DOCSLIB.ORG

British Foreign Policy: the New Labour Years

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
British Foreign Policy: the New Labour Years British Foreign Policy The New Labour Years O. Daddow; J. Gaskarth ISBN: 9780230307315 DOI: 10.1057/9780230307315 Palgrave Macmillan Please respect intellectual property rights This material is copyright and its use is restricted by our standard site license terms and conditions (see palgraveconnect.com/pc/info/terms_conditions.html). If you plan to copy, distribute or share in any format, including, for the avoidance of doubt, posting on websites, you need the express prior permission of Palgrave Macmillan. To request permission please contact [email protected]. British Foreign Policy Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230307315 - British Foreign Policy, Edited by Oliver Daddow and Jamie Gaskarth Also by Oliver Daddow BRITAIN AND EUROPE SINCE 1945: Historiographical Perspectives on Integration INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY NEW LABOUR AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: Blair and Brown’s Logic of History Also by Jamie Gaskarth BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY: Crises, Conflicts and Future Challenges Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230307315 - British Foreign Policy, Edited by Oliver Daddow and Jamie Gaskarth British Foreign Policy The New Labour Years Edited by Oliver Daddow Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations, Department of Politics, History and International Relations, Loughborough University, UK and Jamie Gaskarth Lecturer in International Relations, School of Management, University of Plymouth, UK Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230307315 - British Foreign Policy, Edited by Oliver Daddow and Jamie Gaskarth Editorial matter, selection and introduction © Oliver Daddow and Jamie Gaskarth 2011 Foreword © Stephen Wall 2011 All remaining chapters © their respective authors 2011 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-0-230-28042-7 hardback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data British foreign policy : the New Labour years / edited by Oliver Daddow and Jamie Gaskarth. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978–0–230–28042–7 (alk. paper) 1. Labour Party (Great Britain) 2. Great Britain–Foreign relations–1997– 3. Great Britain–Politics and government–1997– I. Daddow, Oliver J., - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 1974– II. Gaskarth, Jamie, 1976– III. Title. DA589.8.B775 2011 327.41009′0511–dc22 2011007006 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne 10.1057/9780230307315 - British Foreign Policy, Edited by Oliver Daddow and Jamie Gaskarth Bob, Karen and Ava, from Olly For Ellie, love Jamie Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230307315 - British Foreign Policy, Edited by Oliver Daddow and Jamie Gaskarth This page intentionally left blank Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230307315 - British Foreign Policy, Edited by Oliver Daddow and Jamie Gaskarth Contents List of Figure and Tables ix List of Contributors x Acknowledgements xi Foreword by Stephen Wall xii List of Abbreviations xvi 1 Introduction: Blair, Brown and New Labour’s Foreign 1 Policy, 1997–2010 Oliver Daddow and Jamie Gaskarth Part I Identity 29 2 The New Labour Governments and Britain’s Role in 31 the World David McCourt 3 New Labour, Devolution and British Identity: 48 The Foreign Policy Consequences Pauline Schnapper 4 New Labour, Leadership, and Foreign Policy-making 63 after 1997 Stephen Benedict Dyson 5 Identity and New Labour’s Strategic Foreign Policy 84 Thinking Jamie Gaskarth Part II Ethics 101 6 From ‘Ethical Foreign Policy’ to National Security Strategy: 103 - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Exporting Domestic Incoherence Tara McCormack 7 A Difficult Relationship: Britain’s ‘Doctrine of International 123 Community’ and America’s ‘War on Terror’ Jason Ralph vii 10.1057/9780230307315 - British Foreign Policy, Edited by Oliver Daddow and Jamie Gaskarth viii Contents 8 New Labour and Nuclear Weapons 139 David Allen Part III Power 155 9 Still ‘Leading from the Edge’? New Labour and the 157 European Union Patrick Holden 10 Britain’s Relations with China Under New Labour: 170 Engagement and Repulsion? Kerry Brown 11 From Asset to Liability: Blair, Brown and the ‘Special 188 Relationship’ Mark Phythian 12 New Labour, Defence and the ‘War on Terror’ 205 Max Taylor 13 Conclusion 221 Oliver Daddow Bibliography 236 Index 263 Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230307315 - British Foreign Policy, Edited by Oliver Daddow and Jamie Gaskarth List of Figure and Tables Figure 1.1 Three ‘new’ circles of British foreign policy 17 Tables 4.1 The Blair and Brown identities 70 12.1 Proposed criteria for hubris syndrome, and their 218 correspondence to features of cluster B personality disorders in DSM-IV Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright ix 10.1057/9780230307315 - British Foreign Policy, Edited by Oliver Daddow and Jamie Gaskarth List of Contributors Sir Stephen Wall is a former diplomat and special advisor to the United Kingdom Prime Minister, Tony Blair. Oliver Daddow is Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations, Loughborough University. Jamie Gaskarth is Lecturer in International Relations, University of Plymouth. David McCourt is Visiting Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for British Studies, University of California-Berkeley. Pauline Schnapper is Professeur de civilisation britannique contem- poraine, Université Paris Sorbonne Nouvelle. Stephen Benedict Dyson is Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Connecticut. Tara