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Structure and Evolution of the Dhurnal Oil Field, Northern Potwar Deformed

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Structure and Evolution of the Dhurnal Oil Field, Northern Potwar Deformed ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Tariq Majeed Jaswal for the degree of Master of Science in Geology presented on March 14, 1990. Title: Structure and Evolution of the Dhurnal Oil Field, Northern Potwar Deformed Zone, Pakistan. Abstract approved: Robert J. Lillie The North Potwar Deformed Zone (NPDZ) is part of the active foreland fold- and-thrust belt of the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau (SR/PP) in northern Pakistan. About 500 km of seismic reflection profiles are integrated with surface geologic and drilling data to examine the structure of the NPDZ, in general, and the history of deformation of the Dhurnal oil field, in particular. The seismic lines suggest that the overall structure of the eastern NPDZ is a duplex structure developed beneath a passive roof thrust. The roof thrust is generated from a tipline in the Murree Formation of Miocene age, while the sole thrust is initiated from the same Eocambrian evaporite zone that extends 80 km southward beneath the Soan syncline and Salt Range. The Dhurnal oil field structure is a pop-up at the southern margin of the NPDZ, developed beneath the passive roof thrust. The passive roof thrust crops out just north of Dhurnal on the steep, northern limb of the Soan syncline. An overstep passive roof thrust (Sakhwal fault) is interpreted west of Dhurnal, which developed due to southward progression of the deformation front beneath the earlier passive roof thrust. Very gentle basement dip and almost zero topographic slope in the NPDZ suggest that the Eocambrian salt provides effective decoupling at the present position of the NPDZ. The strong deformation in the NPDZ appears to have developed farther north, in an area where the evaporites may be lacking. Since 2 Ma the NPDZ moved farther south over the evaporites without any further deformation, while erosion removed any former topographic slope. Restoring a balanced cross-section suggests the minimum shortening across the NPDZ is about 69 km. Assuming that this shortening occurred in the time interval from 5.1 to 2.0 Ma, the shortening rate is 22 mm/yr. This is about 50% of the 40-50 mm/yr convergence rate of the Eurasian and Indian plates. Structure and Evolution of the Dhurnal Oil Field, Northern Potwar Deformed Zone, Pakistan by Tariq Majeed Jaswal A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed March 14, 1990 Commencement June, 1990 APPROVED: Assistant Professor of Geosciences in charge of major an of Department of Geosciences Dean of Grad It- School Date thesis is presented March 14, 1990 ACKNOWI FDGEMENTS My first thanks and feelings of gratitude go to my advisor, Bob Lillie, whose patience, guidance and enthusiasm have made this thesis a reality.I am grateful to Dan Davis for his reconnaissance visit to my field area and for many enlightening discussions on mechanics of foreland fold-and-thrust belts, and to Bob Lawrence and Bob Yeats for their help and guidance, which significantly improved this work. My thanks also go to Dan Baker, Mike Leathers, Yanick Duroy, Steve Jaume and Ned Pennock, whose investigations of the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau have yielded results of great value and provided a framework for this study. I am grateful to every member of the staff and faculty of the Geology Department, Oregon State University (OSU) for their help and cooperation during my stay in the department. I also owe thanks to my student colleagues who shared with me the dens of Wilkinson Hall basement, for their friendship and kindness, which made my stay at OSU a pleasant experience. I am grateful to the management of the Oil and Gas Development Corporation (OGDC) for their approval of this project, release of data and providing assistance in the field.I also appreciate the coordination and assistance of Occidental of Pakistan Inc. (OXY) during this study. OXY and Pakistan Oil Fields Ltd. (POL) provided the recently acquired seismic and drilling data from their respective concessions in the NPDZ. The Oregon State University project in northern Pakistan is supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) grants INT-8118403, INT-86009914, EAR- 8318194, and EAR-8608224. Support for work on the mechanics of thrusting was provided through the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society, grant PRF 17932-G2. Additional financial support and technical discussions from Texaco Inc., Mobil Oil Corporation and AMOCO Production Company are gratefully acknowledged. My special thanks go to Jeff L. Waldman and Shahid Khan for providing computer expertise on the Macintosh. I am also thankful to Linda Haygarth and Karen French for the excellent drafting. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 REGIONAL SETTING 7 AVAILABLE DATA 11 STRATIGRAPHY 16 GENERAL STRUCTURE 20 BALANCED CROSS-SECTION 22 STRUCTURAL STYLE IN THE NORTHERN POTWAR DEFORMED ZONE 32 Passive Roof Duplex 36 Overstep Backthrust 40 Basement warp 45 Thickness and Distribution of Salt 45 TECTONIC SHORTENING 48 Timing of Structural Events 48 Amount and Rate of Horizontal Shortening 49 CONCLUSIONS 50 REFERENCES CITED 52 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.Sketch map of the Indian plate showing regional tectonic features. 2 2.Generalized tectonic map of Pakistan. 5 3.Generalized map of the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau showing prominent geologic and tectonic features 8 4. Map of project area showing shot point locations for seismic reflection lines and positions of exploration/ development wells used in this study. 12 5.Composite geological map of the project area. 14 6.Generalized stratigraphic section of the Dhurnal oil field based on horizons encountered in the Dhurnal well no. 3. 18 7.Composite seismic line (time section) across NPDZ, used for balanced section along line A-A'. 24 8.Balanced and restored structural cross-section along line A-A', showing structural details of the Dhurnal pop-up and overall structure of the NPDZ. 27 9. Diagram showing the development of imbrications in the hanging wall of thrust sheets. 30 10. Diagram showing different stages of erosion in the foreland of fold-and-thrust belts. 33 11. Composite seismic line (time section) across eastern Dhurnal. 38 12. Cartoon showing the gradual development of overstep backthrusts in the roof sequence of a passive roof thrust. 41 13. Portion of seismic line N-84-15, showing development of an overstep backthrust. 43 14. Subsurface contour map at the top of Eocambrian basement. 46 STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF THE DHURNAL OIL HELD, NORTHERN POTWAR DEFORMED ZONE, PAKISTAN INTRODUCTION Crustal shortening due to northward underthrusting of the Indian Plate beneath Eurasia continues to create active tectonic features on the northern fringes of the Indian craton since major collision began in Eocene time (Fig. 1). In the Himalayan foreland of Pakistan, thin-skinned tectonic features are developing in the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau (SR/PP) as a wedge of sediments is being contracted and thrusted southward along a decollement in Eocambrian evaporite beds (Fig. 2). The Dhurnal oil field structure is a product of this ongoing collision, located at the leading edge of an old deformation front in the Northern Potwar Deformed Zone (NPDZ; Fig. 3). For the last ten years, the Geology Department of Oregon State University (OSU) has been involved in detailed studies of the foreland fold-and-thrust belts of Pakistan. About 3000 km of older industry seismic reflection profiles of the SR/PP were provided to OSU by the Oil and Gas Development Corporation (OGDC) and the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources of Pakistan. These data, along with surface geologic, drilling and gravity data, were used to construct balanced cross- sections of the western, central and eastern SR/PP (Leathers, 1987; Baker, 1987; Pennock, 1988; Fig. 2). The same data set was used by Jaume (1986) to study the mechanics of thrusting in the SR/PP, and by Duroy (1986) to analyze lithospheric flexure in the Himalayas of Pakistan. Detailed reports based on integration of these surface and subsurface data (Khan et al., 1986; Lillie et al.,1987; Baker et al., 1988; Jaume and Lillie, 1988; Pennock et al., 1989; Duroy et al., 1989) have shed light on 2 Figure 1. Regional sketch map, showing geographical position of Pakistan and regional tectonic features of the Indian plate (compiled from Molnar & Tapponier, 1977, Valdiya, 1984, and Yeats and Lawrence, 1984). The large arrows show the direction and amount of convergence (cm.) of the Indian plate relative to the Asian plate, after Jacob and Quittmeyer (1979). AF= Altyn Tagh fault, BD= Bangladesh, CF= Chaman fault, CLR= Chagos-Laccadive Ridge (Reunion Hotspot), HF= Herat fault, KF= Karakoram fault, MBT= Main Boundary thrust, MCT= Main Central thrust, MKT= Main Karakoram thrust, MMT= Main Mantle thrust, MR= Murray Ridge, NER= Ninetyeast Ridge (Kerguelen Hotspot), OFZ= Owen fracture zone, SL= Sri Lanka, SR/PP= Salt Range/Potwar Plateau, SRT= Salt Range thrust, TS= Tsangpo suture. 3 70° 80° 90° TIBET BLOCK 30° ARABIAN 20° SEA BAY OF BENGAL 10° 0 500 i Li L i 1 km I Figure 1. 4 many long-standing structural and tectonic problems in the area, and they provide a framework for this thesis. Newer seismic profiles in and around the Dhurnal oil field, drilling logs of Dhurnal wells and surface geologic data were provided for this study by Occidental of Pakistan, Inc. (OXY). Pakistan Oil Fields, Ltd. (POL) also released two recently recorded seismic lines from their eastern Khushal Garh concession (Fig. 4). Surface geologic maps on 1: 50,(X)0 scale provided by OXY and OGDC, along with new measurements of structural attitudes as part of this thesis, provided important surface constraints on interpreting the subsurface structure. The NPDZ can be divided into two parts.
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