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Home , Albert Hawke, Alexander Mair, Alison Forman, Alister Henskens, Andrew Ettingshausen, Andrew Gee

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Major News Stories - US Enters War, the IRA starts it's fight against the British, John F Kennedy wins presidential Election, Chubby Chequer and the twist start a new dance craze, Soviet missile shoots down the US U2 spy plane, Aluminum Cans used for the first time, the US announces 3,500 American soldiers are going to be sent to Vietnam, Xerox introduces the first photocopier, Fidel Castro nationalises American Oil, sugar and other US interests in , OPEC ( Organization of Petroleum News & Exporting Countries ) is formed.◘ News Stories - Yuri Gagarin is the first human in space, Alan Shepard makes first US Space Flight, Peace Corps is established by John F. Kennedy, Construction of the Berlin Wall begins, IBM Events introduces Golf Ball Typewriter, Pampers the first disposable diaper introduced, US Cuban Exiles and CIA mount unsuccessful attempt to overthrow Castro known as the Bay of Pigs, UN Assembly World- condemns Apartheid.◘ Major News Stories - Telstar first live trans-Atlantic television signal, First Beatles single "Love Me Do" released, Oral Polio Vaccine used to combat Polio, Marilyn Monroe is found dead, Cuban Missile Crisis wide and takes world to brink of war, John H. Glenn, Jr., becomes first American to the earth.◘ Major News Stories - Start of Beatlemania, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers his "I have a dream" speech, President John F Kennedy assassinated.◘ Major News Stories - the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is signed into law, hold the top five positions in the Billboard Top 40 singles in America, First pirate radio station, Radio Caroline, is established, Elizabeth Taylor marries Richard Burton for the first time, U.S. Surgeon General reports that smoking may lead to lung cancer, Mods and Rockers fight at British Seaside Resorts.◘

Major News Stories - Mini Skirt appears in , Operation Rolling Thunder Launched In Vietnam.◘

Major News Stories - Worlds first vertical Jump Jet the Harrier is introduced, English Channel Hovercraft service begins, 's Cultural Revolution Begins, Miniskirts are in fashion, Aberfan disaster in South Wales, international days of protest.◘

Major News Stories - Worlds First Heart Transplant, the first ATM, the first Super Bowl played between Green Bay Packers and the Kansas City Chiefs, Six Day War Arab Forces attack Israel beginning the Yom Kippur War.◘ Major News Stories - Dr. Christian Barnard performs the first successful heart transplant, Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., the first Big Mac goes on sale in McDonalds costing 49 cents, Boeing 747 made its maiden flight, Emergency 911 Telephone service is started in the USA, Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia.◘

Major News Stories - the Beatles' last public performance, on the roof of Apple Records, First Concorde test flight is conducted In France, Woodstock attracts more than 350,000 rock-n-roll fans, Members of a cult led by Charles Manson murder five people, the first man is landed on the moon on the Apollo 11 mission by the U.S. and Neil Armstrong and Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin became the first humans to set foot on the Moon.◘ 2 2

What Happened in 1960 Important News and Events, Key Technology and Popular Culture

1960 World 1960 in Australia 1960 the continued to become colder as the two sides Events in Australia distrusted the other more and tried to influence other parts of 7 March – becomes leader of Labor the world. John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson won the Party. Presidency . the sexual revolution of the 60's had begun with the use of birth control pills and Hugh Hefner opening the first of his 10 June – A TAA Fokker Friendship, Abel Tasman, crashes at clubs in . the "Flintstones" is shown on television Mackay, , killing 29 persons. To date (2009), this for the first time and movies this year include "The Magnificent remains the worst loss of life in a peacetime air crash in Seven" and "Psycho" . Notable technical achievements include Australia. the invention of the Laser and a Heart Pacemaker. France tests 7 July – An eight-year-old schoolboy, Graeme Thorne, is its first atomic bomb and joins those countries with nuclear kidnapped in , apparently to extort money from his bomb technology. Notable names that appear in the limelight parents who had recently won the lottery. that year include "Cassius Clay" and "Sir Francis Chichester" . the 19 July – First reported skyjacking/hijacking in the world Trans US sends the first troops to Vietnam following the French Australia Airlines Flight 408 withdrawal in 1954 in the fight against communist . 14 October – The is opened by the Premier of . OPEC -- Created OPEC ( Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ) is formed Science and technology during meeting in Baghdad, Iraq Frank is announced joint winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine◘ Egypt - Aswan High Dam Construction on the Aswan High Dam in Egypt began during Arts and literature January. the 364 feet tall by 12,562 feet long dam was built Frank Macfarlane Burnet is announced as the inaugural winner across the Nile river and it was completed in 1970 at a cost of of the about $1 billion. Judy Cassab wins the Archibald Prize USA - Pioneer 5 Spacecraft The Irishman by Elizabeth O'Conner wins the Miles Franklin Literary Award◘ NASA launches the Pioneer 5 space probe on March 11th. the purpose of its mission was to travel between the of Earth Television and Venus in order to gather information about deep space The introduction of Television in 1956 saw that cinema between the two planets. the space craft measured the audiences halved. Television led to an increase in home interplanetary magnetic field and gathered information about entertainment. It changed the patterns of leisure and exposed ionization and flare particles. It successfully completed its Australians more than ever before to other cultures. mission and stopped transmitting data back to Earth by April of that year. In June, Pioneer 5 was able to establish 15 January – The 2nd Annual are held the Savoy communications with Earth at a then record 22.5 million miles Hotel in Brighton, , although they are not televised. away, but contact with the craft was lost after that point. wins the "Star of the Year" (Gold Loogie) award.◘ Brazil -- Brasilia The new capital city of Brazil Brasilia is officially inaugurated on Film April 21, Theatres and cinemas were popular venues for Australians. America was the biggest influence in Film because of Hollywood. UK -- CND / Ban the Bomb Britain also played a role in influencing Australian Film making. ◘ 100,000 Join "Ban the Bomb" Rally on April 18th in London Music CND is still an outspoken organization against nuclear, chemical Music was diverse during this time. People listened to classical or biological weapons but following the end of the cold war and and opera; jazz and blues; folk Music and pop Music. Australian agreements by the super powers to limit nuclear arms Musicians and singers also made it into world stages. Popular proliferation public support is not as strong as it was. Music was often connected with social protest movement and Italy - Rome Olympics civil rights and campaigns. Peace, freedom, choice and difference were strong themes. Ballet was popularized in The Summer Olympics are held in Rome, Italy. 3 3

These were the first games to be fully covered on television. Australia but both ballet and opera continued to appeal to small A total of 83 countries sent over 5,000 athletes to participate in minorities of the population. America had an enormous influence the 150 sporting events. on Australian Music, and American Musicians tended to the , U.S., and Italy won the medals. consistently top the 'pop' charts in Australia. A lot of people were These games were also notable because the city of Rome listening to American Music. decided to restore and use some of their ancient sites to host certain events, providing a more interesting backdrop Top 10 Hits for these particular games. "It's Now or Never" - "Boom Boom Baby" - Crash Craddock Vietnam -- Vietnam War "He'll Have to Go" - Jim Reeves The U.S. announces that 3,500 American soldiers are going to "Are You Lonesome Tonight?" / "I Gotta Know" - Elvis Presley be sent to Vietnam "Clap Your Hands" - The Beau Marks The Vietnam conflict had it's history in the original French Control "Just a Closer Walk with Thee" - Jimmie Rodgers of the region which changed to U.S. support following French withdrawal, Together with distrust by both sides during the cold "Save the Last Dance for Me" - The Drifters war and successive US Presidents starting with Dwight D. "Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport" - Rolf Harris Eisenhower believing in the / Effect that if one "What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For?" - Emile Ford country fell to communism each country with borders would be and The Checkmates more likely to fall, combined with the financial / Military backing "My Old Man's a Dustman" - Lonnie Donegan ◘ of the Soviet Union and China of North Vietnam. Over the next few years the war escalated on both sides eventually ending in Births 1973 when the US pulled out of Vietnam following a North 4 January – , player Vietnam Victory 18 January – , Footballer USA - Psycho Film Premieres 21 January – , journalist The classic suspenseful horror film “Psycho” premiered on June 22 January – Michael Hutchence, singer (died 1997) 16th in . the film was produced and directed by 23 January – , Cricketer legendary film maker Alfred Hitchcock and it was considered the mother of modern slasher films. It starred Anthony Perkins, 29 January – J.G. Thirlwell, singer-songwriter and producer Janet Leigh, Vera Miles, and Martin Balsam. It was nominated 4 March – Larry Sengstock, player for four Academy Awards including Best Director and Best 29 March – , rugby league Footballer and coach Supporting Actress for Janet Leigh. the plot revolved around a psychologically disturbed motel owner and his Mother and the 19 April – Roger Merrett, Australian rules Footballer mystery surrounding the murder of a motel guest. It was based 20 April – Debbie Flintoff-King, athlete on the 1959 book with the same title by Robert Bloch. 4 May – , Television presenter 12 May – Lisa Martin, athlete USA - To Kill a Mockingbird Published 21 May – Mark Ridgway, Cricketer The classic American novel “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee 26 May – Dean Lukin, weightlifter was published on July 11th. It was Lee’s first novel and was an 3 June – Tracy Grimshaw, Television presenter immediate success, earning her critical acclaim and a Pulitzer 3 June – Carl Rackemann, Cricketer Prize the following year. the themes of the novel revolved around morality, racial injustice, courage, and the loss of innocence. the 16 June – Peter Sterling, rugby league commentator/former plot focused on the trial of a falsely accused black man and the player characters were loosely based Lee’s own small town growing up 30 June – Murray Cook, Musician in the segregated South during the . In 1962, it 8 July – , rugby league Footballer was turned into a successful Academy Award-winning film 4 August – Tim Winton, writer starring Gregory Peck. 13 August – Michael Richmond, ice speed skater Soviet Union -- U2 Plane Shot Down 14 August – Edi Krncevic, soccer player 27 September – Ray Williams, politician Soviet missile shoots down the US U2 spy plane 28 September – , Australian rules Footballer The U2 incident and subsequent bad publicity for the U.S. 3 October – Michael Parsons, basketball player and Australian helped accelerate the use of spy for reconnaissance by rules Footballer (died 2009) the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the 60's and the cold war. 15 October – , basketball player Food shortages in East Germany 24 October – Ian Baker-Finch, Golfer Following major food shortages in East Germany 160,000 refugees cross to West Germany, Nikita Khrushchev orders the construction of the Berlin Wall 4 4

4 December – Glynis Nunn, athlete Toys from the Year 1960 29 December – David Boon, Cricketer Deaths 12 January – Nevil Shute (born 1899), writer 14 February – Herbert Hays (born 1869), Tasmanian politician 3 April – Thomas Marwick (born 1895), politician 10 April – Arthur Benjamin (born 1893), composer 30 July – Walter Lindrum (born 1898), billiards player 2 September – Hector Hogan (born 1931), athlete 2 September – Mick O'Halloran (born 1893), politician 6 October – Caroline Grills (born 1890), serial killer 16 October – Frank Timson (born 1909), politician 20 October – Sir Charles Marr (born 1880), politician 24 November – Arthur Seaforth Blackburn (born 1892), soldier and Victoria Cross recipient 30 December – Mac Abbott (born 1877), politician◘ UK - Princess Margaret Australian Sport Princess Margaret marries Antony Armstrong Jones 4 June – Ian Sinfield wins the men's national marathon title, clocking 2:25:13.9 in . Cuba - Fidel Castro nationalises everything 1 November – Hi Jinx wins the Melbourne Cup Fidel Castro nationalises American Oil, sugar and other US New South Wales wins the Sheffield Shield interests in Cuba. Kurrewa IV takes line honours and Siandra wins handicap Sri Lanka - Female Prime Minister honours in the Sydney to Yacht Race The Worlds First Female Prime Minister Is Elected Mrs Sirimavo Neale Fraser wins the men's singles at the Wimbledon Bandaranaike Ceylon / Sri Lanka championships U.S. - USS Enterprise The U.S. launches the world's first nuclear powered Aircraft Northern Ireland - IRA Carrier the USS Enterprise. The Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) starts it's fight against the U.S. - Winter British The Winter Olympic Games are held in Squaw Valley, , South Africa - Sharpeville U.S. Afrikaner police open fire with sub machine guns on Togo - Independence demonstrators March 21stin the black township of Sharpeville, Togo Gains Independence from France South African Chile - one of the greatest earthquakes on Central African Republic - Independence record Central African Republic Gains Independence from France Chile subduction fault ruptures from Talcahuano to Peninsula Morocco - Agadir Tidal Wave de Taitao, loosing a tsunami and one of the greatest Tidal Wave at Agadir in Morocco kills 12,000 earthquakes on record Cote D'Ivore - Independence U.S. - Gypsy Moth 11 Cote D'Ivore Gains Independence from France Sir Francis Chichester arrives in New York aboard Gypsy Moth 11 - he has made a record solo Atlantic crossing in 40 days Benin - Independence Hurricane Donna Benin Gains Independence from France Hurricane Donna forms on August 31st and batters the Chad, Mauritania & Senegal - Independence Caribbean and Eastern U.S. until mid-September. Chad Gains Independence from France American Heart Association Senegal Gains Independence from France The American Heart Association links smoking to heart disease Mauritania Gains Independence from France and death in middle-aged men. 5 5

Popular Culture 1960 South Africa - Independence Fifteen African countries gain independence and South Africa Lady Chatterley's Lover goes on sale in England 32 years after it leaves the commonwealth◘ was banned Coronation Street Soap premieres on ITV in the UK, The Flintstones premiers Australian Political Leaders Rawhide Monarchy Elizabeth II Chubby Chequer and the twist start a new dance craze Governor-General William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil The Etch A Sketch is introduced for $2.99 manufactured by Ohio Prime minister Art Company Population 10,275,020 Most Popular Films Elections QLD Spartacus Psycho State Premiers Exodus Swiss Family Robinson Premier of New South Wales – Robert Heffron The Alamo The Apartment Premier of – Sir Thomas Playford Butterfield 8 Ocean’s 11 – Frank Nicklin Please Don’t Eat the Daisies From the Terrace Premier of – Eric Reece Academy Awards Premier of – Best Picture: The Apartment Premier of Victoria – Best Director: Billy Wilder – The Apartment State Governors Best Actress: Elizabeth Taylor – Butterfield 8 Governor of Queensland – Sir Henry Abel Smith Best Actor: Burt Lancaster – Elmer Gantry Governor of South Australia – Sir Robert George (until 7 March) Born This Year – Thomas Corbett, 2nd Baron Rowallan 30 October— – Sir Dallas Brooks Governor of Western Australia – Sir ◘ 10 August—Antonio Banderas 9 September— Major World Political Leaders 20 May— ◘ Australia - Prime Minister - Sir Robert Menzies China - Chairman of the People's Republic of China - Liu Shaoqi France - President - Russia / Soviet Union - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union - Nikita Khrushchev U.S. - President - Dwight D. Eisenhower - Prime Minister - Harold Macmillan ◘

1960 Women’s Fashion 6 6

Xerox introduces the first Commercial Document reproduction Technology Machine Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh in the bathyscaph USS The U.S. launches the first weather , TIROS-1. Trieste break a depth record when they descend to the bottom of Dr Kazuo Hashimoto Invents the Ansafone sold in the USA as an Challenger Deep 35,820 feet (10,750 meters) below sea level in Automatic Telephone Answering Machine the Pacific Ocean Inventions Invented by Inventors and Country ( or attributed to France tests its first atomic bomb in Sahara and joins US, UK First Use ) and USSR as Laser USA by Theodore Maiman Over one hundred million television sets in use worldwide. Heart Pacemaker USA by Wilson Greatbatch Aluminum Cans used for the first time Weather Satellite USA Tiros I The MOT Test is introduced in Britain Vertical Take off Jet UK◘ US Experimental rocket powered airplane travels at 2,200 MPH

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What Happened in 1961 Important News and Events, Key Technology and Popular Culture

1961 World 1961 in Australia 1961 the cold war continued to worsen with the USSR exploding Events some very large bombs during testing and then masterminding 2 January – Oral contraceptives are first sold in Australia the building of the Berlin Wall separating East from West Berlin, America sent a battle group to Germany and Americans and 20 January to early March – Disastrous bushfires affect Western Russians Glared at each other across the border, due to this Australia, completely destroying a number of towns. uncertainty many Americans built backyard fallout shelters in 25 February – Last electric tram service runs in Sydney case of nuclear war. To make matters worse the Americans 23 June – Australia signed the Antarctic Treaty financed anti-Castro Cubans for an invasion at the bay of pigs 12 August – Richmond become the only team since 1922 to fail which was an unmitigated disaster. the Soviets put the first man to score a goal in a VFL/AFL match. in space on April 12th Yuri Gagarin followed by the US in May with Alan Shepard. Popular music included Chubby Checker's 31 October – Parkes radiotelescope officially opened by the "Pony Time" and "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" by the Shirelles, Governor General and top movies included "West Side Story" and "The Parent 30 November – Ansett-ANA Flight 325, a Vickers Viscount Trap." aircraft, crashes into Botany Bay shortly after takeoff, killing all 15 on board◘ Space --- First Men In Space Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human in space. Arts and literature April 12th the Soviet Union launches the first spacecraft to take Dame is announced as Australian of the Year a man into space the Vostok 1 carrying Yuri Alekseyevich William Edwin Pidgeon wins the Archibald Prize Gagarin The novel Lady Chatterley's Lover by D. H. Lawrence is banned May 5th the U.S. launches it's first man in space Alan Shepardon from sale the Freedom 7 Riders in the Chariot by is awarded the Miles President Kennedy asks Congress for $531 million to put a man Franklin Literary Award◘ on the moon before the end of the decade Television USA -- Peace Corps Established 19 August – Four Corners TV current affairs program first U.S. President John F. Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps screened on ABC TV◘ during March. Kennedy issued Executive Order #10924 which created the group as an agency within the State Department. the Music Peace Corps works to train young Americans in community development efforts and then deploy them around the world as Top 10 Hits helpful volunteers in developing countries. Their intended goal "I'm Gonna Knock on Your Door" - Eddie Hodges was to promote democracy, freedom, and peace by building "Runaway" - Del Shannon positive American influence around the world, acting as a "Wooden Heart" - Elvis Presley counter-effort against Soviet groups promoting communism during the Cold War. "Hello Mary Lou" - Ricky Nelson "My Boomerang Won't Come Back" - Charlie Drake Cuba --- Bay of Pigs "A Scottish Soldier" - Andy Stewart US Cuban Exiles and CIA mount unsuccessful attempt to "I'm Counting on You" - Johnny O'Keefe overthrow Castro known as the Bay of Pigs "Wonderland by Night" - Bert Kaempfert and His Orchestra January 20th Fidel Castro declares Cuba bans free elections "Theme from Exodus" - Ferrante and Teicher April 17th to 19th A 1,500 CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles "Crying" / "Candy Man" - invade southern Cuba at the "Bay of Pigs" / Bahía de Cochinos Births 118 are killed and 1,202 are captured by Cuban forces 1 January – , Indigenous Footballer U.S. -- John F. Kennedy Inauguration 9 February – Alison Megarrity, politician John F. Kennedy was sworn in by Chief Justice Earl Warren as 12 February – , politician the 35th President of the U.S. . Kennedy, the youngest person to 8 8

