, Mayor Steve Weigert March and April and sponsored a Civil War discussed plans for the train depot, downtown encampment on April 26. The Society met Ferguson, City Hall, and the proposed com­ on May 3 at the museum. The group has a munity center. At the April 23 meeting, new e-mail address: [email protected]. James Baker, author of Glimpses of Meramec Highlands, St. Louis'Only Health Spa, talked Cooper County Historical Society about his book in progress, Ferguson- Members met on April 13 at the Otterville Kirkwood Streetcar Line. Methodist Church to hear Shirley Embry dis­ cuss the history of the church. Also at the Florissant Valley Historical Society meeting, Joyce Franklin, Creative Memories The Society met on April 26 at Taille de consultant from Sedalia, gave a program on Noyer. The meeting included a program on preserving old photos and journalizing. the 175th anniversary of the Jesuits in Members cleaned the Society's headquarters Florissant. The annual Valley of Flowers in Bunceton on April 22. house tour, held May 2, featured the Reeb House, circa 1870. The event also included Creve Coeur-Chesterfield tours of five other historic houses and a quilt Historical Society show. On March 19 the Society held a box sup­ per and a tour of the Faust house and Lamella Friedenberg Lutheran Historical Society barn in Chesterfield. Members attended a The Society has published a new book, Victorian fashion show and luncheon featur­ Friedenberg Remembrances: A Story of ing Carol Ann Miller's presentation of "1904 Peace, Faith and Life, $27.95, plus $4.50 World's Fair Lady" on May 17 at the Creve shipping for the first copy, and $2.00 for each Coeur Country Club. additional copy, payable to Concordia Historical Notes and Comments 433

Historical Institute, 801 DeMun Avenue, St. Golden Eagle River Museum Louis, MO 63105. The Museum held a luncheon at Cafe Victorian in Kirkwood on February 22. Friends of Arrow Rock Master ship model maker Glenn S. Hensley During April and May, the Friends spon­ presented "Confessions of a Model Maker" sored a George Caleb Bingham art exhibition and showed his model of the Columbia River at the Arrow Rock State Historic Site visitor steamer Bailey Gatzert, which was featured center. Paul Nagel and Margaret Conrads on a 1997 U.S. postage stamp. The March 22 spoke at an accompanying symposium on meeting, held at the Good Samaritan Home May 2. in St. Louis, featured "Back Her Hard, Harry," a program about the history of the Friends of Historic Augusta club and museum, by Wilbur and Marga At the April 16 meeting, Ellen and Robert Finger. The Museum held its annual open Knoernschild presented "Leonard Harold, house on May 3. Officers for 1998 are James Augusta's Founder." The Friends celebrated V. Swift, president; Robert Neubert, Robert the coming of spring with Augusta History Mullen, and Williak Paule, vice presidents; Weekend on May 2-3. The event included Sally Mitchell and Eleanor Hagan, secre­ new spring wines from the Montelle Winery, taries; and Edgar Miller, treasurer. German foods in the tradition of the Maifest, and historical exhibits and displays. Anita Grain Valley Historical Society Mallinckrodt was present to sign her new Kansas City attorney, former Pink Hill book, The History of Augusta and Its Area. resident, and Grain Valley High School grad­ uate Harold Mann spoke at the March 26 meeting. David Hackett, school superinten­ Friends of Keytesville dent, gave a presentation about the planned The Friends met on April 5 and held a Sni-A-Bar Elementary School addition. fashion show and luncheon on May 7 at the Keytesville Community Center. The muse­ Grand River Historical Society um is open May 15-October 15, 2:00-5:00 After a carry-in supper at the American P.M., Monday-Friday. Legion Hall in Chillicothe on April 14, mem­ bers saw William S. Worley, director of the Gasconade County Historical Society Kansas City Regional History Institute, por­ As a part of the local Tulip Festival on tray Thomas J. Pendergast. The spring tea April 17-18, the Society sponsored a lun­ was held at the museum in Chillicothe on cheon at the museum in Owensville featuring May 3. oral historians Duane Caldwell, Milford Winter, and Leoda Dunton. Members met on Grandview Historical Society April 26 at St. John's United Church of Christ The Society held its annual "Green at Bern. The meeting included a meal and Dinner" on March 17. Spring exhibits "The Majesty of the Osage," a program by included collections of arrowheads and fans. James R. Duncan, former director of the The group meets monthly in the Depot Missouri State Museum in Jefferson City. Museum on the first Monday. The Society participated in the Maifest in Hermann on May 16-17 by giving tours of Greene County Historical Society the courthouse. At the February 26 meeting, history pro­ fessor Stephen Mclntyre presented Glendale Historical Society "Springfield's Forgotten Labor Leader . . . The Society met on March 12 at City Hall Robert T. Wood." On March 24 the Society for a presentation by Bill Tybura, "Tower hosted the first-place winners in the senior Grove Park: The Living Legend." division of the Seventh District History Day 434 Missouri Historical Review competition. On April 23, Julie March, cura­ Historical Association tor of the History Museum for Springfield- of Greater Cape Girardeau Greene County, presented "Can We Save Our The Association met on February 9 and Crumbling Heritage . . . Historic Preservation April 13 at Chateau Girardeau. In February, in Springfield." The museum's current Mandy Wagner spoke about the restoration, exhibit, Artistic Springfield: Then & Now, preservation, and cataloging of clothing and will run through September 1. apparel donated by the Glenn House. A pro­ gressive dinner party was held on March 14 Grundy County Historical Society and a vintage fashion show and luncheon on The Society has an Internet home page: May 12. http://www.rootsweb.com/-mogrundy/index. html. The museum, 1001 Tinsman Avenue, Historical Society of New Santa Fe Trenton, opened the first weekend in May The Society held its annual meeting on and will remain open until October on week­ May 12 at Avila College in Kansas City. ends and holidays, 1:00-4:00 P.M. Michael Rudd gave a presentation on the RMS Titanic, which he documented with Henry County Historical Society rarely seen photographs of the ship and On March 31 the Society held a preview recorded statements of survivors. and reception for Little Girls' Treasures, Tomorrow's Pleasures, a rag doll and teddy bear exhibit that was open through April. An Historical Society of Polk County antique jewelry exhibit opened in May. Members met on March 26 at the museum Officers for 1998 are Bill Burgess, president; in Bolivar to hear Kathy Faulkner present J. C. Smith, vice president; Ruth Simison and "Titanic Thoughts." She is related to a sur­ Cleda Kennedy, secretaries; and Jo Anne vivor of the shipwreck. Kemper, treasurer.

Hopkins Historical Society Hickory County Historical Society This new local society was founded on The Society's February 16 meeting March 19 at a meeting where Tom Carneal, included brief autobiographical histories by curator of the Nodaway County Museum, members, and the May 12 program featured Maryville, spoke about creating a historical Linda Davis speaking on sign language. The society or museum. The group's interim trea­ group participated in the annual Pomme de surer is Lois Brand. Terre Black Powder Rendezvous on May 2-3. Meetings are held in the museum in Hermitage. Huntsville Historical Society The Society met at the museum on March Harvey J. Higgins Historical Society 17 and April 21. Jane Fuemmeler's fourth- Members meet monthly on the second grade students presented a program on local Monday in the depot in Higginsville. Topics historical personalities during the March of recent programs included the coal mining meeting. Ann Martin's, Jackie Baxley's, and industry, orphan train children, and memories Linda Tennill's fifth-grade students presented of McCord's Park. their study and play about U.S. presidents during the April meeting. The museum spon­ Historic Madison County sored its first annual family history day on The Society met on February 17, March March 21. A baked goods and rummage sale 17, and April 21 at the Historical Madison was held at the museum on May 2. Regular County Jail facility in Fredericktown. The museum hours are 2:00-5:00 P.M., Saturdays March program focused on Irish immigrants and Sundays, from April 4 through October in nineteenth-century Missouri. 31. Historical Notes and Comments 435

Iron County Historical Society 10. In March muralist Charles Goslin dis­ On April 20 the Society met at the First cussed the Santa Fe Trail mural that he creat­ Baptist Church in Ironton. Elizabeth ed for the National Frontier Trails Center in Holloman presented "Gardens of Arcadia," a Independence. On April 14, Larry Larsen, program about the valley's historical gardens. professor of history at the University of Officers include Cal Dothage, president; Missouri-Kansas City, presented "William Mary Etta Killen, vice president; Carolyn Gilpin: Western Visionary and Kansas City Sheehy, treasurer; and Lynn Thompson, sec­ Promoter of the Nineteenth Century." retary. The museum opened May 2 for the Member Ed Shutt spoke on "Rebels and summer and fall; hours are 1:00-4:00 P.M., Savages: Civil War Generals and the Indian Saturday and Sunday. Wars" on May 12. Meetings are held at the Wyndam Gardens Hotel in Kansas City. Jackson County Historical Society Local author Cheryl Harness discussed Kimmswick Historical Society her new book, Ghosts of the White House, on At the March 2 meeting, Mark Kohlbaum February 21, and Nancy Lewis and Anne of Jefferson Barracks portrayed a Civil War Carter presented "Petticoat Pioneers," stories doctor, and on April 6, Leah Jansky played of women on the Oregon and California the part of Calamity Jane. The Society cele­ Trails on March 14. Albert O. Bly, retired brated Lucianna Ross Day on April 18 with army lieutenant, spoke about buffalo soldiers the planting of a red oak in City Park; a black on April 25. Meetings are held at the gum tree was planted in memory of historian Archives and Research Library in Betty Eldridge. Members viewed a slide Independence. show and toured some of Kimmswick's restored historic houses on May 4. The Jasper County Historical Society Society meets monthly on the first Monday in The Society met on March 8 for a tour of Kimmswick Hall. the Jasper County Archives building in Carthage. Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society The Society celebrated the opening of its Jefferson County Historical Society new museum and library facility in Fulton The Society, formerly the Jefferson with a reception on March 20. Heritage and Landmark Society, has changed its name. Members met on February 15 at the Kirkwood Historical Society Jefferson College Little Theater and heard On March 10, Robert Archibald, presi­ Gary Kremer, professor at William Woods dent of the Missouri Historical Society, St. University, Fulton, present "Local History as Louis, discussed "Building Places and Self-Discovery." Space," and R. Crosby Kemper III, president of UMB Bank St. Louis, presented the first Johnson County Historical Society Kemper Local History Awards for outstand­ The Society held its spring meeting on ing contributions to the written history of May 3 in the Old Courthouse in Warrensburg. Kirkwood. The annual Book Review and Tea The program, led by Ray Fitterling, presiding was held on March 25; Annabelle Renick county commissioner, consisted of a discus­ reviewed Claire Tomalin's A Biography of sion of the family roots of the county com­ Jane Austin. Esley Hamilton of the St. Louis missioners and concerns of the present-day County Parks Department gave a presentation commission. on April 6. The meetings were held at Grace Episcopal Church. Kansas City Westerners Westerners heard local artist Gil Rumsey Landmarks Association of St. Louis speak about the Santa Fe Trail on February Mimi Stiritz and Carolyn Toft led an 436 Missouri Historical Review

Association tour of St. Louis churches on the group held its first annual Dogwood tour, March 7. The group visited Pike County for which included five historic houses, the a tour that included antebellum houses, Wentworth Military Academy, and the Battle antiques, crafts, and a concert in an 1850s of Lexington State Historic Site. Episcopal church on May 2. The Association cosponsored "Historic Preservation Week, St. Lincoln County Historical Louis, Missouri, 1998," May 9-17. Events and Archaeological Society included the video premiere of Articulate The Society met on February 19 at Troy Space, an award ceremony honoring the City Hall for a program on the African Association's eleven most enhanced sites; American history of Lincoln County. A panel O'Fallon Day in the Park, a rededication of discussion was given by Elsie Cockrell, Clara the O'Fallon boathouse and lake; an Old Post Cockrell, Vicki Perkins, and Stacey Harris Office Tour; a historic preservation tax semi­ and a poetry reading by Marshall Hopkins. nar; a neighborhood forum about design and In March, Margaret Clare presented a pro­ development; and a workshop, "Infill at gram on the orphan trains. On April 16 mem­ Bohemian Hill." Lectures included "Down bers heard a program about the beginning of by the Gravois: Scenes of South St. Louis" by rural electrification and its effect on resi­ photographer Richard Gruss and "Istanbul, dents' lives. not Constantinople," by Tom Walsh, a retired Washington University School of Maries County Historical Society Architecture professor. Tours included the The Society sponsored an evening of Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site, music at the high school auditorium on Central West End houses and gardens, and March 28. the Saint Louis University campus. Meramec Valley Genealogy Lawrence County Historical Society and Historical Society The Society met on March 15 at Jones Members took a bus trip to Jefferson Memorial Chapel in Mount Vernon. Fred County College at Hillsboro on February 12; Fieker, a minister and the program chairman, the tour included the Fletcher House, the presented a talk about German immigration Sandy Creek covered bridge, the college's to Lawrence County. The museum in Mount administration building, and the archives. Vernon opened in May; hours are 1:00-4:30 P.M. on Sundays. Mercer County Genealogical and Historical Society Lee's Summit Historical Society The indexed, three-volume Mercer The Society held its April 3 meeting at the County history, Pioneer Traces, is now avail­ Duncan Estates clubhouse. Following a able. The set can be purchased for $150.00, potluck dinner, members related humorous postpaid, from the Mercer County History incidents in the history of Lee's Summit. Book, Mercer County Library, 601 Grant Street, Princeton, MO 64673. The Society Lexington Library meets on the fourth Tuesday of each month, and Historical Association except December, at the Mercer County The Association entered a float honoring Library in Princeton. turn-of-the-century Irish coal miners in the St. Patrick's Day parade on March 14. On Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table March 22 the Association held a log house David Hinze presented "From Clerk to preservation forum at the Log House Colonel: an examination of the trans- Museum. The annual dinner meeting, held Mississippi career of Philip Sheridan" at the on April 16 in the Victorian Peddler Tea February 17 meeting in Jefferson City. For Room, included a benefit auction. On May 2 the March 17 meeting, held at the Walters- Historical Notes and Comments 437

Boone County Historical Museum in On May 14, Verna Harris-LaBoy of Columbia, Ron Thomas discussed the life Columbia presented "Coveted Caterer of and career of Confederate General Patrick Columbia's Upper Crust," the story of Annie Cleburne. Andy Papen presented "Those Fisher of Boone County, who won a medal Damned Black Hats!" a talk about the Iron for her biscuits at the 1904 St. Louis World's Brigade and its activities on the first day of Fair. Officers include C. Ray Brassieur, pres­ the Battle of Gettysburg at the April 21 meet­ ident, and Billye Adams, secretary. Members ing in Jefferson City. meet monthly at the Holiday Inn Holidome in Columbia on the second Thursday. Miller County Historical Society The Society held a meeting with a potluck Normandy Area Historical Association dinner on April 5 at the museum in On March 30 the Association's Older Tuscumbia, and the group participated in a Adults Program sponsored a bus tour of the museum workday on May 7. Summer hours Normandy area for forty-six people. for the museum are Monday, Wednesday, and Historian Dory Potts led the tour dressed as Friday, 10:00 A.M.-4:00 P.M. Anne Lucas Hunt. Esley Hamilton, preserva­ tion historian for the St. Louis County Missouri Society for Military History Historic Buildings Commission, spoke on The Society met on April 25 at Tan Tara April 14 about West County's beginnings Resort at the Lake of the Ozarks. with the founding and development of the Bonhomme settlement. Moniteau County Historical Society The Society met on March 9, April 13, Old Mines Area Historical Society and May 11. The April 13 meeting featured The Society held its annual meeting on a program by Ed Ziehmer, Jefferson City res­ April 5 at the archive building at the Fete ident and author of Pioneers: High, Water, & Grounds. The Society is continuing work on Main, based on the writings of Dr. Young, an its French Village. "La Fete A Renault," the early Jefferson City physician. At the May fourteenth annual Black Powder Shoot & meeting, Leah McNay of Jamestown dis­ Rendez-Vous, was held on May 16 and 17 at cussed proper preservation of family photos Old Mines on Highway 21 in Washington and historical documents. A new publication, County. 1887/88 Adolph Meyers Business Directory of Moniteau County, is for sale ($6.00 at the Old Trails Historical Society library or $9.00 mailed). To order the volume The Society met on March 18 at contact the Moniteau County Historical Manchester Methodist Church. Robert J. Society, 201 North High Street, California, O'Neill discussed erector sets and led a MO 65018. show-and-tell program about toys. Irene Wirsing premiered "Snails Trails/Virginia John G. Neihardt Corral of the Westerners Reel," the raffle quilt for 1998. The Society's At the February 13 meeting, oral historian thirtieth anniversary celebration was held on Alex Primm spoke on the history of the Big April 26 at Cafe Victorian in Kirkwood. Piney River and its return to a wild state after Members sponsored a quilt show on May 16- environmental degradation. On March 12, 17 at Henry Elementary School in Laurel Wilson, a professor of textile and Manchester; the event included the "New" apparel management at the University of Vintage Fashion Show and a luncheon on Missouri-Columbia and adjunct curator for May 16. the Buffalo Bill Historical Center in Cody, Wyoming, presented "Larry Larom: Always a Osage County Historical Society Dude." Carla Waal and Mark Kelty discussed Members met on February 23 at the the Gold Rush of 1849 to 1851 on April 9. Immaculate Conception School in Loose 438 Missouri Historical Review

Creek for dinner and "An Introduction to vice president; Elizabeth Harrison, secretary; Missouri's Historic Places," a lecture by and Mac Proffitt, treasurer. Karen Grace, education coordinator of the historic preservation program in the Raymore Historical Society Department of Natural Resources. Society Members met on April 14 at the museum members cleaned the Zewicki house in Linn in Raymore. The museum displayed on April 14 and April 28. Raymore High School boys and girls basket­ ball and tennis trophies from 1917 through Overland Historical Society 1961. The Society met on March 16 at the Overland Community Center. Betty Cook Raytown Historical Society Rottmann portrayed "Amelia Bloomer, The Society sponsored Spaghetti Day on Fighter for Women's Rights from Voting to March 21 at the Knights of Columbus Hall Apparel." and a "Chicken & Fixin's" box supper on April 22 at the museum. The latter event fea­ Pemiscot County Historical Society tured Neil Johnson, a former curator of the On February 27 the Society heard Jim Harry S. Truman Library in Independence Dereign, manager of the Pemiscot County and a Harry Truman impressionist. On April Abstract Office, talk about county abstracts 26 the Society held a meeting featuring local and land titles. Jerry Carter, head of the 911 photographer T. R. Church discussing routes department in Pemiscot County, discussed of the Oregon Trail. Spring exhibits included the system on March 27. Meetings were held Japanese fans, frogs, angels, Avon figurines, in the Caruthersville Presbyterian Church. butterflies, thimbles, Raggedy Ann and Andy, and Irish mementoes. A special Japanese Perry County Lutheran Historical Society doll exhibit opened on May 1. The Society held its spring meeting on March 15 in Trinity Lutheran School in St. Charles County Historical Society Altenburg. The Society celebrated its fourth annual Black History Day on February 28. Curtis J. Platte County Historical Brown, a retired Buffalo Bills football player, and Genealogical Society was the honored guest. Members presented At the dinner meeting on April 26 at the him with a certificate of appreciation during Ramada Inn Hotel in Kansas City, Patrick a dinner held at the First State Capitol Clark, director of the Andrew County Historic Site. The annual meeting took place Museum in Savannah, spoke on the Platte on April 25 at Grappa Grill in St. Charles, Purchase, and Robert P. George of Platte City where Clara Lockett presented "Herbs Used was honored for his work in preserving the by Native Americans and Pioneers." An open county's historical data. house in honor of the Society building's 175th anniversary was held on May 9. Pleasant Hill Historical Society Members met on April 19 at the museum. St. Francois County Historical Society David Middleton spoke about his plans for a The Society meets the fourth Wednesday sequel to his late wife Norma's book, Echoes of each month, January through October, and of Home. the third Wednesday in November at the Ozark Federal Bank in Farmington. Ray County Historical Society The Society met on April 9 at the St. Joseph Historical Society Eagleton Center in Richmond; a program fol­ The annual President's Day Dinner was lowed a business meeting. Officers for 1998 held at Robidoux Row on February 20. are Roy Fehlman, president; Jean Hamacher, Karen Thurnau, president, discussed upcom- Historical Notes and Comments 439 ing events. Society member Merlin Huber Texas County Missouri Genealogical served as grand marshal for the Apple and Historical Society Blossom Parade held in downtown St. On February 27, Dave Murphy discussed Joseph. He portrayed Joseph Robidoux III the history of the northern part of Texas and rode in a surrey furnished by member County. John Bradbury of the University of Francis Peniston. The Society held its rum­ Missouri-Rolla gave a presentation about the mage and antique sale on May 9. Short Line Railroad and its route between Rolla and Houston on March 27. Steve Stark St. Louis Corral of the Westerners explained "TRAIN" and how to use it for In honor of the Westerners' "50 Plus" genealogical research on April 24. Meetings anniversary, Ernst Stadler, Frank Oakes, and are held monthly on the fourth Friday at St. Herbert Hutsell presented a program on the Mark's Catholic Church in Houston. corral's history at the April 17 meeting at the Salad Bowl Restaurant in St. Louis. Vernon County Historical Society Patrick Brophy gave a talk on "John Sappington-Concord Historical Society Brown's Other Raid" at Constitution Hall in The Society met on April 22 in the Lecompton, Kansas, as part of a field trip on Dressel Library on the Lindbergh High April 19. The Society met on April 26 in the School campus. Loretta Morgan gave a talk new museum headquarters under develop­ about Tower Grove Park. New officers are ment in the Finis M. Moss building in Frank Wagner, president; Terry Rupp, vice Nevada. Joe C. Kraft, president, discussed president; Jacque Burgess and Kathie Spross, the progress of work on the new museum; secretaries; and Donald Doerre, treasurer. Verna Polk, widow of wildlife painter John Polk of Nevada, was a special guest; and Scott County Historical Stafford Agee reported on the progress of the and Genealogy Society Hornback House replica exhibit. Both the The Society met on February 21 and April Bushwhacker Museum and the new quarters 18 at the Benton Branch of the Regional opened to the public on May 3. Hours of Library. At the April 18 meeting, Edison both are 10:00 A.M.-5:00 P.M., Monday- Shrum showed slides of area historic houses, Saturday, and 1:00-5:00 P.M. Sunday. artifacts, and sites. Washington Historical Society Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray On April 26, Ralph Gregory presented Civil War Round Table "Early Builders & Architects of Washington," On February 15 members watched a a program about the Germans who came to video about the CSS H. L Hunley, the first Washington in 1848. New officers are Tom Confederate submarine to sink an enemy ves­ Miller, president; George Blockage, vice sel off Charleston harbor on February 17, president; Ruth Frick and Norma Linder, sec­ 1864. Billy Mauzey presented The Rebels, a retaries; and Don Hahne, treasurer. The videotape about Confederate soldiers, on museum is exhibiting sausage-making equip­ April 19 at the Maryville Public Library. ment. Hours are Saturdays and Sundays, 1:00-4:00 P.M. Stone County Historical Society Reeds Spring teacher Melody Young Wentzville Community Historical Society accompanied her middle school students to Members met for dinner on March 16. the March 1 meeting, where they presented The feature of the evening was a hand-carved their State History Day projects. The Society "Iron Horse 1861" train by Roy Probst of meets the first Sunday of each month at the Lake St. Louis. Members sang railroad songs Christian Church in Galena. and shared railroad memorabilia. 440 Missouri Historical Review

White River Valley Historical Society third Thursdays of each month at 7:30 P.M. at On March 8, Lynn Morrow presented the Rock Island Depot in Winston. "Commercial Float Fishing: St. Louisans, Johnboats, and Ozarkers." Phyllis Wri8ht County Historical Society VanderNaald, the Society's Taney County Now available, Wright County Roots, director, and volunteers staffed a booth at the Book Two ($10.00, plus $1.50 for postage and Branson Fest held on March 18-22. handling) is a compilation of Virginia Long's Wright County Republican columns. To order the volume contact the Wright County Winston Historical Society Historical Society, P.O. Box 66, Hartville, The Society held a fund-raising meal on MO 65667. The Society can be reached by April 6. The group meets on the first and e-mail [email protected].

