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Senses • OUTPUT: Motor Endings—Axon Terminals of Motor Neurons • Innervate Effectors (Muscle Fibers and Glands)

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Senses • OUTPUT: Motor Endings—Axon Terminals of Motor Neurons • Innervate Effectors (Muscle Fibers and Glands) PowerPoint® Lecture Slides Basic Structural Components of the PNS prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham • INPUT: Sensory receptors—pick up stimuli from inside or outside the body • Nerves and ganglia – connecting structures C H A P T E R • Nerves—bundles of peripheral axons Part 1 • Ganglia—clusters of peripheral neuronal cell bodies Senses • OUTPUT: Motor endings—axon terminals of motor neurons • Innervate effectors (muscle fibers and glands) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Peripheral Sensory Receptors Peripheral Sensory Receptors • …Are structures that pick up sensory stimuli • Sensory receptors also classified according to and initiate signals in sensory axons • Location • Two main categories of sensory receptors • Type of stimulus detected • 1. Free nerve endings of sensory neurons • Structure • Monitor general sensory information • 2. Complete receptor cells—specialized epithelial cells or small neurons • Monitor most types of special sensory information Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification by Location Classification by Stimulus Detected • Exteroceptors—sensitive to stimuli arising from outside the body • Mechanoreceptors—respond to mechanical forces • Located at or near body surfaces • Touch, pressure, stretch, vibration, and itch • Include receptors for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature • Interoceptors—receive stimuli from internal viscera • Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure • Located in digestive tube, bladder, and lungs • Thermoreceptors—respond to temperature changes • Monitor a variety of stimuli • Chemoreceptors • Changes in chemical concentration • Respond to chemicals in solution • Taste stimuli • Stretching of tissues • Photoreceptors—respond to light • Temperature • Located in the eye Proprioceptors • • Nociceptors • Located in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments • Monitor degree of stretch • Respond to harmful stimuli that result in pain • Send inputs on body movement to the CNS Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Classification by Structure Free Nerve Endings (or ‘unencapsulated’) • (Discussion here of General sensory receptors only, not special senses) • Abundant in epithelia and underlying connective tissue • General senses are widely distributed • General senses include nerve endings of sensory neurons that • Respond to pain and temperature monitor: • Monitor affective senses • Touch • Pressure • Two specialized types of free nerve endings • Vibration • Epithelial tactile complexes (Merkel discs) • Stretch • Pain • Consist of tactile epithelial cell innervated by • Temperature sensory nerve ending • Proprioception • Slowly adapting receptors for light touch • So, classification of General Sensory Receptors by structure …. • Hair follicle receptors—wrap around hair follicles • Divided into two groups • Rapidly adapting receptors • Free nerve endings • Encapsulated nerve endings Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Unencapsulated Nerve Endings Encapsulated Nerve Endings • Consist of one or more end fibers of sensory neurons • Enclosed in connective tissue • Mechanoreceptors • Include four main types • Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles • Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles • Bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini endings) • Proprioceptors Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 14.1 (1 of 4) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Encapsulated Nerve Endings Tactile Corpuscles • Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles • Spiraling nerve ending surrounded by Schwann cells • Occur in the dermal papillae • Rapidly adapting receptors for discriminative touch • Occur in sensitive, hairless areas of the skin • Lamellar Corpuscles • Single nerve ending surrounded by layers of flattened Schwann cells • Occur in the hypodermis • Sensitive to deep pressure—rapidly adapting receptors • Bulbous Corpuscles • Located in the dermis and respond to pressure • Monitor continuous pressure on the skin—adapt slowly Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 14.1 (2 of 4) 2 Lamellar Corpuscles and Bulbous Corpuscles More Encapsulated Nerve Endings • Proprioceptors • Monitor stretch in locomotory organs • Three types of proprioceptors: • Muscle spindles— measure the changing length of a muscle • Imbedded in the perimysium between muscle fascicles • Golgi tendon organs— monitor tension within tendons • Located near the muscles/tendon junction • Joint kinesthetic