McCormack is Lecturer in International Politics, University of Leicester. Jason Ralph is Professor of International Relations at the University of Leeds. David Allen is Professor of European and International Politics, Loughborough University. Patrick Holden is Lecturer in International Relations, University of Plymouth. Kerry Brown is Senior Fellow, Asia Programme, Chatham House. Mark Phythian is Head of the Department of Politics and International Relations and Professor, University of Leicester. Max Taylor is Professor of International Relations, University of - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright St Andrews. x 10.1057/9780230307315 - British Foreign Policy, Edited by Oliver Daddow and Jamie Gaskarth Acknowledgements This book originated from a BISA British foreign policy working group conference. The British Academy generously supported the project with a grant ref: CS090071 and we were hosted by the Foreign and Common- wealth Office. The authors would
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nunsthorpe Garden City History Group Memories
    Nunsthorpe Garden City History Group Memories Compiled by Roy and Sheila Ellis between 2007 and 2017 Acknowledgement We would like to thank all the contributors to this document for their time and patience and most of all their memories. Many thanks to the Second Avenue Resource Centre staff and special mention to Margaret Horsburgh for her help throughout the time we have been meeting at the centre and her special talent for proof reading. Full marks to Jayne Smith for her skills as a tutor to two very inexperienced computer students, we appreciate the help given us, some of which was in her own time. To David Cowell for the photographs of 1936 school days which he made available to us. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Table of Contents MURIEL PARKER (NEE GREEN) ................................................................................ 1 GLADYS WARMAN (NEE KULLICH) ........................................................................ 3 The Lamp Lighter ................................................................................................................ 5 Tiger Kullich ....................................................................................................................... 9 RON ELLIS ..................................................................................................................... 13 JACK HOPPER ............................................................................................................... 17 BETTY MARRIOTT (NEE ROSS) ..............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
    Monday Volume 586 13 October 2014 No. 40 HOUSE OF COMMONS OFFICIAL REPORT PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES (HANSARD) Monday 13 October 2014 £5·00 © Parliamentary Copyright House of Commons 2014 This publication may be reproduced under the terms of the Open Parliament licence, which is published at www.parliament.uk/site-information/copyright/. HER MAJESTY’S GOVERNMENT MEMBERS OF THE CABINET (FORMED BY THE RT HON.DAVID CAMERON,MP,MAY 2010) PRIME MINISTER,FIRST LORD OF THE TREASURY AND MINISTER FOR THE CIVIL SERVICE—The Rt Hon. David Cameron, MP DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER AND LORD PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL—The Rt Hon. Nick Clegg, MP FIRST SECRETARY OF STATE AND LEADER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS—The Rt Hon. William Hague CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER—The Rt Hon. George Osborne, MP CHIEF SECRETARY TO THE TREASURY—The Rt Hon. Danny Alexander, MP SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AND COMMONWEALTH AFFAIRS—The Rt Hon. Philip Hammond, MP SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE HOME DEPARTMENT—The Rt Hon. Theresa May, MP SECRETARY OF STATE FOR DEFENCE—The Rt Hon. Michael Fallon, MP SECRETARY OF STATE FOR BUSINESS,INNOVATION AND SKILLS AND PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF TRADE—The Rt Hon. Vince Cable, MP SECRETARY OF STATE FOR WORK AND PENSIONS—The Rt Hon. Iain Duncan Smith, MP LORD CHANCELLOR AND SECRETARY OF STATE FOR JUSTICE—The Rt Hon. Chris Grayling, MP SECRETARY OF STATE FOR EDUCATION AND MINISTER FOR WOMEN AND EQUALITIES—The Rt Hon. Nicky Morgan, MP SECRETARY OF STATE FOR COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT—The Rt Hon. Eric Pickles, MP SECRETARY OF STATE FOR HEALTH—The Rt Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Identification Op Pactions in the British Parliamentary Labour Party 1945 - 1970
    THE IDENTIFICATION OP PACTIONS IN THE BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY LABOUR PARTY 1945 - 1970 by PAMELA BERNARDINE WOODS B.A., University of Essex, England, 1969 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Political Science We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September, 1975 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purpose's may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Political Science The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date June 2, 1975 ii Abstract Many studies of the British Labour Party have emphasised disputes within the Parliamentary Labour Party and attempted to explain them. There has, however, been no attempt to apply the concept of factionalism, with criteria detailing how a faction might be identified, to a study of the Parliamentary Labour Party over a period of time. It is the aim of this paper to succinctly define the term faction; to establish criteria for the purpose of identifying factions, and to determine to what extent parties to Parliamentary Labour Party disputes could be identified as factions.
