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Int J Front Sci Water: The Elixir of Life Review Article

The International Journal of Frontier Sciences Water: The Elixir of Life Muhammad Aslamkhan1,2* This article is open access under terms of Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is cited properly. 6. Editor-in-Chief Submitted: November 10, 2018 7. Health Research Division, Sundas Foundation Lahore, Accepted: December 25, 2018 Published Online: January 1, 2019 *Correspondence: [email protected] doi: 10.5281/zenodo.2539510 How to cite this: Aslamkhan, A. 2019. Water: The Elixir of Life. Int J Front Sci, 3(1), 64-72.

Water is a chemical compound made up of floats in water. This phenomenon is very two elements, Hydrogen gas, which is important for the survival of aquatic life in a combustible and Oxygen gas, which causes frozen lake where the ice, instead of sinking, to burn. But the union of two atoms of floats on the surface and act as a barrier for Hydrogen and one atom of Oxygen results in the aquatic life below, which overwinter the a colourless and odourless liquid, known as harsh cold season. water, which extinguish fire. Water, under normal climatic environment, On this planet earth water is one of the most occurs as liquid, which makes it a suitable plentiful compound that exist as solid, liquid habitat for millions of plants and animal life, and gaseous state. In nature it also occurs as as well as a mode of transportation for living snow, ice packs, icebergs, glaciers, fog, dew, organism. During hot weather it readily clouds, aquifers and atmospheric humidity, changes to vapours, rises up and moves in the but on room temperature it is liquid that has atmosphere from place to place as cloud. On the property to dissolve many other condensation it falls as rain. This is known as substances, which makes it a universal hydrologic cycle that is so vital for the solvent. Water is essential to all micro and nourishment of the living being on earth. macro living beings, whether plants or Water has played a pivotal role in the animals. Life, it is believed, originated in religious and philosophical cultures of aqueous solution. In human beings, water mankind. It was regarded as the building constitutes circa 60% of the body fluids and block of matter by the Greeks in the 6th is essential for all biological processes, e.g., century BCE. Aristotle, in the 4th century aqueous solution of blood and digestive BCE, named water along with air, fire and juices. Though its molecule - H O - is simple 2 earth as the main elements. This notion in structure but its physical and chemical persisted up to second half of the 18th century properties are quite complicated and unique, CE, when it was found that water is a not found in other substances in our compound of two elements œ Hydrogen and environment, e.g., solid state of a compound Oxygen. is denser than its liquid state that sink, yet ice

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On earth 96.5% water is present in oceans Chinese as Sintow. The Arians called it and seas, which is brackish containing large Sindhu in the Indo-European language œ amount of various salts, thus cannot be used . for human consumption. Of the remaining, According to the Rig Veda, Arians found 7 only 1.7 % is freshwater while 1.7 % water is flowing in the land, uniting together as present in the form of snow and ice on polar Sapt-Nad. They named the conquered area as caps and glaciers. In the form of clouds in the —Sapta-Sindhvas“- the Land of Seven Rivers air it is only 0.001% and lakes, ponds and - which is mentioned as —Hapta Hendu“ in rivers contain 0.3% fresh-water, which is the ancient Persian literature of Zend Avesta; and main source of potable and useable water for the people inhabiting the western plains of human consumption and agriculture. Very the were called as Sindhu (or Hindu). small amount (0.003%) of the Earth's The Sapta-Sindhvas , as given in the freshwater is contained within biological Rig Veda, stretched from Gandhara to bodies. A great quantity of water, which is Kurukshetra. Sapta Sindhvas contained the hard to estimate, is found in the earth's Sindhu Nadi in the west, flowing from north interior. to southwest, followed next by the six rivers: Vitasta (), Asikni (Chenab), Parusni STATUS OF WATER IN PAKISTAN: (Ravi), Vipasa (Beas), Sutudri () and Pakistan is the new name of a very ancient Sarasvati (Sarspti). These seven rivers and land in the north-west of the Indian sub- their tributaries formed what is known as the continent. It is watered by circa 43 rivers and System. Let us explore the seven their large and small tributaries rivers, 32 rivers of Sapta Sindhvas Land: lakes and 3 coastal . Earliest migrants/invaders from the west traversing 1. Sindhu Nadi (The Indus River): difficult mountain passes and glaciers Sindhu Nadi, or Abasin, is not only the main stopped at the bank of a mighty river, which river of Sapta Sindhvas but also a major river they named —Sin“ to honour their Roman- in . Originating in the Chinese Greek goddess of water and respectfully Tibetan Plateau, in the vicinity of called it as —Aba-Sin“ or Father Sin. Who Mansarover Lake, Indus flows through were those people? Were those the same , Jammu and towards - people who named the river in southwest of , then it flows in a southerly Europe as —Seine“ in reverence of their direction along the entire length of Khyber Roman goddess of water? Be as it may, but Pakhtunkhwa, and , and empties archaeologists, anthropologists and linguists itself into the near Karachi, after tell us the invasion and influx of Arians (1800 covering a distance of 3180 km. The river has BCE to 500 CE) from the . a total area of drainage exceeding 1,165,000 Arians annihilated the aborigines, stopped at sq km. Its estimated annual flow stands at the mighty river, which was known to the circa 207 cu km; thus, in terms of annual Assyrians, as early as 7th century BCE, as flow, makes it the 21st largest river in the Sinda, to the ancient Persian, in Zend Avasta, world. Indus has 10 major tributaries on the as Hendu, to the Greek as Indos and to the