be elected president at the time, was also the first Catholic 25 February – Trevor Strong, politician president. He was a decorated World War II veteran who had 4 March – Bart Bassett, politician served in Congress as a member of the House of Representatives and a Senator from Massachusetts and came 14 March – , rugby league Footballer and coach from a family that had been previously involved in politics. JFK’s 16 March – , rugby league Footballer inauguration was notable for his memorable speech which 24 March – Dean Jones, Cricketer featured the imploration to his fellow citizens, “ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” 26 March – Richard Torbay, politician Kennedy would remain as the U.S. President until he was 12 April - , actor and comedian; Lisa Gerrard, assassinated in November of 1963. singer Soviet Union - Tsar Bomba 20 April – Frances Adamson, Australian public servant and diplomat, Australian Ambassador to China the Soviet Union conducts the largest ever nuclear bomb test 16 May – Gina Riley, actor and comedian despite worldwide objections during October . 31 May – Justin Madden, Australian rules Footballer the "Tsar Bomba" also known as the "Kuzkina mat" and "Big Ivan" was detonated over the Novaya Zemlya island in the 16 June – Peter Sterling, rugby league Footballer Arctic. 6 July - Rick Price, singer the strength of the blast was equivalent to about 50 megatons 21 July – , 40th Premier of New South Wales (over 50 million tons of T.N.T.) and registered as a 5.0 on 8 August – , politician and rugby league referee the Richter scale. 12 August – Peter Dowling, politician Light from the blast was seen over 600 miles away from the detonation site. 19 August – Frank Terenzini, politician the "Tsar Bomba" was the largest and most powerful man-made 15 September - , rugby league Footballer and coach; weapon ever created and just a few years after the test the , politician U.S., Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom signed the 8 October – Simon Burke, actor Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, banning all nuclear tests 19 October – , rugby league Footballer conducted anywhere but underground. 18 November – , entertainer Germany --- Berlin Wall 23 November – Merv Hughes, Cricketer East German Authorities close the border between east and west 4 December – , politician Berlin and Construction of the Berlin Wall begins. 17 December – Larry Anthony, politician U.S. -- Mercury Atlas 5 Mission 29 December – Mal Brough, politician◘ NASA launches the Mercury-Atlas 5 (MA-5) mission during November . MA-5 was the final test mission prior to beginning Deaths manned missions by the U.S.. the space capsule carried a 3 February – William Morrison (born 1893), Governor General of chimpanzee named Enos aboard. While in space, Enos Australia performed a few tasks to test his psychomotor capabilities. the 20 February – Percy Grainger (born 1882), pianist and composer spacecraft made 2 orbits around Earth and the flight lasted about 3 and a half hours. After the capsule splashed down it was 22 May – Lionel Lindsay (born 1874), Artist recovered with Enos was alive and in good condition. 27 September – Peter Dawson (born 1882), singer U.S. --- Disney - Babes In Toyland 3 December – Pat O'Hara Wood (born 1891), Tennis player Disney releases their first live action musical film, "Babes In 20 December – (born 1880), Prime Minister of Toyland." Australia◘ The film "Babes In Toyland" premieres during December . "Babes Australian Sport In Toyland" was created by Walt Disney and was the first live action musical to be produced by the company. the film, starred Ray Bolger, Tommy Sands, Ed Wynn, and Annette Funicello. the New South Wales wins the Sheffield Shield Mother Goose themed musical focused on the evil character of Barnaby's plot to derail the upcoming marriage between : Australia defeats England 2-1 and retains The Ashes characters Tom and Mary in an attempt to further his own Football romantic agenda. Despite heavy promotion the film was considered a flop for Disney but it did receive two Academy Rugby League premiership: Norths defeated Valleys 29 Award nominations for Best Costumes and Best Music. -5 New South Wales Rugby League premiership: St. George U.K. - World Wildlife Fund defeated Western Suburbs 22-0 9 9

Toys from the Year 1961 The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) was officially founded and opened its first office during September . the World Wildlife Fund was created by the world's top conservationists as a means to organize and collaborate on conservation fundraising throughout the globe. the WWF used its influence and resources to bring public awareness to conservation issues with the goal of lessening humanity's impact on natural wildlife habitats and preserving endangered species. Since its founding, the WWF has become the world's largest conservation organization. Soviet Union --- Venera 1 space probe The Soviet Union launches the Venera 1 space probe during February. the unmanned probe was the first spacecraft to fly by Venus. the Venera 1's mission returned some data back to Earth verifying the presence of plasma in space, but it was ultimately a failure as contact with the probe was lost within about a week of its launch. It did not transmit any data back about Venus when it passed by the planet. the Soviet Union launched a total of 16 Venera probes and many succeeded in providing detailed data and images of Venus. UK - Applies to EEC Britain applies for membership of the EEC Brazil -- Xingu National Park South Australian National Football League premiership: won by The Xingu National Park is created in Brazil West Somalia -- Flooding Victorian Football League premiership: Hawthorn defeated Footscray 94-51 Somalia suffers wide spread flooding after the two main rivers, overflowed their banks and merged in a vast flood plain leaving Golf hundreds of thousands homeless. : won by Frank Phillips UN -- Condemns Apartheid Australian PGA Championship: won by Alan Murray (Golfer) UN General Assembly condemns Apartheid Horse Racing U.S. - build bomb shelters Summer Fair wins the Caulfield Cup President John F. Kennedy advises American families to build Dhaulagiri wins the Cox Plate bomb shelters Magic Night wins the Golden Slipper South Africa -- independent republic Lord Fury wins the Melbourne Cup South Africa becomes an independent republic. Motor Racing Romania -- Orient Express The Australian Grand Prix was held at Mallala and won by Lex Last Journey of the Orient Express Paris - Bucharest Davison driving a Cooper Climax Vietnam - US Military Involvement Tennis First Direct US Military Involvement in Vietnam Australian Open men's singles: Roy Emerson defeats Rod Laver 1–6, 6–3, 7–5, 6–4 UK - Amnesty International Australian Open women's singles: Margaret Court defeats Jan Amnesty International Started in United Kingdom Lehane O'Neill 6-1, 6–4 World - Antarctic Treaty Davis Cup: Australia defeats Italy 5-0 in the 1961 Davis Cup final The Antarctic Treaty System comes into force on June 23rd to Wimbledon: Roy Emerson and Neale Fraser win the Men's regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica to Doubles ensure that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used Wimbledon: Rod Laver wins the Men's Singles exclusively for peaceful purposes Yachting Portugal - Santa Maria Astor takes line honours and Rival wins on handicap in the Members of the Portuguese leftist movement hijack the luxury Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race◘ 10 10

cruise liner Santa Maria. Australian Political Leaders World - Population 4 billion Monarchy Elizabeth II Estimate of the Worlds Population reaches 4 billion Governor-General William Morrison, then William Sidney Prime minister Robert Menzies Italy -- Monza Italian Grand Prix Race Population 10,548,267 During the Monza Italian Grand Prix Race Baron Wolfgang von Elections Federal, VIC Trips Ferrari crashes off the track onto embankment filled with spectators killing 14 plus the driver. State Premiers World -- World Wide Fund Premier of New South Wales – Robert Heffron Premier of Queensland – Frank Nicklin The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) started◘ Premier of South Australia – Sir Thomas Playford Popular Culture 1961 – Eric Reece Premier of Western Australia – David Brand The farthing coin, used since the 13th century, ceases to be legal tender in the United Kingdom. Premier of Victoria – Henry Bolte British satirical magazine Private Eye is published for first time State Governors The Pony become a popular dance Governor of New South Wales – Sir Black and white 5 pound notes cease to be legal tender in the Governor of Queensland – Sir Henry Abel Smith UK Governor of South Australia – Sir (from 4 April) Most popular movies Governor of Tasmania – Thomas Corbett, 2nd Baron Rowallan West Side Story The Guns of Navarone Governor of Western Australia – Sir Charles Gairdner El Cid The Absent-Minded Professor Governor of Victoria – Sir Dallas Brooks◘ The Parent Trap La Dolce Vita Lover Come Back King of Kings Major World Political Leaders Australia -- Prime Minister -- Sir Robert Menzies 101 Dalmatians Splendor in the Grass China -- Chairman of the People's Republic of China -- Liu Shaoqi Academy Awards France -- President -- Charles de Gaulle Best Picture: West Side Story U.S. -- President -- Dwight D. Eisenhower (Till January 20); John F. Best Director: Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins – West Side Kennedy (from January 20) Story Best Actress: Sophia Loren – Two Women United Kingdom -- Prime Minister -- Harold Macmillan ◘ Best Actor: Maximilian Schell – Judgment at Nuremberg Popular TV Wagon Train Bonanza Gunsmoke Perry Mason The Red Skelton Show Andy Griffith Candid Camera My Three Sons Alfred Hitchcock Presents The Twilight Zone Mister Ed (first broadcast in October, 1961) The Avengers debut in the UK. But it was not seen in the U.S. until 1965. Born This Year 22 September—Scott Baio 4 August—Barack Obama 31 October—Peter Jackson 12 November—Nadia Comaneci 16 November—Frank Bruno 6 May—, 30 July—Lawrence Fishburne, 9 June—Michael J. Fox, 26 January—Wayne Gretzky, 23 July—Woody Harrelson, 18 October—Wynton Marsalis, ◘ 11 11

Technology 1961 Women’s Fashion Yuri Gagarin is the first human in space. The First inflight movie is shown on TWA The First electric toothbrush is produced Squibb Co. Alan Shepard makes first US Space Flight Niagra Falls starts producing hydroelectric power The first quasar is discovered by Allan Sandage at Mt Palomar, California IBM introduces the Selectric typewriter Golfball Inventions Invented by Inventors and Country ( or attributed to First Use ) Human Space Travel Russia Yuri Gagarin - the first human in space◘

1961 Homes 12 12

What Happened in 1962 Important News and Events, Key Technology and Popular Culture

1962 World 1962 in Australia the Cold War continued to worsen when the Russians placed Events Ballistic Missiles on Cuban land just 90 miles away from Australian Ballet is founded. coast of Florida in and JFK called the bluff by threatening war unless they were removed which they were but for a short time 1 March – The final section of the Cahill Expressway opens in the world was on the brink of nuclear war and self destruction. Sydney. the president then set a goal of landing a man on the moon The toilets of St Brigid's; the reason for the 1962 School Strike before the end of the decade and became more involved in and the beginning of State Aid to non-Government schools politics in by training South Vietnamese pilots. 16 July – An education strike in Goulburn, New South Wales, Folk music was evolving into protest music thanks to young where, in response to a demand for the installation of three artists like Bob Dylan and the birth of Surfing music by the beach extra toilets at a local Catholic Primary School, the local boys grew in popularity meanwhile in England the Beatles record community closed down these schools and sent the children to the single "Love Me Do". the new hit on TV for that year was "The the Government schools. The Catholic Church declared they had Beverly Hillbillies" and the first of the James Bond movies "Dr no money to install the extra toilets. Nearly 1,000 children No" was an instant success, some of the other movies released turned up to be enrolled locally and the State schools were included "Spartacus" and "El Cid". unable to accommodate them. In 1963, Menzies made State aid Space - First Men In Space for science blocks part of his Party's platform in response to the public debate engendered by the Goulburn strike. John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit the Earth in February of 1962 15 August – The Red Sales aerobatic team, flying Vampire jets, crashes in practice, killing six people. 1962 President Kennedy asks Congress for $531 million to put a man on the moon before the end of the decade 28 September – Paddington tram depot fire: One fifth of the Brisbane tram fleet is destroyed when the Paddington tram Cuba --- Cuban Missile Crisis depot is burnt down in suspicious circumstances. 65 trams are Cuban Missile Crisis when USSR plans to deploy Missiles in Cuba destroyed.◘ brings the world to the brink of world war, the US blockades Cuba and the USSR agrees to dismantle Soviet Silos Begins Arts and literature On October 15th ends on November 20th 2 November – The first performance of the Australian Ballet Company in Sydney was of Swan Lake. U.S. -- NASA Ranger IV Launches The Well Dressed Explorer by Thea Astley and The Cupboard NASA’s Ranger 4 spacecraft was launched and crashed on the Under the Stairs by George Turner are jointly awarded the Miles Moon during April. the spacecraft was launched from Cape Franklin Literary Award Canaveral with the mission to study the Moon, return data back to Earth, and transmit images. Unfortunately, the mission was a Television failure as it failed to relay any useful information back to NASA 4 March – NBN Television opens in Newcastle, New South Wales due to a computer and battery issue. Ranger 4 stopped as NBN-3. operating after 10 hours of flight and later crashed into the surface of the Moon. the mission was notable in that it was the 18 March – WIN Television opens in , New South first Ranger mission to have a successful launch and was the Wales as WIN-4. first US spacecraft to land on the Moon. 26 May - Southern Cross Television opens in Launceston, U.S. -- Friendship 7 Tasmania as TNT-9 NASA launches the Friendship 7 spacecraft during February . the Music Mercury capsule carried astronaut John Glenn who conducted the first orbit around the Earth by an American. Glenn orbited Top 10 Hits the Earth three times in a flight that lasted just under five hours. "Working for the Man" / "Leah" - Roy Orbison Glenn splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean successfully but "Can't Help Falling in Love" / "Rock-a-Hula Baby" - Elvis Presley faced a moment when the automatic control system failed and "Good Luck Charm" / "Anything That's Part of You" - Elvis Presley he had to manually control the capsule. the Soviet Union had already made the first human orbit during April of the previous "Roses Are Red (My Love)" - Bobby Vinton year with cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. "Multiplication" - Bobby Darin 13 13

U.S. --- Marilyn Monroe sings Happy Birthday To "The Lonely Bull" - Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass President Kennedy "I Can't Stop Loving You" - Ray Charles Marilyn Monroe serenades President Kennedy on his birthday. "Stranger on the Shore" - Acker Bilk "Telstar" - The Tornados NASA Launches Ranger 3 Mission "The Swiss Maid" - Del Shannon NASA’s Ranger 3 spacecraft launches on January 26th. It was the U.S.’ first attempt at landing a spacecraft on the surface of Births the Moon. If successful, the spacecraft was designed to transmit 23 January – Richard Roxburgh, actor, writer, producer and director photos of the lunar surface before making a rough landing. Unfortunately due to malfunctions with the guidance system, 28 January – Barbara Stone, politician Ranger 3 never made it to the Moon. It missed entering the 14 February – Stephen Robertson, politician lunar orbit by about 22,000 miles and instead entered a 22 February – Steve Irwin, wildlife expert and media personality (died heliocentric orbit. While NASA was never able to transmit photos 2006) of the surface from the mission, they did gain some engineering data related to the mission. 9 March – Jeff Knuth, politician 13 April – Andrew Jachno, race walker Cuba - US ---Prisoner Exchange 24 April – Steve "Blocker" Roach, rugby league Footballer of the End of Bay Of Pigs Fiasco when 1,113 prisoners taken during and the attempted invasion are exchanged for $53 million in food and medicine 26 April – Trevor Marmalade, comedian and author 6 May – , politician U.S. --- Spider-Man 13 May – Paul McDermott, comedian and singer Marvel's Spider-Man superhero makes his first appearance in a comic. 25 May – , politician Brazil - World Cup 24 June – Steve Dickson, politician Brazil beat Czechoslovakia 3-1 to win the 1962 World Cup 9 July – Paul Lucas, politician 15 July – Michelle Ford, swimmer U.S. - Marilyn Monroe 18 July – , comedian Marilyn Monroe is found dead on August 5th after apparently 6 August – Steven Lee, alpine skier overdosing on sleeping pills 17 September – Baz Luhrmann, Film director and producer U.S. - Navy SEALS 26 September – , long distance runner The US Navy SEALS are created on January 1st as the U.S. 13 October – David Dalgleish, politician Navy's principal special operations force, the special force was in existance prior dating back to World War II when the Navy 26 October – Rob Messenger, politician "Scouts and Raiders" was formed. 30 October – , politician UN -- apartheid condemned 10 November – , rugby league Footballer and coach The United Nations General Assembly passes a resolution 11 November – James Morrison – jazz Musician condemning South Africa's racist apartheid policies and calls for 5 December – Michael Harvey, racewalker all UN member states to cease military and economic relations 8 December - Steve Elkington, Golfer; Tracy Davis, politician with the nation 12 December – Chris Cummins, politician Burundi - Independence 16 December – John English, politician Burundi Gains Independence from Deaths Germany -- Peter Fechter 17 January – Frank Hurley (born 1885), Film maker and photographer East German Border Guards shoot attempted escapee Peter 3 December – Mary Gilmore (born 1865), poet and journalist◘ Fechter and leave him to die on the Berlin Wall Germany -- Heavy storm flood Australian Sport Heavy storm flood on Germany's North Sea coast, mainly around Hamburg, more than 300 people die, thousands losing their General homes Australia wins 38 gold medals at the 1962 British Empire and , held in US - First Kmart The first Kmart department store opens in Garden City, Michigan Athletics 14 14

11 August – wins the men's national Toys from the Year 1962 marathon title, clocking 2:26:24.2 in Perth. Cricket New South Wales wins the Sheffield Shield Football Bledisloe Cup: retained by the All Blacks Brisbane Rugby League premiership: Norths defeated Valleys 22 – 0 New South Wales Rugby League premiership: St. George defeated Wests 9-6 South Australian National Football League premiership: won by Port Adelaide Victorian Football League premiership: Essendon defeated Carlton 90-58 Popular Culture 1962 Golf Beatles Turned Down By Decca Records Australian Open: won by Gary Player Release of first Beatles recording: the single "Love Me Do" Australian PGA Championship: won by Bill Dunk Andy Warhol's famous painting of a can of soup Horse Racing Beverly Hill Billies is on TV Indian Summer wins the AJC Oaks The Dick Van Dyke show on TV Even Stevens wins the Caulfield Cup Johnny Carson begins as presenter for the Tonight Show Aquanita wins the Cox Plate Most popular movies Lawrence of Arabia The Longest Day In Search of the Castaways That Touch of Mink The Music Man Mutiny on the Bounty To Kill a Mockingbird Hatari! Gypsy Bon Voyage! Academy Awards Best Picture: Lawrence of Arabia Best Director: David Lean – Lawrence of Arabia Best Actress: Anne Bancroft – The Miracle Worker Best Actor: Gregory Peck – To Kill a Mockingbird Popular Singers The Beatles Bob Dylan Chubby Checker Frankie Valli & the Four Seasons Neil Sedaka Roy Orbison Shirley Bassey Born This Year 11 October—Joan Cusack 19 October—Evander Holyfield 11 November—Demi Moore 19 November—Jodie Foster ◘ 15 15