Artists at Work

Columbia Missouri Herald, August 19, 1898. "Did I understand you to say your husband was upstairs at work on a bust?" asked the caller to the sculptor's wife. "Yes; and the plumber's at work on one downstairs." From the Yonkers Statesman.

That's the Location

Kansas City Times, January 2, 1898. "I hope they don't give my little boy any nicknames in school?" "Yes, ma, they call me 'Corns.'" "How dreadful! And why do they call you that?" "'Cause in our class, you know, I'm always at the foot."

A Worse Threat

Kansas City Times, May 4, 1898. Rose: "Did Charles threaten to commit suicide when you refused him?" Myrtle: "O it was worse than that. He said he would live to make me regret it.' From the Chicago News.

Cure Uncertain

Unionville Putnam County Leader, January 21, 1898. There is a remedy for everything except some of the remedies.

Points to Ponder

Canton Press, January 14, 1898. Friendship is not so difficult as admiration of our friends' friends. Home is that dear place where we are not afraid to break crackers into our oyster soup. If canes were to go out of fashion some young men would have no visible means of sup­ port.—Chicago News. 441

GIFTS RELATING TO MISSOURI

Francis M. Barnes III, Kirkwood, donor: Business plan for 2004 St. Louis; Forest Fires in Missouri. (R)* Robert Baumann, St. Louis, donor: St. Louis-area periodicals. (R) William David Cassity, Chicago, Illinois, donor: Cassity Family History 1605-1865, by the donor. (R) H. Gordon Collett, Kirksville, for the F. Maude Foster estate, donor: Obituaries, photographs, and other items concerning the Drury and Foster families. (M) City of Crestwood, donor: The Crestwood Story. (R) Catherine C. Demeter Foundation, donor, via Richard Demeter: Irish America: The Historical Travel Guide, Volume 2, by Richard Demeter. (R) Joe G. Dillard, Columbia, donor: Al Agnew artwork for fiftieth anniversary cover of Missouri Conservationist, July 1987. (A) Timothy D. Dollens, Columbia, donor: Armstrong and mid-Missouri telephone directories. (R) First Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Jefferson City, donor, via Jewel C. Quinn: Directory of Women's Circles 1997-1998 and other church publications and bulletins. (R) &(M) Jeanne Brooks Gart, donor: The Families of Joseph and Charlotte (Shelton) Ayers, by the donor. (R) Skip Gatermann, St. Louis, donor: Issues of Gateway Rider. (R) William K. Hall, St. Louis, donor: Abstract of Items of Genealogical Interest in the Springfield, Missouri, Newspapers for 1894 and Items of Genealogical Interest from the Springfield, Greene County, Missouri, news­ papers The Springfield Republican and the Springfield Leader for 1926, Parts I and II, all by the donor. (R) William Marion Harlan, Columbia, donor: Randolph County, Missouri Marriage & Death Notices 1915-1919, by the donor. (R) Alan Havig, Columbia, donor: Peter Testman's Account of his Experiences in North America, by Theodore C. Blegen. (R) R. and M. Leach, Columbia, donors: Rocheport Christian Church programs and other church-related publications. (R) J. B. Lile, Columbia, donor: Lile-Turner, by John R. Martin. (R) Lions Club of Columbia, donor, via Owen Jackson: Columbia Lions Club records and newsletters from the 1960s to 1980s. (M) Missouri East Conference, United Methodist Church, donor, via David H. Bell: Church bulletins and early Methodist Church registers. (M) Missouri State Society, Daughters of the American Colonists, donor, via Carol Healey:

*These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (R) refers to Reference Library; (N), Newspaper Library; (E), Editorial Office; (M), Manuscripts; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Collection. 442 Missouri Historical Review

Press Book; Guffey Gleanings, by Estella Morrison; National Society Daughters of American Colonists 75th Anniversary Yearbook. (M) & (R) Anna Louise Sanford Myers, Mendocino, California, donor: Families: Huebotter, Urban and McElhiney; Families: Huebotter and Urban With Related Families, both by the donor; information on Huebotter-McElhiney families; McGee family genealogical information; family photos. (R) & (E) Myrtle Walker Niedergerke, Fulton, donor: A Teacher Reminisces, by the donor. (R) Patricia C. Parker, Cheverly, Maryland, donor: The Notorious James Brothers, by Edgar James. (R) Walter W. Pfeffer II, Columbia, donor: Publications and brochures relating to various civic, cultural, political, and academic orga­ nizations and institutions. (R) Peggy Ann Platner, Columbia, donor: Lake of the Ozarks recreation map. (R) Elsie Bridgman Proudfoot, Conroe, Texas, donor: Deep in the Heart of Them Thar Hills and Deep in the Heart of Potatoes, both by the donor. (R) Buddy Samuels, Concordia, donor: Kinpatch Revisited, Volumes I and II, by Melva Ruth Thomas Campbell; telephone direc­ tories from the central-western area of the state. (R) Maryann Schicker, Glen Carbon, Illinois, donor: The Boone Family Research Journal; Daniel Boone; The Descendants of George Boone of Exeter, Devonshire, England: The First Five Generations; The Male Descendants of George Boone of Exeter, Devonshire, England, Comprising 8 Generations, all by the donor. (R) Joan Nolting Shepp, Versailles, donor: Nolting Descendants from District of Hameln-Pyrmont Germany, by the donor. (R) Alan L. Staley, Abeline, Texas, donor: Staley-Keith Family Histories, by the donor. (R) Kenneth E. Weant, Arlington, Texas, donor: Callaway County, Missouri: The Veterans (War of 1812 to World War II), Volume 5, and Montgomery County, Missouri 5690 Deaths Reported In & Chronological Index To Selected Articles From The Montgomery Standard 7 January 1971 to 28 December 1994, Volume 6, both by the donor; articles relating to War of 1812 pensioners from the Fulton Telegraph. (R) Robert Gail Woods, Palmyra, donor: Photographs; publications and books relating to the Methodist Church, including minutes from annual state conferences dating back to 1924; information on the Woods family. (R) & (E)

Tyranny in the Kitchen

Kansas City Times, May 4, 1898. President and Mrs. McKinley, now that the social season is over, have dismissed their chef and have installed the old Canton cook in the White House. Their tastes are decidedly for home cooking and it is a relief for them to go back to it after the oppressive reign of an accomplished and exacting chef. President McKinley said to a friend that they feel as the Americans did after they had thrown off the dominion of the British. Washington dispatch in Chicago Tribune. 443

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Anderson Graphic March 4, 1998: "A glimpse of our past," Lanagan and Pineville. April 1: "L. L. Barnes put McDonald County on rubber tires," by Pauline Carnell.

Ash Grove Commonwealth February 5, 1998: "Nathan Boone—The Neglected Hero; Nathan Boone Homestead— The Neglected Historic Site"; "Youngest child of Nathan Boone tells her story," by Rosa Rutherford. April 23: "Step back in time ... To the days of the grist mill at Hulston Mill Historic Park."

Ashland Boone County Journal February 11, 1998: "A visit to Missouri's Governors' Mansion is a 'handclasp with histo­ ry,'" by Kristie Hilgedick.

Blue Springs Examiner February 19, 1998: "Sue Gentry—Going on 70 years with Examiner," by Eric Cramer; "Colonel [William] Southern [founder of Examiner] began a tradition." March 1: "Greetings from Oak Grove," early postcards, by Forrest Martin. March 19: "Gleanings from the early days: Newspaper demonstrates commitment to com­ munity," Examiner's one hundredth anniversary. April 12: "The sad love story of John [Jarrette, James-Younger gang member] and Josie [Mary Josephine Younger]," by Richard Goldstein.

Bolivar Herald-Free Press February 11, 1998: "Three sisters marched in [1948] parade [welcoming President Harry S. Truman]: Barnhouse trio was part of the Bolivar High School Drum and Bugle Corps," by Doris Blankenship. March 4: "July 5, 1948, was an exciting day for Bolivar and for the state of Missouri," Truman's visit. March 11: "Truman, [Venezuelan President Romulo] Gallegos unveil statue July 5,1948"; "Readers remember son's first steps, the planes overhead, the presidential car," remembrances of Truman's visit. April 15: "Library has long history in Polk County," by Linda Fuerst.

Brunswick Brunswicker February 19, 1998: "Paid like a gold mine," fish trap near Bynumville on Chariton River, reprinted.

Camdenton Lake Sun Leader February 20-21, March 6-7, 1998: "Headlines in History" featured, respectively, "1948— Elec. Energy Cut At Bagnell Dam" and "1948—Sidewalk In Old Linn Creek Out Of Water," both reprinted.

Cameron Citizen Observer March 5, 1998: "If this house could talk ... The E. F. Darby house," by Clela Fuller Morgan. 444 Missouri Historical Review

Canton Press-News Journal February 5, 26, 1998: "Yesteryear's Pictures" featured, respectively, Williamstown's Methodist churches and LaGrange College.

Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian February 11, 1998: Southeast Missourian cooking "School has longstanding tradition." February 22: "Early morning blaze destroys [Houck] Field House," February 17, 1948; "St. Francis [Medical Center] breaks ground on new building," 1973; "Lt. governor [Hiram Lloyd] keynotes dedication of [Teachers College] building," 1923; "More than 1,000 attend [Jake Wells] mural dedication" at Southeast Missouri State University, 1973; "Miss May Greene, a favorite teacher for 53 years, dies," 1948; Crest "Record shattered as Mississippi River hovers near 46 feet," 1973; "State seeks student help in preserving original state flag," all reprinted. March 22: "From Normal to State U," Southeast Missouri State University marks 125th year, by Mark Bliss. April 26: "City under Siege: Cape Girardeau remembers Civil War battle 135 years ago," by Peggy O'Farrell. April 27: "Construction anniversary marked: The Arena Building construction was the largest WPA project in Southeast Missouri," by B. Ray Owen.

Carrollton Democrat March 6, 1998: "Carrollton Public Schools."

Carthage Press April 7, 1998: "Building origins proved important when [Carthage] Press moved in," by Sue Vandergriff.

Chaffee Scott County Signal March 22, 1998: "Pioneer families rest in Benton Cemetery," by Margaret Cline Harmon.

Clinton Daily Democrat April 14, 1998: "Osceola Commercial Hotel established in 1837," by Gar Garman. April 21: "Here's a history of street and road improvements in area," by Haysler Poague, reprinted.

Cole Camp Courier March 12, 19, 1998: "Memories of Edmonson, MO," by Dianne Peck.

Columbia Missourian April 5, 1998: "The power of black dollars: While many businesses were closing, some fought back successfully and continue to thrive," by Malecia El-Amin.

Excelsior Springs Standard February 16, 1998: "Records vague on [Clay County] slave workers," by Eric Copeland. April 3: "Local photographer [Carl Satterlee] captured history [Harry S. Truman's 1948 election victory] on film," by Patty Bouldin.

Farmington Daily Press Leader April 14, 1998: "Early days of railroad in St. Francois County," by Margaret Faenger. Historical Notes and Comments 445

Fredericktown Democrat News February 25, April 8, 1998: "Saluting Our Veterans" featured, respectively, Claude Clay Goad; Earl Ramey and Clarence Oby Simmons.

Hannibal Courier-Post April 16, 1998: "Artifacts of ill-fated 1856 voyage [of steamboat Arabia] surface in Hannibal." April 17: "Steamboat artifacts join displays at museum." Both by Lauri Arnold. April 26: "Region heavily damaged by storm on June 3, 1927."

Hermitage Index April 22, 1998: "History feature: Weaubleau had county's only college, railroad," by Virgil Mullaney.

Independence Examiner April 15, 1998: "Outlaw business stays in the family," by Richard Goldstein.

Jefferson City Sunday News Tribune March 1, 1998: "Event [1906 Springfield lynching of Horace Duncan, Fred Coker, and Will Allen] drove blacks from town." April 5: "Jim Thomas: Created a downtown shoe store tradition," American Shoe, by Lisa Yorkgitis. April 19: "Carnegie Building housed library for 70 years," by Steve Friedman.

Joplin Globe February 22, 1998: "1918's silent killer: Flu epidemic touched lives everywhere," by Katy Schrader. March 12, 19, April 2: 'The way we were" featured, respectively, T. S. Buford grocery store, Joplin Supply Company, and Joplin Printing Company. April 6: "Romantic to art deco at home in Joplin," history of town's architecture, by Leslie Simpson.

Kahoka Media April 22, 1998: "Historic Wayland: S. A. Taylor's Drug Store." April 29: "Historic Wayland: Wayland Post Office."

Kansas City Catholic Key April 26, 1998: "Bishop helps Savannah parish celebrate 100th anniversary," by Diane Holtz.

Kansas City Star February 1, 1998: "The 1900s—a footnote," parks and boulevards. February 5: "Once unsung, now celebrated: Diva [Etta Moten Barnett] from 50 years ago finds new recognition," by Brian Burnes. February 8: "Suffrage, welfare, parks, world war. This was a .. . City on a crusade," part of Kansas City in the 20th Century series, by Shirl Kasper. February 10: "Bess Truman: A side unseen shown in letters," by Brian Burnes. February 15: "The 1910s—a footnote: Lest the ages forget," Victory Monument. February 22: "The 1910s—a footnote " suffrage movement. March 1: "The 1910s—In a doughboy's words," Walter G. Shaw's letters home. 446 Missouri Historical Review

March 8' "The 1910s—A Nobei winner ^ tirsuo!" ' bmesi heniir.$r\v~» x :x X^:/: March 15: "Thoroughly modem: Roaring along with tne "20s. we mauc money a^-d :,ne • it on new looks, new gadgets and new neighborhoods," part of Kansas Cit> n: the 20th Cex.ux series, by Shirl Kasper. March 21: "Columnist [Landon Laird; knew it all told some." by Joe P)-' • ' x r ; d\..< .- ' April 5: "The 192tH—A .ooinu. "" *-- x <* \J April 12: "The 19z(N—A footnov '. l r\-Ir L Apri? 19: "The town thai Tom irenuergdab ruied .»ot^ and ja> i cmiv anc vcvnirx. .' '"* the '30s this place was jumpir. o^x of Kansa> City n tre 20th Centex »en_b x 'X^ Montgomery. April 26: "The 1930-* Xghtr .; *nc i '"'m- ^enderga-;: Macirx'" tne Nation V Y-v'" Movement.

Kearney Courier Apri). 30, 1998: "Last harii heisi claimed. Hie of [Ernest] Ban- X 1932 "

Kennett Daily Dunkttti De?r->;cr . February 10. 199^ 'Vioposid dvCMi/x nnsoi- under fire for proximity to [Trad or Tears] buiw grounds." March 28: w'Gidec^—ar niM» ' .- > !'.*•,. X

Lebanon Daily Recora March 31, 1998: "At The Phiiiipsburg General Store-—1930 V

Lexington News April 24, 1998: "Locai man [Elonzo Douglas] remembers Lexington's past,* by Ju1 e Turner.

Linn Unterrified Democrat March 11, 1998: "History of Osage County," by Haliie Mantle, reprinted

Marshall Democrat-News February 26, 1998: "Fitzgibbon Hospital celebrates 75 years of service." by Nathan Wittmaier. April 21: "Troop History—1960" Missouri State Highway Patrol, by G. 0. Billings.

Neosho Daily News February 20, 1998: Oak Grove "School bell to peal again," by John Ford.

Nevada Daily Mail February 10, 1998: "Mystery map [Prospectus of the Nevada Electric Railway, Light and Park Company] provides clues to historical riddles," by Patrick Brophy.

New Haven Leader February 4, 1998: "Civil War Captain [Andrew Fink] Writes for Better Roads (Part 2)," by LeRoy Danz. Historical Notes and Comments 447

New Madrid Weekly Record March 27, 1998: "Higgerson School [historic site] Dedication Set For June 13."

*0'Fallon Journal February 15, 1998: "Historic [Boone's Lick] trail personifies westward movement," by Archie Scott. March 22: "O'Fallon protects past, looks to future" the Westhoff Mercantile building, by Laura Bradford.

Perryville Perry County Republic-Monitor March 3, 1998: "Perry County Album: Farrar Bridge—Circa 1930s " March 26: "Basin St. Five—Circa 1950." April 23: "Lithium Cyclone—1917." April 30: "Resurrection: Historic Fenwick House finds new life at Saxon Lutheran Memorial," by Dawn Huber.

Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner February 12, 1998: "Local Historian [David Hagler] Discovers [Patterson's] Fort Benton Was Built In 1862"; "Trip From Pilot Knob To Patterson " Edward A. Wilkinson's account of the September 22, 1864, Patterson raid. March 12: "The Children of James and Emma (Lambert) Wilson" March 19: "The Benjamin and Mary (Ward) Daggett Family." March 26: "Mill Spring . . . August, 1924." April 23: "Log home of H. Y. Mabrey at Center Ridge burned in 1907," by Cletis R. Ellinghouse.

Potosi Independent-Journal April 2, 1998: "Coaley's Store/Cafe Razed As Clean-Up "

Puxico Press March 4, 1998: "Attempt to take cow thwarted by her [Josephine Virginia Brantley] tough stance," by Cletis Ellinghouse.

Richland Mirror February 5, 1998: "Community effort rescues 130-year-old structure," Crocker Depot, by Scott Loesch. February 12: "Ku Klux Klan comes to Richland."

Richmond Daily News April 13, 1998: "'Doughboy' [statue] ready for repairs," by Ray Scherer.

Rolla Daily News April 12, 1998: "This is old [locomotive] 1501's anniversary."

St. Joseph News-Press February 17, 1998: "Tribe seeks archaeological survey of prison site: Land at Licking, Mo., might contain native burial mounds," by Mike Jones. February 20: "Bayfield history targets shotgun story," by Jerry Arnold. indicates newspapers not received by the State Historical Society. 448 Missouri Historical Review

March 20: "Great-grandfather [Duncan William O'Farrell] recounts stories of Civil War," by James E. Crofutt. March 22: 'Twisters leave history of damage," by Mike Jones.

St Louis Post-Dispatch February 19, 1998: "The 'Spanish Lady': Eighty years ago, St. Louis braced to battle a deadly flu that killed 20 million people around the world," by John M. McGuire; "The flu changed family history," by Mary Delach Leonard. April 4: "Auto Club of St. Louis preceded AAA." April 18: "Luxury passenger train also had the name 'Spirit of St. Louis.'" This and the above article by Ray Jordan.

St Louis Review March 20, 1998: "Cottleville parish's 'Heaven on Earth' keeps on growing" after 125 years.

St Louis South County Times February 20-26, 1998: "From Ulysses To Julia: While restoring the main house at the Ulysses S. Grant Historic Site, workers discovered a tattered, old letter. It began 'Dearest Julia,'" by Patrick Murphy.

Ste. Genevieve Herald February 4, 1998: "William Brooks And Family Left Legacy of Respect." February 18: "Blacks, Slave And Free, Had Major Impact On Town." Both by Mark Evans.

Sedalia Democrat February 9, 1998: "Digging up the past: Marshall man [Bruce Bartlett] shares historical items" from Civil War site near Otterville, by Ron Jennings. March 15: "Duel with destiny: Pettis County namesake's [Spencer Darwin Pettis] desire for a career in politics led to a deadly encounter," the Pettis-Thomas Biddle duel, by Jay Nies. March 30: "A mirror situation: Large student body in 1923 at Sedalia High School prompted city to built Smith-Cotton," by Ron Jennings.

Shelbina Democrat April 29, 1998: "Building [Rexall Drug] Rich With Pieces Of History, Memories Comes To An End," by Teena Hercules.

Shelbyville Shelby County Herald February 4, 1998: "Remembering the days when the train rolled through Shelbyville," by Thad Requet.

Smithville Lake Herald February 25, 1998: "From 'Smith's Mill' to Smithville."

Springfield News-Leader April 6, 1998: "Historic Branson inn [Landmark Motel] gets new life," by Kathryn Buckstaff. April 19: '"Ghosts' live in property documents: Researching houses is gaining in popu­ larity, especially among younger homeowners," by Kathleen O'Dell. Historical Notes and Comments 449

Troy Free Press February 4, 1998: "School bus serves rural students." February 18: "Hanni Mill in Troy." March 11: "Centennial Celebration at Olney Baptist Church." March 18: 'The family of Anda Morris and Mahalia Thomasson." March 25: 'Troy Hotel." April 22: 'Troy Commercial Co." All by Charles R. Williams.