65 Volume 3 (Issue 1) Int J Front Sci Water: The Elixir of Life Review Article left bank and 5 on the right, which are as The , a right bank tributary of follows: Indus, starts from Shandur Lake (3,700 m) and runs eastwards through beautiful Phander The River is the first left-bank Valley where it forms Phander Lake. Passing tributary, which has two main sources in the the town of Chassi it enters Ghizer Valley and upper reaches of . The known as Ghizer River. Further eastwards it and Lungnak River, the last also has two passes the town of Gilgit. The 240 km long tributaries, Kargyag River and Tasarap River. Gilgit River joins the Indus River at , a These form the , which takes a town situated 45 km southeast of Gilgit on north-eastern course to joins the Indus River. the Karakorum Highway. It is located at the junction of three mightiest mountain ranges, The River originates from the Rino the Hindukush, the Karakorum and the Glacier, one of the tongues of the Siachen Himalayas. Glacier (76 km long), where it is called —The River of Death“. After spanning some The River is a 700-km long right 550 km it flows through Ladakh, , and bank tributary of Indus that emerges in the the district of Ghangche of Gilgit-Baltistan. Sanglakh Range of the The Shyok River receives the following 5 mountains in , where it passes tributaries. Chang Chen Mo River, Galwan through the cities of Kabul, Surobi and River, River, Saltoro River and Hushe before entering Pakistan. In Khyber River. Finally, the Shyok joins the Indus at Pakhtunkhwa, the river passes through the Keris, east of of Iskardu. cities of , and Noushera. The has the following 7 major The River is formed from the melt tributaries all originating from the Hindu water of the (63 km) one of Kush: (originates in Maidan the longest glacier outside the Poles. It flows Wardak Province where it is called Chak through the and empties itself River); The (flows through into the Indus at Iskardu. the Panjshir Valley of Afghanistan. Its main tributary is the Ghorband River which joins it The is formed by the 10 km east of Charikar. The Panjshir River Khunjerab gorge and flows south receiving flows southward through the Hindukash and water from Misgar River, Chepursan River, joins the Kabul River at the town of Sarobi. and Naltar River. The river cuts through the A was built on the Panjshir River near Karakorum Range, flowing from north to Surobi in the 1950s. Alingar River south along the Karakorum Highway and originates in Lamghan Province of eastern joins the Gilgit River before it flows into the Afghanistan. It joins the Kabul River a part Indus River. A landslide disaster in January of the Indus River Basin; The Surkhab 2010, completely blocked the Hunza River River rises in the district of Azra in the far and valley. The disaster created a 30 km long north of Paktia Province. The Surkhab new lake on Hunza River, called the Ataabad receives many tributaries, especially on its Lake. right bank from the melting snows. It enters