    [Show full text]
  • Privacy and the Press: the Impact of Incorporating the European Convention on Human Rights in the United Kingdom
    CARNEGIEFINAL.DOC 04/02/99 3:35 PM PRIVACY AND THE PRESS: THE IMPACT OF INCORPORATING THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM I. INTRODUCTION The incorporation of the European Convention for the Protec- tion of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom (ECHR)1 into the domestic laws of the United Kingdom2 has sparked heated debates, not the least of which centers around the possibility of a common law right of privacy being introduced through the “back door.”3 Before 1.See European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Nov. 4, 1950, 213 U.N.T.S 221 (entered into force Sept. 3, 1953), reprinted in RICHARD B. LILLICH, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS 500.1 app. (2d ed. 1990) [hereinafter ECHR]. The Convention entered into force when it had been ratified by at least ten member states. See MANUAL OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE 263 (1970). The ECHR will be discussed further in Part IV, infra. 2.See Human Rights Act 1998, ch. 42 (Eng.). The Human Rights Act (Act) received the Royal Assent on November 9, 1998. The Act incorporates the ECHR into the domestic legisla- tion of the United Kingdom. While the Act is now officially on the statute books, it will not be fully in force until the year 2000. See Clare Dyer, Bringing Home the Basics, GUARDIAN (London), Nov. 12, 1998, at 21, available in 1998 WL 18676809. The eighteen month delay be- tween the time the Act was incorporated and the year 2000, when the Act comes into force, allows for judges and magistrates to undergo training as well as give public bodies enough time to come into compliance with the ECHR.
    [Show full text]
  • Walking a Fine Line: Britain, the Commonwealth, and European Integration, 1945-1955
    Walking a Fine Line: Britain, the Commonwealth, and European Integration, 1945-1955 A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Cameron A. Dunbar December 2017 ©2017 Cameron A. Dunbar. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Walking a Fine Line: Britain, the Commonwealth, and European Integration, 1945-1955 by CAMERON A. DUNBAR has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Peter John Brobst Associate Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT DUNBAR, CAMERON A., M.A., December 2017, History Walking a Fine Line: Britain, the Commonwealth, and European Integration, 1945-1955 Director of Thesis: Peter John Brobst Alongside the decline of its empire, the integration of Western Europe was the greatest foreign policy question facing the United Kingdom in the wake of the Second World War. The preeminent Western European power in 1945, Britain stayed aloof instead of taking the leadership of the emerging European communities in the first 10 years after the war. By thoroughly examining the pivotal post-war decade, this thesis will argue that staying outside of these earliest post-war European communities severely damaged the United Kingdom both politically and economically. In particular, it will argue that Britain’s deep attachment to the Commonwealth of Nations – and specifically the relationship with the ‘old dominions’ of Australia, Canada and New Zealand – played the vital role in binding the hands of British leaders who were straddling the fine line between the old Commonwealth connections and the attempted new closer relations with Western Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Pages-From-1969-02-01 28-1.Pdf
    ~·HE WHITE HOUSE PRESIDENT RICHARD NIXON'S DAILY DIARY (See Travel Record for Travel Activity) PLACE DAY BEGAN DATE (Mo., Day, Yr.) .' February!23. 1969 TIME DAY THE WHITE HOUSE 6:55 a.m. Sunday PHONE TIME P=Placed R=Received ACTIVITY In Out Lo LD 6:55 The President had breakfast. 7:27 7:41 The President went to the South Grounds, boarded the heli­ copter, and flew to Andrews Air Force Base. For a list of those \Vho accompanied him, see APPENDIX lIAlI. 7 :57 The President departed for his European trip on Air Force One. For a list of those who accompanied him, see APPENDIX II BII . ALL FOLLOWING TIMES ARE EUROPEAN STANDARD TIME. 8:58 After approximately a seven hour flight, Air Force One landed (pm) at Brussels International Airport, Melsbroek. Belgium. Among those who greeted the President upon his arrival were: King Baudoin of Belgium Gaston Eyskens, Prime Minister of Belgium Pierre Harmel, Foreign Minister of Belgium Manlio Brosio, Secretary General of NATO Jean Rey, President of EEC 9:26 9:43 The President and King Baudoin of Belgium motored from the airport to the Palais du Roi. 9 :43 11:42 The President and the King met privately for about one half hour and then the President met for about an hour and a half \Vi th: Gaston Eyskens, Prime Minister of Belgium Pierre Harmel, Foreign Minister of Belgium William P. Rogers, Sec retary of State Henry A. Kissinger, Asst. for NSA 11:42 11:45 The President motored from the Palais du Roi to the Brussels Hilton Hotel.