Birthday Card wins the Golden Slipper Australian Political Leaders Even Stevens wins the Melbourne Cup Monarchy Elizabeth II Motor Racing Governor-General William Sidney The Australian Grand Prix was held at Caversham and won by Prime minister Robert Menzies Bruce McLaren driving a Cooper-Climax Population 10,742,291 The Armstrong 500 was held at Phillip Island, and was won by Elections SA, NSW, WA Harry Firth and driving an XL Falcon State Premiers Premier of New South Wales – Robert Heffron Heather Blundell wins the Women's Championship at the British Premier of Queensland – Frank Nicklin Open Squash Championships Premier of South Australia – Sir Thomas Playford Tennis Premier of Tasmania – Eric Reece Australian Open men's singles: Rod Laver defeats Roy Emerson Premier of Western Australia – David Brand 8-6 0–6 6-4 6-4 Premier of Victoria – Henry Bolte Australian Open women's singles: Margaret Court defeats Jan Lehane O'Neill 6-0 6-2 State Governors Davis Cup: Australia defeats Mexico 5-0 in the 1962 Davis Cup Governor of New South Wales – Sir Eric Woodward final Governor of Queensland – Sir Henry Abel Smith French Open: Rod Laver wins the Men's Singles Governor of South Australia – Sir Edric Bastyan French Open: Margaret Court wins the Women's Singles Governor of Tasmania – Thomas Corbett, 2nd Baron Rowallan French Open: Roy Emerson and Neale Fraser win the Men's Governor of Western Australia – Sir Charles Gairdner Doubles Governor of Victoria – Sir Dallas Brooksis◘ US Open: Rod Laver wins the Men's Singles US Open: Margaret Court wins the Women's Major World Political Leaders Singles Australia -- Prime Minister -- Sir Robert Menzies Wimbledon: Rod Laver wins the Men's Singles China -- Chairman of the People's Republic of China -- Liu Shaoqi Wimbledon: Bob Hewitt and Fred Stolle win the Men's Doubles France -- President -- Charles de Gaulle Yachting Russia / Soviet Union -- First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union -- Nikita Khrushchev Gretel makes first challenge for the America's Cup, losing 4–1 to the American opponent Weatherly U.S. -- President -- John F. Kennedy Ondine takes line honours and Solo wins on handicap in the United Kingdom -- Prime Minister -- Harold Macmillan ◘ Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race◘

France - Boeing 707 crashes Air France Boeing 707 crashes on take-off at Orly Airport in Paris on June 3rd U.S. - Oral Polio Vaccine Oral Polio Vaccine developed by Albert Sabin given to millions of children to combat Polio Algeria -- Independence Algeria Gains Independence from France Jamaica - Independence Jamaica Gains Independence from ◘ 16 16

1962 Women’s Fashion Technology 12 European countries form European Space Agency Telstar relays the first live trans-Atlantic television signal US Airforce investigates using lasers to intercept missiles 90% of US households own a Television Set Britain and France agree to develop the Concorde The first use of silicone breast implants by Houston plastic surgeons Inventions Invented by Inventors and Country ( or attributed to First Use ) Communication Satellite USA Telstar Venus Probe USA Mariner 2 - the first planetary probe LEDs USA Light Emitting Diodes - used for displays◘

1962 Homes 17 17

What Happened in 1963 Important News and Events, Key Technology and Popular Culture

1963 World 1963 in Australia the biggest news from 1963 was the assassination of the US Events President Kennedy on November 22nd which thrust Lyndon John Carew Eccles is announced as the Australian of the Year Johnson into the role of president and the murder two days later of Lee Harvey Oswald by nightclub owner Jack Ruby. This was a The first stage of the Ord River Scheme is completed difficult time to become president with the mounting troubles in British nuclear tests at Maralinga ceased Vietnam where the Viet Cong Guerrillas had now killed 80 March – a special federal conference of the Australian Labor American Advisers and the continued campaign for civil rights by Party was called on the building of a North-west Cape the black community caused violent reactions from whites communications facility which would support the US nuclear including Mississippi, Virginia and Alabama where the black civil submarine capability. Despite the of the Left faction, rights leader Martin Luther King Jr was arrested. Films included the National Executive voted narrowly to "The Birds" and "The Great Escape" and popular TV Program "The support the base. Virginian" and "Lassie". ladies fashion clothes and hairstyles included fur boots and towering hair do's for evening wear. In 21 March – At the conference, Arthur Calwell and Gough music the beginning of Beatlemania after they release "I Want To Whitlam were photographed outside the venue at Kingston in Hold Your Hand/I Saw Her Standing There" and "Meet the . Although Calwell was the Leader of the Opposition, Beatles". neither man was a member of the federal executive. Menzies jibed that the ALP was ruled by "36 faceless men". U.S. -- Kennedy Assassination 14 August – Yolngu people petitioned the Australian House of John F. Kennedy assassinated on Friday, November 22nd, 1963, Representatives with a bark petition after the government sold in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas part of the Arnhem Land reserve on 13 March to a bauxite mining company. The government did not consult the traditional Caribbean -- Hurricane Flora owners. When bauxite mining at Nhulunbuy near Yirrkala went Hurricane Flora began as a tropical depression that formed ahead, the Yolngu took their case against the mining company to on September 26thnear the Cape Verde Islands. the Supreme Court. Despite their claim not being upheld in the 1971 court decision, non-indigenous U.S. -- Alcatraz Penitentiary Closes Australians were alerted to the need for indigenous Alcatraz, located in the San Francisco Bay, is first explored by representation in such decisions, and a permanent Juan Manuel de Ayala who named it after the pelicans that parliamentary standing committee was created to scrutinise inhabited the island in 1775. developments at Yirrkala, among other initiatives related to the indigenous people's moral right to their lands. World -- Beatlemania the Early Years 1 November – could vote in federal Beatles Release I Want To Hold Your Hand/I Saw Her Standing elections on the same basis as other electors when an There and Meet the Beatles amendment to the Commonwealth Electoral Act became law. Space - Mariner 2 Mission Ends The November 1963 election was the first federal election for Indigenous people in Western Australia, Queensland and the NASA loses contact with the Mariner 2 spacecraft on January Northern Territory. Indigenous voting rights in other states had 3rd, bringing an end to the successful mission. the Mariner 2 been in place since 1949. spacecraft had been launched on August 27, 1962. 15 November - The Queensland Police Service raids the town of In December of 1962 it became the first mission to successfully Mapoon, forcing residents at gunpoint to leave their houses and observe another planet when it flew past Venus. Before contact board a boat for relocation 200 km to the north. was lost, it had transmitted data back to Earth about the temperature, atmosphere, magnetic fields, and radiation of 30 November – Federal election: The government was Venus. returned with an increased majority of 10 seats over the Australian Labor Party. The election was for the House of USSR - the First Woman in Space Representatives only. The Soviet Union launches the Vostok 6 spacecraft, carrying Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space. Science and technology The Soviet Union launches the Vostok 6 spacecraft during June . John Carew Eccles shares the Nobel Prize in Physiology or the mission carried cosmonaut Valentina V. Tereshkova as she Medicine for his work on the synapse became the first woman in space. During the mission medical 3 December – Australians could connect more easily by 18 18

experiments were conducted to test the effects of space travel telephone with the rest of the world by International Direct on a female body and live video of Tereshkova was broadcast on Dialling with the opening of COMPAC, the Commonwealth Pacific television in the Soviet Union. the flight also involved the Vostok cable. This was part of a scheme to connect the British 5 spacecraft which was also in space at the time. the two crafts Commonwealth by telephone. flew together and communicated with each other by using two- way radio throughout the mission. the Vostok 6 was in space for Arts and literature 3 days, after which it came to an end and Valentina Tereshkova Careful, He Might Hear You by Sumner Locke Elliott is awarded safely returned to Earth. the Miles Franklin Literary Award UK -- the Profumo Scandal Film The Profumo Crisis in the UK causing resignations from the Short Films produced in Australia included the following cabinet caused by war minister John Profumo having an affair screened at the Venice Film Festival with Christina Wheeler who was also involved with a Soviet Navy Adam and Eve – Dusan Marek officer Along the Sepik – Ian Dunlop U.S. -- Final Project Mercury Mission Russell Drysdale – Dahl Collings The final Project Mercury mission, Mercury-Atlas 9, is launched Sidney Nolan – Dahl Collings by NASA during May . the Faith 7 spacecraft carried astronaut Gordon Cooper into space for about 34 hours during which he They Found a Cave – Andrew Steane – XV Int. Festival Films for orbited the Earth 22 times. the purpose of the mission was to Young People test the limits of the Mercury space capsule. Cooper's flight was William Dobell – Dahl Collings about three times longer than any other human space flight that had been completed at that point in history. It also marked the Others: final time that NASA launched a solo orbital mission. Near the The Queen Returns – The 1963 Australian visit of Her Majesty end of the flight Cooper experienced several technical problems The Queen and His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh was but was able to overcome them and successfully returned to Filmed by the Commonwealth Film Unit. Much of the 30-minute Earth. Film is devoted to Canberra and its history as the Queen's visit coincided with Canberra's Jubilee Celebrations – 50 years since U.S. - Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty the founding of the city. The U.S. Senate approved ratification of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) during September . the Partial Nuclear Test Television Ban Treaty banned all nuclear weapon testing that was not founded as the "National Television Network" conducted underground, prohibiting atmospheric, outer space, The panel show Beauty and the Beast premieres on the Seven and under water tests. It was originally signed by the U.S., United Network. Kingdom and Soviet Union. the ban helped to slow down the nuclear arms race and eventually 123 more countries ratified Music the treaty, making it nearly universal. Top 10 Hits Yugoslavia -- President Tito "I Want To Hold Your Hand" - The Beatles The nation of Yugoslavia became the Socialist Federal Republic "She Loves You" - The Beatles of Yugoslavia in April and the country's leader, Josip Broz Tito, "Tamoure" - Bill Justis was named as the "President for Life." the changes to the "From a Jack to a King" - Ned Miller European nation's name and Tito's authority were a part of several socialist reforms added into the country's constitution "Pipeline" - Chantays during that year. With his increased authority, Tito relaxed many "Hey Paula" - Paul and Paula religious and political restrictions and helped to improve the "Sugar Shack" - Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs economy by encouraging foreign tourism and the expansion of "I Will Follow Him" - Little Peggy March private enterprise. Tito was generally liked by the people and "Return to Sender" - Elvis Presley was commended for going against Soviet-era communism and "Move Baby Move" / "You'll Never Cherish a Love So True" - developing a successful form of socialism. Tito died in 1980 and Johnny O'Keefe the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia broke up in 1992. - Civilian Rule Births Korea returns to Civilian Rule 5 January – Vanessa Browne-Ward, high jumper 2 March – Anthony Albanese, politician UK - American Express 17 March – , Australian Rules Football player American Express introduces Credit Cards Into the UK 29 March – Elle Macpherson, model 19 19

Toys from the Year 1963 Libya - earthquake An earthquake in Libya destroys the village of Barce - 500 dead Yugoslavia -- earthquake An Earthquake Strikes Skopje, Yugoslavia destroying 80% of the city Greece -- Bloodless Military coup Bloodless Military coup deposes President George Papadopoulos Saipan -- Typhoon Olive Typhoon Olive with 110MPH Winds destroyed most of the homes on the Island of Saipan Haiti -- Hurricane Flora 31 March – Paul Mercurio, actor and dancer Hurricane Flora a massive storm kills 6,000 in Haiti, Cuba, 8 May – Anthony Field, Australian guitarist, songwriter, producer, Trinidad, and Tobago, Grenada, and actor (The Cockroaches and The Wiggles) Germany - Berlin Wall 27 June – Paul Roos, Footballer and coach 1st Beeching Report suggests closing 25% of British Rail 13 September – Phillip Dutton, equestrian rider U.S. -- Polio Vaccine 30 September – Stan Grant, journalist The Sabin oral Polio Vaccine which is taken with a lump of sugar 30 September – Greg Williams, Australian Rules Football player is given nationwide in US and UK 23 October – , Australian Rules Football player Kenya -- Independence 15 November – Benny Elias, rugby league player Kenya Gains Independence from Britain 16 November – Tim Ferguson, comedian ( All Stars) Bangladesh - Tsunami 24 November – Stephen Lacey, author A hurricane and resulting Tsunami cause Flooding in East 10 December – John Elias (in Lebanon), rugby league player/ Pakistan Bangladesh kills 22,000 coach U.S. - Indiana State Fair Coliseum 30 December – , politician◘ Indiana State Fair Coliseum Explosion kills 74 Deaths World -- Religion 19 March – , Premier of South Australia (born 1881) World Religions status: 890 million Christians, 200 million 28 May – Margaret Preston, Artist (born 1875) Buddhists, 365 million Hindus, 13 million Jews 1 June – Walter Lee, Premier of Tasmania (born 1874) U.S. - USS Thresher 21 June – Harvey Sutton, track and field athlete (born 1882) Nuclear-powered attack submarine USS Thresher sinks in the 10 October – Roy Cazaly, Australian Rules Football player (born Atlantic Ocean 1893) 2 November – Daniel Mannix, Archbishop of Melbourne (born Venezuela - Student riots 1864)◘ Student riots break out all over Coro and Valencia, Venezuela. 1963 Women’s Fashion Vatican - Pope John XXIII Pope John XXIII dies on June 3rd Pope Paul VI is elected by College of Cardinals. Russia / US - "hot line" established The U.S. and the Soviet Union agree to establish a "hot line" onJune 20th a direct communication system between the two nations to prevent a possible Nuclear War. UK - Great Train Robbery The Great Train Robbery takes place in Buckinghamshire, England 20 20

U.S. - Lottery Australian Sport First US State Lottery in New Hampshire Athletics U.S. - Martin Luther King, Jr 3 March – Dixie Willis breaks Lyudmila Shevtsova's world record Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers his "I have a dream" speech (2:04.3) in the women's 800 metres, clocking 2:01.2 in Perth. U.S. - James Meredith Cricket James Meredith becomes the first African American to graduate Victoria wins the Sheffield Shield from the University of Mississippi◘ Australia draws with England 1-1 and retains The Ashes

Popular Culture 1963 Football This was the year an Insurance firm State Mutual Life Insurance Brisbane Rugby League premiership: Norths defeated Wests 18- invented the Smiley Face found on anything and everything 8 around the world including T Shirts, it's popularity was at it's New South Wales Rugby League premiership: St. George peak in the 1960's defeated Western Suburbs 8-3 The Beatles release their first album Please Please Me. South Australian National Football League premiership: won by The first episode of the BBC television series Doctor Who is Port Adelaide broadcast Victorian Football League premiership: Geelong defeated Bob Dylan walks off the Ed Sullivan show Hawthorn 109-60 Beatle's Release "She Loves You" in UK which goes to Number 1 Golf for 4 weeks August 23rd Australian Open: won by Gary Player Most popular movies Australian PGA Championship: won by Colin Johnston Cleopatra How the West Was Won Horse Racing It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World Arctic Star wins the AJC Oaks Tom Jones Irma la Douce Sometime wins the Caulfield Cup The Sword in the Stone Son of Flubber Summer Regent wins the Cox Plate The Birds Dr. No wins the Golden Slipper The V.I.P.s Academy Awards Best Picture: Tom Jones Best Director: Tony Richardson – Tom Jones Best Actress: Patricia Neal – Hud Best Actor: Sidney Poitier – Lilies of the Field Popular Musicians The Beatles Roy Orbison The Drifters Jim Reeves Popular TV Programs Coronation Street The Andy Griffith Show The Flintstones Mister Ed The Avengers The Dick Van Dyke Show Born This Year 1 November—Big Kenny ( Big & Rich ) 5 November—Tatum O'Neal 17 February—Michael Jordan 6 June—Johnny Depp ◘ 21 21

Gatum Gatum wins the Melbourne Cup Australian Political Leaders Motor Racing Monarchy Elizabeth II The Australian Grand Prix was held at Warwick Farm, and was Governor-General William Sidney won by driving a Brabham Climax Prime minister Robert Menzies The Armstrong 500 was held at Bathurst, and was won by Harry Population 10,950,379 Firth and Bob Jane driving a Ford Cortina Mk 1 GT Australian of the Year John Carew Eccles Squash Elections Federal, QLD British Open Squash Championships: Heather Blundell wins the Women's Championship State Premiers Premier of New South Wales – Robert Heffron Tennis Premier of South Australia – Sir Thomas Playford Australian Open men's singles: Roy Emerson defeats Ken Fletcher 6-3 6-3 6-1 Premier of Queensland – Frank Nicklin Australian Open women's singles: Margaret Court defeats Jan Premier of Tasmania – Eric Reece Lehane O'Neill 6-2 6-2 Premier of Western Australia – David Brand Davis Cup: Australia is defeated by the 2–3 in the Premier of Victoria – Henry Bolte 1963 Davis Cup final French Open: Roy Emerson wins the Men's Singles State Governors Governor of New South Wales – Sir Eric Woodward French Open: Lesley Turner Bowrey wins the Women's Singles Governor of Queensland – Sir Henry Abel Smith French Open: Roy Emerson and Manuel Santana win the Men's Doubles Governor of South Australia – Sir Edric Bastyan US Open: Robyn Ebbern and Margaret Court win the Women's Governor of Tasmania – Sir Thomas Corbett, 2nd Baron Doubles Rowallan (until 25 March) then Sir Charles Gairdner Wimbledon: Margaret Court becomes the first Australian to win Governor of Western Australia – Sir Charles Gairdner (until 25 the Ladies' Singles October) then Sir Douglas Kendrew Governor of Victoria – Sir Dallas Brooks (until 8 May) then Sir Yachting ◘ Astor takes line honours and Freya wins on handicap in the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race◘ Major World Political Leaders Technology Australia -- Prime Minister -- Sir Robert Menzies AT&T introduces touch tone phones China -- Chairman of the People's Republic of China -- Liu Shaoqi Flymo Sells first Hover Mower France -- President -- Charles de Gaulle The first prototype Learjet takes off Russia / Soviet Union -- First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union -- Nikita Khrushchev Zip codes implemented in US U.S. -- President -- John F. Kennedy (Till November 22); Lyndon B. Lava Lamp or the Astro Lamp Launched by Edward Craven Johnson (from November 22) Walker United Kingdom -- Prime Minister -- Harold Macmillan -- Till 19 Inventions Invented by Inventors and Country October); Sir Alec Douglas-Home (from 19 October)◘ ( or attributed to First Use ) Tape Cassette ( Philips ) used to record and play 1963 Homes audio Pull Tab Can As Used for Soda U.S. Alcoa Company◘ 22 22

What Happened in 1964 Important News and Events, Key Technology and Popular Culture

