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INDEX

Aboriginal people Australasian League 127, 132–3 advantages in conflict 56 Australian Pulp and Paper the Black War 23, 47–67 Manufacturers 247 Bruny Islanders 71–4 and dispossession 33–4, 35 Bass Strait 24, 290 exile of Aboriginal natives 46, benefit societies 201 47, 77, 82, 83–4, 288 Bible, the 33–4 freedom of movement 82 bicameral (two chamber) heritage 271 parliaments 165 land rights 273, 284–5 bicentenary 274–93 political activism 86, 267 lack of bicentenary celebrations property rights 27 for politics 287 scientific interest in Tasmanian public consultation regarding Aborigines 187–8 287–8 traditional skills 53–5 Black War 23, 47–67 vulnerabilities 56–7 Aboriginal resistance 53–6, and the Wybalenna settlement 68–87 79–83 arming of convicts 60 Aboriginality 270–1, 272–3, Black Line 38, 49, 61–4, 76, 288 284–5 Black War survivors and activism (political) 86, 267 Wybalenna 79–83 agriculture 91, 93–4 casualties 57–8, 66 anatomy 30 conciliatory communication Anti-Transportation 69–70 League/Movement 125, declaration of martial law 129–30, 131, 166, 290 60 Appropriation Bill 120–1 discussions 52–3 Archer, William 129 division of land 69–71 assimilation 257, 272–3 peace parties 76–7

321

322 Index

Boer War 219–22 climate 41–3 Tasmanians’ intolerance of Colonial Office 68–9, 113, 115, dissent 223–4 116–17, 119 bribery 167 and elections for the Blended Britain Legislative Council 127–9 deference in English society 162 and transportation 122–3 English landscapes 38 colonisation English wool market 92, 93 class divisions and status public investment contribution differentiation 145 141 colonial progress in Hobart spread of democratic ideas 114 94–111 support from settler colonies importance of the arts and during the Boer War 219–22 sciences 110–11 British Missionary organisations legal situation 114–15 70–1 morality of colonisation 35 British settlement pioneer colonisation 31–2 Aboriginal resistance – the Black political differences in colonial War 53–6 society 105 bestowal of place names 43–4 social structure of colony 144–5 British sovereignty 24–46 the triumph of colonisation classification of species 30 88–111 customs 43 commodities 97 and dispossession of land 33–4, conciliation 69–70 35 conflict 8, 15, 16–17, 28–9, 56 first generation settlers 44, 45–6 and Aboriginal traditional skills passage for ships – Bass Strait 24 53–5 in Van Diemen’s Land 24–46 industrial conflict 239–40 bushrangers 17, 19–20, 58–9, 144, Risdon conflict 20–3, 27, 285 152–3, 156–9, 172 Sydney Sparks Orr and and informers 159 University Council conflict political agenda 157–8 259–61 sympathy for 158–9 see also war conscription 231–2 capitalism 246 conservation 265–6, 276–7 chain gangs 149, 150, 154 Constitution 165, 210, 215–16 charitable institutions 143, 241 convicts 14, 19–20 Christianity 32–4, 83, 109–10 American and Canadian rebels the Bible 33–4 140 British missionary organisations arming of convicts 60 70–1 assignment system 144, 161 Friendly Mission 71–4, 83–4, and Australian identity 161–3 148 children of prisoner and Clark, Andrew Inglis 206–10 ex-prisoner parents 109 classification (of species) 30 colonial population 138–9