    [Show full text]
  • Hugh Gaitskell, the Labour Party and Foreign Affairs 1955-63
    HUGH GAITSKELL, THE LABOUR PARTY AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS 1955-63 by SIMON RIPPINGALE A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfilment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Humanities & Cultural Interpretation Faculty of Arts & Education July 1996 Univer0: .)-· ~ u th Li ~;·:. .~ - Item No Cf OOliQ202-) - --1 ~~-~k"l+2. · 6gs RJP Simon Rippingale Hugh Gaitskell. the Labour Party and Foreign Affairs 1955-63 Abstract Hugh Gaitskell was leader of the Labour Party between 1955-63. The Cold War was at a critical level and bi-partisanship in international affairs was expected. With Gaitskell's accession this appeared to end, marked in particular by the disputes over Suez, the independent nuclear deterrent and Britain's 11rr lication to join the European Economic Community. Simultaneously, he was challenged by the Left over nearly every aspect of Labour's foreign and defence policy. Despite these major controversies, Gaitskell's influence over international affairs remains a neglected area of research, and he is remembered more for the domestic controversies over nationalisation, his ill-fated attempt to revise Clause Nand defeat at the 1960 Scarborough conference. This thesis addresses that imbalance by examining Gaitskell's contribution to foreign affairs and the following inter-related areas: bi-partisanship; policy formulation; internal divisions and the power struggle between Left and Right. In addition, it also considers how the structure of the Labour Party benefited the leadership during this turbulent period. The conclusions revise Gaitskell's reputation as a figure of unyielding principle, and demonstrates that his leadership was marked by a mixture of finesse and blunder.
    [Show full text]
  • The Labour Party, British Intelligence and Oversight, 1979-1994 Lomas, DWB
    Party politics and intelligence : the Labour Party, British intelligence and oversight, 1979-1994 Lomas, DWB http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2021.1874102 Title Party politics and intelligence : the Labour Party, British intelligence and oversight, 1979-1994 Authors Lomas, DWB Type Article URL This version is available at: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/59265/ Published Date 2021 USIR is a digital collection of the research output of the University of Salford. Where copyright permits, full text material held in the repository is made freely available online and can be read, downloaded and copied for non-commercial private study or research purposes. Please check the manuscript for any further copyright restrictions. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. Intelligence and National Security ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fint20 Party politics and intelligence: the Labour Party, British intelligence and oversight, 1979-1994 Daniel W. B. Lomas To cite this article: Daniel W. B. Lomas (2021) Party politics and intelligence: the Labour Party, British intelligence and oversight, 1979-1994, Intelligence and National Security, 36:3, 410-430, DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2021.1874102 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2021.1874102 © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Published online: 13 Jan 2021. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 653 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fint20 INTELLIGENCE AND NATIONAL SECURITY 2021, VOL.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Is Anti-American ?': the British Left and the United States, 1945-1956
    (1) 'Who is anti-American ?': The British Left and the United States, 1945-1956 by Giora Goodman University College London A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) © 1996 U (2) Abstract The subject of this research is British 'anti-Americanism' in the decade after 1945: a complex phenomenon with often contradictory political and cultural manifestations. This study focuses primarily on the attitudes towards the United States of the organized political Left, because the Left came to be regarded in this period as the most 'anti-American' element in British political life. Examining that charge, this study follows the development of attitudes towards the United States in British political life, particularly within the Labour Party, long- established as the most serious organized force on the Left, and the governing Party from 1945 to 195 1. The study aims to show that hostile responses towards the United States on the British Left imbibed the same national resentments which could be found in other quarters of British political life. The British Left had its own set of ideological and emotional prejudices which gave a distinct colour, and perhaps added impetus, to its resentments. However, underpinning all the hostile sentiments was the resentment of Britain's postwar domination and displacement by the United States, which among Conservatives was concealed only by the onset of the Cold War, until it forcefully erupted during the Suez crisis. Finally, this study delineates and examines the great concern with which 'anti- Americanism' was viewed at the time by policy-makers and politicians on both sides of the Atlantic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Death Penalty and the British Labour Government, 1945-51