1964 World 1964 in Australia as the war in Vietnam and US Congress Authorizes war against N Events Vietnam more American servicemen were dying, and after three 29 January – The Royal Australian Air Force takes of its civil rights workers were murdered in Mississippi the president first two Mirage fighter jets signed the Civil Rights act of 1964 but this did not stop the violence as it continued to increase in many American Cities. 3 February – The first double-decker carriages begin trial runs on Lyndon Johnson was also returned to power after a landslide the Sydney rail network victory. This was also the year the Beatles took the world and 4 February – Cyclone Dora strikes north west Queensland America by storm and Beatlemania went into overdrive as they 10 February – Melbourne–Voyager collision: The released a series of number one hits including "I want to hold HMAS Melbourne and the destroyer HMAS Voyager collide, with your hand", "All my Loving" . Other British groups also found the loss of 82 lives success including the Rolling Stones and the Animals and together with the American Talent of the Supremes and Bob March – There is a split in the Communist Party of Australia and Dylan many say this was one of the greatest years for music in the Communist Party of Australia (Marxist-Leninist) is formed the last century. Also one young loud talented boxer by the name April – The Menzies government refuses to ratify the of Cassius Clay won the World heavyweight championship International Labour Organization convention on equal pay for from Sonny Liston. women. Vietnam War April – The editors of Sydney satirical Oz magazine – Richard Neville, Richard Walsh and Martin Sharp – are charged with Three North Vietnamese torpedo boats attack the US Destroyer printing an obscene publication Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin US Congress Authorizes war against N Vietnam Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 8 April – The Jackson–Moonie–Brisbane oil pipeline opens 24 April – Melbourne woman Judy Hanrahan becomes the first Boston Strangler female teller appointed by the Bank of NSW since World War II The Boston Strangler Albert DeSalvo is captured 27 April Sir resigns as Minister for External Though the crimes were attributed to Albert DeSalvo, Affairs to take up his appointment as the new Chief Justice of investigators of the case have since suggested the murders the (sometimes known as the silk stocking murders) were not June – Macquarie University is founded. committed by one person because the victims from different age and ethnic groups, and that there were different modi operandi. 12–30 June – The Beatles' 1964 world tour in Australia and . Warren Commission 6 July – Warrant Officer Class 2, Kevin Conway of the Australian Warren Commission report on the assassination of President Army Training Team died; he was Australia's first Vietnam War John F. Kennedy concludes Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone battle casualty. the report concluded that the gunman Lee Harvey Oswald acted 15 July – The first edition of The Australian is published in alone with an unknown motive in assassinating President Canberra. It is Australia's first national daily newspaper, Kennedy and the Jack Ruby had acted alone in his murder of the published by 's News Limited. suspect Oswald. 17 July – Donald Campbell sets new land speed record of 429 It was also reported that the Secret Service had not made miles per hour in his jet-propelled car "Bluebird" at Lake Eyre, adequate preparations for the president's Dallas visit. South Australia the results proved to be somewhat controversial as there was August – The Tasman Bridge across the Derwent River opens in some conflicting evidence and many people believed in different Hobart. conspiracy theories surrounding the assassination such as there were multiple shooters involved or that foreign governments 26 October – Notorious Perth serial killer Eric Edgar Cooke is arranged the assassination. executed at Prison; he is the last person to be hanged in Western Australia The Civil Rights Act of 1964 10 November – Prime Minister Robert Menzies announces the President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 reintroduction of National Service into law on July 2nd. the Civil Rights Act of 1964 made it illegal 10 December – The declares a State of emergency in an attempt to end the Mount Isa Mines dispute 23 23

to discriminate against someone based on their race, religion, 16 December – Melbourne's La Trobe University is founded sex, national origin, or the colors of their skin. It also made 31 December – Donald Campbell sets new water speed record segregation in public places illegal, enforced the desegregation of 276 miles per hour at Dumbleyung Lake, Western Australia of schools and addressed unfair and unequal access to voting and voter registration. The Beatles tour Australia The law was considered one of the crowning achievements Sir is appointed President of the International during the civil rights movement and ended the Jim Crow laws Court of Justice that had legalized segregation in the U.S. since the end of Swimmer is named Australian of the Year slavery and the Civil War. While it did not solved the country's racial issues or end prejudice, it was the first step in creating a Science and technology more fair and equal society. 2 October – opened – the world's longest Martin Luther King Jr. - Nobel Peace Prize concrete arch at the time. On October 14th, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was awarded the Arts and literature Nobel Peace Prize. the prize was awarded to him for his efforts Donald Horne's The Lucky Country published. in leading the non-violent resistance against racial prejudice and segregation in the U.S.. King was only 35 years old when he Kath Walker's We Are Going published. received the prestigious prize, making him the youngest My Brother Jack by George Johnston is awarded the Miles recipient at the time. King was awarded $54,123 of prize Franklin Literary Award. money, of which he donated to his cause in furthering the Civil Rights Movement. Television Elizabeth Taylor marries Richard Burton The launch of ATV-0 marks the birth of the third commercial Television network, now known as Network Ten Elizabeth Taylor marries Richard Burton for the first time. Singer Johnny Chester hosts a new ABC TV show called Teen Having first met while filming the movie Cleopatra in 1961, Scene, which also features his backing group The Chessmen as actors Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor make their much the house band. publicized relationship official on March 15th when they are 20 October – Police drama Homicide begins a 12-year run and married in Montreal. the two had both been married when they sets the pace for Australian Television drama. first started their relationship, a scandalizing event that garnered attention from the Vatican, which condemned them. the Burton- 11 November – premieres on HSV 7 Taylor affair and marriage had the public fascinated and marked in Melbourne. the beginning of the public's enthrallment with celebrity relationships. the pair were married until their divorce in June of Music 1974. They remarried each other in 1975 but divorced for a Top 10 Hits second time in less than a year. "I Saw Her Standing There" / "Love Me Do" - The Beatles Mariner 4 spacecraft "I Feel Fine" / "She's a Woman" - The Beatles The Mariner 4 spacecraft is launched by NASA. "Can't Buy Me Love" / "You Can't Do That" - The Beatles The Mariner 4 spacecraft is launched on November 28th with "A Hard Day's Night" / "Things We Said Today" - The Beatles the mission of photographing and studying the atmosphere of "All My Loving (EP)" - The Beatles Mars. the Mariner 4 spacecraft reached Mars in July of 1965 "I Should Have Known Better" / "If I Fell" - The Beatles and was the first successful mission to reach the red planet as "Ain't That Loving You Baby" - Elvis Presley well as the first to provide images of another planet from deep "Have I The Right?" - The Honeycombs space. There were a total of twenty-one black and white photos that Mariner 4 relayed back to Earth. the spacecraft stopped "You're My World" - Cilla Black communicating with NASA in October of 1965 when its antenna "Oh, Pretty Woman" - Roy Orbison was no longer pointing in the correct position. the Mariner 4 space probe resumed communications in 1967 but was Births deactivated at the end of that year. 15 January – Scott Emerson, politician U.S. - the Beatles 16 January – , squash player The first Beatles US Album Release "Introducing the Beatles," is 23 January – Nick Breyder, junior cross country runner released on January 10th in the US by Vee-Jay Records 25 February – , politician - independence 3 March – , politician Malta gains independence from the UK 4 March – Karen Knowles, entertainer 13 March – Stephen Bennett, politician Egypt - Aswan Dam 7 April – Douglas Humphrey, philosopher/statesman Work Begins on the Aswan Dam by diverting the Nile to a 24 24

manmade canal. Toys from the Year 1964 UK / France - Tunnel The British and French Governments announce commitment to build a tunnel under the English Channel Scotland - Forth Road Suspension Bridge The Queen opens the Forth Road Suspension Bridge connecting Edinburgh to Fife U.S. - War On Poverty Campaign

President Lyndon Johnson declares a War On Poverty Campaign. 8 April – Michael Caltabiano, politician UK - Interest Rate is Raised to 7% 15 April – Lee Kernaghan, country singer/songwriter The UK Interest Rate is Raised to 7% 19 April – Peter Jackson (died 1997), Australian rugby league Footballer UK - population 30 April – Ian Healy, Cricket player and commentator UK Report expects population to explode over next 20 years and 2 May – John Hathaway, politician plans for 3 new towns including Milton Keynes 28 May – Jeff Fenech, boxer and trainer U.S. - smoking - lung cancer 3 June – Matthew Ryan, equestrian U.S. Surgeon General reports that smoking may lead to lung 7 June – Gia Carides, actress cancer 9 June – Jane Kennedy, actress and comedian U.S. - Star Of India sapphire 3 August – Michael Healy, politician Star Of India sapphire stolen from American Museum of Natural 4 August – Andrew Bartlett, politician History in New York 5 August – Dale Shuttleworth, politician Cyprus - Civil War 10 August – Andy Caldecott, motorcycle racer (died 2006) Civil War breaks out in Cyprus between Greeks and Turks 14 August – , Australian Rules Football player Tanzania / Malawi / Malta - Independence 19 August – , Australian Rules Football player Tanzania Gains Independence from Great Britain and combines 5 September – , soccer player and manager the former Tanganika and the Island of Zanzibar 11 September – Kathy Watt, cyclist Malawi Gains Independence from Great Britain 27 October – , Cricket player and commentator Malta Gains Independence from Great Britain 28 October – Darius Perkins, actor (died 2019) Peru - Soccer Match Riot 29 October – Eddie McGuire, businessman and Television presenter A riot during a soccer match between Peru and Argentina ends with the loss of 300 fans dead. 29 October – Jackie Pereira, striker 9 November – Mark Dalton, basketball player UK - Great Train Robbers 9 December – Larry Emdur, Television presenter Great Train Robbers get 30 years each 16 December - , actress; , Brazil - military coup politician A military coup d'etat in Brazil led by Gen. Humberto Castello 22 December – Sam Cox, politician Branco Deaths - Olympics 23 January – Claude Hulbert, British actor (born 1900) The Summer Olympics are held in Tokyo, Japan 12 February – Arthur Upfield, author (born 1890) Austria - Winter Olympics 18 April – Wilfred Mibus, Victorian politician (born 1900) The Winter Olympic Games are held in Innsbruck, Austria◘ 19 October – Nettie Palmer, author (born 1885)◘ Australian Sport 17 May Bernard "Midget" Farrelly wins the first World Surfboard Championship at 25 25

Popular Culture 1964 18 July – Robert Vagg wins the men's national marathon title, clocking 2:24:06.2 in Sydney. Sidney Poitier becomes the first black actor to win the "best actor" Oscar Polo Prince wins the Melbourne Cup "Hello Dolly," "Funny Girl," and "Fiddler on the Roof" premier on South Australia wins the Sheffield Shield Broadway in New York. Freya wins the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race The Rolling Stones release debut album, "The Rolling Stones" Australia places 8th in the 1964 Olympic Games with 6 gold The Beatles make their first appearances on the Ed Sullivan medals Show. St. George Dragons win the Australian Rugby League Grand Final The Beatles have 13 singles Billboard's Hot 100 at the same wins the Victorian Football League time Grand Final◘ The first pirate radio station, Radio Caroline, is established The Beatles hold the top five positions in the Billboard Top 40 1964 Women’s Fashion singles in America Bob Dylan releases " They Are a-Changin" many consider a 1960s classic as it captured the changes hapening in society BBC2 starts broadcasting in the UK. Pablo Picasso painted his fourth Head of a Bearded Man Newspaper is first published in the United Kingdom Hasbro launch G.I. Joe an action figure for boys to join the Barbie Doll for Girls. Buffalo Wings (deep fried chicken wings coated with hot sauce) are made at the Anchor Bar in Buffalo, New York Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is published written by Roald Dahl Top of the Pops premieres on BBC television. Elizabeth Taylor marries Richard Burton for the first time Most popular movies My Fair Lady Goldfinger Mary Poppins The Carpetbaggers From Russia with Love A Fistful of Dollars Father Goose A Shot in the Dark A Hard Day’s Night The Night of the Iguana Academy Awards Best Picture: My Fair Lady Best Director: George Cukor – My Fair Lady Best Actress: Julie Andrews – Mary Poppins Best Actor: Rex Harrison – My Fair Lady Popular Musicians The Beatles Roy Orbison Ella Fitzgerald Simon and Garfunkel Born This Year 8 December—Teri Hatcher 2 September—Keanu Reeves 7 April— 26 May—Lenny Kravitz May ◘ 26 26

1964 Homes Australian Political Leaders Monarchy Elizabeth II Governor-General Viscount De L'Isle Prime minister Sir Robert Menzies Australian of the Year Dawn Fraser Elections TAS, VIC, Half-Senate State and Territory Leaders Premier of New South Wales – (until 30 April), then Opposition Leader – Premier of Queensland – Frank Nicklin Opposition Leader – Jack Duggan Premier of South Australia – Sir Thomas Playford IV Opposition Leader – Premier of Tasmania – Eric Reece Opposition Leader – Angus Bethune Premier of Victoria – Henry Bolte Opposition Leader – Clive Stoneham Premier of Western Australia – David Brand Opposition Leader – Governors and Administrators Governor of New South Wales – Lieutenant General Sir Eric Woodward Governor of Queensland – Sir Henry Abel Smith Governor of South Australia – Lieutenant General Sir Edric Bastyan Governor of Tasmania – General Sir Charles Gairdner Governor of Victoria – Major General Sir Rohan Delacombe Governor of Western Australia – Major General Sir Douglas Kendrew Administrator of Nauru – Reginald Leydin Administrator of Norfolk Island – Robert Wordsworth, then Roger Nott Administrator of the Northern Territory – Roger Nott (until 1 October), then Roger Dean Administrator of Papua and New Guinea – Sir ◘ Technology BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), an easy to learn high level programming language is introduced. Major World Political Leaders IBM announces the System/360. Australia - Prime Minister - Sir Robert Menzies The worlds first high speed rail network opens in Japan China - Chairman of the People's Republic of China - Liu Shaoqi First is manufactured France - President - Charles de Gaulle Sony introduces the first VCR Home Video Recorder History of Russia / Soviet Union - First Secretary of the Central Committee Video Recorders of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union - Nikita Khrushchev The first driver less train runs on London Underground Russia / Soviet Union - First Secretary of the CPSU - Leonid China explodes its first Nuclear bomb Brezhnev U.S. - President - Lyndon B. Johnson Inventions Invented by Inventors and Country United Kingdom - Prime Minister - Sir Alec Douglas-Home (Till 16 (or attributed to First Use) October); (from 16 October 1964)◘ Computer Mouse USA by Douglas Engelbart Bubble Wrap USA by Marc A Chavannes◘ 27 27

What Happened in 1965 Important News and Events, Key Technology and Popular Culture

1965 World 1965 in Australia the war in Vietnam continues to worsen as whatever the Events Americans do including major bombing of North Vietnam they actor, dancer and choreographer Sir is named continue to lose more men, at the same time the Anti-War Australian Of The Year movement grows and on November 13th 35,000 march on Washington as a protest against the war. There is also civil the Australian Conservation Foundation is formed unrest with rioting, looting and arson in . This was the Australian Council of National Trusts (ACNT) is formed also the first year mandated health warnings appeared on Northern Territory patrol officers forcibly round up the last cigarette packets and smoking became a no no. the latest craze groups of the Pintubi Aboriginal people still living an independent in kids toys was the Super Ball and the Skate Board. Fashions traditional lifestyle, and resettle them on the Papunya and also changed as women's skirts got shorter men's hair grew Yuendumu missions longer as the miniskirt makes its appearance. the word Hypertext is created to describe linking in early computer 7 January—Australia's first hydrofoil ferry begins service to systems and computer networking. the St Louis Arch is Manly, in Sydney. completed and the Beatles release 4 new albums including 12 January—Bodies of two 15-year-olds, Christine Sharrock and "Help". Marianne Schmidt, found at Wanda Beach, Sydney; case remains unsolved. Northeast blackout including Parts of Canada and U.S. North East 16 January—Passenger and car ferry Empress of Australia begins operating between Sydney and Hobart. Several U.S. states (VT, NH, MA, CT, RI, NY and portions of NJ) 27 January—Police at Mt Isa given the power to arrest without and parts of Canada are hit by a series of blackouts lasting up to warrant and ban any person aiding the strike there; Pat Mackie 13 1/2 hours. 30 million people banned. The Gateway Arch The Kinks and The Rolling Stones tour Australia In St. Louis, Missouri, the 630-foot-tall parabolic steel Gateway 7 January – The first hydrofoil service begins on Sydney Harbour. Arch is completed ( the St Louis Arch). 10 January – Evonne Goolagong wins the NSW junior hard-court 1965 Voting Rights Act title. The Voting Rights Act, guaranteeing African Americans the right 11 January – The bodies of two 15-year-old girls, Christine to vote becomes law Sharrock and Marianne Schmidt, are found at Wanda Beach in southern Sydney. Despite the offer of an unprecedented Gemini Space Program £10,000 reward, the murders are never solved. The Gemini Space Program continues into 1965 and lay the 16 January – The vehicular ferry Empress Of Australia begins groundwork for an eventual manned mission to the moon. operating between Sydney and Hobart. "Days of Our Lives" debuts 27 January – Queensland Police are given the power to arrest without warrant and ban anyone aiding the striking Mount Isa The popular daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives" debuted on Mines workers. Union leader Pat Mackie is banned from the site. NBC during the month of November . Known for its complicated and shocking plot lines, the drama chronicled the fictional trials 11 February—Mt Isa Mines suspends all operations. and tribulations of modern American families. During the 18 February—Gas (later, oil) struck in Bass Strait from Esso- 1970's, the show was recognized for tackling controversial and BHP's Barracouta well. important subjects of the time like interracial relationships and 20 February—Brand government re-elected in WA. fertility issues. Airing nearly every weekday, "Days of Our Lives" has currently shown over 12,000 episodes and continues to Duke of Edinburgh visits Australia (to 26th). remain popular. 22 February—Royal Australian Mint opened in Canberra by Prince Philip. (Begins producing the first Australian-made “Doctor Zhivago" decimal coins.) The popular film "Doctor Zhivago" premieres. - Charles Perkins leads a "freedom ride" through NSW in an The epic film "Doctor Zhivago" premieres in New York during attempt to end Aboriginal segregation. December . the film starred as the title character Judge Aaron Levine overturns the obscenity conviction of the 28 28

and Julie Christie as "Lara." the story, based on a 1957 novel by editors of Oz magazine Boris Pasternak, followed two lovers who were torn apart during Charles Perkins leads The Freedom Ride, which travels through the Russian Revolution. the film has been consistently ranked as country NSW, protesting the racial discrimination against one of the best movies ever created by critics but was banned in Aboriginal people. the USSR. It was nominated for ten Academy Awards and won five of them including Best Music, Best Cinematography, and Margaret Court wins the Australian women's Tennis singles title Best Screenplay. for the sixth consecutive year 18 February – Esso-BHP strikes gas at the Barracouta well in Ranger 8 Moon Mission Bass Strait. Ranger 8 crashes into the Moon after a successful mission of 20 February – Freedom Ride participants including Charles photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program. Perkins are ejected from the Moree municipal swimming baths Ikeya-Seki Comet after protesting against its policy of not admitting Aborigines. 22 February – Prince Philip opens the Royal Australian Mint in The Ikeya-Seki comet was discovered during September by Canberra. Japanese astronomers Ikeya Kaoru and Seki Tsutomu. the extremely bright comet was visible to the naked eye in the succeeds Sir Charles Moses as chairman of daylight during the next month as it made its closest approach to The Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) the Sun. the Ikeya-Seki comet was important in that it provided a ' single I'll Never Find Another You reaches #1 in the unique opportunity for scientists to observe that type of comet UK charts. It becomes the first recording by an Australian act to for the first time using modern scientific instruments. the last sell more than 1 million copies and eventually sells more than time that a comet of this type had been spotted prior to the 1.75 million Ikeya-Seki comet was in 1882. 1 March—Echuca, Vic., gazetted as a city. Civil rights march in Alabama 6 March—Labor wins government in SA for the first time in 32 In March Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. organized a years; Frank Walsh becomes Premier, replacing Sir Thomas peaceful demonstration for African-American civil rights and Playford, who had been in office for 26 years and four months, a voting rights by marching from Selma to Montgomery in record term in Australia. Alabama. the first two attempts at crossing the Pettus bridge 10 March—First drawing of the birthday lottery to determine were halted by state troopers, but on the third march the those eligible for National Service training. protesters were backed by the U.S. Army and National 12 March—Swan Hill, Vic., becomes a city. Guardsmen and allowed to pass through. King led about three- thousand people on the journey to the capitol and when they 17 March—Legislation introduced outlawing picketing and arrived in Montgomery they were met by about 30,000 more restricting pamphlets and banners at Mt Isa. (Strikers begin people who wished to join the demonstration. By August, returning to work later in month.) President Lyndon Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 20 March—Duke and Duchess of Gloucester visit Australia (to 26 into law, guaranteeing African-Americans the right to vote. Apr.). Anti-Vietnam Teach-In 24 March—Prime Minister Menzies announces a new concept in tertiary education as recommended by the Martin Committee on During May the largest anti-Vietnam teach-in took place at the the Future of Tertiary Education in Australia. University of California Berkeley. Tens of thousands of people attended the event which lasted for a day and a half and was 1 March – The Amateur Swimming Union of Australia stuns the held at a playing field at the university. the teach-in was nation with its decision that Olympic champion and 1964 organized by the Vietnam Day Committee and featured several Australian of the Year Dawn Fraser will be banned from all notable speakers and attendees, including Norman Mailer, amateur competition for ten years. The decision follows an Norman Thomas, Dr. Benjamin Spock, and I.F. Stone. the inquiry into Fraser's alleged misbehaviour during the 1964 organizers had also invited a representative of the U.S. State Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Department to speak in defense of President Johnson and the 6 March – The Australian Labor Party wins the South Australian Vietnam war, but they declined the invitation. election, taking government for the first time in 32 years. Labor leader Frank Walsh becomes Premier, replacing LCL leader Sir Canada - Maple leaf Thomas Playford, Australia's longest-serving premier, who had The Maple leaf becomes Canada's new national flag symbol held office for 26 years, 4 months. Rhodesia / Zimbabwe - independence 10 March – The first drawing of the national service conscription lottery. Rhodesia Declares Unilateral Independence from Great Britain 17 March – The Queensland government legislates to ban and becomes Zimbabwe picketing and restricting pamphlets and banners at the Mount India and Pakistan Fighting Isa mine. The strikers workers return to work later in the month. India and Pakistan Fighting continues to escalate 31 March – Merle Thorton and Rosalie Bogner chained their ankles to of the Regatta Hotel in Brisbane in 29 29