66 Volume 3 (Issue 1) Int J Front Sci Water: The Elixir of Life Review Article the Kabul River some 10 km west of source, and the River, that joins it near Jalalabad. The also called the Khajuri Kach. Within Pakistan, the Gomal Chitral River or the Kama River, rises in the River surrounds the South Wazirastan, then it Hindu Kush Mountain at Chitral. enters the Gomal Valley in the district of Downstream as far as Mastuj it is known as Tank. The river passes then through the the Mastuj River from there to its confluence Damaan plain in Kulachi tehsil. It then joins with the Lotkoh River just north of Chitral the Indus River 20 miles south of Dera Ismail and called the Chitral River, before flowing Khan. The drainage of this river at Khajuri south into the upper Kunar Valley. At the Kachh was envisaged as back as 1898, even confluence in Chaga Sarai, it meets with Pech after its administrative approval by the River and finally empties into the Kabul Government of Pakistan in 1963, work on the River, east of Jalalabad. The combined rivers was stopped in 1965; not to then flow eastwards into Pakistan and joining restart till 2001, and it was opened in 2013. the Indus at the city of ; The originates in the Tirah Valley of The Kurram River is a right bank tributary Khyber Agency. It joins the Kabul River of the Indus River, located in Paktia and Canal which originates from the Warsak Khost and Kurrama Dam. Flowing north-easterly direction it and North , . reaches Naushera to join the Kabul River. It drains the southern flanks of the Spin Ghar The , named as Suvastu ("clear mountain range. It has two tributaries: the azure water") in , commences in Kirman River and the Khurmana River. Swat Kohistan region of the Kalam Valley with the confluence of two main tributaries The is an important stream and Ushu River and Gabral River in Utror Valley. drainage system of the Potohar region of the Swat River is fed by the glacial waters and Punjab, Pakistan. It starts near a small village flows through the Kalam Valley up to Bun in the foothills of Patriata and Madyan and lower plain areas of Swat Valley Hills. Near Pharwala Fort, it cuts through a up to for 160 km. In the extreme high mountain range, a wonderful natural south of the valley, the river enters a narrow phenomenon called —Soan Cut“ Ling Stream, gorge and joins the , at follows a relatively long course through Qalangi, and finally empties near Charsadda Lehtrar and . Highway into Kabul River, which finally empties into crosses this stream near Sihala where the the Indus River near Attock, Punjab. Swat famous Kak Pul is constructed over it. The River is diverted near Batkhela for irrigation Ling Stream joins the Soan River just before and power generation at Jabban and Dargai the Kak Pul. The joins it just Power Stations. before the Soan Bridge and Lai Stream joins it after the Soan Bridge. After flowing a big The is a 400 km long river curve, the stream reaches Kalabagh proposed with headwaters located south-east of Dam Site close to Pirpiyahi where it empties . It has two tributaries: the "Second itself in to the Indus River after running more Gomal" that joins it circa 14 miles below its than 250 kilometres. Soan River ecologically