Index 323

Convict Prevention Act 132–3 material culture 32 convict servants 185 monocultural cities 258 convict system 114–16, 137–63, customs 73 288–9 convict transportation 89 Darwin, Charles 95, 100–2 convicted of white collar crimes democracy 140 democratic franchise 215 enforcement of deference 162 emancipist party 166 ex-convicts 145–6 Liberal Democratic Party 227 experiences 149–51, 160–3 Reform Act 1832 114 fear of general convict uprisings USA democratic political life 158–9 114 ﬁrst generation settlers 44, 45–6 depression 164–86, 203–4, 240–2 and institutional population Derwent River 95, 99 174–5 discrimination 270 Irish convicts 138 dispossession 33–4, 35, 43–4, Irish rebels 140 271–2, 289 nature 139–41 Dry, Richard (Patriotic Six origins 160–1 member) 121–2, 129 participation in crime 173–4 duels 105 political prisoners 140 probation system 144 economy and public investment 141 economic consequences of serious offences 151 transportation cessation and servitude 146–52 168–70 social turmoil among convicts economic growth 89, 139 106 economic history 289–90 Tolpuddle Martyrs 140 post-penal depression (1856–70) transportation after Swing riots 164–86 140 education 108–9 upward social mobility 155 adult education initiative 259 use of convict labour for educational opportunities and infrastructure projects 141–2 Lyons government 249 women convicts and female government schools 109 factories 150 Sydney Sparks Orr and and the Wybalenna settlement University Council conﬂict 81–2 259–61 crime 173–4 Eight Hour Day march 202, 204 Crown land 189–90, 235 elections 127–9, 165–6, 182–3 culture activism and Hare-Clark system adoption of European culture 83 267 cultural engagement 29 bribery of voters 167 cultural richness of Tasmania conservative restraint on 258–9 electorate 167–8

324 Index

elections (cont.) federal iconography 216 defeat of ‘Electric’ Eric Reece Federal League 212, 215 266–7 Federalist [journal] 212 and federation 214–16 federation and war 211–32 plural voting 225 north–south voting 215–16 proportional representation opposition 213–14 208–9 secession 239 votes for women 225 and significant changes to see also manhood suffrage Tasmania 224–5 electoral politics 127–9 voting 214–16 emancipists 102, 122, 131, 132–3, female factories 150, 151, 156, 187 145, 146, 159–60 female franchise 226 continued surveillance 175 female suffrage 213, 225 departure from Tasmania 172 feminism (radical) 269–70 emancipist party 166 Flinders Island see Wybalenna and hierarchy of status 162–3 settlement and institutional population flogging 147, 149, 151, 153–4 174–5 franchise 117, 165–6, 204–5, 215, land grants to emancipists 226 188 Franklin River 280–2 participation in crime 173–4 free migrants 122, 145–52, 188 entrepreneurship 93, 97 free press 116–17 environment 93–4 free trade 211, 214–15 escapees 19–20 Friendly Mission 71–4, 83–4, 148 see also bushrangers ethnographic theory 30 Garrett, Robert 130 ethnography (settler) 29–32, 33–4, gentry 52–3 agricultural societies 91 ethnological theory 12 English wool market 92, 93 Europe and intermarriage 178 absence of women (from Jane Williams’ observations European expeditions) 10–11 90–1 dispossession of land 33–4 the new gentry 89, 90–1 European culture 83 pattern of land ownership 178–9 European maritime expeditions policy encouraging prosperity 94 5–23 power and influence 177–85 European settlement 89–90 representation in parliament European whiteness 10 181–3 Europeans’ possessions 12 social position 179 French expeditions to Van see also landowners Diemen’s land 24–5 Glorious 23 May 119 gold and goldrushes 94, 170, federation 209–10 195–6 commemoration of 217 Good Neighbourhood Councils Federal Convention 211 257

Index 325

Gordon proposals 277 Charles Darwin’s view 95, government 100–2 Braddon’s government 220–2 colonial progress 94–111 Clark’s reforming role 208–9 Derwent River 95 Colonial Ofﬁce 68–9 economic history 289–90 educational opportunities and expansion of 255–6 Lyons government 249 Henry Melville’s view 95–6 Government House 77–8, leading shops 97 102–3 local theatre 103–4 government records 175 manufacturing ventures government schools 109 99–100 Governor Arthur’s a monocultural city 258 administration 68–87, native-born children 107–10 112–14, 115–18, 143, 154–5 picturesque potential 95 Governor Eardley-Wilmot’s race meetings 104 administration 119–22 railways 193–5 Governor Fox-Young’s shipping and the cove 95–7 administration 164 working class community groups Governor Franklin’s 145–6 administration 119 Hobart Trades and Labour Council Legislative Council 119–22, 201 127–9, 142, 165, 237, 254, Hobart Women’s Action Group 274 269 power of 142–3, 250–1 homosexuality 144, 283 problem of bushranging gangs hunters and gatherers 30 156 hunting use of convict labour for emu hunting 156, 157 infrastructure projects 141–2 hunters and gatherers 30 violence perpetrated by the state kangaroo hunting 15, 17, 20, 21, 106–7 156, 157 wartime government’s postwar wallaby hunting 104 planning 252–3 hydroelectric power 244–7 grasslands (native) 93–4, 178 campaign against Franklin Great Britain see Britain ﬂooding 280–2 Great Chain of Being 30 criticisms of the Hydro 262–3 green politics 269–70 defeat of ‘Electric’ Eric Reece Greens Party 274, 280, 282–3 266–7 guns 8–10, 50 enabling legislation for the Hydro 266 hanging 151, 152–3 Hydro-Electric Commission Hare-Clark system 208–9, 242, 261–3 254, 274, 282 Lake Pedder Action Committee Hobart 266–8 Anti-Transportation League struggle between development 129–30 and conservation 265–6