Toys from the Year 1965 protest against the Queensland liquor laws that banned women from pubs. George Johnston wins the Miles Franklin Award for his novel My Brother Jack 29 April—Menzies announces the government's decision to send a combat force to Vietnam following a request from Saigon for more military aid. 27 April – Police raid Melbourne's Austral Bookshop and seize copies of The Trial of Lady Chatterley, a banned book which recounts of the British obscenity trial of author D. H. Lawrence. Prime Minister Robert Menzies announces that an Australian UK -- Ronnie Biggs combat force will be sent to in response to a Great Train Robber Ronnie Biggs escapes from Wandsworth request for military aid from the South Vietnamese government. Prison and flees to Brazil. 1 May—Labor defeated in NSW after 24 years in office; R. W. Askin becomes Premier. U.S. -- Pope Paul VI Pope Paul VI becomes the first Pope to visit the U.S. 13 May – The Australian Labor Party (ALP) is defeated in the NSW State election after 24 years in government and the Liberal U.S. -- Malcolm X Party, led by Robin Askin takes power. Malcolm X shot in New York 27 May—First Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, leaves Sydney in the aircraft-carrier Sydney for active duty in Vietnam. UK - Race Relations Act 29 May—Captain Cook Bridge, Sydney, opened. Britain brings in a new Race Relations Act hoping to stop some 27 May – The 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment leaves of the unrest in inner cities for Vietnam on HMAS Sydney. UK -- Cigarette advertising TV variety show celebrates its 2000th Cigarette advertising banned on Television in Britain performance. Since its premiere in 1957 the show had earned the Nine Network over £AU4 million in advertising revenue and it UK -- Post Office Tower attracted more viewers per capita than any other Television The Post Office Tower opens in London show in the world, with the network rumoured to be paying host Graham Kennedy more than £AU20,000 per year (14 June) Australia - Vietnam War 21 June – The Premier of Tasmania, Eric Reece, announces the Australia Joins Vietnam War Gordon Power scheme will "result in some modification to the National Park", but it was still in development and India - Hindi no further details were revealed. Hindi becomes the official language of India. 30 June – At a speech to the Australian Club in London, PM Sir Civil War in Dominican Republic Robert Menzies declares that Australia is in a State of war in US Citizens Evacuated due to Civil War in Dominican Republic Vietnam. 2 July—Secondary school teachers in Vic. stage a strike, the first Indonesia teachers' strike in Australia since 1920. Following attempted coup by communists in Indonesia lead to 18 to 20 July - Snow is recorded as far north as the Clark Range the murder of over half million people and a transition to the in Queensland, killing drought-weakened livestock. At the same new order led by Major General Suharto. time, extremely heavy rainfall in the North Coast turns drought into flood, with Brisbane having its wettest-ever July day with Vietnam - Operation Rolling Thunder 193.2 millimetres (7.6 in). Operation Rolling Thunder Launched In Vietnam on June 15th 13 August—Limited free-trade agreement negotiated between Cuba - US Airlift Australia and NZ. US begins airlift of Cubans wishing to leave Cuba and live in 21 August—Report of the Vernon Committee of Economic Inquiry America◘ tabled in federal parliament. (Principal recommendations rejected by government.) 22 August—Baron Casey succeeds Lord De L'Isle as Governor- General. 23 September— appointed judge of the Supreme Court of SA-the first woman to become a judge in Australia. 7 October—Sir Robert Menzies appointed Lord Warden of the 30 30

Cinque Ports. Popular Culture 1965 7 November—Underground fire at the Bulli colliery, NSW; four The Mary Quant designed Mini Skirt appears in London and will miners killed. be the fashion statement of the Sixties 16 November - Economic sanctions imposed on Rhodesia One of most popular films "Sound of Music" released following that country's unilateral declaration of independence. The Beatles Release the Movie and Album Help! - Churchill Fellowships awarded for the first time. The Beatles Play Live Concert Shea Stadium 5 November – The 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, is The Grateful Dead with Lead guitarist Jerry Garcia play their first deployed in Operation Hump in Vietnam. concert, in San Francisco 13 November – Kevin Arthur Wheatley dies in Vietnam while defending a wounded comrade. He was awarded the Victoria Most popular movies Cross for his gallantry. The Sound of Music Doctor Zhivago 15 December—Harry Chan becomes the first elected president Thunderball of the NT Legislative Council. Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines That Darn Cat! The Great Race - First section of the Sydney-Newcastle expressway opened. Cat Ballou What’s New Pussycat? 25 December - Christmas Shenandoah Von Ryan’s Express Science and technology Academy Awards Best Picture: The Sound of Music the Siding Springs Observatory opens Best Director: Robert Wise – The Sound of Music Arts and literature Best Actress: Julie Christie – Darling Best Actor: Lee Marvin – Cat Ballou Clifton Pugh's portrait of R.A. Henderson wins the Archibald Prize for portraiture Popular Musicians Larry Sitsky's opera The Fall Of The House of Usher The Beatles The Rolling Stones Freddie and the Dreamers The Animals Peter Sculthorpe's Sun Music I The Kinks The Searchers Joan Sutherland returns to perform in Australia after 14 years The Seekers Moody Blues overseas Donovan Cilla Black the Canberra School of Music is established Ballet In A Nutshell (later the Sydney Dance Company) and the Australian Dance Theatre form The South Australian Theatre Company is formed Sydney's Philip St Theatre stages its famous comedy revue A Cup Of Tea, A Bex and A Good Lie Down. The production runs for twelve months, and the title passes into common usage. The Ambassador (Morris West) The Merry-Go-Round in the Sea (Randolph Stow) The Slow Natives by Thea Astley is awarded the Miles Franklin Literary Award Film Faces In The Sun wins the AFI Award for Best Film Television wins the Gold Logie Award Music Top 10 Hits "Que Sera, Sera" / "Shakin' All Over" - "The Carnival is Over" - The Seekers "Help!" - The Beatles " Music" / "Honey Don't" - The Beatles "Crying in the Chapel" - Elvis Presley 31 31

Dusty Springfield Tom Jones "I'll Never Find Another You" - The Seekers "The Wedding" - Julie Rogers Born This Year "Under the Boardwalk" / "Walking the Dog" - Rolling Stones 19 October—Ty Pennington 30 November— "Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter" - Herman's Hermits 25 March— "Ticket to Ride" - The Beatles 31 July—J K Rowling ◘ Births 25 January – Luke Woolmer, politician 1965 Women’s Fashion 17 March – Tarnya Smith, politician 6 April – , politician 18 April – , politician 24 April – Lucinda Cowden, actress 10 May - Greg Fasala, swimmer; Paul Langmack, rugby league player and coach 13 May – John McVeigh, politician 15 May – Glenn Seton, racing driver 23 May – , rugby league player 31 May – Todd McKenney, entertainer 2 June – [circular reference], Mark Waugh[circular reference], Cricket players 4 June – Michael Doohan, motorcycle racer 9 July – , politician of a record eleven consecutive premierships in the NSWRL. They 12 July – Jennifer Howard, politician were not to win again until 1977, then in 1979. 31 years later, 25 July – , rugby league Footballer they won in 2010. 2 August – , politician Golf: The Australian Veteran Golfers Association. (A.V.G.A.) was formed on 7 July 1965 by four businessmen, Messrs. A Hall, 28 August – , rugby league Footballer of the 1980s W.Foulsham J.Barkel and H.Hattersley. ◘ and 1990s. 1 September – Craig McLachlan, actor and singer 19 September – Antonella Gambotto-Burke, author and journalist 21 September – David Wenham, actor 26 October – Steve Davies, politician 29 October – , rugby league Footballer of the 1980s and 1990s 1 November – , politician Technology 5 December – Simon Finn, politician Ranger 9 sends back live TV broadcast when it crashes on to the 11 December – , rugby league Footballer of the moon 1980s and 1990s. Cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov, leaving his spacecraft Voskhod 2 for Deaths 12 minutes, becomes the first person to walk in space Major Edward H. White II becomes the second human to walk in 20 February – Lex Davison, racing driver (born 1923) space during the flight of Gemini 4 2 November – H. V. Evatt, politician and diplomat (born 1894)◘ Inventions Invented by Inventors and Country Australian Sport ( or attributed to First Use ) Light Fingers won the Melbourne Cup. Space Walk Russia Aleksei Leonov - first person outside space Cricket: Australia lose a five test series away to the West Indies 2 vehicle -1. The West Indies side includes greats such as Garry Sobers Optical Disk USA by James Russell - now Compact Disk and Rohan Kanhai, while Australia featured opening batsmen Hypertext USA by Ted Nelson - concept for linking, later Bill Lawry and Bobby Simpson. developed for use in webpages on the Internet Rugby League: 1965 NSWRFL season St George wins the tenth Respirator ( replacement for the Iron Lung ) USA◘ 32 32

1965 Homes Australian Political Leaders Monarchy Elizabeth II Governor-General Viscount De L'Isle, then Lord Casey Prime minister Sir Robert Menzies Population 11,387,665 Elections WA, SA, NSW State and Territory Leaders Premier of New South Wales – Jack Renshaw (until 13 May), then Robert Askin Opposition Leader – Robert Askin (until 13 May), then Jack Renshaw Premier of Queensland – Frank Nicklin Opposition Leader – Jack Duggan Premier of South Australia – Sir Thomas Playford IV (until 10 March), then Frank Walsh Opposition Leader – Frank Walsh (until 10 March), then Sir Thomas Playford IV Premier of Tasmania – Eric Reece Opposition Leader – Angus Bethune Premier of Victoria – Henry Bolte Opposition Leader – Clive Stoneham Premier of Western Australia – David Brand Opposition Leader – Albert Hawke Governors and Administrators Governor of New South Wales – Lieutenant General Sir Eric Woodward (until 31 July) Governor of Queensland – Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith Governor of South Australia – Lieutenant General Sir Edric Bastyan Governor of Tasmania – General Sir Charles Gairdner Governor of Victoria – Major General Sir Rohan Delacombe Governor of Western Australia – Major General Sir Douglas Kendrew Administrator of Nauru – Reginald Leydin Administrator of Norfolk Island – Roger Nott Administrator of the Northern Territory – Roger Dean Administrator of Papua and New Guinea – Sir Donald Cleland

Major World Political Leaders Australia -- Prime Minister -- Sir Robert Menzies China -- Chairman of the People's Republic of China -- Liu Shaoqi France -- President -- Charles de Gaulle Russia / Soviet Union -- First Secretary of the CPSU -- Leonid Brezhnev U.S. -- President -- Lyndon B. Johnson United Kingdom -- Prime Minister -- Harold Wilson ◘ 33 33

What Happened in 1966 Important News and Events, Key Technology and Popular Culture

1966 World 1966 in Australia inflation grew as part of the effect to fund the war in Vietnam Events continued. Both the US and USSR continued in their space race to see who would be the first to land a man on the moon. Race 26 January – Robert Menzies, Australia's longest-serving Prime riots continued to increase across cities in America and National Minister, retires and is succeeded by ; Guards were needed to bring back law and order. the fashions in The Beaumont children are abducted during a visit to Glenelg both America and UK came from a small well known street in beach in Adelaide and are never seen again. London ( Carnaby Street ) part of the swinging London scene, 14 February – Decimalisation of the Australian currency; the both women and men wore patterned pants and flowered shirts replaces the Australian pound at the rate of ten and boots, shoes and even caps utilized the plastic and vinyl for shillings to the dollar. a wet shiny look. the most popular groups included the "Beach Boys" with Pet Sounds, the "Rolling Stones" with Under my The Australian Workers' Union affiliates with the Australian Thumb and the "Beatles" with Revolver, and Yesterday and Council of Trade Unions Today. the severe drought which has stricken large areas of Australia since 1957, particularly in rural NSW and Queensland, is finally Vietnam Protests eased by widespread rains March 26th Vietnam War international days of protest Jørn Utzon resigns as architect of the Sydney Opera House, following a bitter struggle with the new Public Works Minister Aberfan Disaster Davis Hughes over fees, costs and design changes Aberfan disaster in South Wales on October 21st in United Jack Brabham is named Australian of the Year Kingdom, a slag heap containing unwanted rock from the local coal mine slid down Merthyr Mountain. As it collapsed it The first National Service conscripts fly out from Richmond RAAF destroyed twenty houses and a farm before going on to demolish base in Sydney bound for Vietnam virtually all of Pantglas Junior School 144 people were killed, 7 April – New South Wales repeals the Sunday Observance Act, 116 of whom were children mostly between the ages of 7 and allowing theatres and cinemas to open, Sporting Events to 10. charge admission and clubs to sell alcohol on Sundays. The Mini Skirt 21 June – Federal ALP leader Arthur Calwell is injured in an assassination attempt by 19-year-old Peter Kocan. The name Mini-Skirt is attributed to Mary Quant who also went on to popularize hot pants in the later years, Although many Japan replaces Great Britain as Australia's largest trading designers claim Mini Skirts as their idea it was due to a partner combination of young women who became a powerful class of the Council for the Defence of Government Schools (DOGS) is consumers demanding a fashion that matched the spirit of youth formed in Melbourne and in many way dictated to the designers what they wanted and the Queensland government grants sand mining leases on changes to society in general in the swinging Sixties. Fraser Island without holding the required public hearings "Batman" television series General Motors becomes the first local car manufacturer The campy and outlandish television show "Batman" airs for the to install seat belts as standard equipment in all its new first time on ABC during January . the show featured Adam West vehicles. as the super-hero "Batman"and Burt Ward as his young sidekick Western Mining Corporation discover rich nickel ore deposits at "Robin." the show was tremendously popular after its debut but Kambalda in Western Australia's Goldfields region. only lasted for three seasons as interest in the series declined The Prince of Wales arrives in Australia to attend Geelong and it was canceled in 1968. the show was known for its simple Grammar School's exclusive Timbertop preparatory school. moral lessons and for airing two episodes per week with the first episode ending in a cliffhanger to be resolved during the second the Federal government announces the formation of a military episode when it aired the following day. Considered to be a Task Force (including conscripts), increasing Australia's cultural phenomenon during the decade, many high profile stars commitment to the Vietnam War to 4,500. made guest appearances on the show, sometimes being US Vice-President visits Australia to assure the featured as villains. Some of the notable names to appear in that the war is being directed by Hanoi either recurring roles or small guest roles included Vincent Price, and Peking, and that it represents one of China's numerous Julie Newmar, Cesar Romero, Eartha Kitt, Burgess Meredith, offensives in Asia Frank Gorshin, Rudy Vallee, Joan Collins, Lesley Gore, Zsa Zsa 34 34