Tfcoy Lincoln County Journal February 17, 1998: "Black American history in Lincoln County"; "Depots in Lincoln County," by Charles R. Williams. April 21: "Gas ration 1942," by Charles R. Williams.

Tuscumbia Miller County Autogram-Sentinel April 2, 1998: "Window to the Past" featured John U. Stone, by Peggy Smith Hake.

Vienna Maries County Gazette March 18, 1998: A history of "Veterinarians In Maries County," by Joe Welschmeyer.

Warrensburg Daily Star-Journal April 23, 1998: "Historic Innes Mills Wdl Close Tomorrow" by Sue Sterling.

Warrensburg Gazette February 19, 1998: "Pertle Springs offered something in the past and offers traditions for the present, future." February 26: "Old courthouse is still the site of county's history." This and the above arti­ cle by Sarah Baird. April 16: "Local resident restores an old piece of history," 1898 courthouse clock. April 30: "Closing of old [Innes] flour mill's doors leaves rich local history behind." This and the above article by Melanie Doolittle.

Webb City Sentinel February 20, 1998: "Search goes out for old police [station] photos." March 20: "Carterville's Main Street was a shopping center." April 10: "Carterville's Main Street: a strip mall in its time." April 24: "A fine first-grade class: 76 years ago." All by Jeanne Newby.

The Skeptic

Unionville Putnam County Leader, January 7, 1898. "Don't you believe that what is to be will be?" asked the argumentative man. "I do not," declared the other one. "I do not even believe that what has been has been." 450

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American History June, 1998: "1948: The Presidential Election,1' Harry S. Truman's defeat of Thomas Dewey, by Michael D. Hay dock.

Ancestors Unlimited Quarterly, Barry County Genealogical and Historical Society February, 1998: "The East Purdy Community," by Jed D, Terry; "Arnhart School History" by Muriel Roller Smith; "Arnhart Church Land Records"; "Uncle Frank Skelton Tells Of Boyhood Days And Hardships During The Civil War," by Mary Ann Skelton; "E. W. Williams Civil War Letters To Home," continued.

Boone s Lick Heritage, Boonslick Historical Society March, 1998: "Civil War Incidents In Howard County Part II: 1864," by William Lay; "William Quantrill In Howard County In 1864," by William Lay and Robert Dyer.

The Bulletin, Johnson County Historical Society April, 1998: "Johnson County's Poor Farm," by Mary L. Rainey.

Bulletin, Missouri Botanical Garden March-April, 1998: "Tower Grove Park: Restoring Henry Shaw's Legacy."

The Bushwhacker, Civil War Round Table of St. Louis March 25, 1998: "The War 135 Years Ago." April 29, 1998: "The War 135 Years Ago."

Bushwhacker Musings, Vernon County Historical Society April 1, 1998: "The Patriots Deal With Papinsville," by Richard Ely Selden, Jr., reprinted.

The Clay County MOsaic, Clay County Archives and Historical Library January-February-March, 1998: "Evelyn's Petty Cache," court cases, continued, by Evelyn Petty.

Collage Of Cape County, Cape Girardeau County Genealogical Society March, 1998: The "Civil War Sniders," by Neil A. Snider; "Holy Family Catholic Church" of Cape Girardeau.

Columbia Senior Times February, 1998: "The Other American President From Missouri," David Rice Atchison. March, 1998: "Help Needed To Identify Boone County Civil War Soldiers"; "Remembering Downtown Columbia In 1938," by Sara Barger.

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly Winter, 1997: "Aspects of Worship Practices in the History of The Lutheran Church— Missouri Synod," by Leonard Laetsch; "Missouri's Catechetical Heritage;* by Daniel Preus; "Heathen Missions in The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod," by George J. Gude; "The Confessionalism of Missouri in the Early Twentieth Century," by Charles P. Arand; "Dreams, Disappointments, Achievements: The First 150 Years of Social Ministry," by Gene L. Svebakken and Paul Bacon; "Leaning on the Lord during the Lean Years: The Lutheran Church during the Great Depression," by Paul M. Heerboth; "Retracing the Days of Old at Concordia Historical Institute," by Mark A. Loest. Historical Notes and Comments 451

County Lines, Boone County Historical Society April-May, 1998: "Market Square," history of Columbia's Rat Branch area, by Tom Prater.

The Despatch, Recreated First U.S. Infantry and Boone's Rangers March-April, 1998: "The Sauk And Fox Indians: Fire On The Frontier," Part VII, by Mike Dickey.

The Diggin's, Old Mines Area Historical Society Winter, 1998: "Paul, Sefroid S., Private—Companies A & D, 1st Missouri State Militia Infantry," by Bob Schmidt.

The Fence Painter, Mark Twain Boyhood Home Associates Winter, 1997-1998: "Orion Clemens' Life—Part II."

Florissant Valley Quarterly April, 1998: "One Hundred And Seventy Five Years Of The Jesuit Presence" in Missouri, by Edwin J. Benton.

Friends of J. B. [Jefferson Barracks] News April-June, 1998: "Twelve (or Thirteen) Gentlemen of Carondelet and the 1826 Deed to Jefferson Barracks," by Esley Hamilton.

Gateway Heritage, Missouri Historical Society Winter, 1997-98: "Back from the Brink: The East St. Louis Story," by Kenneth M. Reardon; "Franklin D. Roosevelt, the New Deal, and the Missouri Clergy," by J. Christopher Schnell; "The Sisters of Loretto St. Louis 1847-1997," by Sister Mary Mangan; "Creve Coeur Lake 'A Splendid Sheet of Water,'" by Jennifer A. Crets; "Memoir from the St. Louis Ghetto," by Morris D. Marcus; "Reading the Past," the Wainwright building, by Kirsten Hammerstrom.

Glendale Historical Society Bulletin March, 1998: "Old Glendale Connections: The Murphy, Beck, and Blase Families of Old Glendale," by Betty Murphy Beck; "The 'Battle of Kirkwood' That Never Was "

Greene County Historical Society Bulletin January-April, 1998: "Gleanings From The Greene County Archives," health care and doctors, by Robert Neumann.

Grundy Gleanings Spring, 1998: "Civil War Experiences Of Solomon Skaggs," by Frank B. Skaggs.

GSCM Reporter, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri January-February, 1998: "The Cruelty Of The Civil War: The Execution Of John Jackson Jefferson" of Boone County, by Norma Nyberg; "Letters From An MU Student [Richard Meriwether Vaughan], 1899-1901," transcribed by Alicia E. Towster.

The Herald, Grand River Historical Society and Museum April, 1998: "Civil War & Livingston County," continued, by Carolyn Leffler and Sue Jones. 452 Missouri Historical Review

The Heritage News, Jefferson County Historical Society January, 1998: "Memories of Bailey School," by Miriam Carron.

Historical Footnotes, Concordia Historical Institute Spring, 1998: "Cabin 'Cousins' Are Being Restored at 2 Sites," the Concordia Seminary replica and Fenwick cabins.

Journal, Douglas County Historical and Genealogical Society May, 1997: "Back In Time (Part 1): A Visit To The Ava Square In 1935," by Kenneth W Brown; "The Mystery of [1907 drowning in] Sycamore Pond," by James E. (Jay) Gentry, Jr.; "Railroad News Reported In The Herald 1909 & 1910," Ava's railroad.

Journal of the West April, 1998: "Calamity Jane and Wild Bill: Myth and Reality," by James D. McLaird; "In Search of the Great Ma," including the Laura Ingalls Wilder family, by Elizabeth Jameson.

The Kansas City Genealogist Winter, 1998: "James Morgan Walker, Blue Springs Pioneer," by Joanne Chiles Eakin; "William T. Clark, of Lafayette County" and "Isaac Clark of Lafayette County," both by William R. Gann; "Gone But Not Forgotten: Howard Vanderslice, Kansas City Philanthropist, is Dead," by Fred L. Lee.

Kirkwood Historical Review December, 1997: "The [Henry and Catherine] Harris Family Of Kirkwood," by Albeit A. Winkler; "Selected Houses For Sale In Kirkwood By Raymond M. Henley 1925-1941: Part III," by R. T. Bamber.

Landmarks Letter, Landmarks Association of St. Louis January-February, 1998: Early St. Louis churches.

The Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin April, 1998: "The Big Jail Break of '83," 1883, by Doug Seneker; "Old Settlers Department: William G. Rice."

Mid-Missouri Black Watch Spring, 1998: "A Man Of Three Crowns," boxer Henry Armstrong; "The Black Settlement At Westport"; "Free Blacks Prosper In Early St. Louis."

Midwest Motorist May-June, 1998: "All in the family: Daniel Boone and descendants made Missouri home," by Deborah Klein.

Mineral Museum News January-December, 1997: "A Tragedy Narrowly Averted," the 1905 fire at Yellow Dog Mine near Webb City.

Missouri Historical Society Magazine Spring, 1998: "The Stories Of St. Louis: Artifacts as Storytellers—The Louisiana Purchase Transfer Document"; "Catch The Spirit: St. Louis Aviation Pioneers—Albert Bond Lambert." Historical Notes and Comments 453

Missouri Magazine Winter, 1998: "Catchin' Dough: Lambert's Cafe has been on a roll since 1941," by Steven R. Bender; "River Passages," narratives of the Missouri River; 'T. S. Eliot," by Kristin Tilford and Kelly Debrecht.

Montana The Magazine of Western History Spring, 1998: "Frontierland as Tomorrowland: Walt Disney and the Architectural Packaging of the Mythic West," by Michael Steiner.

National Genealogical Society Quarterly March, 1998: "Heritage Books and Family Lore: A [George W.] Jackson Test in [Phelps County] Missouri and Idaho," by Connie Lenzen.

Newsletter, Boone-Duden Historical Society January-February, 1998: "How I Snared The Slayers of Paulina" Duebbert in 1929, by William F. Bloebaum, reprinted.

Newsletter, Carondelet Historical Society Winter-Spring, 1998: "The Board Of Education Greenhouses," early 1900s.

Newsletter, Chariton County Historical Society April, 1998: "John Gale's Journal [through county]—1818," reprinted; "The Hucksters" at Indian Grove, by Tim Kenny.

Newsletter, Commerce Historical and Genealogy Society March-April, 1998: "History Of The Commerce Methodist Church."

Newsletter, Gasconade County Historical Society Spring, 1998: "Newspaper records recount cornerstone ceremony in 1898," reprinted; "The Gasconade Boatyard Lives," by Jim Thomas.

Newsletter, Huntsville Historical Society March, 1998: "Descendant Of The Namesake Of Huntsville: George Wylie Paul Hunt."

Newsletter, Iron County Historical Society April, 1998: "The J. M. Whitworth Collection of Natural and Hand-Carved Woods at Ironton, Missouri"; "East Of Fort Davidson In The 1920's And 30's," by George Pallo.

Newsletter, Jasper County Historical Society March, 1998: "Jasper County Has a Birthday," celebrating 157 years, by Marvin L. VanGilder.

Newsletter, Lexington Library and Historical Association Volume 1, 1998: "Dover Road as I Remember It...," by Elliott Slusher.

Newsletter, Lincoln County Historical and Archaeological Society April, 1998: "Bits & Pieces About Rural Schools." 154 Missouri Historical Review

Newsletter, Meramec Wiley Genealogy and Historical Society March-April, 1998: "The Martin Murray Family: An Immigrant Irish Family."

Newsletter. Normandy Area Historical Association March, 1998: "Remembering Beverly Hills," reprinted.

Newsletter, Osage County Historical Society February. 1998: "Mt. Zion School—No. 71." March, 1998: "Rich Fountain School— No. 53." April 1998: "Lange School—No. 8."

Newsletter, Phelps County Historical Society April, 1998: "Bluebacks, Graybacks, And Greenbacks: Excerpts From The Maramec Iron Works Time Books, 1865-1870," edited by John F. Bradbury, Jr.

Newsletter, St. Francois County Historical Society January, 1998: "Obituaries," sketch of Farmington pioneer Nicholas Lewis Fleming. March, 1998: "Veterans Of The Civil War," Robert F. Boswell. Both articles by Bob Schmidt.

Newsletter, Sappington-Concord Historical Society Spring, 1998: "End of an Era—Eime [Hardware] Closes"; "Concord Farmers' Club, 1873-1998."

Newsletter, Scott County Historical and Genealogy Society February, 1998: "1862 Saw Start Of Kelso Village—Early Day Families Set Community Pace," reprinted; "Wedding of [Union] Civil War Veteran [George R. Wilson to Confederate general's daughter] Recalled," reprinted.

Newsletter, South Central Missouri Genealogical Society January-February-March, 1998: "Mountain View On A Saturday Afternoon," the J. B. Hannah building.

Newsletter, University City Historical Society April, 1998: E. G. Lewis and "The People's Bank," by John Van Amburg.

Newsletter, Washington Historical Society March, 1998: "Methodist Church History," by R. C. George, reprinted.

Novinger Renewal News April, 1998: "Do You Remember?" Novinger High School class of 1938, by Frank Strachan; "History of the Growth of Novinger, Missouri 1879-1903," by Gary G. Lloyd.

The Old Mill Run, Ozark County Genealogical and Historical Society April, 1998: "Levi Scofield and The Robinson Family," by Orin Robinson.

Old W Newsletter, Randolph County Historical Society October-November-December, 1997: "Soldiers Of The Revolutionary War Buried In Randolph County, Missouri"; "Dr. Tom Fleming's WWII Letters To Randolph County Soldiers." January-February-March, 1998: "Renick, Missouri," by Dee Bale. Historical Notes and Comments 455

Ozar'kin, Ozarks Genealogical Society Spring, 1998: "First Congregational Church 1869-1991 Springfield, Missouri," by George T. Harper.

The Ozarks Mountaineer February-March, 1998: "Sanford J. Preston [publisher of The Walker Herald]: In The Words Of A Country Editor," by Neoma Foreman; "Melody In The Ozarks: The Life And Times Of One Very Special Steamboat Whistle," by Dorothy Heckmann Shrader; "High Schools Of Yesteryear," by Larry Wood; "A Visit To Kendrick Place, Carthage's 144-Year-Old Landmark," by Janice I. Kinman.

The Paddlewheel, Golden Eagle River Museum March-April, 1998: "The Cairo [built by James Eads] at Vicksburg," Mississippi, 1862, by Bob Mullen.

Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly Winter, 1998: "1000 Redmen in Pemiscot County: Caruthersville Wigwam Has 177 Members," 1910, reprinted; "A Brief History Of Land Titles And The Pemiscot County Abstract Company"; "History Of The Tennessee-Missouri Bridge Commission." Spring, 1998: "History Of The Tennessee-Missouri Bridge Commission," continued.

Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin December-March, 1997-1998: "Alma Pauline Filger Brenner Hauetter: Her Life Story as told to Kathryn B. Jennings, January, 1987"; "At Ninety-Five 'Uncle Billy' [Perrin] Is Happy And Delighted With Life," reprinted.

^Quarterly of the National Association for Outlaw and Lawman History July-September, 1997: "Images of Zerelda and Reuben Samuel: Mother and Step-father of the James Brothers." October-December, 1997: "Jesse and Frank James: Their Earliest Photograph." Both arti­ cles by George Hart.

The Register, Kentucky Historical Society Summer, 1997: "The Legacy of Daniel Boone: Three Generations of Boones and the History of Indian-White Relations," by Stephen Aron.

Rennison Ramblings March, 1998: "Joseph Alvin Rennison" and "A Glimpse of Rosetta (Zetter) Rennison's Life." Both articles by Ozelle Mosier.

The Resume, Historical Society of Polk County March, 1998: "Polk County Primordial," by Arlene Roberts, reprinted.

Ridgerunner, West Plains High School Spring, 1998: Issue devoted almost entirely to Ozarks heritage and history, including the Langston brothers, Scott Joplin, place-names of the Ozarks, Hammond's Mill Bible Camp, Colonel R. B. Palmer, Glenwood School, and Turner's Mill.

indicates magazines not received by the State Historical Society. 456 Missouri Historical Review

The Ripley County Heritage December, 1997: "Ed Cox: Riverman," by Thelma McManus, reprinted; "Rural Schools: Graduation Day," early 1900s; "Hunt Garment Factory," by Garnet Hunt W^hite; "Early Ripley County Settlers Were True Pioneers," by Ray Burson; "Smith's In Business Here 50 Years," by Barb Huffman, reprinted. March, 1998: "Virgin Pine Marks Pine-Bardley Area," lumbering, by Rector Dale, reprint­ ed; "Early Missouri On The Map," 1830; "1998—A Centennial Year For Doniphan High School," by Ray Burson; several articles about old area barns.

Rural Missouri March, 1998: "The Day the Lights Came On," readers share memories of electrification. April, 1998: "God's littlest Cathedral," the Prince of Peace Cathedral in Highlandville, by Jeff Joiner.

St Charles Heritage April, 1998: "Arnold Krekel," by Louis J. Launer; "St. Joseph Health Center and the Franciscan Sisters of Mary," 125th anniversary, by Inez Kennedy; "Cliff Edwards: St. Charles' Forgotten Star," by Kaare Utt; "St. Charles County Historical Society Headquarters," history of 175-year-old building, and "George Gaty," both by Dennis Hahn.

S.E.MO. Record, Dunklin County Genealogical Society January, 1998: "Fraud And Deceit In Dunklin County, 1865-1880," by Joan T. Feezor, reprinted.

Show Me Route 66 Winter, 1997: Issue features Crawford County.

Springfield! Magazine March, 1998: "A City of Churches: Tiny Mt. Carmel Church Sends Large Contingent To Methodist Ministry (Part I)" and "Condensed History of The Queen City Of the Ozarks (Part IX)," the courthouse, both by Robert C. Glazier; "Cavalcade Of Homes: Part 102—The Gray- Young-Bromley House," by Mabel Carver Taylor. April, 1998: "An Almost Condensed History of The Queen City Of the Ozarks (Part X)," the 1912 debut of Springfield Magazine, and "A City of Churches: Tiny Mt. Carmel Church Sends Large Contingent To Methodist Ministry (Part H)," both by Robert C. Glazier; "Cavalcade Of Homes: Part 103—The McCain-Howell House," by Mabel Carver Taylor. May, 1998: "Condensed History of The Queen City Of the Ozarks (Part XI)," downtown Springfield, and "A City of Churches: Tiny Mt. Carmel Church Sends Large Contingent To Methodist Ministry (Part HI)," both by Robert C. Glazier; "Remembering Springfield's First Drive-in Theatre," by Jane Hale.

Trails Head Tidings, Oregon-California Trails Association March, 1998: "November Annual Meeting: [Jim] Lee Spoke On Union Depot And Early Railroads" in Kansas City, by Mary Conrad and James Lee.

The Twainian March, 1998: 'Twain's Battle With Copyright," continued, by Sonia Crites.

Wagon Tracks, Santa Fe Trail Association February, 1998: "In Search Of Jose Watrous," by Virginia Lee Fisher. Historical Notes and Comments 457

The Waterways Journal Weekly March 2, 1998: "Construction Of St. Louis [Robert E. Lee] Restaurant [aboard steamer] Recalled," by James V. Swift.

We Proceeded On, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation February, 1998: "A Grand Tower: The Mississippi [River]'s Tower Rock" one hundred miles south of St. Louis, by Ann Rogers.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly Whiter, 1998: "Floyd Jones' Memoir (Part HI)," transcribed and edited by Linda Myers- Phinney; "What's in a Name, like Johnboat? boating in the Ozarks, by Lynn Morrow.

Word & Way, Missouri Baptist Convention April 9, 1998: "Missouri WTMU [Woman's Missionary Union] celebrates 75 years," by Rob Mams.

Judging by Looks

Unionville Putnam County Leader, January 7, 1898. WHien a man's trousers are out at the knees it's sometimes difficult to tell whether it's from praying or shooting craps.

It's a New Age

Columbia Missouri Herald, August 12, 1898. The stone age, the bronze age, the age of iron and of gold, have gone. This is the age of the rubber tire[.] Thirty years ago a carriage was a luxury possible only to the rich and buggies were almost unknown. Farmers and townmen rode horseback or walked. Now our people loll back on soft cushions and to walk a mile is simply absurd. Pedestrianism has disappeared before the rub­ ber tire. Smoothly and swiftly has luxury forced its way into our national life....

Crop Not Wanted

Kansas City Times, May 1, 1898. The county court decided yesterday to dispense with the services of the yardman and he was dropped off the pay roll of the county.... The grass in the court yard is throwing out green shoots at a rapid pace, and unless a new yardman is employed shortly the spring crop of seed will be ready for the market in a few weeks.

