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THE EFFECTS of DIET and WATER TEMPERATURE on the COLOUR of AUSTRALIAN GREENLIP ABALONE (Haliotis Laevigata Donovan)

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THE EFFECTS of DIET and WATER TEMPERATURE on the COLOUR of AUSTRALIAN GREENLIP ABALONE (Haliotis Laevigata Donovan) THE EFFECTS OF DIET AND WATER TEMPERATURE ON THE COLOUR OF AUSTRALIAN GREENLIP ABALONE (Haliotis laevigata Donovan) HOANG HAI THANH Presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University South Australia, Australia October 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….vi Declaration………………………………………………………………………….................x Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………….xi Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................ 1 General Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Abalone aquaculture status in the world and Australia....................................................... 2 1.2. Abalone colour .................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Relationship between diet and abalone colour.................................................................... 5 1.3.1. Dietary algae in abalone ............................................................................................... 5 1.3.2. Suplementation of dried micro/macroalgae as natural pigments in abalone feed ........ 7 1.3.3. Use of synthetic carotenoids as dietary supplements ................................................... 9 1.3.4. Supplementation of dietary tyrosine and its impact on melanin content in tissues.... 11 1.4. Relationship between water temperature abalone colour ................................................. 12 1.5. Metabolism of carotenoid pigments in abalone ................................................................ 13 1.6. Measurement of abalone colour ........................................................................................ 14 1.7. Overall study objectives .................................................................................................... 15 1.8. Thesis outline .................................................................................................................... 17 1.9. Publications ....................................................................................................................... 19 1.9.1. Co-authorship of chapters .......................................................................................... 19 1.9.2. Thesis publications ..................................................................................................... 20 References ................................................................................................................................ 21 Chapter 2 ...................................................................................................................... 35 Colour changes of greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata Donovan) fed fresh macroalgae and dried algal supplement ........................................................................................... 35 2.1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 35 2.2. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 36 2.3. Materials and methods ...................................................................................................... 38 2.3.1. Experimental animal and system................................................................................ 38 2.3.2. Experimental design, stocking and feeding................................................................ 39 2.3.3. Specimen sampling and analyses ............................................................................... 40 2.3.4. Statistical analysis ...................................................................................................... 42 2.4. Results ............................................................................................................................... 42 2.4.1 Effects of fresh macroalgae on abalone colour in Experiment 1 ................................ 43 2.4.2 Effects of dried algae supplementation on abalone colour in Experiment 2 ............... 46 2.5. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 47 References ................................................................................................................................ 53 Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................................... 65 Colour change of greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata Donovan) fed formulated diets containing graded levels of dried macroalgae meal ....................................................... 65 3.1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 66 3.2. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 67 3.3. Materials and methods ...................................................................................................... 69 3.3.1. Experimental animal and system................................................................................ 69 3.3.2. Experimental design, stocking and feeding................................................................ 69 3.3.3. Specimen sampling and analyses ............................................................................... 71 3.3.4. Statistical analysis ...................................................................................................... 71 3.4. Results ............................................................................................................................... 72 3.4.1. Shell colour properties ............................................................................................... 72 3.4.2. Lip colour properties .................................................................................................. 74 3.4.3. Foot colour properties ................................................................................................ 75 3.4.4. Pigment contents in abalone tissue............................................................................. 75 3.5. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 76 References…………………………………………………………………………................87 Chapter 4 ...................................................................................................................... 94 Effects of diet and water temperature on colour of greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata Donovan) ....................................................................................................................... 94 4.1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 95 4.2. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 95 4.3. Materials and methods ...................................................................................................... 98 4.3.1. Experimental animal and system................................................................................ 98 4.3.2. Experimental design, stocking and feeding................................................................ 99 4.3.3. Specimen sampling and analyses ............................................................................. 101 4.3.4. Statistical analysis .................................................................................................... 101 4.4. Results ............................................................................................................................. 101 4.4.1. Shell colour properties ............................................................................................. 102 4.4.2. Lip colour properties ................................................................................................ 102 4.4.3. Foot colour properties .............................................................................................. 102 4.4.4. Pigment contents in diets and abalone tissue ........................................................... 103 ii 4.5. Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 103 References .............................................................................................................................. 108 Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................... 116 The limited impact of dietary supplementation of synthetic astaxanthin and tyrosine on the colour of greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata Donovan) ....................................... 116 5.1. Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 117 5.2. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 117 5.3. Materials and methods .................................................................................................... 121 5.3.1. Experimental animal
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