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Schöne Wissenschaften Sammeln, Ordnen Und Präsentieren Im Josephinischen Wien Nora Fischer Und Anna Mader-Kratky (Hg.)

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Schöne Wissenschaften Sammeln, Ordnen Und Präsentieren Im Josephinischen Wien Nora Fischer Und Anna Mader-Kratky (Hg.) Nora Fischer und Anna Mader-Kratky (Hg.) Schöne Wissenschaften Sammeln, Ordnen und Präsentieren im josephinischen Wien Nora Fischer und Anna Mader-Kratky (Hg.) Schöne Wissenschaften Sammeln, Ordnen und Präsentieren im josephinischen Wien ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE SITZUNGSBERICHTE, 905. BAND VERÖFFENTLICHUNGEN ZUR KUNSTGESCHICHTE 20 HERAUSGEGEBEN VON HERBERT KARNER Nora Fischer und Anna Mader-Kratky (Hg.) Schöne Wissenschaften Sammeln, Ordnen und Präsentieren im josephinischen Wien Angenommen durch die Publikationskommission der philosophisch-historischen Klasse der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Michael Alram, Bert G. Fragner, Andre Gingrich, Hermann Hunger, Sigrid Jalkotzy-Deger, Renate Pillinger, Franz Rainer, Oliver Jens Schmitt, Danuta Shanzer, Peter Wiesinger, Waldemar Zacharasiewicz Veröffentlicht mit Unterstützung des Austrian Science Fund (FWF): PUB 73-Z Open Access: Wo nicht anders festgehalten, ist diese Publikation lizenziert unter der Creative Commons Lizenz Namensnennung 4.0 Open access: Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Bildnachweis für das Cover: Die obere und die untere Schilddrüsenarterie (A. thyreoidea superior et a. thyreoidea inferior) sowie andere Äste der äußeren Kopfschlagader (A. carotis externa) und die Wirbelschlagader (A. vertebralis), Wachsmodell aus der Werkstatt von Felice Fontana und dazugehörige Zeichnung, Aquarell, Florenz, 1781–1786 (Josephinum – Ethik, Sammlungen und Geschichte der Medizin, MedUni Wien; Wachsmodell: Foto © Josephinum / Alexander Ablogin) Diese Publikation wurde einem anonymen, internationalen Begutachtungsverfahren unterzogen. Peer Review ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil des Evaluationsprozesses des Verlages der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Bevor ein Buch zur Veröffentlichung angenommen werden kann, wird es von internationalen Fachleuten bewertet und muss schließlich von der Publikationskommission der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften genehmigt werden. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie, detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Die verwendete Papiersorte in dieser Publikation ist DIN EN ISO 9706 zertifiziert und erfüllt die Voraussetzung für eine dauerhafte Archivierung von schriftlichem Kulturgut. Bestimmte Rechte vorbehalten. Copyright © Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2021 ISBN 978-3-7001-8642-7 Satz: 'FSEJOBOEBerger4ÚIOF, Horn–Wien Druck: Prime Rate, Budapest https://epub.oeaw.ac.at/8642-7 https://verlag.oeaw.ac.at Made in Europe Inhalt Nora Fischer und Anna Mader-Kratky Einleitung ........................................................ 7 Die Sammlungen: Konstitutionen von Wirklichkeiten und Wissensformen Elisabeth Hassmann „… zur Ehre des Höchsten Hofes und Aufnahme der Wissenschaften“. Publikumsbesuch und Wissenschaftspflege in den drei kaiser lichen Kabinetten in Wien (1765–1790) ............................................... 21 Christa Riedl-Dorn Ordnung muss sein – Von der Naturaliensammlung zu den „Vereinigten k. k. Naturaliencabineten“ unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Zeit Josephs II. ....................................................... 41 Anna Maerker Objekt, Verstand und Mitgefühl: Die anatomischen Wachsmodelle des Josephinums im Zeitalter medizinischer Professionalisierung ............. 59 Nora Fischer Von der „Augenbelustigung“ zur „dem Auge sichtbaren Geschichte der Kunst“. Wege der Ordnungsfindung in der kaiser lichen Galerie von 1781 .......... 77 Denksysteme und Ordnungsmethoden Gernot Mayer Ursprungssuche und Identitätsfindung. Die Bilder der Burg Karlštejn und die Erfindung(en) der Kunstgeschichte im 18. Jahrhundert ............... 97 Hans C. Hönes Winckelmann im Sammlungsraum: Armut macht Geschichte ............. 127 Werner Telesko Joseph von Sonnenfels und die Publizität der bildenden Kunst im maria-theresianischen und josephinischen Kulturleben .................. 143 Anna Mader-Kratky Die Gründung der Oberhofbaudirektion und die Etablierung länderüber- greifender Baunormen im habsburgischen Bauwesen (1783–1784) . 155 6 Inhalt Markus Krajewski Wie ordnet sich Habsburg? Stillstellung und Beweglichkeit um 1780 ....... 169 Konzepte der Präsentation und Publizität Andrea Seidler Verwaltetes Wissen: Zum gelehrten Journalismus im maria-theresianischen und josephinischen Wien ........................................... 185 Thomas Wallnig Wissen in Wien, 1780. Eine digitale Annäherung ........................ 