Keeping Secrets

Canton Press, January 7, 1898. Poetess—"The poem I sent you, Mr. Editor, contains the deepest secrets of my soul.' Editor—"I know it, madam, and nobody shall ever find them out through me!" INMEMORIAM

RUTBY* '!OV.„ oARTO -. HARVIO . .. J,... iVu::-* c - J januan 13 I9i3-Fet>ruan *•' N°: Note.a euucaioi, nisionai.. anu auino Bht.i KoBhR' VAUGHN. Garder Nai.e^ Rut!1 Warne** Towne of Kirksville died Apri' Cahibmi: Apri1 2-* ^925-januar. ?> 1997 5 199 'loune was norn ri knx>\n.-; c JTM r\, • i i . * l> " :* ' \ j Jur'» W 1 ^;'' to Mary Elizabeth Mx o;> ar r Novemne?" 1 . i90.xXc PPXCI * , /- Fran- Aarne Towne She graauaic\- rr' '• IX xx 1- \. "),,'.. -. x. Nortnea>l Missoun State Teachers C onege !9^> an* iSi. earner maste: ^ ana aoaor Uf^i-' i niston a* i"- um\ers>' i%ar-s- jitrx 3*J »s Xr -,-~>< .. * _ ^~ Nnss. »^.-_ ^or1 '^*-*toi^. "»owt*rt iau« ; / a* ivrK*«vii.'.> riigp Scboo a«* : tU x - Y rt nja*.ii. ^a^e1 :. Nonne;.. fiumai, biax umversit.. ox e,. . *f')nuc u .«. ...,..Xei'\ puDbcauo" ]vansa i)ecen»re* . -, -.MUI'I- \o* \ * i»om 'SO-^ -X-~ anL iio't, ' l^v-- serveu a- aea~ x gr3uuaie ^u ." ~\>wrc 'cure., ir 195c >es continue^ io . .. na^-nf* unr '9'-. - ;*r_ remained cXi*. Ma : -,* . , un un'ver>. mx > e* ot. .' Mx . \»' %! \H:,-\>V OH'. - , 1 v »\^*'t^-J *ur^ [owp^ wroii^ rr'S'" ' toik'a an,: ^-and OOOK.- mjiuJi** X". r- -'.'//: »'?. *,<" arKi -tVi. ' d / w»//.-».^ ;h *> ' 'Y*/ » . b"^>mn-r-< rnsmr, n ft j wm , /< T 1 \'etnouK ynw't" -''rK:,vi > \ iK\so;( ' * ^ an. ntyro'' Smi: * own? an< ' .aiLsd hfnmni o oitcces. 1^9^ on" aiso nennec iviaicr \"' )9}4-^>cionei _. ivu cnamci^ io~ /- Boo\ o' Aaar Count pi"^^ hfiVvARn C . ^IKC roie... ^iOi* hi*ion ouhiisnec ir 1^76 it. 1990 net an - ^-eoruarv ^ 1922-Novemoe' a? "Man? Turner Harve\ ana trie Rural ^.WJ PRHISSI . MIUDRI o. ipnngfiei- MovemerX won the Missouri Historical januan Io. 1923-Decernbe: 22. 19^" Review's best article of tne year award. PULEER. JAME:, HARVL^ . Ravvii : Towne was preceded in death by her August 19. 1904-Januarv 10. 199. father in 1974 and her mother in 1980. RLXFORU OSCAR \A.. Si. LOUK June 10, 1908-December 18, 199" WAGNER. MARGARET. Jackson: October 12, 1911-April 4. 1997 BARDON, CATHERINE, Florissant: WRIGHT. TAYLOR O.. JR., Carmel, Indiana: May 14. 1915-September 17, 1997 August 31, 1904-February 16. 1998 459

BOOK REVIEWS Seasons of Change: Reflections on a Half Century at Saint Louis University. By Paul C. Reinert, S.J., and Paul Shore (St. Louis: Saint Louis University Press, 1996). xi + 188 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $29.95.

Paul C. Reinert, S.J., in this collaboration with Paul Shore, presents more than an institutional history. The authors offer an intimate look at a major community institution during a period of significant growth and change. This volume should engage a broad range of readers. Local historians will find it a welcome addition to their libraries, but it should appeal as well to those interested in higher education and urban redevelopment. Reinert5 s engaging anecdotes set the book apart from standard academic histories. Colorado born and reared, Reinert has spent virtually all of his adult life in St. Louis, most of it at Saint Louis University. Following training at the Jesuit novitiate in Florissant, Missouri, he completed bachelor's and master's degrees at the university before earning a Ph.D. in higher education adminis­ tration at the University of Chicago in 1943. The following summer he reported to his alma mater as dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. He immediately had to deal with two major challenges: integrating black stu­ dents into undergraduate programs and finding ways to add faculty and class- rooms for the anticipated flood of returning veterans. With no time to ease into the job, Reinert began the work that would redefine the mission and the vision of the university. Saint Louis University in the 1940s was widely regarded as an extension of the parochial school system, reflective of the generally conservative and distinctly Catholic culture espoused by most of its students and faculty. It was an all-male, sectarian institution at which many assumed and others knew they would not be welcome. Women were not officially admitted until 1949, although in 1937 the university had begun enrolling female students in a division designated for them alone. Following local custom, African Americans were also excluded from the university until the summer of 1944. Reinert reveals for the first time some of the details surrounding the contro­ versial decision to become the first academic institution in the city to inte­ grate its student body. The new dean worked with African American pastors to recruit students and established academic and financial support programs to facilitate the inclusion of otherwise qualified minority students. In 1949, Reinert became the president of Saint Louis University. He inherited woefully underdeveloped campus facilities and inadequate fiscal and administrative structures. Convinced that the role of the university pres­ ident had to be distinct from that of rector of the Jesuit community there, the custom until his tenure, he succeeded in persuading authorities in Rome to separate them. He also hired laymen with business experience to manage the financial assets of the university. 460 Missouri Historical Review

Aware that the school's endowment was only two million dollars, he knew that fund-raising had to be his priority but doubted his ability to be suc­ cessful in this endeavor. Reinert found, however, he had a gift for this work. Educating the community about the university had to be the first step, and he used his ex officio membership in Civic Progress, an organization of the heads of leading businesses in the St. Louis area, to begin the process. Reinert believed that the most powerful motivator for generous philan­ thropy was the internal transformation of the giver. He often saw this con­ viction validated in donors. He felt that philanthropists should think of indi­ viduals, not the institution, as recipients of their gifts and made sure scholar­ ship contributors received reports on the students they assisted. Reminding business leaders that many Saint Louis University graduates remained in the area, he convinced them to look at a donation as an investment in their own futures. Early in his presidency, Reinert had another major question to resolve. The university's main campus was crowded and landlocked. Many of its trustees and benefactors strongly urged a move to the suburbs. Most of its Jesuit faculty preferred to remain in the city. The question was resolved deci­ sively when the university, with the help of a major donor, purchased twen­ ty-two acres directly across the street from the main campus. After twenty-five years as university president, Reinert stepped down in 1974. Freed from administrative responsibilities, he concentrated on two areas in which he felt he could contribute to both the university and the com­ munity: fund-raising and bringing together all the major constituents of Midtown—businesses, institutions, property owners—into a coalition aimed at revitalizing the entire area. As chancellor emeritus, he continues to work on these goals. Readers to whom Reinert's name is familiar may find that this book reveals facets of the man they had not seen. In any case, Reinert and Shore have made a valuable contribution to community history and memory.

Washington University Mary E. Seematter

The Forgotten "Stonewall of the West": Major General John Stevens Bowen. By Phillip Thomas Tucker (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1997). 379 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Sources and Bibliography. Index. $32.95.

This is a military biography of John S. Bowen, a native of Savannah, Georgia, and an 1853 West Point graduate. The young officer came to Jefferson Barracks near St. Louis in 1855. Like many other soldiers, Bowen married into a Missouri family, left the army, and entered professional life in St. Louis. He received a commission in the Missouri Volunteer Militia and Book Reviews 461 played key roles in the Southwest Expedition and the Camp Jackson affair in 1860-1861. After Camp Jackson, Bowen took a Confederate rather than a Missouri State Guard commission. His service was entirely east of the Mississippi River as the leader of the First Missouri Infantry and the First Missouri Brigade and as division commander in the defense of Vicksburg. His battle honors included Shiloh, Tennessee, and Tuscumbia Bridge, Grand Gulf, Port Gibson, Big Black River, and Champion's Hill, Mississippi, in 1862-1863. Dysentery killed Bowen shortly after the fall of Vicksburg. The thesis and style will not surprise readers of Tucker's earlier works. Based largely on Bowen's leadership of Confederate Missourians at Tuscumbia Bridge, Port Gibson, and Champion's Hill, Tucker believes the general was among the best tacticians, strategists, and division commanders in any of the South's armies. Bowen and his Missourians helped postpone the fall of Vicksburg despite being outnumbered and hobbled by incompetent superiors. Tucker also contends that Bowen's service in critical independent assignments was more significant than that of other Confederates who bore the famous sobriquet "Stonewall," an argument sure to provoke partisans of Thomas Jackson and Patrick Cleburne. Bowen performed well in Mississippi, but Tucker diminishes his subject by relentlessly insisting that he was one of the greatest in gray. His broadsides of superlatives include a description of Bowen as the "Leonardo da Vinci of Pemberton's army" (p. 190) for his fortifications at Grand Gulf and speculation that the ferocious counterattack at Champion's Hill, if properly supported, "might well have reversed the course of the war" (p. 283). Bowen faced Ulysses S. Grant, an acquaintance and Missouri neighbor, on several critical Mississippi battlefields. The reversal of their relative pre­ war fortunes is a subtheme of the biography. Tucker finds much irony in the comparison, but it seems contrived. Bowen and Grant were never close friends, nor were they arch rivals. Their direct military confrontation lasted only a few weeks in 1863, and Bowen's death shortly after Grant captured Vicksburg ended any possible rivalry. Tucker laments Bowen's obscurity as a Confederate combat leader, argu­ ing that, as a Georgian leading Missouri troops in Mississippi, Bowen lacked any natural constituency. Contributing factors were his refusal to curry offi­ cial favor (he brought court-martial charges against politically connected General Earl Van Dorn), his untimely death on the heels of greater Confederate calamities, and the eastern front's dominance in Civil War his­ toriography. Tucker hints at resentment by former Missouri State Guardsmen but also shows that Bowen was well regarded by the Southern public, his men, and his opponents during the war. Historians Edwin C. Bearss and Albert Castel have emphasized Bowen's preeminence in the undistinguished Confederate cast in the Mississippi Valley, so Bowen's obscurity has not been complete. Unfortunately, this biography reads like a hurried reconstitution of 462 Missouri Historical Review

Tucker's earlier works on Confederate Missourians. The thesis is tediously overstated and unnecessarily speculative, and the absence of maps is aggra­ vating given the emphasis on Bowen's tactical ability. Even more unfortu­ nate, the manuscript never received a thorough editing. The text is repetitious and badly proofread. There are many unattributed quotes, and without a guide to abbreviations, the endnotes become alphabet soup.

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Rolla John F. Bradbury, Jr.

No Cost Too Great

Unionville Putnam County Leader, January 21, 1898. Parkville, Mo., Jan. 19.—The whisky miners who are working on the Arabia have cut a hole through her side, and have had hold of several barrels of whisky, but on account of the influx of water have failed to get any of them out. The caissons have been pulled up and will be sunk directly over the whisky. About $1,500 has been expended on this work already, but the company intends to get the whisky, regardless of cost.

Champion Peaches

Columbia Missouri Herald, October 7, 1898. Shannon county peaches took first premium at Omaha. Missouri leads in everything. All her peaches do not grow on trees, either.

Discovery Not Likely

Kansas City Times, May 1, 1898. She: "Do you think the north pole will ever be discovered?" He: "Not as long as people are willing to pay to hear men tell how they didn't find it.' From the Chicago News.

Clear As Mud

Canton Press, January 7, 1898. A neighboring exchange tells this: One day last week one of our lawyers left town for a few days. Before leaving he dropped one of his clients a note through the postoffice [sic]. The client got the note and dropped into one of our drugstores and asked the proprietor if he could read it. The druggist looked at it, danced up and down the floor, went to the light, gazed at the note again, finally settling behind the prescription case, from which he soon emerged with a bottle and a smile on his face, saying: "Here is your tonic. Wine glass full three times a day, and there you are." "Zounds, man!" cried the client, "that note is about a case my lawyer has in charge for me." 463

BOOK NOTES German Settlement in Missouri: New Land, Old Ways. By Robyn Burnett and Ken Luebbering (Columbia: Missouri Heritage Reader Series, University of Missouri Press, 1996). xi + 124 pp. Illustrations. Index. $9.95, paper.

Seeking new opportunities and hoping to escape Europe's political and economic turmoil, waves of Germans headed to the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century. Many settled in the Missouri River Valley and along the Osage and Gasconade Rivers because the region reminded them of the hills and valleys of their homeland. The influx of German immi­ grants to the area greatly influenced the settlement and development of the Missouri frontier. In twenty-seven succinct chapters, this book describes the marks German immigrants left on Missouri as they moved across the state establishing towns, planting vineyards, publishing German-language news­ papers, and entering politics. The book is available in bookstores.

Caring for America: The Story of Family Practice. By John R. Stanard (Virginia Beach, Va.: The Donning Company, 1997). 128 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. $40.00.

Generously illustrated, Caring for America documents family practice medicine over time. Included is a section on the seventy-year medical legacy of Marshfield doctor Tommy Macdonnell and his father, C. R. Macdonnell. The University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine's family practice residency program is also profiled. The book, which commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the American Academy of Family Physicians, is available from the Order Department of the American Academy of Family Physicians, 8880 Ward Parkway, Kansas City, MO 64114. Specify item #C-009.

Crossroads at the Spring: A Pictorial History of Springfield, Missouri. By the History Museum for Springfield-Greene County (Virginia Beach, Va.: The Donning Company, 1997). 128 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. $29.95, plus $5.00 for shipping.

This heavily illustrated volume brings to life the people and places important to Springfield's history and features more than 220 photographs from the museum's archives. Among those items featured are schools, churches, and street scenes. Call (417) 864-1976 to order a copy or write to the History Museum for Springfield-Greene County, 830 Boonville, Third Floor of Old City Hall, Springfield, MO 65802. 464

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI X' 1898

Founded in 1898, the State Historical Society is the preeminent research facility for the study of the Show Me State's heritage. It is the only statewide historical society in Missouri. The Society has assembled the largest specialized research library in the state and the largest collection of state newspapers in the nation.

The Society invites interested individuals to support its mission of collecting, preserving, and making accessible the state's history by becoming a member. Membership entitles you to a one-year subscription to the Society's quarterly publication, the Missouri Historical Review.

The State Historical Society is a not-for-profit, tax-exempt organization. Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for federal income, estate, and gift tax purposes.

Individual membership $10.00 Contributing membership $25.00 Supporting membership $50.00 Annual sustaining membership $100.00 to $499.00 Annual patron membership $500.00 or more Life membership $250.00

To join the Society or to inquire about gifts or bequests contact:

James W. Goodrich, Executive Director State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201-7298 Phone (573) 882-7083

Celebrating A centurj of History INDEX TO VOLUME XCII COMPILED BY LISA AUANGER

Armstrong, Jimmie, 206 A to Z Missouri: The Dictionary of Missouri Place Armstrong, Luther, 204 Names, by Margot Ford McMillan, 102 Arnhart School, Barry County, 450 Adair County Historical Society, 67, 179, 180, 317, Arone farm, St. Louis County, 207 429 Arrow Rock, Mo., 338 Adrian, Mo., Jenkins-Fisk house, 79 African Americans, 82, 88, 199, 338 Aeronautic Supply Company, St. Louis, 46 Brown's Lodge, 338 Affton Historical Society, 67, 317, 429 Caldwell pottery site, 338 Affton, Mo., Eime Hardware, 454 Asbury, Samuel Lester, 341 African Americans, 88, 89, 91, 96-97, 316, 338, 339, Ash Grove, Mo., Boone, Nathan, homestead, 443 341 Ashland, Mo., Farmer's Corner, 196 Arrow Rock, 82, 88, 199, 338 Assumption Church, New Haven, 333 Cape Girardeau, 335 Assumption School, Morrison, 199 Chariton County, 87 At Your Service: KMOX and Bob Hardy: Pioneers of Civilian Conservation Corps company, 80 Talk Radio, by Sandra Hardy Chinn, 351 Columbia, 444 Atchison County Historical Society, 67 education, 407-420 Atchison, David Rice, 121, 124-125, 450 Islam, St. Louis, 88 Aubry, F. X., 339 Lincoln County, 449 Audrain County Historical Society, 67, 180, 317 Lincoln-Hubbard School, Sedalia, 85 Audubon, John J., 242 St. Louis, 452 Aurora, Mo., 90 Ste. Genevieve, 448 Austin, Moses, 202, 261-262 Warrensburg, 218 Austin, Stephen, 202 Westport, 452 Ava, Mo., 452; railroad, 452 Airplanes, 45-60, 84 Aviation, 45-60 Alexander, James C, 337 Alexandria, Mo., Presbyterian Church, 81 B Allen, Walter, 172 Bagnell Dam, Camden County, 443 Allen, Will, 445 Bailey School, Jefferson County, 452 Alley Spring Mill, Shannon County, 86, 197 Bair, John M., 85 Amarugia region, Cass County, 201; cemetery, 89 Bair, Lida V. Williams, 85 American Association for State and Local History, 64 Baker, Raymond H., obit., 211 American Journal of Education, 30 Baldwin Theatre, Springfield, 343 American Saddlebred Museum, Mexico, 337-338 Ballantine house, Boonville, 80 Amerman's Hospital, Nevada, 87 Ballwin Historical Society, 180, 429 "Amidst Trials and Troubles': Captain Samuel Banjos, 208 Churchill Clark, C.S.A.," by William C. Winter, 1-17 Baptist Female College, Lexington, 339 Amsler, Kevin, Final Resting Place: The Lives and Bardon, Catherine, obit., 458 Deaths of Famous St. Louisans, 217 Barger, Mary, 264 Anderson, Gary, 424 Barker, Marvin, obit., 94 Anderson, Josephine, 208 Barlow, William P., 337 Anderson, Oliver, house, Lexington, 393 Barnard Community Historical Society, 317 Andrew County, churches, 88 Barnes family, 91 Andrew County Museum and Historical Society, 67, Barnes, Jesse, 334 180,317,429 Barnes, Jesse Lee, family, 334 Andrews, Gregg, City of Dust: A Cement Company Barnes, L. L., 443 Town in the Land of Tom Sawyer, 215-216 Barnesville Redan, Reynolds County, 80 Angelique (Native American), 342 Barnett, Etta Moten, 445 Antonia School, St. Louis County, 84 Barnett, T. S., family, 339 Appleton, Mo., tavern, 200 Barns, Arthur, 334 Arabia (steamboat), 445 Barns, Oliver "Vester," family, 334 Arcadia Valley Drug Store, Ironton, 198 Barr, Ernest, 446 Archaeology, 79, 80 Barry County, 204, 337 Argentville, Mo., 341 Arnhart Church, 450 Armstrong, Henry, 452 Arnhart School, 450

465 466 Index

McDowell Mill, 197 Big Bend School, Crawford County, 85 Muncey School District No. 1, 337 Big Spring, Humansville, 198 Barry County Genealogical and Historical Society, Binder, Peter, 341 67,317,429 Bingham, George Caleb, art exhibition, 313, 421-423 Bartholomew, Harland, 339 Bingham, Mattie Lykins, 199 Bartlett, Bruce, 448 Bingham-Waggoner Historical Society, 67 Barton County Historical Society, 67, 180, 317, 429 Birch Tree, Mo., bank, 342 Barton, David, 255-259 Blackburn Historical Society, 318 Barton, Harmon J., Jr., obit., 458 Blair, Francis P., Jr., 119, 126-130, 131, 132-133 Barton, Joshua, 257, 258 Blake, T. Gaynor, obit., 211 Baseball, 84, 89 Blase family, 451 Basin St. Five (band), 447 Blow, Susan, 30-31,33-38 Basketball, 83 Blue, Granny, 335 Bass, Tom, 202 Blue Springs, Mo., Examiner (newspaper), 443 Bassett, George, log house, Randolph County, 209 Blunt, Roy, 65 Bates County Historical Society, 67, 317, 429 Bock, H. Riley, 173, 174, 310, 311, 421 Bates County Old Settlers' Society, 200, 204 Boeckman, Laurel, 178 Bates, Edward, 255, 265-270 Boethel, Paul C, obit., 94 Bates, Frederick, 262, 265-267 Bogy, Benjamin, 341 Battle of Fort San Carlos, 84 Boillot, Hattie, 335 "The Battle of Pilot Knob, Iron County, Missouri, Bolduc, Louis, house, Ste. Genevieve, 201 September 27, 1864," by Richard S. Brownlee, Bolivar, Mo., 330, 443 271-296 Bolivar, Simon Bayfield, Mo., 447 painting, 330 Bear Hollow Revival, McDonald County, 200 statue, 330 Beauchamp Dairy Farm, Pacific, 341 Boman, Dennis, 170 Beaumont, William, 95-96 Bonfils, Eugene, 336 Beck family, 451 Bonfils, Henrietta, 336 Beck School, Lincoln County, 85 Bonne Terre, Mo., St. Joseph Lead Mining Company, Becknell, William, 91-92 81 Beetem, Jane, 168, 169 Bonniebrook Historical Society, 67, 180, 430 "The Beginnings of Missouri Legislation," by Isidor Book Notes, 101-103,217-219,351,463 Loeb, 222-237 Book Reviews, 95-100, 212-216, 348-350, 459-462 Bek, William G., 371 Boone County, 87, 90, 206, 330, 339 Bell, Charles R., obit., 345 Civil War, 450 Bell, Robert Vaughn, obit., 458 Civil War memorial, 204 Bellvue Trail, 80 Boone County Historical Society, 67-68, 180-181, Belmont, Mo., battle of, 87 318,430 Belton Historical Society, 67, 180, 317, 429 Boone County Oil Co-op, Columbia, 90 Belton, Mo. Boone, Daniel, 88, 198, 225, 452, 455 Crimson Diner, 196 descendants of, 452 Harrelson, James West, house, 330 families, 88, 340 Benedict, R. F., 204 Boone, Nathan, 443; homestead, Ash Grove, 196, 443 Bennett, Mo., 90 Boone-Duden Historical Society, 68, 181, 318, 430 Bennett, Theron, 200 Boone's Lick Trail, 447 Benoist, Charles, 46, 58 Boonslick Historical Society, 64, 68, 181, 318, 430 Benoist, Thomas Wesley, 45-60 Boonslick, photography, 204 Benton County Historical Society, 180, 317-318, 429- Boonville, Mo., 79 430 Ballantine house, 80 Benton, Mo., cemetery, 444 bridge, 197 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), 91; house, Kansas City, Meierhoffer complex, 80 338 Booster Club, Rogersville, 341 Benton, Thomas Hart (senator), 119-123 Bootheel, 209 Bertrand, Mo., 331; earthquake, 1895, 251 Boswell, Robert F, 454 Bethel Evangelical Church, Case, 90 Bouchein house, Carondelet, 207 Beverly Hills, Mo., 454 Bowen, John Stevens, 460-462 Biddle, Thomas, 448 Bowers, James M., 200 Biddlecome, William E., 339 Bowers, Joe, 153-154 Index 467