326 Index

hydroelectric power (cont.) Crown land 189–90, 235 and Tasmania’s nature 244–5 federal–state scheme for see also mines and mining, ex-soldiers 233, 235–6 Wilderness Society land grants 177, 184, 188 hydroindustrialisation 262, 268 land holdings 145 land sales records 92 identity (Australian) 161–3 legislation regarding 189 immigration 95, 257–8 mountains of Tasmania 263–5 assimilation and Good native grasslands 93–4 neighbourhood councils 257 pursuit of the picturesque 35–41, free migrants 122, 145–52, 188 95 German immigrants and war landowners 230 ability to resist legislation reform mines and migrants 198 177–85 social turmoil among immigrants large landowners creation of 106 conservative political system industrial conﬂict 238 165–6 industrialisation 246 pattern of land ownership 178–9 hydroindustrialisation 262, 268 subordination of workforce 179 informers 159 see also gentry institutions 174–5, 241, 284 language 7, 16, 43, 73 integration 218–19 Launceston Intercolonial Trade Union Anti-Transportation League 125 Congress 201 economic history 289–90 intermarriage 178 expansion of 255–6 Launceston Association for kangaroo hunting 15, 17, 20, 21 Promoting the Cessation of Transportation to Van Labor Party 226, 227, 236–7, Diemen’s Land 126–7 242–4, 250–1, 254, 261–3, a monocultural city 258 275–6 railways 193–5 labour 81–2, 89, 139, 178 working class community groups cheap convict labour 201 145–6 and educated middle class settlers law 146 191 Appropriation Bill 120–1 labour movement 204, 268–9 international law 25, 33–4 use of convict labour for legal situation as stated by infrastructure projects 141–2 William Blackstone 114–15 Lake Pedder Action Committee martial law 60 266–8 see also legislation Lake St Clair 265–6 legislation 175–7 land Convict Prevention Act 132–3 Aboriginal land rights 273, enabling legislation for the 284–5 Hydro 266

Index 327

Masters and Servants Act 175–7, British Missionary 70–1 185, 204–5 Friendly Mission 71–4, 83–4 petitions against 176–7 Wybalenna settlement 79–83 reforms 177 mixed descent communities 187–8 Rural Municipalities Act 1858 monocultural cities 258 182 morality 102, 143 validity of legislation 281 of colonisation 35 Waste Land Act 1858 189 moral regeneration 144 see also law reputation as moral contagion Legislative Council 119–22, 127, 171 142, 165, 237, 254, 274 mortality 80–1 elections for the ‘Blended Legislative Council’ 127–9 native-born children and adults opposition of public works 193, 107–10, 129–31, 145–6, 198 195 negotiations 73–4 Liberal Democratic Party 227 New World societies 89 lobby groups 201–2 agricultural societies 91 Lowe,D.A.275–7 and bicameral (two chamber) Lyons, Enid 269–70 parliaments 165 Lyons, Joseph 237–40 entrepreneurship 93, 97 environmental impact of rapid Mabo judgement 284 rural development 93–4 Mairremmener people 20–3, 27, land sales records 92 51, 67, 77–8 the new gentry 89, 90–1 manhood suffrage 165–6, 204–5, newspapers 95, 96–7, 116–17, 131 213, 225, 226–7 and federation 213–15 Mannalargenna 76–7 opposition to Constitution manufacturing 99–100 215–16 markets 212 as vehicles for political comment martial law 60 113, 213–14 Masters and Servants Act 175–7, noble savage 30–2 185, 204–5 Northern Tasmanian Tourist middle class liberals 206 Association 248 military 217–18, 220–2 mineral discoveries 195–8 Ogilvie, Albert George 242–4 mines and mining opposition politics 114, 118–22 anti-Chinese sentiment 215 Orr, Sydney Sparks 259–61 Chinese miners 197, 215 mineral discoveries 195–8 Pagerly 73 tin mines 196–7 paper mills 247 west coast mines 199–201, pardons 150, 154, 159 214–15 parliament zinc production 245–6 bicameral (two chamber) missions and missionaries parliaments 165