67 Volume 3 (Issue 1) Int J Front Sci Water: The Elixir of Life Review Article is very viable, and its Soan Culture provided village called —Bukephla“. From there, it sustainable environment for human flows through the plains of the Punjab, developmental biology, which dates back to forming the boundary between the Chaj and 1.9 million years at Riwat, a lover Paleolithic Sind Sagar . It ends in a confluence with site providing evidence of Homo occupation the at Trimmu in district . that is the earliest outside Africa, and 45,000 years ago Stone-age man roaming there has DAM: A multipurpose reservoir is built on left many stone tools evidences of his the in the district of Mirpur, existence in the Soan valley of Potohar. Soan named , that is the seventh River provides water to Simly Dam, which is largest in the world with a height of 147 m the water reservoir for Islamabad, the capital and length of 3,140 m with a total capacity of of Pakistan. 9.12 km3.The dam was constructed between 1961 and 1965, at a cost of PKR 15.587 2. Vitasta Nadi (The Jhelum River): billion (US$1.473 billion). 2.1. The is a first tributary The ancient Greeks named it as originating from Kolhoi Glacier (4,653 m) after the name of their god. Jhelum River has that joins the Jhelum River at Mirgund a total length of circa 725 km. The Jhelum near , at an altitude of River originates from Spring near 1,615 m. at the foot of the Pir Panjal 2.2. The is the second tributary, (). Its average drainage rate at which forms the in the district of is: 221.9 m3/s. It receives its first , originates at Machori Glacier tributary, the Lidder River at Martand, flows 4,800 m, east of south of west to receive its second tributary, the Sind . It is a major tributary of the Jhelum River, at Shadipora. Jhelum River then flows River and is 108 km long. through and the before entering Pakistan, where it is joined by its HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT: largest tributary, the , at On its way south Jhelum River is fed by many Domel, as does the next glacial streams and has three functional largest, the of the Kaghan power plants: (a) First Upper Sind Valley. River Jhelam then receive waters Hydroelectric Power project at Sunbal, (b) from the River, and flow into the Second Upper Sind Hydroelectric Power Mangla Dam. The Jhelum enters the Punjab Project at Kangan, and (c) Lower Sind in the District of Jhelum, where Alexander, Hydroelectric Power Project at Ganderbal. the Great in 326 BCE had a fierce battle with 2.3. The River also known as King Porua ( in Greek). In that battle on Krishan Ganga, originates from Krishan Sar the River Hydaspes, Alexander won the Lake at an elevation of 3,710 m near battle losing his horse and Porua Sonamarg, Kashmir. It runs northwards to his son. Alexander built a city to honor his meet a tributary and then runs westwards horse and name it as Bucephalus. It survives along the . On its way it on the left bank of River Jhelum as a small receives many glacial tributary streams and

68 Volume 3 (Issue 1) Int J Front Sci Water: The Elixir of Life Review Article enters in the sector of 2.5. The originates in the the Line of Control. Running west it reaches south-facing foothills of , in Muzaffarabad and empties in the Jhelum the areas of Neel-Kanth Gali and Jamian River at Dimel. Its average discharge is Gali. It is called 'Siran' (Suran) in this area. It 465 m3/s. The Neelam River is 245 km long flows south and then west until reaching the - 50 km in Indian held Jammu and Kashmir Poonch town, after which it bends southwest, and 195 km in Azad Kashmir. finally draining into the Mangla Lake near Chomukh. The towns of Poonch, Sehra, Tatta DAM: A 330 MW Krishanganga Pani, and Mirpur are situated on the Hydoelectric Plant Project has started by banks of this river. The Poonch River has India. The proposed 37-meter reservoir will several tributaries: Mandi, Nimbal Katha, submerge some parts of the Gurez Valley. Darungli, Betaar, Ranguri, Rangar, Menthar, The water of Neelam River will be diverted Nail, Baan, Mahuli, and Khad. The famous through a 24 km tunnel dug through the from circles around mountains to Bandipur where it will join the the origin of the Poonch River and runs along Wular Lake in Srinagar. Pakistan claims that its banks. the Indian dam project will violate the and has pursued formal 3. Asikini Madi (The Chenab River): arbitration proceedings against India over the It is formed s at Bara Lacha Pass in the Upper matter. Pakistan is proposing to construct a Himalayas in the districts of Lahaul and Spiti 969 MW Neelam œ Jhelum Hydropower of , India. Bara-lacha la, Plant. (4,890 m) is a high mountain pass in Zanskar range, connecting Lahul district to Ladakh 2.4. The Kunhar River originates from the situated along the -Manali Highway. Laluser Lake (3,410 m), nearly 48 km There are three rivers originating from upstream from Naran village. Waters of Baralacha Massif, which are Chandra, Bhaga Dudipat Lake (Surface elevation: 800 m) and and Yunam. Chandra and Bhaga meet at Saiful Muluk Lake (3,410 m) as well as Tandi and form the Chander-bhaga Sangam glacial water of Malka Parbat (3,410 m) feed whereas Yunam River moves to other the river. The Kunhar River is 166 km long, direction in Zanskar. Chenab becomes very flows through the entire , significant once we recall the eternal love , , Dalola, etc. It stories of Heer Ranjha, Sohni Mahiwal and then joins with the Jhelum River near Kohala Suni Bhunku It flows through the district of Bridge, that connects Azad Jammu and Kishtwar of Jammu region, enters the district Kashmir with the Punjab, Pakistan. River of Gujrat and flows into the plains of the Jhelam then receive waters from the Poonch Punjab, before flowing into the Indus River River, and flow into the Mangala Dam. The near the city of Sharif. The Chenab waters of the Jhelum are allocated to Pakistan merges with the Satlaj to form the Panjnad under the terms of the Indus Water Treary. River which joins the Indus River at India is working on a hydropower project on . Alexander, the Great, in 325 BCE a tributary of Jhelum River founded the town of Alexandria on the Indus,