201 Debora J. Meijers Gnade, Vergünstigung oder Recht. Die Zugänglichkeit der k. k. Hofsammlungen in Wien und das Publikum (1765–1825) ............ 215 Eva Kernbauer „Science magique“ und „science pratique“: Martin Ferdinand Quadals Der Aktsaal der Wiener Akademie im St. Anna Gebäude (1787) ........... 231 Tafelteil .......................................................... 247 Bibliographie ..................................................... 255 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ............................................ 293 Bildnachweis ..................................................... 295 Personenregister .................................................. 297 Ortsregister ...................................................... 301 Nora Fischer und Anna Mader-Kratky Einleitung Es liegt nahe, sich in einer Zeit, in der Fragen zur Museums- und Wissenschafts- geschichte eine besondere Konjunktur erleben, mit den Sammlungen zur Zeit Josephs II. (reg. 1765–1790) zu beschäftigen und damit mit jener Epoche, in der sich Galerien und Kabinette zu Museen und wissenschaft lichen Institutionen im modernen Verständnis wandelten.1 In bemerkenswert dichter zeit licher Abfolge ereigneten sich damals in Wien rund um den kaiser lichen Hof eine ganze Reihe von Sammlungsneuordnungen bzw. Sammlungsneuaufstellungen: die Neuordnungen der drei kaiserlichen Kabinette im Augustinergang, wo die Sammlungen Kaiser Franz I. Stephans nach dessen Tod präsentiert wurden, die kaiser liche Gemäldesammlung in der Neuaufstellung von 1781 im Oberen Belvedere und die 1785 gegründete medizinische Sammlung des Josephinums. Zwar wurden in den letzten Jahren diverse Studien zu den genannten Sammlungen publiziert,2 die sich auf ihre Geschichte und Entwicklung konzentrierten, selten jedoch wurden die institutionen- und disziplinenübergreifenden Bezüge zuein- ander, seien sie thematischer, methodischer oder personeller Natur, und ihre Wirkun- gen hinterfragt. Dies ist umso bemerkenswerter, als die verschiedenen Sammlungen in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts vergleichbare Prozesse der Musealisierung, der Verwissenschaftlichung und der Publizität durchliefen, die ihre Entwicklung bis heute bestimmen. Nicht nur fanden die Neuordnungen – mit der Spätzeit der Auf- klärung als Hintergrund und dem großen Einschnitt der Französischen Revolution – in einer Zeit des gesellschaft lichen Umbruchs statt, sondern die Sammlungen öffneten sich auch für ein allgemeines Publikum. Um Museen und Ausstellungswesen ver- änderten sich die wissenschaft lichen Diskurse, wurden neue Wissenschafts- und Kunst institutionen gegründet und etablierte Sammlungen einer öffentlichen Neu- bewertung unterzogen. Es ist das Ziel dieses Sammelbandes, durch die vergleichende Analyse der josephinischen Sammlungen die Prämissen, Kriterien, Methoden und Konzepte der Aufstellung, Präsentation und Inszenierung zu differenzieren und ein genaueres Bild darüber zu entwerfen, wie sich der allgemeine Wandel vollzog, der in Wissenschafts- und Kunst institutionen bis in die Gegenwart nachwirkt. 1 Die Publikation ging aus einer internationalen Tagung hervor, die unter dem Titel Schöne Wissen- schaften. Sammeln, Ordnen und Präsentieren unter Kaiser Joseph II. vom 19.–20. Juni 2017 von der Abteilung Kunstgeschichte des Instituts für kunst- und musikhistorische Forschungen (IKM) an der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien veranstaltet wurde. 2 Dazu zählen nicht zuletzt die Forschungen der Autorinnen, die für diese Publikation gewonnen werden konnten: Elisabeth Hassmann (Hassmann 2013, Hassmann 2015, Hassmann / Winter 2016), Christa Riedl-Dorn (Riedl-Dorn 1998, Riedl-Dorn 2009, Riedl-Dorn 2011), Anna Maerker (Maerker 2011, Maerker 2015), Nora Fischer (Fischer 2013a und b) und Debora Meijers (Meijers 1995, Meijers 2013, Meijers 2016). 8 Nora Fischer und Anna Mader-Kratky Die Idee zum Thema kam aufgrund von bestimmten Objekten bzw. Objektgrup- pen in der anatomischen Wachsmodellsammlung im Josephinum und in der kaiser- lichen Gemäldegalerie im Oberen Belvedere der 1780er-Jahre, deren Repräsentationen sich auf den ersten Blick zu widersprechen, bei genauerer Betrachtung jedoch span- nungsvoll zu bedingen scheinen: Zum einen fand sich im Josephinum in der Sammlung medizinischer Wachspräparate von 1785 ein Modell, das – in Anspielung auf die berühmte antike Venus, die in den Uffizien ausgestellt war – die „Nachahmung der Mediceischen Venus; mit herausnehmbaren Eingeweiden“3 genannt wurde, zum ande- ren in der kaiser lichen Galerie ein Arrangement von Gemälden, das vor allem wegen seines wissenschaft lichen Charakters gerühmt wurde.4 Auf der einen Seite steht also eine primär (natur-)wissenschaft liche Sammlung, die sich – auch – an den ästhetischen und anschau lichen Qualitäten der ausgestellten Werke
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