328 Index

parliament (cont.) The Case for Tasmania [report] changing of the guard 204–5 239–40 Constitution 165, 210, 215–16 conservative restraint on federal parliament and the female electorate 167–8 franchise 226 creation of conservative political leading rural families’ system 165–6 representation 181–3 electoral politics 127–9 opening (1856) 164 emancipist party 166 petition from rural dwellers Enid Lyons 269–70 183–4 franchise 117, 165–6, 204–5, support for the Hydro 262 215, 226 paternalism 181 Government House – social patriotism 35, 42, 65–6, 67, 123, acceptability and political 131, 216, 217, 291–2 power 102–3 Patriotic Six 119–22 green politics 269–70 and Tasmanian enlistment Greens Party 274 229–30 Labor Party 226, 227, 236–7, peace parties 76–7 242–4, 250–1, 254, 261–3, penal settlements 151, 154 275–6 declining population of long term lack of bicentenary celebrations prisoners 173 287 post-penal depression (1856–70) lobby groups 201–2 164–86 local development and the labour pioneer colonisation 31–2 movement 268–9 police force 143, 183–4 Lyons’ political philosophy policy 237–40 British settlement policy 27–30 opposition politics 114, 118–22 andlandgrantstofree opposition to public works 193 immigrants 188 period of Labor rule 274–5 policy encouraging prosperity of political activism 86, 267 local gentry 94 political agenda 155, 157–8 property rights 27 political comment 113 protectionist trade policies political differences in colonial (Victoria) 211 society 105 reconciliation policy 26 political environment of west politics coast 200 abolition of public nominations political prisoners 140 167 political support 237–8 ambivalence towards new reducing the number of parliamentary institutions politicians 283 167 reform 205–10, 283 Andrew Inglis Clark 206–10 United Tasmania Group 267–8 Anti-Transportation League 125, USA democratic political life 114 129–30, 131, 166 of Van Diemen’s Land 112–36

Index 329

population 46, 47, 50, 107–10, 238 traditional rights of Englishmen colonial population 138–9 129–31 and Crown land 189–90 Rural Municipalities Act 1858 movement 198 182 postwar population 257–8 Tasmania’s percentage of Salvation Army 241 Australia’s population 169 schools 108–9 pro-conscription cause 232 centralised area schools 249 property rights 27 government schools 109 proportional representation 208–9 and streaming 259 Protection Association 166 science 187–8 protectionist trade policies 211 sealing 97 secret ballot 167 Quadrilateral [journal] 206, 209 seiges 217, 221 seminaries 108 racial equality 34 separatism 218–19 racial hierarchies 30 servitude radical feminism 269–70 convict servants 146–52, 185 railways 193–5 and drunkenness 161 Railway League 194 masters–servants relationship rationing 252 175–7 rebels and rebellion 140 see also slavery Irish rebels 236–7 settlement and settlers Russian revolution 236 British settlement policy 27–30 reconciliation 26 British settlement in Van records Diemen’s Land 24–46 government records 175 ethnographic theory 29–32 Ofﬁcial Mining Report 1887 ethnological theory 12 197 foundational settlements and Tasmanian Ofﬁcial Record bicentenary 285 (1891) 186 kangaroo hunting 15 Red Cross 229 and the noble savage image 30–2 Reece, Eric 275 seeking consent from inhabitants Reform Act 1832 114 24–5 reform movement 206–10 surveillance of settlers 7, 9–10, religion 109–10 14, 18 repatriation 86 shipping and ships rights the great maritime strike 202–3 Aboriginal land rights 273, and Hobart 95–7 284–5 passage for ships – Bass Strait political rights of the working 24 class 201–2 polyglot crews 95 property rights 27 steamships on the Derwent Tasmanian Rights League 239 99