Bowling Green, Mo., St. Clement Parish, 101 "Caissons and Calamity: The Tragedy and Triumph Bowman, Samuel Millard, 88 of Eads Bridge," by Kelli Richardson, 18-26 Boyd, Mary Sophia, 91 Calamity Jane, 452 Brackett, Anna, 41 Caldwell County Historical Society, 318 Brackett, Frank, 85 Caldwell County, Mormons, 80 Bradbury, John, 239, 243, 248 Caldwell, Dorothy Johnson, obit., 93 Brainard, Benjamin Franklin, 332 Calhoun, John C, 120, 121-122 Branson, Mo., 330, 342; Landmark Motel, 448 Callaway County, 90 Brantley, Josephine Virginia, 447 Camden County, Bagnell Dam, 443 Brazito, Mo., cemetery, 203 Camden County Historical Society, 68, 430 Breaking the Barriers: The St. Louis Legacy of Camdenton, Mo. Women in Law, 1869-1969, by Lucile Wiley Ring, St. Anthony Catholic Church, 81 103 Willmore Lodge, 79 Briar, Mo., McKinney house, 197 Cameron, Mo., 79, 330 Bringier, L., 240, 248 Darby, E. F., house, 443 Briscoe, John Anderson, 331 Kemper, Claude S., house, 196 Briscoe, Mo., 89 Stokes, Edmund D., house, 196 Brookes, Jared, 242 Camp Jackson, St. Louis, 133-134, 204 Brooks, William, 448 Camp Tilden, McDonald County, 200 Brophy, Patrick, 174; comp. and ed., Where The Campbell Area Genealogical and Historical Society, Ancestors Sleep: A Self-guided Walking Tour of 68 Deepwood Cemetery, 219 Campbell, John, 299, 300-302 Brouder, Gerald, 422 Campbell, John, and Co., 299-301 Brown County Historical Association, 68, 181 Campbell, Mo., 79 Brown, Egbert B., 398-399, 400, 401-402, 403-404, Campbell, Richard, 297-309 405, 406 Campbell, William J., 288 Brown, John, 143 Canary, Martha Jane. See Calamity Jane Brown, Sadie, Cemetery, West Plains, 342 Cape Girardeau County Brown, William Wells, 89 Hopper family farm, 197 Brown-Kubisch, Linda, 178, 428 Iona School, 330 Brownlee, Richard S., "The Battle of Pilot Knob, Iron Lovejoy Hollow, 330 County, Missouri, September 27, 1864," 271-296 Cape Girardeau, Mo., 79, 330, 444 Brunswick, Mo., 87, 340; Brunswicker (newspaper), Arena Building, 444 196 battle of, 444 Brush and Palette Club, 68, 181, 318, 430 Holy Family Parish, 335, 450 Bryan, Eliza, 240, 242, 248 Houck Field House, 444 Buck Elk School—No. 69, Osage County, 207, 341 St. Francis Medical Center, 444 Buercklin, Charles Henry, 92 Southeast Missouri State University, 444 Buffalo, Mo., Farmers' Exchange, 196 Caples, William Goff, 207 Buffon, Dianne, 178 Caring for America: The Story of Family Practice, Buford, T. S., grocery store, Joplin, 445 by John R. Stanard, 463 Bullard, James Barger, 90 Carmelite Monastery, Jefferson City, 81 Bunch, Leta, obit., 458 Carondelet Historical Society, 68, 181-182, 318, 430- Burge Deaconess Hospital, Springfield, 343 431 Burial practices, St. Louis County, 341 Carondelet, Mo., 207 Burk, Vera F, 172 Bouchein house, 207 Burnett, Robyn, co-auth., German Settlement in Des Peres School, 37 Missouri: New Land, Old Ways, 463 Carroll County Historical Society, 431 Burtville, Mo., 204 Carroll, William R, 92 Busch Hall, St. Louis, 92 Carrollton, Mo., public schools, 444 Bushwhackers, 142, 207, 339, 395-399, 405-406 Carterville, Mo., 449; school, 449 Butler County Historical Society, 68, 318, 430 Carthage, Mo., 79 Bynumville, Mo., 443 battle of, 79 Carthage Deli building, 197 Carthage Press building, 444 Cabell, William L., 291, 293, 294 Field, Eugene, School, 79 Cairo (steamboat), 455 Hawthorne School, 79 Cairo and Fulton Railroad, 330 Kendrick Place, 455 468 Index

Market Fair, 330 Springfield, 91,209, 343 Caruthersville, Mo. Williamstown, 444 high school, 79 Churchill Memorial, Fulton, 207 Pemiscot County Abstract Company, 455 City Hotel, Lexington, 396 Case, Mo., Bethel Evangelical Church, 90 City of Dust: A Cement Company Town in the Land of Cass County, 200 Tom Sawyer, by Gregg Andrews, 215-216 Amarugia Cemetery, 89 Civil War, 88, 200, 205, 206, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343, Amarugia region, 201 393-406, 448, 450, 460-462 railroads, 200 Alfred Hill, 197 Cass County Historical Society, 68, 182, 318, 431 Barnesville Redan, Reynolds County, 80 Cassville, Mo., schools, 87 battle of Belmont, 87 Cattle drives, 90, 331 battle of Cape Girardeau, 444 Caves, 79, 335, inside April back cover. See also battle of Carthage, 79 individual cave names battle of Dug Ford, 401 Cay nor, John H., Tobacco Company, Springfield, 92 battle of Fredericktown, 101 Cedar City, Mo., 80 battle of Lexington, 9-12, 393 Cedar County Historical Society, 431 battle of Lone Jack, 87 Cedar County, Paleo-Indian sites, 197 battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., 342 Celia (African American), 338 battle of Pilot Knob, 198, 271-296 Cemeteries, restoration, Old Mines area, 205. See battle of Wilson's Creek, 199, 202 also individual cemetery names Boone County, 450 A Centennial History of the State Historical Society Bushwhackers, 142, 207, 339 of Missouri, 1898-1998, by Alan R. Havig, 425 Camp Jackson, St. Louis, 133-134, 204 Center, Mo., Gillam, J. C, Building, 200 Chariton County, 207 Center Ridge, Mo. Commerce, 87 Baptist Church, 333 First Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Mabrey, H. Y., log house, 447 103 A Century of Faith, Pioneers in Missions: A History German Americans, 130-131 of Cuivre Baptist Association, 1891-1991, by guerrillas, 395-399, 405-406 Lenard Douglas McGlaughlin, 102 Home Guards, 130-131 Chambers, Annie, 339 Howard County, 337, 450 Chamois, Mo., 89 Kansas City, 199 fire, 82 Livingston County, 206, 451 school, 332 Minute Men, 128, 130 Chariton County, 207, 335, 340 Mount Vernon, 339 African Americans, 87 Newtonia Civil War Cemetery, 198 Civil War, 207 Old Mines area cemetery, 205 Chariton County Historical Society, 68, 182, 318-319, Order No. 11, 103, 397 431 Otterville, 448 Charleston, Mo., 330; earthquake, 1895, 251 Perry County, 90 Charrette Township, Warren County, 207 St. Charles, 209, 342 Chase Park Plaza, St. Louis, 334 St. Louis, 337 Chautauqua, 346 Sixty-second Missouri Regiment, 87 Chilton, Issac, 333 Stoddard Rangers, 197 Chinn, Sandra Hardy, At Your Service: KMOX and veterans Bob Hardy: Pioneers of Talk Radio, 351 Jasper County, 205 Chouteau Society, 431 St. Francois County, 207 Christensen, Lawrence O., 424 Washington, 341 Christian Brothers College, St. Louis, 334 women, 206 Christian College, Columbia, 110 The Civil War Battle of Fredericktown, Missouri, by Christian County, 83; Smallin Cave, 335 Jerry Ponder, 101 Christman's Department Store, Joplin, 332 "The Civil War Letters of Colonel Bazel F. Lazear," Christmas, 332, 333 edited by Vivian Kirkpatrick McLarty, 393-406 Churches. See also individual church names Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, 69, 182, 319, Andrew County, 88 431 German American, 91 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, 69, 182, 319, 431 Lutheran—Missouri Synod, 89, 338, 450 Civil War Round Table of Western Missouri, 69, 182 St. Louis, 452 Civilian Conservation Corps Index 469

African American company, 80 St. Paul's United Methodist Church, 340, 453 Lincoln County, 336 Commerce, MO: 200 Years Of History, by Edison Clark County Historical Society, 69, 319, 431 Shrum, 217 Clark, George Rogers, 259 Commercial Club, Rogersville, 341 Clark, Isaac, 452 Commercial Hotel, Osceola, 444 Clark, Meriwether Lewis, 2-3, 4, 6, 12-13 Concannon, Marie, 179, 316, 427 Clark, Peter F, 339 Concord, Mo., Farmers' Club, 454 Clark, Samuel Churchill, 1-17 Concordia Area Heritage Society, 319 Clark, William, 2, 4, 201, 202, 204 Concordia Historical Institute, 69, 183, 319, 450 Clark, William T, 452 Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, 452 Clarksdale, Mo. Confederate Soldiers Home, Higginsville, 198, 203, Opal Theatre, 338 337 Wright's Spring, 83 Conner Hotel, Joplin, 81 Clay County, 80, 204, 337, 444 Contented among Strangers: Rural German-Speaking court cases, 450 Women and Their Families in the Nineteenth- courthouse, Liberty, 80, 82 Century Midwest, by Linda Schelbitzki Pickle, 99- Jackass Bend region, 209 100 Mount Gilead Schoolhouse, 333 Continental Building, St. Louis, 205 Shadowlawn estate, 207 Contributors to Missouri Culture, Nemerov, Howard, Clay County Archives and Historical Library, 182, inside October back cover 319,431-432 Convention Hall, Kansas City, 332 Clay County Museum and Historical Society, 182, Cook, Rebecca McDowell, 65, 311 432 Coon Island, 87 Claycomb, William B., A History of Northeast Pettis Cooper County Historical Society, 183, 319, 432 County, Missouri, 351 Cooper, Eva Huffman, 342 Clemens, Jane, 205 Cooper, Peter, 90 Clemens, Orion, 338, 451 Cote Sans Dessein, 89 Cleveland, Grover, 332 Cottleville, Mo., 448 Clevenger, Martha R., ed., "Indescribably Grand": Cotton Belt Building, St. Louis, 210 Diaries and Letters from the 1904 World's Fair, 103 Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, 80, 81 Clinton County Historical and Genealogical Society, Court Square Building, St. Louis, 84 182-183,319,432 Cox Cemetery, Jasper County, 205 Clinton, Mo., 444 Cox, Ed, 456 Coal mining, Randolph County, 88 Crabtree, Tillman, 206 Coaley's Store and Cafe, Shirley, 447 Craddock, John (Frank O. Pinion), 84 Coalter, Julia Davenport, 267 Craig, Virginia, 208 Cobb, John S., 339 Crane, George Washington, Tavern, Montgomery Coe, Kenneth, obit., 211 County, 333 Coker, Fred, 445 Crawford County, 385-386, 456; Big Bend School, 85 Cole Camp, Mo., Fajen, H. G., Grocery and Notions Crawford, H. C, 343 building, 85 Crawford, W H., 343 Cole County Historical Society, 69, 183, 432 Creve Coeur Lake, St. Louis County, 451 College Hill/Hasslers School, Osage County, 207 Creve Coeur, Mo., St. John Bosco Church, 201 Collins Music Company, Sikeston, 335 Creve Coeur-Chesterfield Historical Society, 319, 432 Colonial Hotel, Springfield, 202, 335 Crews, R. Douglas, 311, 427 Columbia, Mo., 450 Crews, Trish, 311 African Americans, 444 Crighton, John C, obit., 344 Boone County Oil Co-op, 90 Crimson Diner, Belton, 196 Christian College, 110 Crocker, Mo., depot, 447 East Campus neighborhood, 346 Crossroads at the Spring: A Pictorial History of First Christian Church, 102 Springfield, Missouri, 463 Market Square, 451 Crowley's Ridge, 217-218 Combs, James L., 206 Cuivre Baptist Association, 102 Commerce Historical and Genealogy Society, 69, Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., 64, 173 183,432 Cupples Station, St. Louis, 205 Commerce, Mo. Current River, 90 Baptist Church, 87 Curzon, Julian, comp. and ed., The Great Cyclone at Civil War, 87 St. Louis and East St. Louis, May 27, 1896, 217 470 Index

Cycling, 342, 346 Duncan, Horace, 445 Duncan, Joseph George, obit., 345 Dunklin County, 456; libraries, 81 Dade County Historical Society, 69 Dade County, Hulston Mill Historic Park, 443 Daggett, Benjamin, 447 Eads Bridge, St. Louis, 18-26 Daggett, Mary Ward, 447 Eads, James B., 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 455 Dains, Mary K., Guided by the Hand of God: The Eaglecrest Farm, Lawrence County, 206, 339 History of the First Christian Church, Columbia, Eakin, Joanne Chiles, Tears and Turmoil: Order No. Missouri, 1832-1996, 102 11, 103 Dale, Edith Byra, 342 Early, Gerald, 88 Dallas County Historical Society, 69-70, 183, 319- Earthquakes 320, 432 1857,250-251 Darby, E. F., house, Cameron, 443 1895,251 Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War, New Madrid, 238-253 Missouri Department, 66 East St. Louis Belt Railroad Company, 84 "David Barton, John Rice Jones and Edward Bates: East St. Louis, 111., 451 Three Missouri State and Statehood Founders," by East View Methodist Church, Lawrence County, 88 Floyd C. Shoemaker, 254-270 Easton, Mo., 201 Daviess County, cattle drives, 331 Easton, Rufus, 234 Dawson, Mo., 201 Edina, Mo., 197 Dawt Mill, Ozark County, 80, 342 Methodist Church, 197 De Leon, Mary Theresa, 81 Southside Drug, 197 Dean, George Washington, 90, 208, 342 Edmonson, Mo., 444 DeCoster, Richard, 172 Edwards, A. G., 209 Deepwood Cemetery, Nevada, 219 Edwards, Cliff, 456 Deerfield, Mo., 87 Eime Hardware, Affton, 454 DeKalb County Historical Society, 70, 183, 320, 432 Eldon, Mo., 331 Delmar streetcar line, Webster Groves, 85 Electrification, 351,456 Des Peres School, Carondelet, 37 Elgin, Samuel, 339 Desegregation, schools, 343 Eliot, T. S., 453 Desloge, Mo., tornado, 83 Elliott, R. Kenneth, 170 Devore, Uriah J., 306-307 Ellis, Ruth, 312 Dewey, Thomas, 450 Elsberry, Mo., United Methodist Church, 198 Dexter—A Pictorial History, 351 Elzea, Clifton Faris, obit., 211 Dickey house, Marshfield, 90 Emma, Mo., fire, 197 Dillard, A. N., 241,245 Estes, John Franklin, family, 83 Dingley School, Osage County, 89 Eve, Mo., 337 Disney, Walt, 453 Everding Dairy, St. Louis, 84 "Dixie" (song), 146 Ewing, Thomas, 282, 286-295, 397, 403, 405 Dodds School, Osage County, 207 Doniphan, Alexander, 89, 206, 339 Doniphan, Mo. Fagan, James F, 275, 281, 283, 287-290, 294 high school, 456 Fair Grove Historical and Preservation Society, 183, Hunt Garment Factory, 456 320, 432 Smith's (business), 456 Fajen, H. G., Grocery and Notions building, Cole Dorsey, Caleb, 395 Camp, 85 Douglas County Historical and Genealogical Society, Farley, James W., Forgotten Valor: The First Missouri 70 Cavalry Regiment, C.S.A., 103 Douglas County, Missouri: History & Families, 1857- Farmington, Mo., 341 1995, 102 Farnsworth, Robert M., From Vagabond to Journalist: Douglas County, Sycamore Pond, 452 Edgar Snow in Asia, 1928-1941, 212-214 Douglas, Elonzo, 446 Farrar Bridge, Perry County, 447 Douglass, Joseph, 337 Farrington Park, Windsor, 86 Dred Scott's Advocate: A Biography of Roswell M. Fausz, Fred, 424 Field, by Kenneth C. Kaufman, 97-99 Feil's Store, Gasconade County, 205 Duebbert, Paulina, 453 Fen wick house, Frohna, 447, 452 Dugger, Harold H., obit., 458 Ferguson Historical Society, 183, 432 Index 471

Ferrell, Robert, 178, 424 Four Courts Building, St. Louis, 84 Fertig, James A., 208, 341 Fowler family, 83 Festus, Mo., Sacred Heart School, 331 Fox Indians, 87, 97, 451 Field, Eugene, School, Carthage, 79 Frakes family, 209 Field, Kate, 348-349 Francis, David R., 201 Field, Roswell M., 97-99 Franciscan Sisters of Mary, 84, 198, 332 Final Resting Place: The Lives And Deaths Of Francke, H. Edward, obit., 458 Famous St. Louisans, by Kevin Amsler, 217 Franklin County Historical Society, 70 Finch, Eli E, 339 Fraser, Bo, 421 Fink, Andrew, 446 Frazier, Fred, 208 Fires Frazier, Mo., 201 Chamois, 82 Fredericktown, Mo., Civil War, 101 Emma, 197 Freeburg, Mo., 203; Poettgen Brothers Garage, 203 Shelbyville, 335 French, Arzine, A Pictorial History of Portageville, Troy, 336 Missouri, Volumes I-III, 218 First Baptist Church, Huntsville, 200 Friedenberg Lutheran Historical Society, 432-433 First Christian Church, Columbia, 102 Friends for La Plata Preservation, 70 First Congregational Church, Springfield, 455 Friends of Arrow Rock, 70, 170, 183, 320, 433 First Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), 103 Friends of Historic Augusta, 70, 320, 433 Fitz family, 340 Friends of Keytesville, 70, 184, 320, 433 Fitzgerald's Cash Produce House, Weatherby, 338 Friends of Miami, 70 Fitzgibbon Hospital, Marshall, 446 Friends of Missouri Town-1855, 70-71, 184 Flanagan-Collins house, Springfield, 209 Friends of Old St. Ferdinand, 320 Fleming, Nicholas Lewis, 454 Friends of the Missouri State Archives, 64 Fleming, Tom, 454 Froebel, Friedrich, 30, 31 Fletcher, Thomas C, 282, 286, 287 Frohna, Mo., Fenwick house, 447, 452 Hint, Timothy, 241 From Vagabond to Journalist: Edgar Snow in Asia, Roods, Kansas City, 332 1928-1941, by Robert M. Farnsworth, 212-214 Florence, Mo., Butterfield Overland Mail, 202 Froman, Jane, 205 Florissant, Mo., 205 Froman, Mitchell, 66 Jensen, Nicholas, house, 205 Frontier Doctor: William Beaumont, America's First Midwest Jesuit Archives, 205 Great Medical Scientist, by Reginald Horsman, 95- Spanish Land Grant Park, 338 96 Florissant Valley Historical Society, 183, 320, 432 Fulbright-Fairman-Bowen house, Springfield, 91 Fluegel, Herman and Emma, farm, Perry County, 83 Fulton, Mo., Churchill Memorial, 207 Foley, William E, 178 Funk, Ernest M., obit., 94 Follenius, Paul, 379 Funk, John L., obit., 94 Football Fur trade, 373-374 University of Missouri-Columbia, 204 Webb City, 336 Forbes, Mo., 201 Gale, John, 453 Forest Park, St. Louis, 205 Gallatin, Mo., Gallatin Motor Company, 198 The Forgotten "Stonewall of the West": Major Gallegos, Romulo, 443 General John Stevens Bowen, by Phillip Thomas Garrison, D. L., 200 Tucker, 460-462 Garrison family, 200 Forgotten Valor: The First Missouri Cavalry Gasconade County Regiment, C.S.A., by James W Farley, 103 courthouse, Hermann, 453 Forsee, Adaline, 208 fair, 83 Fort Belle Fontaine Historical Society, 70 Feil's Store, 205 Fort Bellefontaine, St. Louis County, 343 Old Iron Road, 331 Fort Benton, Patterson, 81, 447 Gasconade County Historical Society, 71, 184, 320, Fort Davidson, Iron County, 284-286, 291-294 433 Fort Osage, Jackson County, 88, 205 Gasconade, Mo., boatyard, 331, 340, 453 Fort San Carlos, battle of, 84 Gaty, George, 456 Fortescue, Mo., United Methodist Church, 82 Gebler, Mo., 205 Foster, J. W, 241,246 Geiger, Mark, 170 Foster, Richard B., 407-420 Gentry County Foundation for Restoration of Ste. Genevieve, 84 Grandview School, 79 472 Index