    The Shadow of the Gallows: The Death Penalty and the British Labour Government, 1945-51 VICTOR BAILEY It is queer to look back and think that only a dozen years ago the abolition of the death penalty was one of those things that every enlightened person advocated as a matter of course, like divorce reform or the independence of India. Now, on the other hand, it is a mark of enlightenment not merely to approve of executions but to raise an outcry because there are not more of them. -George Orwell The punishment prescribed by English law for murder in the first half of the twentieth century was death. A judge had to pronounce this sentence upon a person convicted of murder, except in two special classes of cases: persons under eighteen years of age at the time of the offense and preg- nant women.' He had no discretion to impose any less severe sentence. 1. From 1887, executions for those under eighteen were virtually abolished by use of the royal prerogative of mercy. The Children Act, 1908, formally abolished the death penalty for persons under sixteen; the Children and Young Persons Act, 1933, confirmed the exist- ing practice of reprieve by ending capital punishment for those under eighteen. The Sen- tence of Death (Expectant Mothers) Act, 1931, prohibited the death sentence on a pregnant woman. In addition, by the 1922 Infanticide Act, a woman charged with the death of her "newly born"-a term undefined in the Act, and narrowly interpreted by the courts, but Victor Bailey is Professor of Modern British History at the University of Kansas.
    [Show full text]
  • NOT to Lie Kumov^ the ENERGY CRISIS : a REVOLUTION in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS? Sir Kenneth Younger the SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE O
    ' li ^. ... \i£ J L4 Ti W *;.| tlV NOT TO LiE KuMOV^ THE ENERGY CRISIS : A REVOLUTION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS? Sir Kenneth Younger THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF IIMTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE INSTITUUT VAN INTERNASIONALE AANGELEENTHEDE The Rt. Hon. Sir Kenneth Younger% K.B.E. »was a Labour Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom from 1945 until 1959, during which period he served as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary and a Minister of State. After his withdrawal from politics in 1959, he became Director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), a position he held until 1971. He was knighted in 1972. This paper - reproduced from the tape recording with a minimum of editing - contains the text of an address by Sir Kenneth toua meeting of the Witwatersrand Branch of the Institute on 19 February, 1974, as well as part of the discussion which followed the address. The Institute is grateful to Sir Kenneth for permission to reproduce his address for the information of members. In terms of its Constitution the Institute cannot itself express an opinion on any aspect of any subject within its field of international affairs. The opinions expressed" in this paper are therefore solely the responsibility of the author. ISBN 0 620 00043 0 The South African Institute of International Affairs Jan Smuts House P.O. Box 31596, Braamfontein, 2017 THE ENERGY CRISIS : A REVOLUTION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS? Sir Kenneth Younger It is a great pleasure at long last to be. visiting this Institute, here at Jan Smuts House. I regretted very much that, during the twelve years I was Director at Chatham House, I msver had an occasion to visit this sister Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • Brian Crozier Papers, 1936-1993
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf358002hf No online items Register of the Brian Crozier Papers, 1936-1993 Processed by Linda Bernard; machine-readable finding aid created by Xiuzhi Zhou Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] © 1997 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Register of the Brian Crozier 85035 1 Papers, 1936-1993 Register of the Brian Crozier Papers, 1936-1993 Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California Contact Information Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] Processed by: Linda Bernard Date Completed: 1995 Encoded by: Xiuzhi Zhou © 1997 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Brian Crozier Papers, Date (inclusive): 1936-1993 Collection number: 85035 Creator: Crozier, Brian Collection Size: 9 manuscript boxes, 1 envelope(3.9 linear feet) Repository: Hoover Institution Archives Stanford, California 94305-6010 Abstract: Writings, correspondence, memoranda, book reviews, and printed matter, relating to the Cold War and world politics since World War II, international communism, terrorism, espionage and insurgency movements, and the Institute for the Study of Conflict. Language: English. Access Collection is open for research. The Hoover Institution Archives only allows access to copies of audiovisual items. To listen to sound recordings or to view videos or films during your visit, please contact the Archives at least two working days before your arrival. We will then advise you of the accessibility of the material you wish to see or hear. Please note that not all audiovisual material is immediately accessible.
    [Show full text]