Gabor, Milton Berle, and Sammy Davis Jr. Victoria extends hotel trading hours from 6pm to 10pm, ending the infamous "Six O'Clock Swill". Driving with a blood alcohol Star Trek debuts level over 0.05% becomes a criminal offence. The popular television show Star Trek debuts in September. On advice from Immigration Minister , federal the television show "Star Trek" debuts on NBC cabinet reverses a decision of September 1964, agreeing that during September . non-Europeans could be selected on an individual basis to enter as immigrants with permanent resident status and the science fiction show followed Captain James T. Kirk and his naturalisation on an equal basis with European applicants diverse crew of humans and aliens on their futuristic space adventures. The Arbitration Commission introduces a minimum weekly wage for adult male employees under federal awards It was created by Gene Roddenberry to be a show similar in style to the popular Westerns of the time but set in space, with each Australian forces engage in their first major battle in Vietnam at episode featuring a new adventure with a modern morality the , inflicting heavy losses on NLF troops lesson. 23 August – two hundred Gurindji people walk off Wave Hill Many critics and television executives did not understand the Station in the Northern Territory in protest at low wages and poor show and it only aired for three original seasons. conditions After it ended, the show gained a cult following over the years US President Lyndon Johnson arrives for a 3-day visit of and became more popular, spurring the creation of several films Australian east coast cities, sparking rowdy demonstrations by and six spin-offs. anti-war protesters Gemini 8 The (which later evolves into the ) is founded The Gemini 8 space mission is aborted early after technical Conscientious objector William White is forcibly taken from his difficulties interrupt the mission. home in Sydney and inducted into the army Gemini 10 Australia negotiates an agreement for an American spy satellite The Gemini 10 space mission launches and is completed base to be established at in the Northern Territory successfully. 22 September – Ansett-ANA Flight 149 crashes near Winton, Queensland, killing all 24 people on board. Lunar Orbiter 1 26 November – The Liberal government of Harold Holt scores a NASA's Lunar Orbiter 1 was launched during August and became massive victory in the 1966 federal election, and is returned to the first U.S. spacecraft to orbit the Moon, the Soviet Union had power with the largest majority in the federal parliament's 65- accomplished the same feat during April of that year with their year history. Luna 10 mission. the Lunar Orbiter 1 mission's main purpose was to photograph the Moon while also conducting experiments. Science and technology the orbiter made it into the Moon's orbit successfully and took Sydney industrial designer Harry Widmer wins the prestigious over 200 high resolution and medium resolution images, F.H. Edwards Laurel Award for his design for the Kriesler Mini 41 including the first two photos of Earth taken from the distance of –47 portable radio. The 41-47's innovative polypropylene plastic the Moon. the spacecraft continued to orbit the Moon until the casing is the first use of this material anywhere in the world in end of October when it was purposefully crashed into the surface consumer electronics of the Moon. Australia's first satellite communications earth station opens at U.S. -- ATS-1 Satellite Carnarvon in WA The ATS-1 (Applications Technology Satellite) was launched by Jon Molvig's portrait of Charles Blackman wins the Archibald NASA during December . the ATS-1 was an experimental satellite Prize that weighed about 750 pounds. It carried several experiments, Fred Williams' Upwey Landscape is awarded the Wynne Prize including 2 for meteorological purposes. One of the experiments took full disk hemispheric images of the Earth every half hour. John Cargher's Singers Of Renown begins on ABC Radio; Cargher ATS-1 remained operational as it orbited around the Equator is still presenting the show in 2007 until December of 1978 when it was deactivated. both Sydney's and Melbourne's Tivoli Theatres are closed Luna 9 Marion Street Theatre opens in Sydney The Luna 9 spacecraft arrives on the Moon during February . the Confectionery manufacturer Hoadley's inaugurates Australia's Luna 9 mission was launched by the Soviet Union at the end of first national pop band competition, the Hoadley's Battle of the January and became the first spacecraft to make a successful Sounds soft landing on the Moon in February. It also became the first Trap by Peter Mathers is awarded the Miles Franklin Literary mission to take and transmit photographs on the surface of the Award Moon back to Earth. the craft measured the radiation that was Patrick White: The Solid Mandala detected on the Moon's surface and determined that potential : The Tyranny of Distance 35 35

future landers would not sink into the surface as well. the signal Toys from the Year 1966 from the Luna 9 spacecraft stopped after a few days, ending the mission. U.S. -- Gemini 12 Mission NASA’s final Gemini mission, Gemini 12, was launched during November . Gemini 12 carried Buzz Aldrin and James Lovell into space where they carried out several experiments during its four day mission. the main purpose of the mission was to conduct several periods of extravehicular activity, which they did successfully. the astronauts also performed a docking with the Agena spacecraft. the Gemini program paved the way for future missions in the Apollo program, which also led to the Moon landing. USSR's Luna 10 The first edition of the pop magazine Go-Set is published in The Soviet Union's Luna 10 spacecraft became the first man- Melbourne made object to orbit the Moon during April . Luna 10 was launched by the USSR at the end of March, its mission being to The Seekers return to Australia for a triumphant concert tour. orbit the Moon, observe the environment of the Moon, and to The Rolling Stones return to Australia for their second tour experience how to complete orbital operations in preparation for Bob Dylan makes his first tour of Australia, supported by The a potential manned-mission. As the craft orbited the Moon it Band collected data about the lunar magnetic field, radiation levels, its gravity field, and the composition of the lunar surface. Luna 10 The Easybeats leave for London◘ completed a total of 460 lunar orbits during its 56 active days before it lost communication abilities when its battery died, Film ending the mission. The 's Cup wins the AFI Best Film award U.S. launches the Surveyor 1 Bruce Beresford is appointed secretary of the British Film Institute's Film Production Board◘ NASA launched the Surveyor 1 space probe during May . Surveyor 1 became the first U.S. spacecraft to successfully Television conduct a soft landing on the Moon. the Soviet Union had wins the Gold Logie already done accomplished this feat earlier in the year with Luna 9. the unmanned Surveyor 1 mission was highly successful in its Play School first aired on 18 July 1966◘ objectives and the robotic probe was able to transmit over 10,000 images of the lunar surface back to Earth. the Surveyor Music 1 mission was important in that it laid the groundwork for an Top 10 Hits eventual manned mission to the Moon which was accomplished "These Boots Are Made For Walkin'" - Nancy Sinatra in July of 1969. "We Can Work It Out" / "Day Tripper" - The Beatles US Population 195 million "Yellow Submarine" / "Eleanor Rigby" - The Beatles US Population exceeds 195 million "Hitch Hiker" - Bobby and Laurie "Somewhere My Love" - Ray Conniff and the Singers U.S. -- 500,000 troops in Vietnam "Lady Godiva" - Peter and Gordon US has nearly 500,000 troops in Vietnam "Ooh La La" - Normie Rowe U.S. -- Ronald Reagan "Step Back" / "Cara Lyn" - Johnny Young and Kompany Ronald Reagan enters politics on June 7th becoming governor of "Winchester Cathedral" - The New Vaudeville Band California "Friday on My Mind" - The Easybeats Canada -- Canada Pension Plan Births Canada Introduces it's earnings-related social insurance 1 January – Anna Burke, politician program the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) 4 February – Tony Butterfield, rugby league player Salvation Army 22 February – Brian Greig, politician The Salvation Army Celebrates 100 years 24 February – David Harris, politician 9 March – , AFL Football player; Jonathan O'Dea, U.S. - Health Warning politician All cigarette packets in the U.S. must carry the health warning 10 March – , politician 36 36

"Caution! Cigarette smoking may be hazardous to your health." 1 July – Simon Arkell, pole vaulter 30 July – , rugby league player Germany - Berlin Wall 3 August – Simon Shirley, decathlete 4 dig under the Berlin Wall to gain freedom from East Germany 4 September – Gary Neiwand, track cyclist Italy - Flooding 18 December – Melina Bath, politician and schoolteacher◘ The Arno River floods causing the flooding of the city of Florence, Deaths with thousands of historic books, manuscripts and fine art destroyed. 21 January – Richard Layton Butler (born 1885), Premier of South Australia◘ Indonesia 200,000 face starvation on the island of Lombak, Indonesia Australian Sport 21 May – Anthony Cook wins the men's national marathon title, Pakistan - India - Peace clocking 2:20:44.6 in . Pakistani-Indian peace negotiations end successfully St Kilda defeats Collingwood in the VFL Grand Final Australia Dollar Galilee wins the Melbourne Cup The Australian Dollar was introduced at a rate of two dollars per NSW yacht Cadence wins the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race pound, or ten shillings per dollar. The St George Dragons win their 11th consecutive NSWRL premiership defeating the ◘ Italy - Pope Paul VI Pope Paul VI and Arthur Michael Ramsey, the Archbishop of Technology Canterbury, meet in Rome - the first official meeting for 400 Worlds first vertical Jump Jet the Harrier is introduced in UK years between the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches Hovercraft service begins over the English Channel Turkey - Earthquake Pampers create the first disposable Diaper Earthquake in Turkey - 2394 dead, 10000 injured Color Television Sets become popular UK - Moors murderers Inventions Invented by Inventors and Country The Moors murderers Ian Brady and Myra Hindley are jailed for ( or attributed to First Use ) life for the murder of 3 children Kevlar USA by Stephanie Kwolek UK - drink driving laws Fibre Optics England by Charles Keo and George Hockham The UK implements much tougher new drink driving laws. Moon Landing Russia Luna 9 lands softly on the Moon UK - World Cup Space Docking USA Gemini VIII docks with an orbiting satellite◘ England defeats Germany to win the 1966 World Cup Final. Find Out More About More Football World Cup and the origins, growth, and the modern game of soccer. 1966 Homes China's Cultural Revolution China under Chairman Mao launches China's Cultural Revolution and begins purging intellectuals August 13th◘

Major World Political Leaders Australia -- Prime Minister -- Sir Robert Menzies (Till 26 January); Harold Holt (from 26 January) China -- Chairman of the People's Republic of China -- Liu Shaoqi France -- President -- Charles de Gaulle Russia / Soviet Union -- First Secretary of the CPSU -- Leonid Brezhnev U.S. -- President -- Lyndon B. Johnson United Kingdom -- Prime Minister -- Harold Wilson◘ 37 37

1966 Women’s Fashion Australian Political Figures Monarchy Elizabeth II Governor-General Lord Casey Prime minister Sir Robert Menzies, then Harold Holt Population 11,599,498 Elections QLD, Federal State and Territory Leaders Premier of New South Wales – Robert Askin Premier of Queensland – Frank Nicklin Premier of South Australia – Frank Walsh Premier of Tasmania – Eric Reece Premier of Victoria – (Sir) Henry Bolte Premier of Western Australia – David Brand Popular Culture 1966 Governors and Administrators Author Jacqueline Susann has her first novel, Valley of the Dolls published Governor of New South Wales – Sir (from 20 January) Dr. Seuss' "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" the animated Governor of Queensland – Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith (until 18 television special adapted from the book is shown for first time March), then Sir Alan Mansfield (from 21 March) on CBS Governor of South Australia – Lieutenant General Sir Edric Simon and Garfunkel release Sounds of Silence, Bastyan Most popular movies Governor of Tasmania – General Sir Charles Gairdner The Bible: In the Beginning… Governor of Victoria – Major General Sir Rohan Delacombe Hawaii Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Governor of Western Australia – Major General Sir Douglas The Sand Pebbles A Man for All Seasons Kendrew The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Administrator of Nauru – Reginald Leydin (until February), then Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N. Leslie King (from 3 May) The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming Administrator of Norfolk Island – Roger Nott, then Reginald Grand Prix Blowup Marsh Academy Awards Administrator of the Northern Territory – Roger Dean Best Picture: A Man for All Seasons Administrator of Papua and New Guinea – Sir Donald Cleland Best Director: Fred Zinnemann – A Man for All Seasons (until December)◘ Best Actress: Elizabeth Taylor – Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Best Actor: Paul Scofield – A Man Popular Musicians The Mamas and the Papas The Beatles The Monkees The Beach Boys The Rolling Stones Simon and Garfunkel Popular Songs I'm a Believer the Monkees Good Vibrations the Beach Boys Monday Monday the Mamas and the Papas Wild Thing the Troggs Born This Year 2 November—David Schwimmer 8 November—Gordon Ramsay 9 September—Adam Sandler 30 June—Mike Tyson ◘ 38 38

What Happened in 1967 Important News and Events, Key Technology and Popular Culture

1967 World 1967 in Australia the continued presence of American troops increased further Events and a total of 475,000 were serving in Vietnam and the peace 18 January – The Prime Minister of South Vietnam Nguyen Cao rallies were multiplying as the number of protesters against the Ky begins a controversial visit to Australia. He is welcomed by war increased. the Boxer Muhammad Ali was stripped of his supporters of South Vietnam but is then constantly heckled by boxing world championship for refusing to be inducted into the anti-war protesters, and Harold Holt is forced to deny that Ky and US Army. In the middle east Israel also went to war with Syria, his supporters are corrupt and were responsible for murdering Egypt and Jordan in the six day war and when it was over Israel his predecessor, President Ngo Dinh Diem. controlled and occupied a lot more territory than before the war. Once again in the summer cities throughout America exploded in First student intake at Macquarie University. rioting and looting the worst being in Detroit on July 23rd where 3 February – Ronald Ryan becomes the last man hanged in 7000 national Guard were bought in to restore law and order on Australia; he was executed for the murder of prison warder the streets. In England a new type of model became a fashion George Hodson while escaping from Pentridge Prison on 19 sensation by the name of Twiggy and mini skirts continued to get December 1965. shorter and even more popular with a short lived fashion being 7 February – Black Tuesday in Tasmania – massive bushfires paper clothing. Also during this year new Discotheques and devaState much of the Tasmanian capital of Hobart and singles bars appeared across cities around the world and the surrounding areas. Beatles continued to reign supreme with the release of "Sgt. Peppers Lonely Heart Club Band" album, and this year was also 8 February – defeats Dr Jim and Frank coined the summer of love when young teenagers got friendly Crean to replace the retiring Arthur Calwell as leader of the and smoked pot and grooved to the music of "The Grateful Dead. federal Australian Labor Party. Jefferson Airplane and the Byrds". the movie industry moved with 1 March – The replaces the British White the times and produced movies that would appeal to this Ensign flag on all its ships with the . younger audience including "The Graduate" Bonnie and Clyde" 1 March – The Duke of Edinburgh visits Australia. and "Cool Hand Luke" . TV shows included "The Fugitive" and "The Monkees" and color television sets become popular as the 8 March – La Trobe University is officially opened. price comes down and more programmes are made in color. 13 March – Bessie Rischbieth protested against the Mounts Bay reclamation project on the Swan River and the building of the Israel --- Six Day War Narrows Bridge and dies. Six Day War Arab Forces attack Israel beginning the Yom Kippur 4 April – The Australian government announces it will not ban War when Arab forces were defeated and Israel took possession the oral contraceptive pill, maintaining that the risk of of additional territory thrombosis is "very slight". United Kingdom -- Ariel-3 Satellite 7 April – Australian military adviser Major Peter Badcoe is killed Ariel-3, the first all-British made satellite, was launched into an in action in Vietnam during an operation in Hương Trà District orbit around the Earth during May. the satellite was launched with the 1st ARVN Division Reaction Company. with the help of NASA from the Vandenberg Air Force Base in 12 April – Australian Roman Catholic bishops publicly declare California and it carried five experiments from British their opposition to the war in Vietnam.[ universities. the experiments measured atmospheric noise, high 29 April – A majority in the New England region of New South altitude oxygen levels, low frequency radiation, medium Wales voted against the creation of a new State in the frequency waves, and electron density and temperature. After its referendum. launch it orbited the Earth every 95 minutes and relayed data back to the United Kingdom until 1970 when it re-entered 25 May – The report by the Tasmanian Hydro Electric Earth’s atmosphere. Commission on the Gordon Power scheme was tabled in parliament and the Government of Tasmania sought approval for U.S. --- Improved Car Safety Design $100 million funding. Following the publication of Ralph Nader's book "unsafe at any 27 May – Indigenous Australians (technically only the Aboriginal speed" puts pressure on the government and the automobile race – see Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)) are given industry to improve safety in cars. the right to be counted in the national census after a national referendum and legislation changing citizenship laws, but voters 39 39

South Africa -- Heart Transplant 19 December – Following the disappearance and presumed death of Holt, Country Party leader John McEwen is sworn in as The first successful human to human heart transplant takes interim Prime Minister pending the election of a new government place during December. Dr. Christiaan Barnard performed the leader by the Coalition parties. operation on the 53-year-old patient Louis Washkansky. the operation took place at the Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape 20 December – John McEwen announced he will not serve in a Town, South Africa. the transplant was successful and government led by deputy leader William McMahon, Washkansky’s body did not reject the organ, although he did die Harold Holt's presumed successor, triggering a leadership crisis just 18 days later due to double pneumonia brought on by the for the Coalition. immunosuppressive drugs that he had to take. After the Unknown and general dates success, Barnard continued to perform successful heart General Motors Holden exports its 100,000th car and launches transplants with the survival times of patients increasing its first compact sedan, the Torana. gradually as technology advanced. Sydney is rocked by a series of brutal underworld killings as rival U.S. - Thurgood Marshall Confirmed gangs battle for control of the city's lucrative gambling and Thurgood Marshall becomes the first black justice on the prostitution rackets Supreme Court. Bomber aircraft from No. 2 Squadron RAAF Canberra are deployed to Phan Rang airbase in South Vietnam United Kingdom --- Pirate Radio Stations Federal Cabinet decides to drop the word 'British' from the cover The Marine, etc., Broadcasting (Offences) Act came into effect of Australian pasSports, and agrees that it will have to amend outlawing the Pirate Radio Stations who had gained a massive the Nationality and Citizenship Act to change the designation following among the youth. 'British subject' on the inside of pasSports. United Kingdom -- SS Torrey Canyon Spill Tower, Australia's first true skyscraper, is The SS Torrey Canyon supertanker ran aground off the South of completed. England March 18th causing a large oil spill and ecological In an exceptionally dry year across Victoria, South Australia and disaster. the tanker ran aground between the Land’s End and southwestern New South Wales, Melbourne records only 332.3 Scilly Isles and leaked over 100,000 tons of crude oil into the millimetres (13.08 in) and Adelaide only 257.8 millimetres sea. the oil reached the coasts of the Channel Islands and (10.15 in), in both cases this being the driest year on record by a France and the oil slick spanned about 270 square miles. the substantial margin. spill was the worst in history at that time and prompted tighter international regulations for ships. Science and technology 17 March – Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station is opened near U.S. - Canberra. NASA launches the Lunar Orbiter 3 spacecraft during February . April – Dung beetles released between Broome, Western the main purpose of the Lunar Orbiter 3 mission was to Australia and , Queensland in the Australian Dung photograph the surface of the Moon in order to find and analyze Beetle Project, led by Dr. George Bornemissza of the CSIRO in an potential safe landing sites for future missions in the Surveyor attempt to control the buffalo fly. and Apollo programs. the cone-shaped craft also measured radiation and micro-meteoroid impact. the mission lasted for a 1 May – Health authorities begin the first national polio total of 264 days and it ended in October after taking 149 immunisation campaign using the new Sabin oral vaccine medium resolution and 477 high resolution photographs. developed by Dr Jonas Salk. 29 November – Australia's first satellite, WRESAT, is launched Referendum on an American Redstone rocket from Woomera, South The territory of Gibraltar holds a referendum on whether or not Australia. to stay with Great Britain or join on September 10th, 1967. An overwhelming majority of the citizens of Gibraltar voted Arts and literature in favor of keeping British sovereignty with 99% in favor and a 26 July – The Groop wins Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds 95% voter turnout. the territory had been under British control 30 July – Melbourne's La Mama Theatre opens. since 1713 and was an important naval point for Britain since it borders where the Atlantic Ocean joins the Mediterranean Sea. 1 November – National Gallery of Australia established by the By 1981, Gibraltar residents were granted British citizenship and Commonwealth Government with an announcement by prime the territory was soon able to self-govern. minister Harold Holt that the Government would construct the building Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band November – The song "Sadie (The Cleaning Lady)" sung by The Beatles release Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, one Johnny Farnham is released. of rock's most acclaimed albums. December – National Gallery of Victoria building designed by Roy The popular rock band the Beatles release the experimental Grounds opens concept album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" during Thomas Keneally's novel Bring Larks and Heroes wins the Miles June . the band had just declared an end to their touring and as 40 40