Havana Bridge, 81 St. Joseph, 207 Gentry, Sue, 443 Greeley, Horace, 145-147 Gentry, William, 400 Greene County, 88, 92, 205, 451 Gentzler, Lynn Wolf, 64 Greene County Historical Society, 71, 184, 321, 433- Geology, inside April back cover 434 German Americans, 371-379, 463 Greene, Lorenzo J., ed. with an introduction by churches, 91 Arvarh E. Strickland, Selling Black History for Civil War, 130-131 Carter G Woodson: A Diary, 1930-1933, 96-97 Osage County, 346 Greene, May, 444 women, 99-100 Gress, Lucille D., An Informal History of Black German Settlement in Missouri: New Land, Old Families of the Warrensburg, Missouri, Area, 218 Ways, by Robyn Burnett and Ken Luebbering, 463 Grimes, Absalom, 206 Gerteis, Louis, 424 Gross Saloon and Bakery, Pacific, 341 Gideon, Mo., 446 Gruen, Carol, 422, 423 Gifts Relating to Missouri, 77-78, 192-195, 327-329, Grundy County Historical Society, 71, 321, 434 441-442 Guided by the Hand of God: The History of the First Giglio, James N., 170, 178, 424 Christian Church, Columbia, Missouri, 1832-1996, Gill, Howard, 47 by Mary K. Dains, 102 Gillam, J. C, Building, Center, 200 Gilliatt, Aline, obit., 211 H Glazier, Bob, 91 Hagler, David, 447 Glendale Historical Society, 71, 184, 433 Halley, Anselm, 204 Glendale, Mo., 451; North Glendale School, 88 Halltown, Mo., 343 Glennon, Mary M., obit., 211 Hammond's Mill Bible Camp, Ozarks, 455 Goad, Claude Clay, 445 Hampton Village baseball field, St. Louis, 84 Golden Eagle (steamboat), 92 Hannah, J. B., building, Mountain View, 454 Golden Eagle River Museum, 71, 184, 320, 433 Hanni Mill, Troy, 449 Goodnight, John and Mary A. Stockton, family, 337 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad bridge, Kansas City, Goodrich, James W., 64, 169, 171-173, 178, 179, 199 310-312, 422, 424, 427; "Richard Campbell: The Hannibal, Mo., 445 Missouri Years," 297-309 movies, 331 Gottlieb, Sinclair S., obit., 458 Riverview Park, 198 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History, 1997, Woodside, Garth, mansion, 207 346-347 Harding, Clara, 343 Graff, W. Curtis, 423 Harding, James, 343 Grain Valley Historical Society, 184, 320, 433 Hardy, Bob, 351 Grand Center, St. Louis, 209 Hare, Herbert, 339 Grand Pass, Mo., 196 Hare, Sid, 339 Grand River Historical Society, 71, 184, 321, 433 Hargrave, Elmo M., obit., 211 Grandview Historical Society, 321, 433 Harney, William S., 7-8 Grandview School, Gentry County, 79 Harris, Catherine, 452 Grant City, Mo., Miller, Glenn, boyhood home, 85 Harris, Henry, 452 Grant, Julia, 448 Harris, William Torrey, 27, 29, 32-38 Grant, Ulysses S., 448; historic site, St. Louis County, Harris-Stowe State College, St. Louis, 209 201,338,448 Harrison County Historical Society, 71, 321 Grantham, Larry, 168-169 Harrison, William Henry, 227-228 Gratiot, Charles, 231 Hartley, Mary Ann, obit., 94 Gray, L. F, house, Raymore, 330 Hartmann, Mike, 311 Gray Summit, Mo., Missouri Botanical Arboretum, Hartville, Mo., 202 343 Harvesting, 83 Gray-Young-Bromley house, Springfield, 456 Harvey, Charles M., "Missouri from 1849 to 1861," Graysboro, Mo., 89 119-134 Grayson, Mo., basketball team, 83 Hastings family, 338 The Great Cyclone at St. Louis and East St. Louis, Hauetter, Alma Pauline Filger Brenner, 455 May 27, 1896, comp. and ed. by Julian Curzon, 217 Havana Bridge, Gentry County, 81 Great Depression Havenhurst Mill, Pineville, 79 Lutheran Church, 450 Havig, Alan R., 178, 316, 424, 425-426; A Centennial St. Charles, 209 History of the State Historical Society of Missouri, Index 473

1898-1998, 425-426 Associated Electric Cooperative Inc., 351 Hawes, William, 200 Holy Family Parish, Cape Girardeau, 335, 450 Hawk Point, Mo., depot, 202 Home Guards, 130-131 Hawthorne School, Carthage, 79 Hooker's Pioneer Service gas station, Joplin, 332 Hazelgreen, Mo., 201 Hopkins Historical Society, 434 Hazelwood, Mo., St. Stanislaus (Seminary) Winery, Hopper family farm, Cape Girardeau County, 197 80 Horsman, Reginald, Frontier Doctor: William Heinies Restaurant, St. Joseph, 201 Beaumont, America's First Great Medical Scientist, Hemingway, Ernest, 446 95-96 Henkels family, 91 Hospitals. See individual hospital names Henley, Raymond M., 452 Hotel Robidoux, St. Joseph, 334 Henry County Historical Society, 71, 184, 321, 434 Houck Field House, Cape Girardeau, 444 Hensley, Phoebe, 209 The House On Riddle Hill, by Glenn Tompkins, 217- Henson, Anna Marie Dieckmann, St. Clement Parish, 218 Bowling Green, Missouri: Family of Faith, 1871- Houses. See individual house names 1996, 101 Houston, Mo., Ozark Short Line, 208 Hermann, Mo. Howard County courthouse, 453 Civil War, 450 Wohlt house, 198 forts, 340 Hickok, James Butler "Wild Bill," 452 Howell County, Glenwood School, 455 Hickory County Historical Society, 71, 184, 321, 434 Hubbard, C. C, 85 Hickory County, Swedish settlers, monument, 198 Hugh Robinson: Pioneer Aviator, by George L. Higgerson School, New Madrid County, 447 Vergara, 101 Higgins, Harvey J., Historical Society, 71, 434 Hull, Shawn, 424 Higgins, Walter J., 206 Hulston, John K, 171 Higginsville, Mo., Confederate Soldiers Home, 203, Hulston Mill Historic Park, Dade County, 443 337 Humansville, Mo., Big Spring, 198 Highlandville, Mo., Prince of Peace Cathedral, 456 Hungarian Americans, Pilot Knob, 206 Hildreth, Samuel, 241 Hunnewell, Mo., St. John's Catholic Church, 82 Hindman, Axie, 311 Hunt Garment Factory, Doniphan, 456 Hindman, Darwin, 311 Hunt, George Wylie Paul, 453 Historic Florissant, 321 Hunter Farms, St. Louis, 84 Historic Madison County, 71, 184-185, 321, 434 Huntsville Historical Society, 72, 185, 321, 434 Historical Association of Greater Cape Girardeau, Huntsville, Mo., 453 434 First Baptist Church, 200 Historical Society of New Santa Fe, 434 Potawatomi monument, 200 Historical Society of Polk County, 71, 185, 434 Hurdland, Mo., 197 History and Families of Mississippi County, Missouri, Hyer family, 89 1845-1995, 101 History Museum for Springfield-Greene County, 65, I 179,316 Ice harvesting, 81 A History of Northeast Pettis County, Missouri, by Ilasco, Mo., 215-216 William B. Claycomb, 351 Immanuel Lutheran Church, Sweet Springs, 202 Hoffman, Alfred John, obit., 458 Immigrants, German, 99-100 Hohn, Martin M., obit., 345 In Memoriam, 93-94, 211, 344-345, 458 Hoien, Mary, 423 Independence, Mo. Hoien, Thomas, 423 Pitcher Cemetery, 80 Holladay, Frank, 200 Vaile mansion, 207 Holladay, Harlan H. "Dick," 200 Independence 76 Fire Company Historical Society, 72 Holland, Antonio E, 353; co-ed., "Some Aspects of "Indescribably Grand": Diaries and Letters from the Black Education in Reconstruction Missouri: An 1904 World's Fair, ed. by Martha R. Clevenger, 103 Address by Richard B. Foster," 407-420 Indian Grove, Mo., 453 Hollister, Mo., 342 Indiana Territory, 226-227 Holt County Historical Society, 71-72, 185 Indians. See Native Americans Holt County, Sharp's Grove Church, 331 Influenza epidemic, 1918 Holt, Ivan Lee, Jr., obit., 211 Joplin, 445 Holt, Patt, Singers, 83 St. Louis, 84, 448 Holt, Russ, Win-Win: An Informal History of An Informal History of Black Families of the 474 Index

Warrensburg, Missouri, Area, by Lucille D. Gress, Jennison, Charles, 142 218 Jensen, Nicholas, house, Florissant, 205 Innes Mills, Warrensburg, 449 Jesuits, 451 Inter-State Grocer Company building, Joplin, 81 Jett, Shirley Mae, obit., 211 Iona School, Cape Girardeau County, 330 Jim the Wonder Dog, 199 Irish Americans "Joe Bowers" (song), 153-154 St. Charles, 342 Johnboat, 457 St. Louis, 28-29 Johnson County Iron County, 453 courthouse, Warrensburg, 449 Civil War, 271-296 Pertle Springs, 449 Fort Davidson, 284-286, 291-294 poor farm, 450 Iron County Historical Society, 72, 185, 321-322, 435 Johnson County Historical Society, 185, 322, 435 Ironton, Mo., 453; Arcadia Valley Drug Store, 198 Johnson, John, 260 Islam, St. Louis, 88 Jones, Eliza Powell, 264 Isley family, 80 Jones, Floyd, 343, 457 Jones, George M., 209 J Jones, Harrison Byrdine, 90 Jackass Bend region, Clay-Ray Counties, 209 Jones, John Rice, 255, 259-265 Jackson, Claiborne F, 119-121, 127-129, 274 Jones Store, Kansas City, 332 Jackson County, Fort Osage, 88, 205 Jones Street Grocery, St. Joseph. 201 Jackson County Historical Society, 72, 185, 322, 435 Joplin Historical Society, 72, 185, 322 Jackson family, 333 Joplin, Mo. Jackson, George W., 453 architecture, 445 Jackson, Mo., high school, 331 Buford, T S., grocery store, 445 The James Foundation in Missouri, 1941-1991, by Christman's Department Store, 332 James D. Norris and Timothy K. Malone, 218 Conner Hotel, 81 James, Frank, 158-162, 164-165, 455 Hooker's Pioneer Service gas station, 332 James, Jesse, 91, 158-165, 207, 208, 455 influenza epidemic, 1918, 445 James, William, 310, 311 Inter-State Grocer Company building. 81 James-Younger gang, 82 Lafayette School, 332 Jamesport, Mo., 334 Scottish Rite Cathedral, 198 Jaminet, Alphonse, 23-25 Shubert Theatre, 332 Jannus, Antony Habersack, 49-60 Joplin Printing Company. 445 Jarrette, John, 443 Joplin, Scott, inside July back cover. 455 Jasper County, 453 Joplin Supply Company, 445 Cox Cemetery, 205 Josephville, Mo., St. Joseph Church. 334 Yellow Dog Mine, 452 Journalists, papers of, 314-315 Jasper County Historical Society, 72, 185, 322, 435 Jayhawkers, 141-142 Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis County, 451 Kansas City, Mo., 65, 81, 199, 210, 332. 445, 446 Jefferson City, Mo., 405 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), house. 338 American Shoe, 445 boundaries, 332 Capitol Building, 338, 346 brothels, 339 Carmelite Monastery, 81 Catholic chancery, 199 Carnegie Building, 445 Christmas, 1897, 332 Governor's Mansion, 443 Cleveland, Grover, visit, 1887. 332 Lincoln Institute, 408, 415, 416, 417, 418 Convention Hall, 332 Lincoln University, 408, 418 Country Club Plaza, 80, 81 police, 338 floods, 332 St. Marys Health Center, 332 General Hospital No. 2. 206 Jefferson County, 89, 347; Bailey School, 452 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad bridge, 199 Jefferson County Historical Society, 435 jazz, 339, 446 Jefferson Heritage and Landmark Society, 72 Jones Store, 332 Jefferson, John Jackson, 451 Lackman-Thompson estate, 199 Jefferson Memorial Building, St. Louis, 205 Liberty Memorial, 332 Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis, meat packers, 332 338 mills, 332 Jenkins-Fisk house, Adrian, 79 Muehlebach Hotel, 81 Index 475

National Youth Movement, 446 Krueger School, Osage County, 89 parks, 445 Krueger, Sylvia, obit., 94 railroads, 332, 456 Ku Klux Klan, 447 saloons, 332 Kunz, Edna M., 312 school desegregation, 343 Kunz, Victor Joseph, 312-313 tornadoes, 85, 332 Union Station, 199, 456 Victory Monument, 445 La Charrette, Warren County, 208 Warner, William, mansion, 199 La Petite Prairie, Pemiscot County, 238 women's suffrage movement, 445 La Plata, Mo., 199 Kansas City Monarchs, 89 Laas, Virginia J., 171, 424 Kansas City Westerners, 72, 185-186, 322, 435 Lackman-Thompson estate, Kansas City, 199 Kansas-Missouri Border War, 135-148 Laclede County, 199; Reagan School, 199 Kate Field: Selected Letters, by Carolyn J. Moss, Lafayette County, Civil War, 394-399 348-349 Lafayette School, Joplin, 332 Kaufman, Kenneth C, 174; Dred Scott's Advocate: A Laflin, Mo., 333 Biography of Roswell M. Field, 97-99 LaGrange College, 444 Kaye,Ara, 178,428 Laird, Landon, 446 Kearney, Mo., bank robbery, 1932, 446 Lake Contrary, St. Joseph, 334 Kelley, Oah, 333 Lamar, Mo., Plaza Theatre, 199 Kelly, George W., 400, 402 Lambert, Albert Bond, 452 Kelly, Vincent, 304, 307 Lambert's Cafe, Sikeston, 453 Kelso, Mo., 454 Lanagan, Mo., 443 Kemper, Claude S., house, Cameron, 196 Landmark Motel, Branson, 448 Kendrick Place, Carthage, 455 Landmarks Association of St. Louis, 73, 186, 322, Kennedy, John F. "Jack" (train robber), 330 435-436 Kenwood, Mo., 197 Lange, Rudolf, 87 Kessler, George, 339 Lange School, Osage County, 454 Keytesville, Mo., Methodist Church, 340 Langston brothers, 455 Kiel-Schwent house, Ste. Genevieve, 84 Larson, Sid, 422 Kime, Mo., 83 Lathrop, Mo. Kime, Samuel C, 83 Lathrop House, 82 Kimmswick Historical Society, 72, 186, 322, 435 schools, 82 Kindergartens, 30, 34-35, 37-39 Laurel Park house, St. Peters, 84 Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, 72, 435 Lawhon, Ival V, 84 Kirkendall, Richard S., 178 Lawrence County, 206 Kirkpatrick, James C, obit., 344 archaeological dig, 79 Kirkpatrick, Wallis, 200 Eaglecrest Farm, 206, 339 Kirksville, Mo., streets, 340 East View Methodist Church, 88 Kirkwood Historical Society, 72-73, 186, 435 jail break, 1883, 452 Kirkwood, Mo., 206; battle of, 451 McCune Cemetery, 339 Kittrell, Samuel, 87 newspapers, 341 KMOX Radio, St. Louis, 351 Lawrence County Historical Society, 73, 186, 322, Knapp, Roy Raymond, Sr., 201 436 Knell, Emma, 342 Lazear, Bazel E, 393-406 Knobview, Mo., 90 Le Sieur, Godfrey, 241, 242, 246 Knoch, Henrietta T, obit., 458 Leasburg Missouri Historical Society, 73 Knox City, Mo., 80 Lee, James, 456 Knox County Historical Society, 322 Lee, Norene, 209 Koch, Robert, Hospital, St. Louis, 88 Lee-Haydon house, Springfield, 209 Koeltztown, Mo., 203 Lee's Summit Historical Society, 73, 186, 322, 436 Kohnen family, 205 Lee's Summit, Mo. Krause, Henrietta Park, obit., 211 Brainard, Benjamin Franklin, house, 332 Krekel, Arnold, 342, 456 Rader, Ada, house, 332 Kremer, Gary R., 178, 353, 424; co-ed., "Some Lehmkuhle, Stephen, 311 Aspects of Black Education in Reconstruction Lemay, Mo., St. Bernadette Parish, 201 Missouri: An Address by Richard B. Foster," 407- Lemp, Edwin, house, St. Louis, 84 420 LeRoy, Hal, 84 476 Index

Lesar. Hiram H.. obit.. 458 Louisiana Purchase, 452 Lesterville, Mo., 80 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904. St. Louis, 103 Lesuer. Charles Alexandre, 346 Loutre Island. 377 Lewis County Historical Society. 186 Loutre River, 207 Lewis. E. G., 454 Lovejoy Hollow, Cape Girardeau County. 330 Lewis, Lloyd, "Propaganda and the Kansas-Missouri Lovin, Bill, 170 War," 135-148 Luckey, Maude. 343 Lewis, Meriwether, 204, 341 Luebbering, Ken, co-auth.. German Settlement in Lexington Library and Historical Association. 186, Missouri: New Land, Old Ways, 463 436 Luecke's Station, New Haven. 198 Lexington. Mo.. 82, 394-395. 446. 453 Lurvey family, 91 Baptist Female College, 339 Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod. 89. 338. 450 battle of. 9-12. 393 Lyell, Charles, 241,245-246 bridge. 89 Lynchings, Springfield, 209. 445 City Hotel, 396 Lynn Food Market, St. Louis. 84 Masonic College, 393-394 Lyon, Nathaniel. 7-8. 131-132 Liberty Memorial, Kansas City. 332 Libraries M Dunklin County, 81 Mabrey, H. Y, 83; log house. Center Ridge. 447 Texas County, 331 McBride, James, 240-241 Licking. Mo.. 447; prison, 446 McCain-Howell house, Springfield. 456 Lincoln County, 341 McCaleb, Miriam W., obit.. 94 African Americans, 449 McCandless, Perry G., 178 Beck School. 85 McClain, Margaret Sarah, obit., 458 Civilian Conservation Corps. 336 McCune Cemetery, Lawrence County. 339 coal mines. 85 McCune family, 206 depots. 449 McCutcheon, John, 166 fair. 1915. 85 McDermott, Margaret E.. 423 organization. 85 McDonald County, 443 Red Ball Highway. 336 Bear Hollow Revival. 200 toll roads, 336 Camp Tilden, 200 Lincoln County Historical and Archaeological schools, 196 Society. 73. 186-187.322,436 McDowell Mill, Barry County. 197 Lincoln Institute, Jefferson City, 408, 415. 416, 417, McFerran. James, 404. 406 418 McGlaughlin, Lenard Douglas. A Century of Faith, Lincoln. Mo., Christian Church, 82 Pioneers in Missions: A History of Cuivre Baptist Lincoln University, Jefferson City. 408 Association, 1891-1991. 102 Lincoln-Hubbard School, Sedalia, 85 Mclntyre, Stephen L., "Our Schools Are Not Lindbergh, Charles, 84. 340 Charitable Institutions": Class. Gender. Ethnicity, Linn Creek. Mo., 443 and the Teaching Profession in Nineteenth-Century Linn, Lewis F. 196, 201, 242. 332 St. Louis," 27-44 Linn, Mo.. 332 Mackey, James, 308 Lithium. Mo., tornado, 1917, 447 Mackey, Thomas J., 279. 289 Little, Joseph H., 401 McKinney house, Briar. 197 Little River Drainage District, 209, 333 McLarty, Vivian Kirkpatrick, ed.. "The Civil War Livingston County, 79; Civil War, 206. 339. 451 Letters of Colonel Bazel F. Lazear," 393-406 Lloyd. Hiram. 444 Maclean, Lauchlan A.. 290 Local Historical Societies. 67-76, 180-191, 317-326. McMillan, Margot Ford, A to Z Missouri: The 429-440 Dictionary of Missouri Place Names, 102 Loeb, Isidor, 61, 221; "The Beginnings of Missouri McMullan, Dorothy V.. obit.. 458 Legislation," 222-237 McNair, Alexander, 257. 264 Logan, Edgar H., obit., 211 McNatt, John. 90 Lohrman, Robert P.. obit., 458 McRae, Ira Willis, 338 Lone Jack. Mo.. Civil War. 87 Madden, Jean, 204 Long Lane, Mo., Woods Supermarkets, 196 Madison County, St. Michael's Church. 89 Longtown, Mo.. 342 Mahfood, Stephen, 427 Lotspeich family, 340 Main Street Joplin, 64 Louisiana, District of, legislation, 222-237 "Major Alphonso Wetmore's Diary of a Journey to Index All

Santa Fe, 1828," introduction by F. F. Stephens, Midwest Jesuit Archives, Florissant, 205 354-370 Mill Spring, Mo., 447 Major, James, 204 Miller County Historical Society, 73, 187, 323, 437 Malone, Loucile, 178 Miller, Glenn, boyhood home, Grant City, 85 Malone, Timothy K, co-auth., The James Foundation Miller, Thomas, 170, 421 of Missouri, 1941-1991, 218 Mills. See also individual mill names Mancini, Matthew, 424 Kansas City, 332 Mansfield, Mo., Wilder, Laura Ingalls, house, 199 Ozarks, 92 Maple Leaf Club, Sedalia, inside July back cover Wayne County, 333 "Maple Leaf Rag" (tune), inside July back cover Mine Au Breton Historical Society, 73, 187, 323 Maramec Iron Works, Phelps County, 386, 454 Mines and mining Maramec Spring, Phelps County, 386 coal, 85, 88 Marbut, C. F, 249 St. Joseph Lead Mining Company, Bonne Terre, 81 March, David D., "Sobriquets of Missouri and Tri-State zinc-lead mines, 81 Missourians," 149-167 Troy, 85 Maries County, 203 Minute Men, 128, 130 Highway 68, 336 Mississippi County, 101, 330, 380-382; courthouse, veterinarians, 449 Charleston, 197 Maries County Historical Society, 73, 187, 322, 436 Mississippi River, 342 Marmaduke, John S., 275, 281, 291, 294 Missouri Marmaduke, Meredith Miles, 343 antebellum period, 119-134 Marsh, Grant, 92 Capitol Building, 338, 346 Marshall, Mo., Fitzgibbon Hospital, 446 Confederate government, 88, 206 Marshfield, Mo., Dickey house, 90 Department of Conservation, lands, 340 "Martha J. Woods Visits Missouri in 1857," edited by description, 1857, 380-392 Donald H. Welsh, 380-392 nicknames of, 149-167 Marthasville, Mo., 378 state flag, 444 Martin City, Mo., physicians, 332 surveys, 205 Marvel Cave, Stone County, 342 territorial legislation, 222-237 Mary, Queen of Peace Parish, Webster Groves, 201 Missouri Alliance for Historic Preservation, 427 Mason, F.Dal, obit., 211 Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad, 333 Masonic College, Lexington, 393, 394 Missouri Botanical Arboretum, Gray Summit, 343 Masterson, Robert, 301 Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, 209 Matthew, Jon A., obit., 211 Missouri Brick Paving Company, Moberly, 340 Maull, Louis T, IV, 84 Missouri Chamber of Commerce, 206 May, Frank S. "Jake," 84 Missouri Conference on History, 64, 178, 316, 424 Maysville, Mo., 87, 205 "Missouri from 1849 to 1861," by Charles M. Harvey, Medical care, 463 119-134 Mehlville, Mo., St. John's Evangelical United Church Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, 64, 73 of Christ, 207 Missouri History in Magazines, 87-92, 204-210, 337- Meierhoffer complex, Boonville, 80 343, 450-457 Memoirs of My Years at the University of Missouri, Missouri History in Newspapers, 79-86, 196-203, by C. Brice Ratchford, 349-350 330-336, 443-449 Memorial Union, University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri in 1898 340 Cave Regions of the Ozarks and Black Hills, Meramec Caverns, Franklin County, 343 inside April back cover Meramec Station Historical Society, 187, 322-323 Missouri and the Spanish-American War, inside Meramec Valley Genealogical and Historical Society, January back cover 73, 323, 436 Scott Joplin and the "Maple Leaf Rag," inside Mercer County Genealogical and Historical Society, July back cover 323, 436 Missouri Mines State Historic Site, Park Hills, 80 Mexican-American War, 89, 92, 339 Missouri Press Association, 178, 314-315, 427 Mexico, Mo., American Saddlebred Museum, 337- Missouri Press Foundation, 427 338 Missouri River, 453 Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table, 73, 187, 323, Missouri Society for Military History, 187, 323, 437 436-437 Missouri State Highway Patrol, 446 Midwest Afro-American Genealogical Interest Missouri Town 1855, 82 Coalition (MAGIC), 178 Moberly, Mo., Missouri Brick Paving Company, 340 478 Index

