Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Pós-Graduação Em Letras—Inglês E Literatura Correspondente

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Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Pós-Graduação Em Letras—Inglês E Literatura Correspondente UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS—INGLÊS E LITERATURA CORRESPONDENTE BLOOD AND STONE ON STAGE: PETER SHAFFER’S TRAGIC PLAYS por GLADIR DA SILVA CABRAL Tese submetida à Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do grau de DOUTOR EM LETRAS FLOIUANÓPOLIS Agosto 2000 Esta Tese foi julgada adequada e aprovada em sua forma final pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em Inglês para a obtenção do grau de DOUTOR EM LETRAS Área de concentração: Inglês e Literatura Correspondente Opção: Literaturas de Língua Inglesa Dra. Anelise Corseuil Coordenadora Dra. Bernadete Pasold Presidente e Orientadora BANCA EXAMINADORA: Dra. Bernadete Pasold Presidente e Orientadora ______ ___________ ■ ----------- Dra. Aimara da Cunha Resende Examinador Dra. Carlinda Fragale Pate Nunez Dr. Donaldo Schüler Examinador ÍL ^ Roberto Basto O’Shea Examinador Florianópolis, 14 de agosto 2000. Ill Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge my debt of gratitude to: - Professor Dr. Bemadete Pasold, for her fundamental orientation and constant encouragement; - Professors Anelise Corseuil, Barbara O. Baptista, and José Roberto O’Shea, for their prompt help, and the other members of the faculty at CPGI, as well as its staff, for their kind help; - The Deparamento de Letras at UNESC, for their constant incentive; - CAPES for its importât financial support; - My dear community, the Presbyterian Church at Criciúma, for their comprehension and prayers; - My beloved wife Ruth and my daughters Johana and Juha for their patient and generous love; - My dear father Jotacy, my mother Laci, for their inspiration; - My beloved, mysterious and gracious God for the accomplishment of a dream. IV ABSTRACT BLOOD AND STONE ON STAGE: PETER SHAFFER’S TRAGIC PLAYS GLADIR DA SILVA CABRAL UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA 2000 Supervising Professor: Dr. Bemadete Pasold The specific purpose of this dissertation is to analyze four plays by Peter Shaffer—The Royal Hunt of the Sun, Equus, Amadeus and Yonadab—observing their use of theatrical devices and their relation with the principles of tragedy as proposed by Aristotle’s Poetics. They are then compared with three important Greek plays—^Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound, Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, and Euripedes’ Medea—, since the general objective of the present work is to discover whether there is modem tragedy, how it is shaped by Shaffer’s plays, and how it differs fi-om Greek tragedy. In the analysis undertaken it is verified that Shaffer’s plays display several affinities with the Greek tragedies and follow many of the Aristotelian principles. However they are genuine examples of modem tragedy since they discuss contemporary serious issues and present challenging characters who face complex situations and ethical and metaphysical dilemmas. Furthermore Shaffer’s plays have well-wrought plots, which combine with abiUty the several theatrical devices depicted, and culminate in an involving theatrical experience. In the first chapter the theoretical paradigm of this dissertation is presented and analyzed—^the theatrical devices and Aristotle’s Poetics—showing how important they are to the study of theatre in general and tragedy in particular. In the second chapter the theoretical background is applied to the Greek plays selected, showing how they confirm and how they deviate from the Aristotelian principles. In the third chapter the same is done in relation to Peter Shaffer’s plays. In the foiuth chapter Peter Shaffer’s plays are compared to the Greek ones, showing how a modem dramatist, through historical and mythical narratives, recreates tragic drama, using the several theatrical devices available to convey a tragic sense of Ufe. The Conclusion is that, considering the similarities and differences detected between Shaffer’s plays and the Greek ones, Shaffer’s plays can be considered relevant modem tragedies that recapture the tragic view, so important for the Greeks, in a modem context. Number of pages: 235 Number of words: 97.279 Resumo O objetivo específico desta tese é anaUsar quatro peças de autoria de Peter Shaffer—The Royal Hunt of the Sun, Equus, Amadeus e Yonadab—observando o uso de técnicas teatrais e a relação com os princípios da tragédia propostos por Aristóteles na Poética. Elas são então comparadas com três importantes peças gregas—Prometeu Acorrentado, de Ésquilo, Édípo Rei, de Sófocles e Medéia, de Euripides—uma vez que o objetivo geral do presente trabalho é descobrir se existe tragédia modema, de que forma ela é apresentada nas peças de Shaffer, e em que ela difere da tragédia grega. Na análise empreendida verifica-se que as