From Superiority to Equality?: Men's Voices in Wendy Wasserstein's Plays

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From Superiority to Equality?: Men's Voices in Wendy Wasserstein's Plays Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of American Culture and Literature FROM SUPERIORITY TO EQUALITY?: MEN’S VOICES IN WENDY WASSERSTEIN’S PLAYS Duygu Beste Başer Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2016 FROM SUPERIORITY TO EQUALITY?: MEN’S VOICES IN WENDY WASSERSTEIN’S PLAYS Duygu Beste Başer Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of American Culture and Literature Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2016 iii To my parents... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tanfer Emin TUNÇ for her invaluable guidance throughout my thesis writing process. I am deeply grateful for her constructive feedback and inspirational suggestions. I would also like to express my respect to the members of the Department of American Culture and Literature. They all helped me broaden my horizons, see things from a different perspective, and taught me how to be a better person. Thank you Prof. Dr. Meldan TANRISAL, Prof. Dr. Ufuk ÖZDAĞ, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bilge MUTLUAY ÇETİNTAŞ, Assist. Prof. Dr. Barış GÜMÜŞBAŞ, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ayça GERMEN, Assist. Prof. Dr. Cem KILIÇARSLAN, Assist. Prof. Dr. Özge ÖZBEK AKIMAN, Dr. Ceylan ÖZCAN, Dr. Gözde ERDOĞAN and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nur GÖKALP AKKERMAN whose retirement saddened all her students. I want to thank my family for always being there. They were always supportive and encouraging with every decision I made in my life. I am grateful to them for always allowing me to experience life by myself. I sincerely thank my supportive best friend and lifelong companion, Batuhan Baybars ÖZCAN for his patience during this process. He made my hectic life more bearable with his comforting conversations. I thank him for his encouragement and strong belief in me. I also would like to thank Dilara ATAMAN for sharing all those stressful and delightful moments with me. She has been a great support and a devoted friend. I also thank Burcu ÖKE PRETTYMAN for her friendship, Jeremy PRETTYMAN and Samet ATASOY for their proof reading. My sincere thanks go to Tarık Tansu YİĞİT, Vahit YAŞAYAN, Simla KÖTÜZ and Ulaş ÖZGÜN for their endless support and encouragement. They answered my questions in the middle of the night and shared their experiences with me. I finally thank my colleagues Hüsna YALÇIN, Nilay TORAMAN, Ali Caner ALKAN, Özge MERTER, Bahar YAVÇAN, and Sena BALBAN for their support. v ÖZET BAŞER, Duygu Beste. Üstünlükten Eşitliğe mi?: Wendy Wasserstein’in Oyunlarında Erkeklerin Sesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2016. Yirminci yüzyıl ile birlikte tiyatro dünyasında daha fazla yer edinmeye başlayan kadın oyun yazarları, eserlerinde genellikle toplumsal adaletsizlik/eşitsizlikle mücadele eden hemcinslerinin yaşam öyküleri ve politik duruşlarını konu edinir ve birçoğu, erkek yazarların kadın bakış açısını tam anlamıyla yansıtmadığı savıyla ataerkil toplumu kendi deneyimlerini temel alarak yansıtır. Bu açıdan kadın yazarların eserleri, edebiyat tarihinin bir parçası olmanın yanı sıra, toplumsal-politik tarihe de farklı bir bakış açısı sunmuştur. Wendy Wasserstein de modern tiyatronun önemli kadın yazarları arasında kabul edilir ve eserlerinde, 1946-1954 yılları arasında doğan ve “Baby Boom” olarak adlandırılan neslin arzu ve hayal kırıklıklarına odaklanır. Hemcinslerine yönelik eleştirel bir yaklaşım sergileyen Wasserstein, oyunlarında çoğunlukla kadınların, özellikle de anneler ve kızlarının, hayatlarını anlatır. Ancak yazar bunu yaparken, eserlerinde herhangi bir toplumsal ya da ideolojik grupla özel bir bağ kurmamış ya da bu gruplara yönelik önyargılı bir tavır takınmamıştır. Oyunlarında nesnel bir tutum sergileyen Wasserstein, kendi yaşamından yola çıkarak, Amerikan toplumunun politika, feminizm ve erkek hareketleri tarafından nasıl şekillendirildiğini gözler önüne sermiştir. Üstünlükten Eşitliğe mi?: Wendy Wasserstein’in Oyunlarında Erkeklerin Sesi başlıklı bu çalışma, Wasserstein’in toplumsal hareketler ve politikanın erkekler üzerindeki etkisine nasıl dikkat çektiğini ele almaktadır. Bu bağlamda seçilen altı oyunda erkek-kadın ilişkileri üzerinden Amerikan erkeğinin toplumsal rolü irdelenmiştir. Erkek kimliğinin kadın ve erkek hareketleri sonucunda geçirdiği değişim/dönüşüm üzerinde durulmuştur. İlk bölümde ele alınan Isn’t It Romantic (1983) ve The Heidi Chronicles (1988) oyunlarında erkeklerin 1980’lerin toplumsal ve politik gelişmelerine