69 Volume 3 (Issue 1) Int J Front Sci Water: The Elixir of Life Review Article which has been located by the archaeologist divide between the Bhaga River and the at the present day Uch Sharif or Mithankot at Yunam River. the confluence of the Indus and the combined stream of Punjab rivers (currently known as 4. Parusni Nadi (The ): the ). It originates in the district of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India. It follows a north- AND HYDOELECTRIC POWER westerly course. It rises from glacier fields PLANTS ON THE CHENAB RIVER: The and flows through Barabhangal, Bara Bansu waters of the Chenab are allocated to and Chamba districts. The river drains a total Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Water catchment area of 14,442 sq km in India. The Treaty. a. : 690 MW hydroelectric Ravi River in this reach flows with a river bed power project in Jammu and Kashmir, India. slope of 183 feet per mile and is mostly fed b. : a hydroelectric power by snow melt through many tributaries. project in Jammu and Kashmir, India. c. Pakal Dul Dam - a proposed dam on 4.1. The Budhil River rises in Lahul range Marusadar River, a right bank tributary of of hills and the lake Manimahesh (4,080 m). Chenab River. d. Dal Hasti Hydroelectric The Budhil River is 72 km long with a bed Plant: 390 MW run-of-the-river type power slope of 314 feet per mile. It flows through project. e. Ratle Hydroelectric Power Plant: the ancient capital of Bharmwar in Himachal an under-construction of run- Pradesh. of-the-river type. f. Kira Hydro Electric Power Plant: a 624 MW proposed project 4.2. The Nai River rises at Kali Debi Pass, located in the district of Kishtwar. g. Kwar and flows for 48 km with a bed slope of 366 Hydro Electric Power Plant: a 540 MW feet per mile, from its source at Trilokinath to proposed project located in the district of its confluence with the Ravi River. Kishtwar. h. : located near district of Pakistan. i. Khanki 4.3. The Seul River is a major tributary of Headworks: located in the district of the Ravi River, just below Bharmour, the old Gujranwala, Pakistan. j. Trimmu Barage: capital of Chamba. The valley formed by the located in the district of Jhang. river has large terraces, which are very fertile and known as "the garden of Chamba". 3.1. The Bhaga River is a tributary of the Chanab River locally known as 4.4. The Siawa River is another major Chandrabhaga, which originates from Surya tributary that joins the Ravi River near Tal, situated a few kilometers from the pass Bissoli. This river originates from the Jammu towards Manali. region.

3.2. The Chandra River is the second major 4.5. The Baira-Nalla originates in the tributary of the Chandrabhaga/Chenab, that , located above Tissa. Baira also originates from glacier in the region of drains the southern slopes of the Pir Panjal Bara-lacha La. The pass also acts as a water-