receptors--- monitor stretch within synovial joints • Sensory nerve endings within the joint capsules Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 14.1 (3 of 4) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Proprioceptors Structure of Proprioceptors Secondary sensory γ Efferent (motor) endings (type II fiber) fiber to muscle spindle α Efferent Primary (motor) fiber sensory to extrafusal endings muscle fibers (type Ia Extrafusal fiber) muscle Muscle fiber spindle Intrafusal Connective muscle tissue capsule fibers Sensory fiber Tendon organ Tendon Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 14.1 (4 of 4) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.3 The Special Senses The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell • Taste, smell, sight, hearing, and balance • Characteristics of Special sensory receptors • Taste—gustation • Localized—confined to the head region • Smell—olfaction • Receptors are not free endings of sensory neurons • Receptors—classified as chemoreceptors • Special receptor cells • Respond to chemicals • Are neuron-like epithelial cells or small peripheral neurons • Food dissolved in saliva • Transfer sensory information to other neurons • Airborne chemicals that dissolve in fluids of in afferent pathways (i.e., cranial nerves) the nasal mucosa Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Taste—Gustation Taste Buds • Taste receptors • Collection of 50–100 epithelial cells • Occur in taste buds • Contain two major cell types • Most are found on the surface of the tongue • Gustatory epithelial cells • Located within tongue papillae • Basal epithelial cells • Two types of papillae (with taste buds) • Contain long microvilli—extend through a • Fungiform papillae taste pore to the surface of the epithelium • Vallate papillae • Cells in taste buds replaced every 7–10 days Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Taste Buds Taste Sensation and the Gustatory Pathway Connective Epiglottis tissue Gustatory hair • Five basic qualities of taste Taste fibers of cranial Palatine tonsil nerve • Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami Lingual tonsil • “Umami” is elicited by glutamate Vallate papilla • The “taste map” is a myth Stratified Basal Gustatory Taste squamous epithelial epithelial pore epithelium cells cells of tongue • All taste modalities can be elicited from all areas containing taste buds Fungiform papillae Taste bud (a) Taste buds associated with (b) Enlarged section of a (c) Enlarged view of a taste bud fungiform and vallate papillae vallate papilla (micrograph, 160X) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gustatory Pathway Gustatory Pathway from Taste Buds Gustatory cortex • Taste information reaches the cerebral cortex (in insula) • Primarily through the facial (VII) and Thalamic nucleus glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves (ventral • Some taste information through the vagus nerve (X) posteromedial nucleus) Pons Solitary nucleus • Sensory neurons synapse in the medulla in medulla oblongata • Relay neurons located in the solitary nucleus Facial nerve (VII) Vagus nerve (X) • Impulses are then transmitted to the thalamus and Glossopharyngeal ultimately to the gustatory area of the cerebral nerve (IX) cortex in the insula • Smell contributes to taste perception Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.2 4 Smell (Olfaction) Smell (Olfaction) • Olfactory receptors are part of the olfactory • Cell bodies of olfactory sensory neurons epithelium • Located in olfactory epithelium • Olfactory epithelium is pseudostratified • Have an apical dendrite that projects to the epithelial columnar and contains three main cell types: surface • Ends in a knob from which olfactory cilia radiate • Olfactory sensory neurons • Olfactory cilia act as receptive structures for smell Supporting epithelial cells • • Mucus captures and dissolves odor molecules • Basal epithelial cells Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Smell (Olfaction) Olfactory Receptors Olfactory • Axons of olfactory epithelium Olfactory Mitral cell epithelium tract (output cell) • Gather into bundles— these are the filaments/axons Glomeruli Olfactory bulb of the olfactory nerve (C.N. I) Olfactory tract Cribriform plate Olfactory bulb • These axons pass through the cribriform plate of the of ethmoid bone Filaments of ethmoid bone olfactory nerve Lamina propria Nasal connective tissue conchae Olfactory Axon • Attach to the olfactory bulbs and synapse with gland Basal cell mitral cells Olfactory Route of sensory neuron • Mitral cells transmit impulses along the olfactory inhaled air Olfactory Supporting cell (a) epithelium tract to Dendrite Olfactory cilia 1. Limbic system Mucus 2. Piriform lobe of the cerebral cortex Route of inhaled air containing odor molecules (b) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education,
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