Monark Springs, Mo., 333 Nevada, Mo., 337, 446 Moniteau County Historical Society, 73-74, 187, 323, Amerman's Hospital, 87 437 Deepwood Cemetery, 219 Monroe County Historical Society, 74 Harvest Brigade, 83 Monsees, Mary D., obit., 458 high school, 204 Montana (steamboat), 91 Norman, W. E, Corp., 342 Montgomery, Chris, 178 State Hospital for the Insane. 204 Montgomery County New Bloomfield, Mo., Old Providence Church Crane. George Washington, Tavern, 333 Cemetery, 202 Oak Grove Baptist Church, 200 New Deal, 451 Van Bibber Tavern, 333 New Haven, Mo. Montgomery County Historical Society, 187 Assumption Church, 333 Moonshining, Ripley County, 90 Luecke's Station, 198 Morgan County, 388-389 New Lebanon, Mo., 335; school. 331 Morgan, George, 238, 240 New London, Mo., 83 Morgenthaler, Charles A., 205 "The New Madrid and Other Earthquakes of Mormons, 199, 340; in Caldwell County, 80 Missouri," by Francis A. Sampson, 238-253 Morrison, Mo., Assumption School, 199 New Madrid County, Higgerson School, 447 Morrow, Ralph E., Washington University in St. New Market, Va., 204 Louis: A History, 214-215 New Melle, Mo., Peniel Methodist Church, 340 Moss, Carolyn J., Kate Field: Selected Letters, 348- News in Brief, 64-66, 178-179, 316, 427-428 349 Newspapers, Lawrence County. 341. See also names Mount Carmel United Methodist Church, Springfield, of newspapers 456 Newtonia, Mo., Civil War cemetery, 198 Mount Gilead Schoolhouse, Clay County, 333 Nichols, J. C, 207 Mount Vernon, Mo., Civil War, 339 Nixdorf, Anthony Paul, family, 336 Mount Zion School, Osage County, 454 Nodaway County Historical Society, 74, 188, 323 Mountain View, Mo., Hannah, J. B., building, 454 Noel, Mo., Industrial Development Corporation, 333 Muehlebach Hotel, Kansas City, 81 Norman, W. F, Corp., Nevada, 342 Muncey School District No. 1, Barry County, 337 Normandy Area Historical Association. 437 Murphy, David, 289, 291, 292, 293 Norris, James D., co-auth.. The James Foundation in Murphy family, 451 Missouri, 1941-1991, 218 Murphy, Virginia D., obit., 94 Northwest Missouri High School Outdoor Basketball Murray, Martin, family, 454 Championship, 83 Mushaney family, 87 Novinger, Mo., 90, 208, 341. 454; high school, 454

N O Nation, Carry, 202 Oak Grove Baptist Church. Montgomery County, 200 National Association for African American Heritage Oak Grove, Mo., school, 446 Preservation, 316 Oakville, Mo., Queen of All Saints Catholic Church, National Guard, 82 334 National History Day, 65-66 O'Connell, John O., 38-43 Native Americans, 342, 447 Odessa, Mo., 200 Fox, 87, 97, 451 O'Fallon Historical Society, 74. 188 Osage, 218 O'Fallon, Mo., Westhoff Mercantile building, 447 Paleo-Indian sites, 197 O'Farrell, Duncan William, 448 Potawatomi, 200, 206 Old Auxvasse-Nine Mile Presbyterian Church, Sauk, 87, 451 Williamsburg, 206 Neal, Lester Elmore, 85 Old Courthouse, St. Louis. 343 Neal, Minnie Fern, 85 Old Jail Museum, Vienna, 196, 203 Neely's Landing, Mo., 330 Old Mines area, cemetery restoration, 205 Neihardt, John G., 343 Old Mines Area Historical Society, 188, 323. 437 Neihardt, John G., Corral of the Westerners, 74, 188, Old Osage Theatre, St. Louis, 84 323, 437 Old Providence Church Cemetery. New Bloomfield, Nelson, Ada, 330 202 Nelson, Verner, 330 Old Rock House, St. Louis, 84 Nemerov, Howard, inside October back cover Old Trails Historical Society, 74, 188, 323-324, 437 Neosho. Mo., Red Cross, 82 Olney, Mo., Baptist Church, 449 Index 479

Olympics, 1904, St. Louis, 89 Parsons, Mosby Monroe, family graves, 198 Opal Theatre, Clarksdale, 338 Pate, Henry Clay, 147-148 Orchard Farm, Mo., Blase Station Road schoolhouse, Patterson, Mo., 447; Fort Benton, 447 90 Paul, SefroidS., 451 Order No. 11, 103,397 Paxton, William M., 208 Oregon, Mo., 201 Payne, W H., 416, 417 Orphan trains, 89, 90, 335 Pea Ridge, Ark., battle of, 342 Osage County, 332, 341, 446 Pemiscot County, 455; La Petite Prairie, 238 Buck Elk School—No. 69, 207, 341 Pemiscot County Abstract Company, Caruthersville, College Hill/Hasslers School—No. 56, 207 455 Dingley School—No. 72, 89 Pemiscot County Historical Society, 74, 188, 324, Dodds School—No. 10, 207 438 German Americans, 346 Pendergast, James, 332 Krueger School—No. 58, 89 Pendergast, Robert P., obit., 458 Lange School—No. 8, 454 Pendergast, Tom, 446 Mount Zion School—No. 71, 454 Peniel Methodist Church, New Melle, 340 poorhouse, 199 Perrin, Aytch, 339 post offices, 341 Perrin, Billy, 455 Rich Fountain School—No. 53, 454 Perry County Shawnee Creek School—No. 6, 341 Basin St. Five (band), 447 Osage County Historical Society, 74, 188, 324, 437- circuit court, 208, 342 438 Civil War, 90 The Osage in Missouri, by Kristie C. Wolferman, 218 Farrar Bridge, 447 Osceola, Mo., Commercial Hotel, 444 Fluegel, Herman and Emma, farm, Perry County, Otterville, Mo., 448 83 '"Our Schools Are Not Charitable Institutions': Class, Silver Lake, 342 Gender, Ethnicity, and the Teaching Profession in Perry County Historical Society, 74, 188-189, 324 Nineteenth-Century St. Louis," by Stephen L. Perry County Lutheran Historical Society, 189, 438 Mclntyre, 27-44 Perry, Edward W, 339 Overland Historical Society, 188, 324, 438 Perryville, Mo., 342 Overland trails, 204, 209, 333 opera house, 208 Overland travel, 354-370 St. Vincent School, 333 Owen, Luella, inside April back cover Pershing, John J., 338 Owensville, Mo., 88 Peterson, Ziba, 340 Ozark County, Dawt Mill, 80, 342 Pettis County, 85, 351 Ozark, Mo. Pettis County Historical Society, 324 saloon, 208 Pettis, Spencer Darwin, 448 White School, 83 Pfeifer, H. J., 26 Ozark Short Line, 208 Phelps County, 453 Ozark Water Power and Light Company, 83 Maramec Iron Works, 386, 454 Ozarks, 208, 455, 457 Maramec Spring, 386 Hammond's Mill Bible Camp, 455 Phelps County Historical Society, 74 mills, 92 Phillips, Homer G., 206 Phillipsburg, Mo., general store, 446 Photography, Boonslick, 204 Pacific, Mo., 91 Piasa Bird, St. Louis, 84 Beauchamp Dairy Farm, 341 Pickle, Linda Schelbitzki, Contented among Gross Saloon and Bakery, 341 Strangers: Rural German-Speaking Women and Pageant and Masque, St. Louis, 1914, 84 Their Families in the Nineteenth-Century Midwest, Paige, Satchel, 89 99-100 Paleo-Indian sites, Cedar County, 197 A Pictorial History of Portageville, Missouri, Volumes Palmer, R. B., 455 I-III, by Arzine French, 218 Papinsville Historical and Cemetery Association, 188 Piedmont, Mo., United Methodist Church, 83 Papinsville, Mo., 450 Pierce, William Leigh, 240 Parente's Pizza Parlor, St. Louis, 84 Piggly Wiggly, Steele, 335 Park Hills, Mo., Missouri Mines State Historic Site, Pike County, 299 80 Pilot Knob, Mo., 156-157, 285, 293 Parrish, William E., 178 battle of, 198,271-296 480 Index

Hungarian Americans, 206 Rabe Park, University City, 88 Pinckney, Mo., 378 Racism, St. Louis, 88 Pineville, Mo., 443; Havenhurst Mill, 79 Rader, Ada, 332 Pinion, Frank O. (John Craddock), 84 Rader, Leonard, 91 Pitcher Cemetery, Independence, 80 Rail Haven Cottage Cabins, Springfield, 91 Pitts, Howard C, obit., 458 Railroads, 336. See also names of railroads Planters Hotel, St. Louis, 210 Kansas City, 332 Platte County, 333 St. Francois County, 444 elections, 1866, 208 St. Louis, 84, 91,210, 343 Prairie Point School, 208 Ste. Genevieve, 335 Platte County Historical and Genealogical Society, Ramey, Earl, 445 438 Randolph County Platte Purchase, 80, 209 Bassett, George, log house, 209 Plattsburg, Mo., 199; cemetery, 202 circuit court records, 209 Plaza Theatre, Lamar, 199 coal mining, 88 Pleasant Hill Historical Society, 74, 438 Revolutionary War veterans, 454 Poco Trail, 80 Randolph County Historical Society, 74, 189 Poettgen Brothers Garage, Freeburg, 203 Ratchford, C. Brice Polk County, 209, 342, 443, 455 Memoirs of My Years at the University of Pollard, Jimmy, 82 Missouri, 349-350 Ponder, Jerry, The Civil War Battle of Fredericktown, obit., 344-345 Missouri, 101 Rau Cleaners, St. Joseph, 334 Pool, Glen, family, 339 Ray County, 342; Jackass Bend region, 209 Pool, Stephen, 342 Ray County Historical Society, 74-75, 189, 324, 438 Poplar Bluff, Mo., tornado, 83 Raymore Historical Society, 75, 189, 324, 438 Portageville, Mo., 218 Raymore, Mo., Gray, L. F, house, 330 Potawatomi Indians, 206 Raytown Historical Society, 75, 189, 324, 438 Poteet Bros. Hardware, Steele, 335 Raytown, Mo., Richards Flying Field, 333 Potosi, Mo., 262 Reagan School, Laclede County, 199 Prairie House, St. Louis, 375 Ream, Vinnie, 87, 90 Prairie Point School, Platte County, 208 Red Cross, Neosho, 82 Pratte, Bernard, 374 Reddoch, Harold, obit., 345 Preissle, Mildred, obit., 458 Redpath, James, 147 Preston, Sanford J., 455 Red's Giant Hamburg Restaurant, Springfield, 81 Price, Albert M., 421,422 Reel Foot Lake, 246, 247. 249 Price, Jim, cabin, Ripley County, 209 Reilly, Thomas, "Tom Benoist: Pioneer Early Bird of Price, Marjo, 422 St. Louis," 45-60 Price, Sterling, 9, 10, 13, 15, 136-137, 201, 274-275, Reinert, Paul C, S.J., co-auth., Seasons of Change: 278-283, 287-296, 338 Reflections on a Half Century at Saint Louis Price, Thomas J., 90 University, 459-460 Primm, Alex, 170, 171 Relford, Woodrow, obit., 211 Primm, Ninian B., 204 Remington, Frederic, 332 Prock family, 197 Renick, Mo., 454 Proctor, Julian R., 339 Rennison, Joseph Alvin, 455 Prohibition, 208 Rennison, Rosetta Zetter, 455 "Propaganda and the Kansas-Missouri War," by Lloyd Republican Party, Missouri, 1850s, 347 Lewis, 135-148 Revolutionary War, veterans, 81, 454 Pruett, Hubert "Shucks," 84 Rexford, Oscar W., obit., 458 Pulaski County Museum and Historical Society, 74 Reynolds County, Barnesville Redan, 80 Puller, James Harvey, obit., 458 Reynolds County Genealogy and Historical Society, Purdy, Mo., 450 75 Rhodes family, 83 Rhodes, Joel P., 424 Quantrill, William Clarke, 208, 341, 396, 397, 398, Rhodes, Matt, farm, Kime, 83 399, 450 Rice, William G., 452 Quantrill, William Clarke, Society, 182, 324 Rich, Charles C, 199 Queen of All Saints Catholic Church, Oakville, 334 Rich Fountain, Mo., school, 454 R "Richard Campbell: The Missouri Years," by James Index 481

W Goodrich, 297-309 Richards Flying Field, Raytown, 333 Sacred Heart Parish, Willow Springs, 335 Richardson, Kelli, "Caissons and Calamity: The Sacred Heart School, Festus, 331 Tragedy and Triumph of Eads Bridge," 18-26 St. Anthony Catholic Church, Camdenton, 81 Richeson, Thomas, 36 St. Bartholomew Parish, Windsor, 81 Richland, Mo. St. Bernadette Parish, Lemay, 201 Ku Klux Klan, 447 St. Charles County Historical Society, 75, 325, 438; Warren, H. E., Department Store, 334 building, 456 Richmond Heights, Mo., 84 St. Charles, Mo., 90, 91, 209 Richmond, Mo., Doughboy statue, 447 Banner-News (newspaper), 90 Richmond, Nel, 311 Callaway Township, 89 Richmond, Robert W, 311 Civil War, 209, 342 Ring, Lucile Wiley, Breaking the Barriers: The St. Dardenne Township, 207 Louis Legacy of Women in Law, 1869-1969, 103 Great Depression, 209 Ripley County, 209, 456 Holt, Patt, Singers, 83 barns, 456 Irish Americans, 342 lumbering, 456 Marketplace, 91 moonshining, 90 St. Joseph Health Center, 456 Price, Jim, cabin, 209 schools, 90 schools, 90, 456 St. Clair County Historical Society, 75, 189, 325 Washington Township, 209 St. Clair, Mo., basket factory, 334 Ripley County Historical Society, 75, 324 St. Clement Parish, Bowling Green, Missouri: Family Riverview Park, Hannibal, 198 of Faith, 1871-1996, by Anna Marie Dieckmann Roads, 333 Henson, 101 Highway 68, 336 St. Francis Medical Center, Cape Girardeau, 444 Lincoln County, 336 St. Francois County Old Iron Road, Gasconade County, 331 Civil War veterans, 207 Route 66, 91,343 railroads, 444 U.S. Highway 40, 81 St. Francois County Historical Society, 75, 189, 438 Robertson, Peter C, obit., 211 St. John Bosco Church, Creve Coeur, 201 Robinson family, 454 St. John the Apostle and Evangelist Church, St. Robinson, Hugh, 101 Louis, 334 Robinson, Jackie, 84, 88, 89 St. John the Baptist College Preparatory High School, Robinson, John W, 90 St. Louis, 201 Rockford, Mo., 340 St. John's Catholic Church, Hunnewell, 82 Rodenhauser's Saloon, St. Louis, 84 St. John's Evangelical United Church of Christ, Rogersville, Mo. Mehlville, 207 Booster Club, 341 St. John's Lutheran Church, Brunswick, Mo., 1871- Commercial Club, 341 1996, 219 Rolla, Mo. St. Joseph Church, Josephville, 334 Ozark Short Line, 208 St. Joseph Health Center, St. Charles, 456 railroad, 447 St. Joseph Historical Society, 189, 325, 438-439 Roller, Hiram Pierce, 85 St. Joseph Lead Mining Company, Bonne Terre, 81 Roller, Kate, 85 St. Joseph, Mo., 84, 201,347 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 451 Fire Station No. 5, 334 Rosati, Mo., 90 Great Depression, 207 Rose, Fred N., obit., 211 Heaton-Bowman-Smith and Sidenfaden Chapel, Rosencrans, William S., 273, 282, 287 334 Route 66, 91,343 Heinies Restaurant, 201 Rowe, Mary Ellen, 170, 171 Hotel Robidoux, 334 Rule-Rainey house, Springfield, 91 Jones Street Grocey, 201 "Rumors of a Little Rebellion in Dixie: Real Women Lake Contrary, 334 and Their Region," by Margaret Ripley Wolfe, 106- police department, 83-84 118 Rau Cleaners, 334 Rural Electric Missourian/Rural Missouri (maga­ streetcars, 334 zine), 342 St. Louis Car Company, 56-57 Ryder, Mary Elizabeth, 342 St. Louis Commerce (magazine), 343 482 Index

St. Louis Corral of the Westerners, 439 Pageant and Masque, 1914, 84 St. Louis County Parente's Pizza Parlor, 84 Antonia School, 84 Piasa Bird, 84 Arone Farm, 207 Planters Hotel, 210 burial practices, 341 Prairie House, 375 Creve Coeur Lake, 451 racism, 88 Fort Bellefontaine, 343 radio, 84, 351 Grant, Ulysses S., historic site, 201, 338, 448 railroads, 91,210, 343 Jefferson Barracks, 451 Rodenhauser's Saloon, 84 St. Louis, Mo., 84, 92, 209, 217, 337, 338, 371, 372, St. John the Apostle and Evangelist Church, 334 373,375,381,452 St. John the Baptist College Preparatory High Aeronautic Supply Company, 47 School, 201 African Americans, 452 St. Matthew Church, 334 airplane crash, 1942, 84 schools, 27-44, 343, 453 Auto Club, 448 Sisters of Loretto, 84 aviation, 452 Slack Furniture Company, 84 Busch Hall, 92 Southwestern Railway, 210 businesses, 343 teachers, 27-44 Camp Jackson, 133-134, 204 tornado, 1896,217 Chase Park Plaza, 334 Tower Grove Park, 201, 450 Christian Brothers College, 334 Union Station, 210 churches, 452 Wainwright Building, 451 City Hall, 197 WEW Radio, 84 Civil War, 337 Wolfe, Thomas, boyhood home, 84 Concordia Seminary, 452 Woodlawn Country Club, 84 Continental Building, 205 St. Louis Southwestern Railway, 210 Cotton Belt Building, 210 Saint Louis University, 209, 459-460 Court Square Building, 84 St. Marys Health Center, Jefferson City, 332 Cupples Station, 205 St. Matthew Church, St. Louis, 334 Eads Bridge, 18-26 St. Michael's Church, Madison County, 89 earthquake, 1857,250-251 St. Paul's United Methodist Church, Commerce, 340 Edwards, A. G., and Sons, 209 St. Peters, Laurel Park house, 84 Everding Dairy, 84 St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line, 53-55 Forest Park, 205 St. Rose of Lima Parish, Savannah, 198, 445 Four Courts Building, 84 St. Stanislaus (Seminary) Winery, Hazelwood, 80 fur trade, 373-374 St. Thomas the Apostle Orthodox Mission. Game Park, 92 Springfield, 343 Grand Center, 209 St. Vincent School, Perryville, 333 Hampton Village baseball field, 84 Ste. Genevieve, Mo., 84, 89, 334-335 Harris-Stowe State College, 209 African Americans, 448 Homer G. Phillips Hospital, 206 Bolduc, Louis, house, 201 Hunter Farms, 84 cyclone, 335 influenza epidemic, 1918, 84, 448 Kiel-Schwent house, 84 Islam, African American, 88 Vogt, Emile, house, 334 Jefferson Memorial Building, 205 Saline County, 389-392; bushwhackers, 339 Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 338 Saloons kindergartens, 30-31, 34-35 Kansas City, 332 KMOX Radio, 351 Ozarks, 208 Koch, Robert, Hospital, 88 Sampson, Francis A., "The New Madrid and Other Lee, Robert E., Restaurant, 457 Earthquakes of Missouri," 238-253 Lemp, Edwin, house, 84 Samuel, Reuben, 455 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, 103, 452 Samuel, Zerelda, 455 Lynn Food Market, 84 Sander family, 337 Missouri Botanical Garden, 209 Sanfilippo, Pamela, 424 Old Courthouse, 343 Sanor family, 209 Old Osage Theatre, 84 Santa Fe Railroad, 199 Old Rock House, 84 Santa Fe trade, 355-360 Olympics, 1904, 89 Santa Fe Trail, 90, 198, 210, 354-370 Index 483