the freedom to record whatever they wanted set in, they set out Toys from The Year 1967 to collaborate on their eighth album. They spent more time than they ever had before recording this album and focused on experimenting with sound and lyrics in a way that they had not been able to do while touring. Thought of by many as the definitive Beatles album it was considered one of their best at the time of its release and featured such songs as "With a Little Help from My ," "A Day in the Life," and "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds." Rolling Stone magazine The very first issue of Rolling Stone magazine was released in November . Created by Jann Wenner in San Francisco, the magazine was intended to reflect the youth's perspective on music, politics, and popular culture, while maintaining a more reject a third referendum question about breaking the nexus professional journalistic standard than many other similar between the sizes of the Senate and the House of publication of the time. the magazine became known for its Representatives. iconic covers, with John Lennon gracing the first issue. Rolling 29 May – The new Australian 5-dollar note goes into circulation. Stone magazine has since remained popular in modern times, publishing over 1,000 issues. 1 June – succeeds Frank Walsh as Premier of South Australia, after Walsh retires under pressure from his U.S. -- First Cryonically Preserved Man Party. Dr. James H. Bedford became the first person to be cryonically 7 June – Launceston, Tasmania, records the highest barometric preserved after his death in January . Bedford, a 73 year old pressure on record for Australia with a reading of 1044.3 psychology professor who died of kidney cancer, asked to be millibars or 30.84 inHg. preserved with the hope that he could be revived in the future. 25 June – Sydney underworld figure Richard Gabriel Reilly is He was frozen within hours of his death by the Cryonics Society murdered. of California. Robert Prehoda, Dr. Dante Brunol, Robert Nelson, 29 June – The Tasmanian Government passes a Bill revoking and Dr. Renault Able all took part in the process, during which the national park status of Lake Pedder, allowing the Hydro Bedford’s body was injected with chemicals meant to help Electric Commission to construct a dam flooding the lake.[15] preserve him better in cold temperatures, stored in a “cryocapsule” and kept in a bath of liquid nitrogen at -196 C. He 1 July – The postcode system of postal address coding is has remained at the Alcor Life Preservation Foundation since introduced throughout Australia. 1982 after being transferred to several different facilities. 1 August – Qantas Airways drops the word 'Empire' from its RMS Queen Mary name. The RMS Queen Elizabeth II Passenger Liner is launched by 9 September – Proposed changes to Queensland laws governing Cunard to replace the older Queen's public demonstrations results in 3,500 people protesting in the streets of Brisbane. Queensland Police arrest 114 people. Francis Chichester 16 September – The U.S. Naval Communication Station North Francis Chichester arrives back in Plymouth on May 28th after West Cape near Exmouth, Western Australia is declared sailing round the world single-handed operational. New Zealand - Inflation 28 September – amendments to the South Australian Licensing Act came into effect ending the era of the Six o'clock swill in Inflation costs of living range from 1.8% US to 5.8% New Zealand Australia Greece -- Military Coup 1 October – The NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service is Military Coup in Greece and Colonel George Papadopoulos takes established. over 20 October – Australia unlinks the Australian dollar from British currency, when the British government makes a decision to Biafra - devalue the . Biafra proclaims its independence from Nigeria 27 November - Singer , then known as Johnny U.S. - Race Riots Farnham, releases Sadie (The Cleaning Lady). It was his first Number 1. Race Riots break out in a number of Cities in the U.S. Cleveland, 14 December – South Australia's Simpson Desert Conservation Newark and Detroit Park and Queensland's Simpson Desert National Park are UK - EEC membership proclaimed. United Kingdom and Ireland apply officially for EEC membership 17 December – Prime Minister Harold Holt disappears while swimming in heavy surf at Cheviot Beach, near Portsea, Victoria.[ 41 41

Franklin Award Popular Culture 1967 Joan Lindsay's Picnic at Hanging Rock is published Monterey International Pop Music Festival in California features Judy Cassab's portrait of Margo Lewers wins the Archibald Prize some of the 60's Icons including Jimi Hendrix, the Who, Janis Joplin, the Steve Miller Band, Simon & Garfunkel and the Museum of the established in , New Grateful Dead South Wales Evel Knievel jumps his motorcycle over 16 cars lined up in a row, Christina Stead's Cotters' England published fails in his attempt to jump the fountains at Caesars Palace in John Brack's Nude With Dressing Gown is painted Las Vegas Beatles release "Magical Mystery Tour" LP, release the double A- Film sided single with Penny Lane / "Strawberry Fields Forever". Interaction: Moving and Painting (dir. Gil Brealy) wins the AFI John Lennon's gets his psychedelic painted Rolls Royce Award for Best Film delivered Journey Out of Darkness (dir. James Trainor) Elvis Presley Marries Priscilla on May 1st The Pudding Thieves (dir. Brian Davies) Premiere of the musical Hair Robbery (dir. Peter Yates) Barbara Streisand performs in before 135,000 Shades Of Puffing Billy (dir. Antonio Colacino) Otis Reading dies in a plane crash aged 26 Wheels Across A Wilderness (dir. Malcolm Leyland) Carrol Shelby Mustang GT-500 Fastback was released Forgotten Cinema (dir. Anthony Buckley), the influential documentary about the rise and fall of the Australian feature Most popular movies Film industry The Graduate The Jungle Book Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner Bonnie and Clyde Television The Dirty Dozen Valley of the Dolls 10 April – The ninth Logie Awards are held on board the TSS You Only Live Twice To Sir, with Love Fairstar cruise ship. Graham Kennedy wins his third Gold Logie. The Born Losers Thoroughly Modern Millie 10 April – This Day Tonight, Australia's first national nightly TV Academy Awards Best Picture: In the Heat of the Night Best Director: Mike Nichols – The Graduate Best Actress: Katharine Hepburn – Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner Best Actor: Rod Steiger – In the Heat of the Night Popular Musicians The Rolling Stones The Supremes The Beatles The Doors Bob Dylan Aretha Franklin The Grateful Dead The Monkees Elvis Presley The Beach Boys The Bee Gees Cream Pink Floyd Moody Blues David Bowie The Jimi Hendrix Experience Popular TV Program The Prisoner The Forsyte Saga Coronation Street The Beverly Hillbillies The Lucy Show The Saint Z-Cars Doctor Who General Hospital Bewitched Crossroads Jeopardy! Peyton Place Top of the Pops Hogan's Heroes I Dream of Jeannie Tom and Jerry Star Trek The Monkees Born This Year 21 September—Faith Hill 26 October—Keith Urban 31 October—Vanilla Ice 20 February—Kurt Cobain ◘ 42 42

current affairs program, premieres on ABC-TV, hosted by Bill - Typhoon Emma Peach. Typhoon Emma leaves 140,000 homeless and more than 300 25 June – The ABC participates in the historic Our World dead. broadcast, the world's first live, international, satellite Television production. China 5 July – The premieres a new situation comedy The People's Republic of China tests its first hydrogen bomb. series My Name's McGooley, What's Yours? starring Gordon Chater, and , and the Nine Network UK - devalues the pound premiered the spy drama Hunter, starring Tony Ward. Britain devalues the pound by lowering the exchange rate from $2.80 to $2.40 15 June – ATV0 broadcasts the first colour Television program in Australia when it televises the Horse Racing from Pakenham, British Road Safety Act Victoria. The British Road Safety Act which allows for the use of the 28 August – The popular ABC soap opera Bellbird begins its ten- "breathalyser" to detect motorists, over the legal limit goes into year run. effect. 11 September – The children's Television show Adventure Island begins airing on the ABC. Turkey - Soccer riot 16 September – The first live telecast of a Football grand final in Soccer riot in Sivas, Turkey kills 41 Australia was the screening of the 1967 NSWRFL season's UK - Torrey Canyon grand final between Canterbury-Bankstown and South Sydney at the .◘ The tanker "Torrey Canyon" runs aground on rocks off Land's End March 18thcausing an ecological disaster Music Space Top 10 Hits Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the "The Last Waltz" - Engelbert Humperdinck Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and "This Is My Song" - Petula Clark Other Celestial Bodies signed by the U.S. and the Soviet Union "Snoopy Vs. The Red Baron" - The Royal Guardsmen comes into force on October 10th "Green, Green Grass of Home" - Tom Jones World "Penny Lane" / "Strawberry Fields Forever" - The Beatles Nuclear Space Weapons Treaty is ratified by World Powers◘ "Somethin' Stupid" - Nancy Sinatra & Frank Sinatra "Georgy Girl" - The Seekers "All You Need Is Love" / "Baby, You're a Rich Man" - The Beatles "A Whiter Shade of Pale" - Procol Harum "I'm a Believer" / "(I'm Not Your) Stepping Stone" - The Monkees Births 4 January – David Wilson, rugby player 13 January – , actress Technology 3 February – , soccer player Worlds First Heart Transplant operation in South Africa by Dr. Christiaan N Barnard 3 April – , racing driver 9 April – Graeme Lloyd, baseball player The first North Sea gas is pumped ashore at Easington Co Durham. 11 April – Lachlan Dreher, field hockey goalkeeper 17 April – Barnaby Joyce, politician The first ATM ( Automatic Teller Machine ) is put into service in Barclays Bank in London 23 April – Rob Pyne, politician 2 May – Rob J. Hyndman, statistician The first Boeing 737 takes its maiden flight 2 May – Kerryn McCann, athlete The Concorde is seen for the first time in public. 5 May – Danny Kah, ice speed skater Apollo 1 destroyed in a fire on the launch pad. 7 May – Martin Bryant, perpetrator of the Port Arthur massacre The US Has 74 Nuclear Powered Submarines in operation 14 May – , long-distance runner Pulsars are discovered 15 May — James Bradley, author 20 May – Aaron Harper, politician Inventions Invented by Inventors and Country 29 May – Jim McDonald, politician ( or attributed to First Use ) 30 May – , field hockey player Pocket Calculator USA Texas Instruments◘ 43 43

31 May – , Aussie rules Footballer 1967 Women's Fashion 20 June – , American-born actress 24 June – , field hockey player and coach 3 July – Michael Bruce McKenzie, freestyle swimmer 5 July – Robert J. Kral, composer 17 July – Peter Lonard, Golfer 30 July – , politician 9 August – Lars Kleppich, sailor 8 September – James Packer, businessman 4 October – Nick Green, rower 5 October – Guy Pearce, actor 13 October – David Gibson, politician 26 October – Keith Urban, New Zealand-born singer 28 October – Mark Taylor, politician Australian Political Figures 1 November – , singer Monarchy Elizabeth II 29 November – Sean Carlin, hammer thrower Governor-General Lord Casey 16 December – , actress Prime minister Harold Holt, then John McEwen 28 December – Paul Foster, Football (soccer) player Population 11,912,253 Deaths Australian of the Year The Seekers Elections VIC, Referendum, Half-Senate 4 January – Ezra Norton (born 1897), newspaper proprietor 3 February – Ronald Ryan (born 1925), last person hanged in State and Territory Leaders Australia Premier of New South Wales – Robert Askin 3 February – Eric Edgley (born 1899), theatre performer and Premier of Queensland – Frank Nicklin impresario Premier of South Australia – Frank Walsh (until 1 June), then 7 February – David Unaipon (born 1872), Aboriginal author and Don Dunstan inventor Premier of Tasmania – Eric Reece 9 February – Fred Hoysted (born 1883), racehorse trainer Premier of Victoria – Sir Henry Bolte 13 March – Bessie Rischbieth (born 1874), feminist and social Premier of Western Australia – David Brand activist Governors and Administrators 14 March – Ernest Henry Burgmann (born 1885), Anglican Governor of New South Wales – Sir Roden Cutler bishop and social critic Governor of Queensland – Sir Alan Mansfield 29 March – D'Arcy Niland (born 1917), author of The Shiralee Governor of South Australia – Lieutenant General Sir Edric 7 April – Peter Badcoe (born 1934), soldier and Victoria Cross Bastyan winner Governor of Tasmania – General Sir Charles Gairdner 24 April – Robert Richards (born 1885), Premier of South Australia Governor of Victoria – Major General Sir Rohan Delacombe 24 April – Eric Baume (born 1900), journalist, author and Governor of Western Australia – Major General Sir Douglas broadcaster – first "beast" on the talk show Beauty and the Kendrew Beast Administrator of Nauru – Leslie King 13 May – Lance Sharkey (born 1898), Communist activist Administrator of Norfolk Island – Reginald Marsh 15 May – Jessie Traill (born 1881), Artist Administrator of the Northern Territory – Roger Dean 13 June – Gerald Patterson (born 1895), Tennis player Administrator of Papua and New Guinea – (from 9 18 June – Clive Latham Baillieu, 1st Baron Baillieu (born 1889), January) Businessman and public servant 2 July – Ivo Whitton (born 1893), Golfer Major World Political Leaders 4 July – Ray Parer (born 1894), aviator China -- Chairman of the People's Republic of China -- Liu Shaoqi 6 July – Joseph Maxwell (born 1896), soldier and Victoria Cross France -- President -- Charles de Gaulle winner Russia / Soviet Union -- First Secretary of the CPSU -- Leonid 26 July – Robert Tudawali (b. c1929), Indigenous actor Brezhnev 30 July – Arthur Stace (born 1885), pavement scribe known as U.S. -- President -- Lyndon B. Johnson United Kingdom -- Prime Minister -- Harold Wilson◘ 44 44

Mr Eternity Motor Racing 15 August – Dave McNamara (born 1887), Australian rules Jack Brabham was named 1966 Australian Man of the Year and Footballer the Queen awarded him Order of the British Empire 25 August – (born 1883), eighth Prime Minister of Jackie Stewart driving for the British Racing Motors team won Australia the Australian Grand Prix held at 25 August – Robert George (born 1896), Governor of South Australia Harry Firth and Fred Gibson won the Bathurst 500 driving a Ford XR Falcon GT. This was Firth's fourth Bathurst victory 13 October – Kerr Grant (born 1878), physicist and education administrator Rugby league 3 November – Justin Simonds (born 1890), Roman Catholic 16 September – South Sydney defeats Canterbury Bankstown Archbishop of Melbourne 12–10 in front of 56,358 people to win the 1967 New South 13 November – Helen Mayo (born 1878), pioneer in women's Wales Rugby League Grand Final. and children's health The and the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks are 16 November – Ernest Durack (born 1882), New South Welsh introduced into the New South Wales Rugby League competition. politician Brothers defeats Northern Suburbs 6–2 to win the 1967 17 December – Harold Holt (born 1908), seventeenth Prime Brisbane Rugby League premiership. Minister of Australia 29 December – Eric Woodward (born 1899), Governor of New South Wales The All Blacks defeat Australia 29–9 to retain the Bledisloe Cup. 31 December – Arthur Mailey (born 1886), Cricketer◘ Sport Squash The first Squash racquets international championship is held Athletics (track and field) and won by Australia.[46] 27 March – Bill Howard from Wodonga won the Stawell Gift Tennis starting from 53⁄4 yards in a time of 11.6 seconds[38] 8 July – John Newcombe wins the men's singles at Wimbledon, 28 June – Judy Pollock breaks Ann Packer's world record defeating Germany's Wilhelm Bungert 6–3 6–1 6–1. (2:04.3) in the women's 800 metres, clocking 2:01.0 at a meet in Helsinki, Finland.[39] 10 September – John Newcombe wins the men's singles at the US Open, defeating the USA's Clark Graebner 6–4 6–4 8–6. 9 September – wins his first men's national marathon title, clocking 2:21:58 in Adelaide.[40] Roy Emerson defeats Arthur Ashe 6–4 6–1 6–4 in the men's singles final at the Australian Open. Australian rules Football Nancy Gunter defeats Lesley Turner Bowrey 6–1, 6–4 in the 23 September – Richmond defeats Geelong 16.18 (114) to women's singles final at the Australian Open. 15.15 (105) in front of 109,396 people to win the 1967 Victorian Football League Grand Final[41] Yachting Ross Smith of St Kilda wins the 1967 [42] 18 November – Dame Pattie, Australian challenger for the America's Cup was defeated by the American defender Intrepid Sturt Football Club won the 1967 South Australian National which won the series 4–0. Football League grand final, defeating Port Adelaide 13.10 (88) to 10.17 (77)[43] 30 December – Pen Duick III (France) won line honours in the 1967 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race in a time of 4:04:10:31. Perth defeats East Perth 18.12 (120) to 15.12 (102) in front of Rainbow II (New Zealand) is the overall winner. 42,625 people to win the Western Australian National Football League grand final[43] Other North Hobart wins the Tasmanian National Football League, 3 March – The Duke of Edinburgh laid a foundation stone for a defeating Glenorchy 11.12 (78) to 8.16 (64)[43] new Western Stand at the , which was completed in 1968 (known as the Ponsford Stand after 1986). Cricket 7 November – Red Handed, ridden by Roy Higgins and trained by The Australian Cricket team, captained by Bob Simpson toured Bart Cummings wins the 1967 Melbourne Cup in a time of South Africa in 1966–67, losing the Test series 3–1[44] 3:20:40. Victoria win the 1966–67 Sheffield Shield[45] The Manchester United Football team tours Australia.◘ Golf Peter Thomson won the Australian Open, won the Australian PGA Championship, played at the Metropolitan Golf Club in Melbourne 45 45

What Happened in 1968 Important News and Events, Key Technology and Popular Culture