330 Index

shipping and ships (cont.) cultural richness 258–9 and trades and industries decline in living standards development 97 170–1 volume of shipping in Hobart 96 division of land and the Black shirkers 229–30 War 69–71 skilled workers 201 features 174–5, 177–85 slavery 34 historical role of Bass Strait 24 anti-slavery crusade 101 infrastructure 141–2 see also servitude island patriotism 35 snobocracy 200 isolation of 254–5 society Midlands 51 agricultural societies 91 mountains 263–5 assessment of Hobart society name change – Van Diemen’s (1830s) 101–2 Land to Tasmania 164 deference in English society 162 outflow of people 170 Government House – social picturesque potential 35–41, 95, acceptability and political 247 power 102–3 place names 43–4 Hobart society 101–6 politics of Van Diemen’s Land institutions – a feature of 112–36 Tasmanian society 174–5 postwar Tasmania 254–73 social structure 144–5, 192 progress of Van Diemen’s Land social turmoil 106 89–90 upward social mobility 155 separatism, integration and see also New World societies future of the empire 218–19 sovereignty 24–46 struggle between development Spanish influenza 234–5 and conservation 265–6, squatting and squatters 94 276–7 steam technology 99 tourism 247–9 strike 202–3 value of European settlement see also unionism 286–7 Suez Canal 96 Van Diemonian spirit 288 suffrage 204–5, 213, 225 vegetation 190–1 surveillance 7, 9–10, 14, 18, 156, west coast 199–201 175 world heritage listing 281–2 surveying 14, 37 Tasmania Mine (Beaconsfield) 197–8 TAC see Tasmanian Aboriginal Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre Centre (TAC) 284 Tarraleah project 244 Tasmanian Official Record (1891) Tasmania 186 arrival of European maritime Tasmanian Tourist and expeditions 5–23 Improvement Association 248 climate 41–3, 247 Tasmanian Union 131

Index 331

Tasmanian Workers Political casualties 230, 250 League 227 federation and war 211–32 taxation 120, 168, 238 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor technology 99 251–2 temperance movement 230 postwar Tasmania 254–73 tickets of leave 150, 154 precautions taken in Tasmania tin mines 196–7 228 tourism 247–9 public enthusiasm 221–4 trade 211, 214–15 rationing 252 trade unionism see unionism Tasmanian enlistment 228, transport 192, 193–5, 254–5 229–30 see also travel Tasmania’s experience 250 transportation 89, 122–9 warfare 63–4, 65–6 cessation of transportation see also conﬂict celebrations 133–6 Waste Land Act 1858 189 debate regarding future 143–4 weapons 8–10, 50, 60 economic consequences of West, John 125, 126–7, 144, 166 cessation 168–70 Weston, William 126–7 intercolonial support for whaling 18, 97–9 abolition 126–7 whiteness (European) 10 mass meetings – motions to Wilderness Society 277–82 abolish 123–5 campaign against Franklin resumption 126 ﬂooding 280–2 travel 193–5 success of 280 see also transport women treaties 68–9, 79 absence of (from European Treaty of Waitangi 69 expeditions) 10–11 Trugannini 72–3, 75–6, 87, 187–8, and the Land Army 250 273 votes for 225 women convicts 150 Uitlanders 220 Women’s Electoral Lobby 269 unemployment 241 Women’s Liberation Club 269 Union Jack 217 Woorrady 7, 13, 73 unionism 201–4, 231 working class 145–6, 201–2 labour movement 204 world heritage listing 281–2 One Big Union 236 Wybalenna settlement 79–83 Arthur’s petition 86 Van Diemen’s Land see Tasmania freedom of movement 82 violence 106–7, 151–2 John West’s chronicles 85–6 voting see elections and labour 81–2 rations and clothing 81 war repatriation 86 the Black War 23, 47–67 Boer War 219–22 zinc production 245–6