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Range. The valley has an elevation variation below Talwara but was soon developed as between 5,321 m and 2,693 m. well for power generation; its power station has a 360 MW installed capacity. d. Dehar 4.6. Tant Gari River rises from the Power Station. A 990 MW Dehar Power subsidiary hill ranges of the Pir Panjal Range Station was completed by diverting the river east of Bharmour. The waters of Ravi are through a system of tunnels and channels to allocated to India under the Indus Water the 990 MW Dehar Power Station on Treaty of 1960. connecting the Ravi to Sutlej River. The water of the is allocated to India 5. Vipasa Nadi (The Beas River): under the terms of the Indus Water Treaty It rises in the central Himachal Pradesh, between India and Pakistan. India. Its total length is 470 km with 20,303 sq km large . It traverses the 6. Sutudri Nadi (The Sutlej River): , enters the at It arises west of Lake Rakshastal in Chinese Sandhol (590 m). On meeting the Sivalik Tibet, at an elevation of 4,575 m. It is circa Hills in , the river sweeps sharply 1,500 km long with circa 395,000 km2 basin northward. Finally, the Beas joins the river drain area. The nascent river flows at first Sutlej at the south-western boundary of west-northwest for about 260 km under the of the Panjab. Chief Tibetan name Langqen Zangbo (Elephant tributaries of Beas River are: 5.1. Bain River, River) to the Shipki La and enters India in 5.2. Banganga River, 5.3. and 5.4. Himachal Pradesh state. It then turns west- Uhal River. The Beas River marks the southwest for about 360 km to meet the Beas eastern-most border of Alexander, the Great, River near Makhu, Firozpur district. Ropar conquest in 326 BCE where his troops Wetland is located on the Sutlej river basin refused to cross the river and go any further, where its average discharge is 500 m3/s. as they had been away from home for eight Ungti Chu and Pare Chu rivers, which drain years. Alexander shut himself in his tent for south eastern part of Jammu and Kashmir are three days, but when his men did not change tributaries of Sutlej River. Continuing west- their desires he gave in, raising twelve southwest, the Sutlej River enters Pakistan colossal altars to mark the limit and glory of about 15 km east of Bhedian Klan, his expedition. district. Continuing southwest it waters the ancient and historical Bahawalpur. About 17 DAMS: a. Hydro-Electric Power Project. km north of Uch Sharif, the Sutlej unites with In the 20th century, the river was developed the Chenab River. Thus, the union of five under the Beas Project for irrigation and rivers, viz., Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Hydro-Electric power generation purposes. Sutlej is now called as Panjnad River, which b. The . The second-phase of the finally flows into the Indus River about 100 Dam was completed in 1974. c. . km west of the city of Bahawalpur. The first-phase 140 km upstream, Pandoh Dam was started in 1977. The Pong Dam 7. Sarasvati Nadi Gha (The Ghaggar- served initially to primarily provide irrigation Hakra River System):

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It is the seventh River of Sapta Sindhvas (The REFERENCES: Land of Seven Rivers) as mentioned in the Rig Veda, which is originated when the Aslamkhan, M., 1996. Sapta Sindhvas : The Vedic people lived on its banks, during the Land of Seven Rivers. Lahore 2nd millennium BCE. Originating in the Mus. Bull., 9(1):59-67. western Himalayas, Sarasvati took a Dennell, R,W, Rendell, T. w. H. M. and southwestern course and, on its way received Hailwood, E. 1988/ Late water from all the 5 rivers of the Punjab, Pliocene Artefacts from running through Cholistan it emptied into the Northern Pakistan , Current Sindhu, which was then called —Sapt Nad“. In Anthropology, Vol. 29, No. 3 Zend Avesta it is named as —Haft Nad“ (Jun., 1988), pp. 495œ498 (seven rivers). Geologic changes in the Himalayas forced Sarasvati to change its Dennell, R. W., Rendell, H. M., Halim, M, course from northwest to straight south to and Moth, E. 1992. "A empty itself in the . Further 45,000-Years-Old open-air changes forced Sarasvati to flow northeast to Paleolithic Site at Riwat, become a part of the Gangetic River System. Northern Pakistan", Journal of In Rigveda we see Sarasvati begging Nother Field Archaeology, Vol. 19, Dharti to open her bosom so that she hides No. 1. (Spring, 1992), pp. 17œ herself as she cannot bear the deeds of her 33. children of Kaljuga. In spite of pleas of Larick, R and Ciochon, R. L. 1996. The Mother Earth, Sarasvati kept on insisting and African Emergence and Early finally hid herself in Mother Earth. Thus, Asian Dispersals of the Genus Sarasvati dried up in the desert. The remains Homo, American Scientist of the Vedic is the Ghaggar- (1996) Hakra River, which flows through northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. The Rendell, H. and Dennell, R.W. Hakra River is the dried-out channel of a river 1987 Thermoluminescence in Pakistan that is the continuation of the Dating of an Upper Ghaggar River in India. The Indus then flows Pleistocene Site, Northern through a gorge near Sukkar and the fertile Pakistan. Geoarchaeology 2, plains region of Sindh, forming a large delta 63-67. region and finally terminating in the Arabian Sea at Karachi, Pakistan.

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