Sappington-Concord Historical Society, 75, 439 Shadowlawn Estate, Clay County, 207 Sarah (African American), 91 Shane, Fred, 312 Sarcoxie, Mo., cavern, 79 Shannon County, Alley Spring Mill, 86, 197 Sarvis, Will, 172 Sharp, Samuel, 340 Satterlee, Carl, 444 Sharp's Grove Church, Holt County, 331 Sauk Indians, 87,451 Shaw, Henry, 209, 450 Saunders, Clarence, 335 Shaw, John, 240 Savannah, Mo., St. Rose of Lima Parish, 198, 445 Shaw, Walter G., 445 Saxon Lutheran Memorial, Frohna, 447 Shawnee Creek School, Osage County, 341 Saxton, Mo., 83 Shelbina, Mo., 335; Rexall Drug building, 448 Scalabrini, John Baptist, 332 Shelby County Historical Society, 75 Schofield, John M., 133 Shelby, Joseph O., 275, 281, 283, 399-403 Schoolcraft, Henry R., 202, 262, 335 Shelbyville, Mo., 448; fire, 1918, 335 Schools. See also individual school names Shepard, Edward M., 242, 249 African American, Sedalia, 85 Shepherd Mountain, 198 Carrollton, 444 Sheridan, Mo., fire, 1897, 202 Cassville, 87 Shirley, Mo., Coaley's Store and Cafe, 447 Clay County, 204 Shoemaker, Floyd C, 221; "David Barton, John Rice kindergartens, 30, 34, 35, 37, 39 Jones and Edward Bates: Three Missouri State and Lathrop, 82 Statehood Founders," 254-270 Lincoln County, 453 Shore, Paul, co-auth., Seasons of Change: Reflections McDonald County, 196 on a Half Century at Saint Louis University, 459- Osage County, 207, 341, 454 460 Ozarks, 455 Shrum, Edison, Commerce, MO: 200 Years of Platte County, 208 History, 217 Ripley County, 90, 456 Shubert Theatre, Joplin, 332 St. Charles, 90 Sikeston, Mo. St. Louis, 27-44, 453 Collins Music Company, 335 Springfield, 343 Lambert's Cafe, 453 Texas County, 208 Silver Dollar City, Mo., 342 Webb City, 336 Silver Lake, Perry County, 342 Schrock, Skip, 311 Simmen, June C, obit., 211 Schuyler County Historical Society, 75 Simmons, Clarence Oby, 445 Schwent family, 84 Simpson, William Lester, obit., 93 Schwimmer, John, 303, 305-306 Sires family, 88 Scofield, Levi, 454 Sisters of Loretto, St. Louis, 84, 451 Scotland County Historical Society, 75 Sisters of Mercy, Springfield, 343 Scott County, 382-383 Sixty-second Missouri Regiment, 87 Scott County Historical and Genealogical Society, 75, Sixty-second U.S. Colored Infantry, 408 189, 325, 439 Skaggs, Solomon, 451 Scott, Dred, 97-99 Skelton, Frank, 450 Scott, John, 255, 257 Skelton School, Stoddard County, 200 Scottish Rite Cathedral, Joplin, 198 Slack Furniture Company, St. Louis, 84 Scully, William, 204 Slankard, Annie Parish, 342 Season of High Adventure: Edgar Snow in China, by Slavery, Clay County, 444 S. Bernard Thomas, 212-214 Sleeper, Mo., 199 Seasons of Change: Reflections on a Half Century at Sligo, Mo., 202 Saint Louis University, by Paul C. Reinert, S.J., and Smallin Cave, Christian County, 335 Paul Shore, 459-460 Smith, A. J., 282 Sedalia, Mo., 85, inside July back cover Smith, Bob, 427 high school, 448 Smith, Edmund Kirby, 272-275 Lincoln-Hubbard School, 85 Smith, F. A., 85 Maple Leaf Club, inside July back cover Smith, Samuel W, obit., 345 Selling Black History for Carter G. Woodson: A Smith, Willina S., obit., 211 Diary, 1930-1933, by Lorenzo J. Greene, ed. with Smithville, Mo., 448 an introduction by Arvarh E. Strickland, 96-97 Snider family, 450 Seneca Historical Committee, 75 Snow, Edgar, 212-214 Shackelford, Lewis, 89 "Sobriquets of Missouri and Missourians," by David 484 Index

D. March, 149-167 A Centennial Salute to George Caleb Bingham Sohn, Charles, family, 334 (art exhibition), 421-423 Sohn, Floyd Henry, 334 Founders' Day Dinner, 310-311 Sohn, Fred Sr., 334 Newspaper Library, 176-177 Sohn, Glenn Loyd, family, 334 Reference Library, 62-63 Sohn, Michael, 334 Western Historical Manuscript Collection, 314- "Some Aspects of Black Education in Reconstruction 315 Missouri: An Address by Richard B. Foster," edited State Hospital for the Insane, Nevada, 204 by Antonio F. Holland and Gary R. Kremer, 407- Steamboats, 80, 87, 92, 336. See also names of 420 steamboats Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray Civil War Steele Enterprise (newspaper), 335 Round Table, 76, 190,325,439 Steele, Mo., 202, 335 Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Bank of Steele, 335 444 Hamra, Sam Farris, Store, 335 Southern, William, 443 Piggly Wiggly, 335 Southside Drug, Edina, 197 Poteet Bros. Hardware. 335 Spanish-American War, inside January back cover Utley, Everette T, lumber company, 335 Spanish Land Grant Park, Florissant, 338 Stepenoff, Bonnie, 171 Sparks, John, 338 Stephens, E. W., 61 Spence, Mary Lee, 178, 424 Stephens, F. F., introduction, "Major Alphonso Spencer, Mo., 343 Wetmore's Diary of a Journey to Santa Fe. 1828," Spirit of St. Louis (airplane) replica, 340 354-370 Spirit of St. Louis (passenger train), 448 Stevenson family, 337 Springfield! Magazine, 456 Stewart, Robert M., 127 Springfield, Mo., 91, 92, 209, 343, 445, 448, 463 Stoddard, Amos, 222, 225-226 Art Museum, 209 Stoddard County, Skelton School, 200 Baldwin Theatre, 343 Stoddard Rangers. 197 Caynor, John H., Tobacco Company, 92 Stokes, Edmund D.. house, Cameron, 196 Church of Christ, 208 Stoll, J. B.. 342 churches, 91,209 Stone County Historical/Genealogical Society, 76, Colonial Hotel, 202, 335 190, 325, 439 courthouse, 456 Stone County, Marvel Cave. 342 drive-in theatre, 456 Stone, John U., 449 First Congregational Church, 455 Stout, Jim, 168, 169 Flanagan-Collins house, 209 Strawn, Marjorie, 91 Fulbright-Fairman-Bowen house, 91 Strickland, Arvarh E., 173, 174; ed. with an introduc­ Gray-Young-Bromley house, 456 tion by, Selling Black History for Carter G. Lee-Haydon house, 209 Woodson: A Diary, 1930-1933. by Lorenzo J. lynching, 209, 445 Greene, 96-97 McCain-Howell house, 456 Strickland-Hutchcraft-Brown house, Springfield, 343 Mount Carmel United Methodist Church, 456 Stultz, Mo., 330 Rail Haven Cottage Cabins, 91 Sturgeon, Isaac H., 131 Red's Giant Hamburg Restaurant, 81 Summers Cemetery, Vernon County, 337 Rule-Rainey house, 91 Surprise, Mo., Turner's Mill. 455 St. Thomas the Apostle Orthodox Mission, 343 Swedeborg, Mo., 90 Sanders Standard Service Station, 91 Swedish Americans schools, 343 Hickory County, monument. 198 Strickland-Hutchcraft-Brown house, 343 Swedeborg, 90 Trinity Lutheran Church, 343 "Sweet Betsy from Pike" (song), 154-155 Westport Elementary School, 335 Sweet Springs, Mo., Immanuel Lutheran Church, 202 Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, 199, 202 Swinkey, Mo., 82 Withall-Detherow house, 209 Sycamore Pond, Douglas County, 452 Stanard, John R., Caring for America: The Story of Family Practice, 463 Stanley, Thomas, 303 Taft, William H., 427 State Historical Society of Missouri Taney County, cattle drive, 90 annual meeting, 168-175 Tate, Mrs. Anderson, 339 centennial, 61-62, 105, 178, 313, 337, 426 Taylor, Daniel S., 132 Index 485

Taylor, S. A., drug store, Wayland, 445 Tubman, Harriet, 108 Tears and Turmoil: Order No. 11, by Joanne Chiles Tucker, Avis G., 65 Eakin, 103 Tucker, Phillip Thomas, The Forgotten "Stonewall of Tennessee-Missouri Bridge Commission, 455 the West": Major General John Stevens Bowen, Texas & St. Louis Railway/Cotton Belt Route, 84 460-462 Texas County, 341 Tuckwood, Jo Ann, obit., 93-94 courthouse, Houston, 90 Turner's Mill, Surprise, 455 library, 331 Twain, Mark, 456 school superintendents, 208 Tyndall, Constance, 91 Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Historical Society, 76, 190, 325, 439 U Thomas, Jim, 445 Union, Mo., 333 Thomas, S. Bernard, Season of High Adventure: Union Station, Kansas City, 199 Edgar Snow in China, 212-214 Union Station, St. Louis, 210 Thomasson, Anda Morris, family, 449 United Electrical Workers Union, District Eight, 347 Thomasson, Mahalia, family, 449 University City, Mo. Thompson, Samuel, 301 Rabe Park, 88 Tillman, Lafayette, 332 Walk of Fame, 84 Todd, Marguerite, obit., 94 University of Missouri, 349-350 Tolton, Augustine, 81, 82, 84 University of Missouri-Columbia "Tom Benoist: Pioneer Early Bird of St. Louis," by Barton, David, monument, 258 Thomas Reilly, 45-60 football, 204 "Tom Thumb" wedding, 83 Memorial Union, 340 Tompkins, Glenn, The House On Riddle Hill, 217-218 School of Law, 207 Toney, Bert, 83 Upper Louisiana, legislation, 222-237 Tornadoes, 448 Utley, Everette T, lumber company, Steele, 335 Desloge, 83 Kansas City, 85, 332 Lithium, 447 Vaile mansion, Independence, 207 Poplar Bluff, 1927, 83 Van Bibber family, 196 St. Louis and East St. Louis, 1896, 217 Van Bibber Tavern, Montgomery County, 333 southeast Missouri, 1925, 85 Van Dorn, Earl, 15-17 Worth, 1947, 83 Van Hoose, James, 203 Tower Grove Park, St. Louis, 450 Vandalia, Mo., Vandalia Hotel, 85 Tower Rock, Mississippi River, 457 Vanderslice, Howard, 452 Towne, Ruth W, obit., 458 Vaughan, Richard Meriwether, 451 Trail of Death, 206 Vergara, George L., Hugh Robinson: Pioneer Aviator, Trail of Tears, 446 101 "Travel into Missouri in October, 1838," by Eduard Vernon County Historical Society, 76, 190, 325, 439 Zimmermann, 371-379 Vernon County, Summers Cemetery, 337 Trigg, Cyrus, 419-420 Veterinarians, Maries County, 449 Trinity Lutheran Church, Springfield, 343 Victory Monument, Kansas City, 445 Tri-State zinc-lead mines, 81 Vienna, Mo., Old Jail Museum, 196, 203 Troy Commercial Company, 202, 449 Vivion, Ernie, 81 Troy Exchange Bank, 331 Vogt, Emile house, Ste. Genevieve, 334 Troy, Mo., 202, 336, 449 Brackett, Fred, wagon/blacksmith shop, 85 W city scales, 335 Wagner, Margaret, obit., 458 fire, 1928, 336 Wainwright Building, St. Louis, 451 Hanni Mill, 449 Walk of Fame, University City, 84 hotel, 449 Walker, James Morgan, 452 opera house, 335 Walker, Lucius M., 91 post office, 336 Wallace, Richard, 421, 422 power companies, 335 Walton, Sam, 335 St. Louis and Hannibal depot, 336 Ward, Peter, family, 83 Truman, Bess, 445 Warner, William, mansion, Kansas City, 199 Truman, Harry S., 443, 444, 450; assassination Warren County attempt, 87 Charrette Township, 207 486 Index

Hickory Grove Township, 207 Wetmore, Alphonso, 241. 354-370 Warren County Historical Society, 76, 190 WEW Radio, St. Louis, 84 Warren, H. E., Department Store, Richland, 334 Where The Ancestors Sleep: A Self-guided Walking Warrensburg, Mo. Tour of Deepwood Cemetery, comp. and ed. by African Americans, 218 Patrick Brophy, 219 chautauqua, 346 White, Hugh, 307 courthouse, 449 White, Pearl, 209 Innes Mills, 449 White River Valley Historical Society, 76, 191, 326, Washburn, Mo., 200 440 Washington County, 384 White School, Ozark, 83 Washington Historical Society, 76, 325, 439 Whittaker, Charles Evans, 346 Washington, Mo. Whittier, John Greenleaf. 144-145 Civil War, 341 Whitworth, J. M., Collection of Natural and Hand- Methodist Church, 454 Carved Woods, Ironton, 453 Washington University in St. Louis: A History, by Wide Awakes, 126, 129-131 Ralph E. Morrow, 214-215 Wiechert, Ralph, 201 Waters, Henry J., Ill, 170 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 208 Watrous, Jose, 456 family, 452 Wayland, Mo. house, Mansfield, 199 post office, 445 Wilkinson, Edward A., 447 Taylor, S. A., drug store, 445 Williams, Derwood, 336 Wayne City, Mo., landing, 332 Williams, Elias W., 337, 450 Wayne County, 200 Williamsburg, Mo., Old Auxvasse-Nine Mile Center Ridge Baptist Church, 333 Presbyterian Church, 206 Fort Benton, 81 Williamstown, Mo., Methodist churches. 444 mills, 333 Willmore Lodge, Camdenton, 79 Rhodes. Matt, farm, 83 Willow Springs, Mo., Sacred Heart Parish, 335 Ward, Peter, family and house, 83 Wilson, Emma Lambert, 447 Wear, W. D., 400 Wilson, George R., 454 Weatherby, Mo., Fitzgerald's Cash Produce House, Wilson, James, 286, 287. 288. 447 338 Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, Springfield, 199, Weaubleau, Mo., 445 202 Weaver. Harriet E., 335 Win-Win: An Informal History of Associated Electric Webb City, Mo., 203, 336 Cooperative Inc., by Russ Holt, 351 police station, 449 Windsor, Mo. schools, 203 Farrington Park, 86 Weber, Helen Schoen, 342 St. Bartholomew Parish, 81 Webster County Historical Society, 76 Winston Historical Society, 76. 191. 326, 440 Webster Groves Historical Society, 190 Winter, William C, "Amidst Trials and Troubles': Webster Groves, Mo. Captain Samuel Churchill Clark, C.S.A.," 1-17 Delmar streetcar line, 86 Withall-Detherow house. Springfield. 209 Mary, Queen of Peace Parish, 201 Witten family, 206 Wells, Jake, 444 Wohlt house, Hermann. 198 Welsh, Donald H., ed., "Martha J. Woods Visits Wolfe, Margaret Ripley, 168. 174; "Rumors of a Missouri in 1857," 380-392 Little Rebellion in Dixie: Real Women and Their Wentzville Community Historical Society, 439 Region," 106-118 West Plains, Mo., Brown, Sadie, Cemetery, 342 Wolfe, Thomas, boyhood home. St. Louis. 84 Westerman, Julie, 423 Wolferman, Kristie C, The Osage in Missouri, 218 Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia, Woman's Missionary Union. 457 314-315 Women, 331. 335, 342, 346, 348-349, inside April Western Historical Manuscript Collection-St. Louis. back cover 171 and chautauqua, 346 Westhoff Mercantile building, O'Fallon, 447 Civil War, 206 Weston Historical Museum, 190, 325 German American, 99-100 Westport Elementary School, Springfield, 335 in education, St. Louis. 27-44 Westport Historical Society, 76, 190-191, 325-326 in law, St. Louis, 103 Westport, Mo., African Americans, 452 journalists, 348-349 Westville, Mo., 79 Kansas City, 332 Index 487

southern U.S., 106-118 Wonderland (steamboat), 89 Woodlawn Country Club, St. Louis, 84 Woods, Martha J., 380-392 Woods Supermarkets, Long Lane, 196 Woodside, Garth, mansion, Hannibal, 207 Woodson, Carter G., 96-97 Workingmen's Party, St. Louis, 33 World War II, prisoners of war in Missouri, 346 Worth County, 83 Worth, Mo., tornado, 83 Worthington, Alivra, 85 Worthington, Joseph, 85 Worthington, Mo., 203 Wright County Historical Society, 191, 440 Wright, Henry, 339 Wright, Taylor O., Jr., obit., 458 Wright's Spring, Clarksdale, 83

Y Yellow Dog Mine, Jasper County, 452 Young brothers, 85 Young, James Washington, 206 Younger, Mary Josephine, 443

Z Zimmermann, Eduard, "Travel into Missouri in October, 1838," 371-379

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOLUME XCII OCTOBER 1997-JULY 1998

JAMES W GOODRICH LYNN WOLF GENTZLER Editor Associate Editor

LISA FRICK ANN L. ROGERS Research Assistant Research Assistant

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Copyright © 1998 by The State Historical Society of Missouri CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME XCII, Nos. 1, 2, 3, AND 4

BROWNLEE, RICHARD S., director, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1960-1985.

GOODRICH, JAMES W., executive director, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1985-present.

HARVEY, CHARLES M., associate editor, St. Louis Globe-Democrat.

HOLLAND, ANTONIO F, professor, Lincoln University, Jefferson City.

KREMER, GARY R., professor, William Woods University, Fulton.

LEWIS, LLOYD, drama critic and sports editor, Chicago Daily News.

LOEB, ISIDOR, secretary, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1898-1901.

MCINTYRE, STEPHEN L., assistant professor, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield.

MCLARTY, VIVIAN KIRKPATRICK, copy editor, State Historical Society of Missouri.

MARCH, DAVID D., professor emeritus, Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville.

REILLY, THOMAS, aviation consultant, Safety Harbor, Florida.

RICHARDSON, KELLI, student, Rolla High School.

SAMPSON, FRANCIS A., secretary, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1901- 1915.

SHOEMAKER, FLOYD C, secretary, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1915-1960.

STEPHENS, F. F, professor, dean of students, University of Missouri.

WELSH, DONALD H., assistant editor, State Historical Society of Missouri.

WINTER, WILLIAM C, St. Louis.

WOLFE, MARGARET RIPLEY, professor, East Tennessee State University, Kingsport.

ZIMMERMANN, EDUARD. CONTENTS VOLUME XCII, Nos. 1, 2, 3, AND 4

"AMIDST TRIALS AND TROUBLES": CAPTAIN SAMUEL CHURCHILL CLARK, C.S.A. By William C. Winter 1 THE BATTLE OF PILOT KNOB, IRON COUNTY, MISSOURI, SEPTEMBER 27, 1864. By Richard S. Brownlee 271 THE BEGINNINGS OF MISSOURI LEGISLATION. By Isidor Loeb 222 CAISSONS AND CALAMITY: THE TRAGEDY AND TRIUMPH OF EADS BRIDGE. By Kelli Richardson 18 THE CIVIL WAR LETTERS OF COLONEL BAZEL F. LAZEAR. Edited by Vivian Kirkpatrick McLarty 393 DAVID BARTON, JOHN RICE JONES AND EDWARD BATES: THREE MISSOURI STATE AND STATEHOOD FOUNDERS. By Floyd C. Shoemaker 254 MAJOR ALPHONSO WETMORE'S DIARY OF A JOURNEY TO SANTA FE, 1828. Introduction by F. F. Stephens 354 MARTHA J. WOODS VISITS MISSOURI IN 1857. Edited by Donald H. Welsh 380 MISSOURI FROM 1849 TO 1861. By Charles M. Harvey 119 THE NEW MADRID AND OTHER EARTHQUAKES OF MISSOURI. By Francis A. Sampson 238 "OUR SCHOOLS ARE NOT CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS": CLASS, GENDER, ETHNICITY, AND THE TEACHING PROFESSION IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ST. LOUIS. By Stephen L. Mclntyre 27 PROPAGANDA AND THE KANSAS-MISSOURI WAR. By Lloyd Lewis 135 RICHARD CAMPBELL: THE MISSOURI YEARS. By James W. Goodrich 297 RUMORS OF A LITTLE REBELLION IN DIXIE: REAL WOMEN AND THEIR REGION. By Margaret Ripley Wolfe 106 SOBRIQUETS OF MISSOURI AND MISSOURIANS. By David D. March 149 SOME ASPECTS OF BLACK EDUCATION IN RECONSTRUCTION MISSOURI: AN ADDRESS BY RICHARD B. FOSTER. Edited by Antonio F. Holland and Gary R. Kremer 407 TOM BENOIST: PIONEER EARLY BIRD OF ST. LOUIS. By Thomas Reilly 45 TRAVEL INTO MISSOURI IN OCTOBER, 1838. By Eduard Zimmermann 371 MISSOURI IN 1898 SCOTT JOPLIN AND THE "MAPLE LEAF RAG"

Ragtime musician Scott Joplin completed his masterpiece, the "Maple Leaf Rag," while in Sedalia in 1898, and a year later, local music store owner John Stark published the spirited composition. Named after a local saloon, the "Maple Leaf Rag" is probably the most endur­ ing melody from the ragtime era and sold over a half-million copies within a decade of its release. Joplin's huge success with this piece led to his being named the "King of Ragtime," and his work set the standard for the musical genre. Although it had yet to be named, ragtime was first introduced in 1893 at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The music, first known as "jig piano" and featuring jaun­ ty melodies and syncopated rhythm, became widely known as ragtime by 1897. Many con­ sider this style of piano playing to be the first uniquely American type of music. By the mid-1890s, Joplin and other notable ragtime musicians including Tom Turpin and Otis Saunders had relocated to Sedalia. A thriving business and railroad town, Sedalia became a major center for African American musicians. The railroad shops readily hired blacks, and other jobs were available in hotels, restaurants, barber shops, and saloons; thus, steady incomes allowed up-and-coming musicians the flexibility to pursue their passion at night. Many played in the bars and music houses along Main Street. Ragtime thrived for over a decade in this setting. One of the most lively music houses was the Maple Leaf Club, located at 121 East Main Street, directly above Blocker's Seed Store. When Joplin, a native of Texas, first arrived in Sedalia, he heard the Queen City Band at the club and made an impromptu appearance on trumpet. He soon was playing piano at the Maple Leaf and other clubs in downtown Sedalia. Joplin's departure, along State Historical Society of Missouri with that of several other top Sedalia To fka/A UUo£GLb. musicians, for St. Louis in the early op 1900s started a decline in the local music scene. By 1909 the saloons and music houses failed to attract noted entertainers and customers. The sounds of ragtime fell silent in the town. MAPLE-. Sedalia honors the "King of Ragtime" with the annual Scott Joplin Ragtime Festival. Musicians and music lovers from all over gather in the cen­ RAG tral Missouri town each summer to attend the only festival in the world • devoted to ragtime. In May 1994, Stan Herd, an artist from Kansas, oX f\o$ftrrva write?^ completed a pastel mural of an ani­ ScotT Joplin. mated Joplin at the piano playing his TTT Co iposef @ most famous composition, the "Maple ^wipe^y CcfkevWotk, Leaf Rag." The mural is located on " Ajuotain,C!ub Walg" the exterior north wall of the Wilken SunJlower -Slow Drag. Published by Music Company in downtown JOHN STARK & SON Sedalia. 5T.LOUI5.MO. .W^-

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