peças de Shaffer apresentam muitas afinidades com as tragédias gregas e observam vários dos princípios estabelecidos por Aristóteles. No entanto elas se constituem em exemplares genuínos de tragédia modema, pois discutem questões sérias atuais e apresentam personagens desafiadoras que enfrentam situações complexas e dilemas éticos e metafísicos. Além disso, as peças de Shaffer apresentam enredos muito bem elaborados, que combinam com habilidade os vários recursos teatrais descritos, e cuhninam numa experiência envolvente de teatro. No primeiro capítulo o paradigma teórico da tese é apresentado e analisado—os elementos e recursos teatrais e a Poética de Aristóteles—, mostrando como eles são importantes para o estudo do teatro em geral e para a tragédia em particular. No segundo capítulo os vários itens da fimdamentação teórica são aplicados às peças gregas selecionadas, mostrando como elas confirmam e como se desviam dos princípios aristotéUcos. No terceiro capítulo, o mesmo é feito em relação às peças de Peter Shaffer. No quarto capítulo as peças de Peter Shaffer são comparadas às gregas, mostrando como um dramaturgo moderno, através de narrativas históricas e míticas, recria o drama trágico, usando os vários recursos teatrais disponíveis para transmitir uma perspectiva trágica da vida. A Conclusão é que, considerando as semelhanças e diferenças detectadas entre as peças de Shaffer e as gregas, as peças de Shaffer podem ser consideradas VI tragédias modernas relevantes, que resgatam uma visão trágica da vida, tão importante para os gregos, num contexto moderno. Número de páginas: 235 Número de palavras: 97.279 Résumé Le but spécifique de cette thèse est celui d’analyser quatre pièces de théâtre de Peter Shaffer— The Royal Hunt o f the Sun, Equus, Amadeus et Yonadab—en observant leur usage des techniques théâtrales et leur rapport avec les principes de la tragédie comme proposés par la Poétique d'Aristote. Elles sont comparées à trois importantes pièces grecques—Le Prométhée Enchaîné de Eschyle, Oedipe le Roi de Sophocle, et Médée d’Euripide—, dans le but de découvrir s’ il existe vraiment de tragédie moderne, comment elle est construite par Shaffer et dans quels aspects elle diffère de la tragédie grecque. Dans l'analyse entreprise il est vérifié que les pièces de théâtre de Shaffer présentent plusieurs affinités avec les tragédies grecques et suivent plusieurs principes aristotéliciens. Cependant ce sont aussi des exemples authentiques de tragédie moderne puisqu’elles discutent de sérieuses questions contemporaines et présentent des personnages provocateurs qui font face à des situations complexes aussi bien qu’à des dileimnes éthiques et métaphysiques. En outre, les pièces de théâtre de Shaffer ont des intrigues bien élaborées qui combinent habilement les différents recours théâtraux décrits et culminent par offHr une expérience théâtrale séduisante. Dans le premier chapitre, le paradigme théorique de cette thèse est présenté et est analysé—les techniques théâtrales et la Poétique d'Aristote—^pour mettre en évidence à quel point ils sont importants à l'étude du théâtre en général et de la tragédie en particulier. Dans le deuxième chapitre, ces mêmes critères théoriques sont appliqués aux pièces de théâtre grecques sélectionnées, en montrant comment elles confirment et comment elles dévient des principes aristotéliciens. Dans le troisième chapitre, le même procédé est appliqué avix pièces de théâtre de Peter Shaffer. Dans le quatrième chapitre, les pièces de théâtre de Peter Shaffer sont comparées aux grecques, en montrant conmient un dramaturge moderne, à travers des récits historiques et mythiques, recrée le drame tragique, en utilisant les plusieurs recours théâtraux disponibles pour transmettre le sens tragique de la vie. La conclusion est que, étant doimé les ressemblances et les différences détectées entre les pièces de théâtre de Shaffer et celles des Grecs, les premières v u peuvent être considérées comme des tragédies modemes pertinentes qui reprennent la visée tragique, si importante pour les Grecs, dans un contexte modeme. Nombre de pages: 235 Nombre de mots: 97.279 V lll Table of Contents Introduction 01 Chapter 1 - Theoretical Background 07 Chapter 2 - An Analysis of Greek Tragedy 33 [A] Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound 34 [B] Sophocles’ Oedipus the King 54 [C] Eiuipides’ Medea 71 Chapter 3 - Peter Shaffer’s Tragedies 93 [A] The Royal Hunt of the Sun 93 [B] Equus 111 [C] Amadeus 130 [D] Yonadab 149 Chapter 4 - Similarities and Differences between the Greek Plays under Analysis and Peter Shaffer’s 167 Conclusion 216 Bibliographical Notes 228 Introduction “Tragedy obviously does not lie in a conflict of Right and Wrong, but in a collision between two different kinds of Right...” (Shaffer “An introduction to three plays” The Royal Hunt of the Sun, Equus and Amadeus vi). This commentary is a very suggestive hint on how Shaffer defines tragedy; it also
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