gösterdikleri tepki ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde incelenen The Sisters Rosensweig (1992) oyunu erkeklerin Amerikan toplumunun değişen/dönüşen değerlerine uyum sürecini anlatırken, An American Daughter (1992) erkeklerin feminist harekete yönelik düşünsel tepkilerini ve bu tepkilerin gündelik yaşamdaki karşılığını yansıtır. Çalışmanın son bölümünde irdelenen Old Money (2000) ve Third (2005) oyunlarıysa, sırasıyla, kurumsallaşan vi Amerikan şirketlerindeki erkeklik olgusu ve erkek-karşıtı cinsel ayrıma yer verir. Çalışmanın genelinde, oyunların yazıldıkları dönemin toplumsal hareketleri ve bu hareketlerin kadın erkek ilişkileri üzerindeki etkisine değinilerek Amerikan yakın tarihinin detaylı bir analizi yapılmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Feminist Tiyatro, Wendy Wasserstein, Feminizm, Erkek Hareketleri, Çağdaş Amerikan Tiyatrosu, Amerikan Kadın Oyun Yazarları vii ABSTRACT BAŞER, Duygu Beste. From Superiority to Equality?: Men’s Voices in Wendy Wasserstein’s Plays, Master’s Thesis, Ankara, 2016. The twentieth century saw a rise in the number of American female playwrights who developed alternative discourses that challenged the dominant male perspective. The works of these playwrights became tools to express their political stance and depict the worlds of women struggling with social injustices as a result of biased gender politics. They also wrote about their personal experiences with the patriarchal system since most male writing failed to introduce women’s voices to readers and audiences in a fair and complete manner. Wendy Wasserstein (1950–2006) joined these playwrights as a Baby Boomer by introducing the frustrations and aspirations of the post-World War II generation. Complaining that she had not studied any female playwrights, Wasserstein mostly dramatized the lives of women, especially mothers and daughters, in her plays and approached women and feminism critically. While doing so, she neither promoted nor demoted any group’s rights or ideologies. In an attempt to remain objective, Wasserstein dramatized how American society was shaped by the feminist and men’s movements, while including references to the people and events in her own life. In order to draw attention to the impact of these movements on men, and the political atmosphere of the country, this thesis will focus on Wasserstein’s social commentary through drama. Specifically, it will explore the role of men in terms of their relationships with women through six Wasserstein plays. Moreover, this thesis will examine how American men changed and developed a new sense of identity, alongside women, as a result of the feminist and men’s movements. The first chapter will focus on Isn’t It Romantic (1983) and The Heidi Chronicles (1988) as a means of analyzing men’s responses to the social and political atmosphere of the 1980s. In chapter two, The Sisters Rosensweig (1992) will illustrate how men adapted to American society in flux, while An American Daughter (1997) will analyze how and why they participated in the backlash against feminism. The plays discussed in the last chapter, Old Money (2000) and Third (2005), will respectively emphasize manhood in corporate America and reverse discrimination against men. All three chapters will include in-depth analyses of the social viii and political conditions of the time periods in which the plays were written, with references to how the feminist and men’s movements impacted American men and women. Keywords: Feminist Theater, Wendy Wasserstein, Feminism, Men’s Movements, Contemporary American Drama, American Women Playwrights ix TABLE OF CONTENTS KABUL VE ONAY .......................................................................................................... i BİLDİRİM ....................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... iv ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: THE FEMINIST AND MEN’S MOVEMENTS ... 2 THE PLAYS OF WENDY WASSERSTEIN ............................................................... 8 DRAMATIZING MEN AND MASCULINITY ......................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1 ISN’T IT ROMANTIC (1983) AND THE HEIDI CHRONICLES (1988) .............................................................................................................................. 17 1.1. ISN’T IT ROMANTIC (1983) ........................................................................... 17 1.1.1. Before Having It All: Uncommon Women and Others (1977) ................. 18 1.1.2. Isn’t It Romantic (1983) as a Transition ..................................................
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