1968 World 1968 in Australia In both and America Japanese imported cars and other Events goods were continuing to rise and trouble the governments of 4 January – The search for the body of Prime Minister Harold UK and USA as they worried about industries in their own Holt, who disappeared whilst swimming near Portsea, Victoria, is countries being effected and jobs lost. In the spring of 1968 called off. on 4th April the Rev Martin Luther King was assassinated and Robert Kennedy was mortally wounded when he is shot by 10 January – is sworn in as Prime Minister of Sirhan Sirhan. the peace movement had continued to grow and Australia after the disappearance of Harold Holt. more and more Americans were against the war in Vietnam, and 28 January – Members of English rock groups The Who and once again more riots occurred throughout cities in America. the Small Faces are escorted by police from a plane at Melbourne's music scene was once again set by the "Beatles" and the Essendon Airport, after the pilot diverts the flight citing the "Rolling Stones", and fashion flirted with see through blouses bands' behaviour. and midis and maxis skirts joined the Mini Skirt as part of the 1 April – American evangelist Billy Graham begins a tour of fashion trends. There is a Flu Pandemic in and the Australia. first Black power salute is seen on Television worldwide during an Olympics medal ceremony 17 April – A State election is held in South Australia. (Liberal and Country League) defeats Don Dunstan (ALP), and Czechoslovakia -- Prague Spring becomes Premier of South Australia. The Soviet Union invades Czechoslovakia and arrests President 8 April – Fluoridation of Sydney's water supply begins. Dubcek 30 April – unsuccessfully challenges Gough Whitlam U.S. -- Assassination Martin Luther King Jr. for leadership of the Australian Labor Party. Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Leader of Negro Civil 1 May – The Duke of Edinburgh arrives in Australia for a ten-day Rights Movement is killed by James Earl Ray which leads to visit. Violence and Race Riots in US Cities 5 May – Three Australian journalists are killed by the Viet Cong in Saigon. U.S. -- Senator Robert Kennedy Assassinated 21 May – Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi visits Australia. U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, also known as Bobby Kennedy or RFK, was assassinated at the age of 42 on June 5th. Kennedy 14 June – Journalist Simon Townsend, future host of Simon was shot three times by Sirhan Sirhan, a Palestinian, at the Townsend's Wonder World, is granted exemption from military Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. He had just finished giving a service after lodging a fifth appeal against his imprisonment and speech after his victory in California’s presidential primary. court martial for conscientious objection. Senator Kennedy died the following day and was buried at 18 June – The first stage of the opens in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia near the grave of his Sydney. brother, President John F. Kennedy . Sirhan Sirhan was 24 June – British comedian Tony Hancock commits suicide in his sentenced to death in 1969, his sentence was later commuted Sydney hotel room. to life in prison. 2 July – Fifty students are arrested during an anti-Vietnam War United Kingdom - Anti-Vietnam Protests protest in , Sydney. Anti-Vietnam war demonstrations turn violent during March in 4 July – Forty five people are arrested during an anti-war protest London, England. Between 8,000 and 10,000 protesters outside the U.S. consulate in St Kilda Road, Melbourne. marched from Trafalgar Square to the U.S. Embassy in 31 July – The Premier of Queensland, Jack Pizzey, dies in office. Grosvenor Square. According to attendees, the initial mood of 1 August – Jack Pizzey's deputy, Gordon Chalk, is sworn in as his the gathering was positive but quickly turned violent when they successor until the appointment of Joh Bjelke-Petersen as encountered hundreds of police surrounding the embassy. About Premier a week later. 200 people were arrested during the riots and between 80 and 100 people, including several police, were injured. 3 August – The standard gauge rail line between Perth and Kalgoorlie is completed. U.S. -- Intel Corporation is created 20 August – The National Gallery of Victoria is opened in The Intel Corporation was founded in Santa Clara, California Melbourne. during July . Engineers Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce created 14 October – The town of Meckering, Western Australia, is badly 46 46

the company after receiving $2.5 million in funding from venture damaged by an earthquake. capitalist and financier Arthur Rock. Noyce and Moore set out to 28 October – The Postmaster-General's Department decreases build a company that could make and develop semiconductor the number of mail deliveries per day from two to one. computer circuits. 31 October – Minister for the Army admits that NASA’s Apollo 7 Mission Launches troops may have breached the Geneva Convention by using water torture during the interrogation of a NASA launches the Apollo 7 mission on October 11th. It was the female Viet Cong suspect. first manned mission in the Apollo program which was created with the ultimate goal of landing a man on the Moon. the 1 November – The airline Ansett-ANA is renamed Ansett. purpose of the mission was to test out the command and service 14 December – A referendum is held in Tasmania to allow the module (CSM). It launched from the Kennedy Space Center in granting of Australia's first casino license to the Wrest Point Florida and carried astronauts Walter Schirra, Donn Eisele, and Hotel. The referendum is passed. R. Walter Cunningham around the Earth’s orbit 163 times. the 31 December – MacRobertson Miller Airlines Flight 1750 flight lasted 10 days and 20 hours and it was the first mission to crashes south of Port Hedland, Western Australia, killing all 26 complete a live television broadcast. people on board. NASA’s Apollo 8 Mission Launches Non-specific dates NASA’s Apollo 8 space mission was launched on December Australia's population is estimated to have reached 12 million in 21st. It was the first manned mission to leave Earth’s orbit, orbit 1968. the Moon, and return to Earth safely. the crew consisted of Frank Borman, James Lovell Jr., and William Anders. It was also the Arts and literature first manned mission to launch from the Kennedy Space Center. 17 January – The Seekers are named Australians of the Year for the crew successfully landed in the Northern Pacific Ocean after 1967. just over six days in space. Apollo 8 was most well-known for the 19 January – William Pidgeon wins the Archibald Prize with his live television broadcast made by the astronauts on Christmas portrait of Lloyd Rees. eve. the mission was a critical step in the process to land a man 1 July – The Copyright Act 1968 replaces the existing 1911 on the Moon. copyright legislation. U.S. - Surveyor 7 Lunar Lander Thomas Keneally's novel Three Cheers for the Paraclete wins the Miles Franklin Award NASA launches the final Surveyor mission, Surveyor 7 on January 7th. the mission objectives for Surveyor 7 were to achieve a soft landing on the surface of the Moon in the highland area, Film photograph the area after landing, test the chemical 2 December – At the Australian Film Institute Awards ceremony, composition of the soil, and gather data related to the Prime Minister John Gorton announces the creation of the mechanics of the landing. the spacecraft was successful in its Australian Film Development Corporation. landing and achieved its mission objectives. the surveyor program was overall successful as well, providing the necessary Television data to determine the feasibility of a manned Moon mission. 25 May – An episode of the ABC series Bellbird stops the nation when the character of Charlie Cousins (played by Robin Ramsay) United Kingdom -- Beatles "White Album" dies in a fall from a silo. The Beatles release the "White Album" to mixed reviews. Music On November 22nd the popular rock band the Beatles released the "White Album," an untitled double album that featured some Top 10 Hits of the legendary band's most experimental music. Many of the "Hey Jude" / "Revolution" - The Beatles songs were written when the band was in Rishikesh, India while "Sadie (The Cleaning Lady)" - Johnny Farnham they were attending a meditation camp. While the album received mixed reviews at the time, it still reached the number "Love is Blue" - Paul Mauriat one spot on the music charts in both the United Kingdom and "Honey" - Bobby Goldsboro U.S.. Modern critics mark the album as on of the best albums "The Unicorn" - The Irish Rovers ever created and it remains popular today. "Those Were the Days" - Mary Hopkin France -- Winter Olympics "Little Arrows" - Leapy Lee "The Orange and the Green" / "Whiskey on a Sunday" - The Irish The Winter Olympic Games are held in Grenoble, France during Rovers the month of February . These gamed marked the tenth time the Winter Olympics took place and were the first Winter Games to "Macarthur Park" - Richard Harris be broadcast in color on television. the 1968 Winter Olympics "Hello, Goodbye" / "I Am the Walrus" - The Beatles also marked the first time they did gender testing and doping tests during the winter games. It was also the first time that a Births country other than the Soviet Union won the most medals since 7 February – Phillip Tahmindjis, ice speed skater 47 47

the USSR's first games in 1956 with Norway taking home the Toys from the Year 1968 most medals of the 37 competing nations. Soviet Union - Zond 5 Space Mission The Soviet Union launches the Zond 5 space mission during September. the unmanned spacecraft became the first to circle the Moon and successfully return to Earth intact. It was also the first mission to carry life to the Moon and back. There were various forms of life on board the spacecraft including wine flies, mealworms, plants, bacteria, and two tortoises. the creatures survived the nearly week-long journey. Later in the year the U.S. would successfully complete the Apollo 8 mission which carried Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders to orbit the Moon and return to Earth as the first humans to travel beyond the orbit of the Earth. Anti Vietnam War protests Anti Vietnam War protests throughout the western world 23 February - Angela Ash, Celebrity of Stylis Cove Western Tet offensive Australia 12 February – , 41st Premier of New South Wales North Vietnam and Viet Cong troops launch the Tet offensive (2008–2009) North Vietnam 1 April – , 44th Premier of New South Wales (2014- President Lyndon Johnson orders an end to the bombing of 2017) North Vietnam 7 April – Duncan Armstrong, swimmer RMS Queen Elizabeth 20 April – Julia Morris, actress, comedian, Television presenter and producer RMS Queen Elizabeth - retired from service 13 May - , 30th Prime Minister of Australia Dutch Elm Disease 26 May – , basketball player Dutch Elm Disease continues to increase with tens of thousands 28 May – , entertainer of trees now destroyed 1 June – , entertainer UK - First Class Post 4 June – , actress British Post office introduces First Class Post 15 June – Hugh McDermott, politician 27 July – Julian McMahon, actor China 9 August – Eric Bana, actor China celebrates 20 years of communist rule by Mao Tse-tung 13 September – , politician Earthquake in Sicily - 30 September – Sharon Jaklofsky, track and field athlete Earthquake in Sicily - 231 dead, 262 injured. 8 October – , Footballer 12 October – Hugh Jackman, actor Heart transplant 13 November – Cherie Burton, politician The Third Heart transplant is performed in South Africa By Dr 19 December – , 42nd Premier of New South Christian N Barnard Wales (2009-2011)◘ London Bridge Deaths London Bridge sold for 1 million. and later re-erected in Arizona . 14 January – Dorothea Mackellar (born 1885), poet contraceptive pill 21 February – Howard Florey (born 1898), Nobel Prize-winning Pope Paul VI bans Catholics from using the contraceptive pill for pharmacologist birth control 24 June – Tony Hancock (born 1924), British comedian 31 July – Jack Pizzey (born 1911), Premier of Queensland Population 455 million Europe 19 August – William McCall (born 1908), politician Population in Europe reaches 455 million ( excluding USSR ) 28 September – Sir Norman Brookes (born 1877), Tennis player Televisions 10 October – Gavin Long (born 1901), journalist and military Televisions Installed increases 25 million US, 20.5 million Japan, historian 19 Million Great Britain 13 October – Dame Jean Macnamara (born 1899), medical 48 48

Aretha Franklin Gary Puckett and the Union Gap scientist The Grateful Dead The Monkees Simon and Garfunkel -- " Mrs Robinson " 27 October – James Hunter (born 1882), politician The Beach Boys The Bee Gees 20 December – John Jennings (born 1878), politician◘ The Jimi Hendrix Experience Cream The Doors Pink Floyd Sport Moody Blues Bobby Goldsboro 26 February – Boxer beats Japan's Fighting Harada Marvin Gaye David Bowie in Tokyo to become world bantamweight champion. Born This Year 25 May – Derek Clayton wins his second men's national 25 September—Will Smith 28 September—Naomi Watts marathon title, clocking 2:14:47.8 in Hobart. 6 November—Jerry Yang 30 March—Celine Dion ◘ 26 May – Australia wins the 1968 Federation Cup in women's Tennis, defeating the Netherlands (3–0). 10 June – Australia wins the 1968 when it beats France (20–2) in the final at the SCG. 21 September – The defeated Manly- Warringah Sea Eagles in the NSWRL Grand Final at the Sydney Cricket Ground. 28 September – The Carlton Blues narrowly beat Essendon Bombers by 3 points (56–53) in the grand final of the 1968 VFL season, winning their first flag in 21 years. 12 – 27 October – Australia participates in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, coming ninth in the medal tally with 5 gold, 7 silver and 5 bronze medals (17 in total). 15 October – Ralph Doubell equals Peter Snell's world record (2:04.3) in the men's 800 metres, clocking 1:44.3 at the Summer Olympics in Mexico City. 5 November – Rain Lover wins the Melbourne Cup. 26 December – Ondine II takes line honours in the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race. Koomooloo is the handicap winner Western Australia wins the Sheffield Shield.◘ Popular Culture 1968 The first Big Mac goes on sale in McDonalds costing 49 cents The Beatles create Apple Records and record "Hey Jude" as the first single on the label The CBS television news magazine program "60 Minutes" shown for the first time Musical Hair opens at Shaftesbury Theatre in London featuring fifth nuclear power nudity and drug-taking France becomes the world's fifth nuclear power Most popular movies Jacqueline Kennedy 2001: A Space Odyssey Funny Girl Aristotle Onassis and Jacqueline Kennedy marry The Love Bug The Odd Couple Bullitt Romeo and Juliet Hong Kong Flu pandemic Oliver! Rosemary’s Baby Hong Kong Flu pandemic begins in Hong Kong. Planet of the Apes Night of the Living Dead Academy Awards The Aswan Dam Best Picture: Oliver! The Aswan Dam in Egypt is completed Best Director: Carol Reed – Oliver! Spain and Gibraltar Border Best Actress: Katharine Hepburn – The Lion in Winter; – Funny Girl The border between Spain and Gibraltar is closed Best Actor: Cliff Robertson – Charly Papua New Guinea Popular Musicians Equatorial Guinea Gains Independence from Spain◘ The Rolling Stones The Supremes The Beatles -- " Hey Jude " Fleetwood Mac 49 49

Australian Political Figures 1968 Women’s Fashion Monarchy Elizabeth II Governor-General Lord Casey Prime minister John McEwen, then John Gorton Population 11,799,078 Elections NSW, SA, WA State and Territory Leaders Premier of New South Wales – Robert Askin Premier of Queensland – Frank Nicklin (until 17 January), then Jack Pizzey (until 31 July), then Gordon Chalk (from 1 August until 8 August), then Joh Bjelke-Petersen Premier of South Australia – Don Dunstan (until 17 April), then Steele Hall Premier of Tasmania – Eric Reece Premier of Victoria – Sir Henry Bolte Premier of Western Australia – David Brand Technology Governors and Administrators Boeing 747 made its maiden flight. Governor of New South Wales – Sir Roden Cutler NASA launches Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission Governor of Queensland – Sir Alan Mansfield Air Bags, Allen K Breed invents an air bag that deploys and Governor of South Australia – Lieutenant General Sir Edric inflates automatically on violent impact using nitrogen gas. Bastyan (until 1 June), then Major General Sir James Harrison Apollo 8 orbits the Moon, becoming the first manned space (from 4 December) mission to achieve the feat. Governor of Tasmania – General Sir Charles Gairdner (until 11 Dr. Christian Barnard performs the first successful heart July), then Lieutenant General Sir Edric Bastyan (from 2 transplant. December) Governor of Victoria – Major General Sir Rohan Delacombe US Explodes experimental hydrogen Bomb. Governor of Western Australia – Major General Sir Douglas The Emergency 911 Telephone service is started in the USA Kendrew which provides a single number for reporting emergencies and is Administrator of Nauru – Leslie King (until 30 January) manned 24 hrs per day 365 days per year Administrator of Norfolk Island – Reginald Marsh (until June), ATM First Philadelphia Bank installs the first automated teller then Robert Dalkin (from July) machine in the U.S.◘ Administrator of the Northern Territory – Roger Dean Administrator of Papua and New Guinea – David Hay◘ 1968 Home Major World Political Leaders Australia -- Prime Minister -- John McEwen (Till December 19th); John Gorton (from 19th December) China -- Chairman of the People's Republic of China -- Liu Shaoqi France -- President -- Charles de Gaulle Russia / Soviet Union -- First Secretary of the CPSU -- Leonid Brezhnev U.S. -- President -- Lyndon B. Johnson United Kingdom -- Prime Minister -- Harold Wilson◘ 50 50

What Happened in 1969 Important News and Events, Key Technology and Popular Culture

1969 World 1969 in Australia On July 20th one of mans crowning achievements occurred Events when American Astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first 8 January - Bushfires across Victoria claim the lives of 23 people human to set foot on the Moon and uttered the immortal including 17 who died when a grass fire overran a group of cars words "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for on the at Lara, near Geelong in Victoria. About mankind." . the opposition to the war continued to increase with 280 fires in total burned 250,000 hectares, destroyed 230 more and more attending anti war demonstrations and homes and dozens of other buildings, killing 12,000 head of demanding that the US withdrew from Vietnam. the music came stock. from groups including the Doors, Led Zeppelin, Janis Joplin and 7 February – The Violet Town railway disaster: the passenger the Beatles and the most famous music festival of modern times train Southern Aurora collides head-on with a freight train on the "WOODSTOCK" took place on a New York Farm on August new Melbourne and razed to Sydney train line. Nine people are 15th to August 17th with more than 400,000 avid music fans killed. attending to see the Who, Jimi Hendrix, Crosby Stills Nash and Young and others perform live. fashions reflected the anti war 30 April – Sir becomes Governor-General of sentiment with military jackets adorned with peace signs, and Australia after the retirement of Lord Casey. other trends including long unkempt wild hair and headbands 10 May – The 1969 Tasmanian election is held, resulting in a showed the feelings of anti establishment felt by the youth. with the ALP and Liberals winning 17 seats Apollo 9 Space Mission each. The deadlock is broken when of the forms a coalition government with the Liberals and NASA’s Apollo 9 mission launches on March 3rd. the purpose of becomes Deputy Premier under Angus Bethune. the mission was to prepare for an eventual manned lunar 12 May – The Age newspaper in Melbourne begins the process landing later that year. It was the first space test of a complete of moving from Collins Street to Spencer Street. The move is Apollo spacecraft including the lunar module and Saturn V completed on 6 October. launch rocket. the included James McDivitt, David Scott, and Russell Schweickart. They performed the first docking and 3 June – Melbourne-Evans collision – The Royal Australian Navy extraction of a lunar module and the first crewed flight of a lunar aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne collides with the U.S. Navy module. the crew also performed several test on the lunar destroyer USS Frank E. Evans in the . Frank E. module systems and a two person space walk. the Apollo 9 Evans is cut in half and sinks, killing 74 crew. space mission returned to Earth successfully after 10 days in 19 June – The Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration space. Commission rules that equal pay for women doing the same work as men must be phased in by 1972. Apollo 10 Mission 26 September – The Poseidon bubble begins when the small NASA’s Apollo 10 space mission launched and landed mining company Poseidon NL discovers a large nickel deposit in successfully during May. the 3-man crew consisted of Thomas P. Laverton, Western Australia. Stafford (the Commander), John W. Young (the Command Module Pilot), and Eugene A. Cernan (the Lunar Module Pilot). 25 October – 1969 Australian federal election: John Gorton's the flight was a test run for the first Moon landing which took Liberal/Country Coalition Government is narrowly re-elected with place 2 months later. the Apollo 10 mission successfully tested a sharply reduced majority, defeating a resurgent Labor Party led all aspects of a lunar landing except the actual landing. the crew by Gough Whitlam. conducted a lunar orbit and lunar descent to about 9 miles from 7 November – A Liberal Party is held, with Prime the surface, a rendezvous and docking with the command Minister Gorton re-elected as Party leader over challengers module, tested various systems, and conducted transmissions William McMahon and David Fairbairn. back to Earth. the mission completed all objectives and returned 11 November – Prime Minister Gorton makes the most to Earth after 8 days. sweeping changes to the Federal Ministry since the Liberal- Moon Landing Country Party Coalition took office in 1949. Seven back- benchers are promoted to the junior ministry, four junior The first man is landed on the moon on the Apollo 11 mission by ministers promoted to cabinet, and three ministers dropped the U.S. and Neil Armstrong and Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin became the altogether. Treasurer McMahon was moved to External Affairs, first humans to set foot on the Moon. and the famous and replaced by . Future prime minister words "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for was promoted to Minister for Defence. mankind." will become part of our history 51 51

Estimates put the number who watched or listened to the Moon 13 November - Former Minister for Air, , expresses landing between 1/2 and 1 billion people around the world (from to journalists his belief that Prime Minister Gorton's young Webmaster I consider myself privileged to have watched and secretary, Ainsley Gotto, was responsible for him being dropped listened to Neil A. Armstrong's famous words "That's one small from his ministerial position. Erwin also asserted Gotto severely step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind ") . for Information restricted access to Gorton which he and other ministers had for the Space Race 1961, previously enjoyed. When asked what political manoeuvre had been used to get him out of office, he replied "it's shapely, it Apollo 12 wiggles, it's cold-blooded and its name is Ainsley Gotto". Apollo 12, the second manned moon mission, launched on Victorian SEC workers strike for 24 hours from midnight for the November 14th carrying astronauts Charles Conrad Jr., Alan fourth time this year, causing widespread disruption to power Bean, and Richard Gordon Jr. the mission successfully landed on supplies. the Moon on November 19th about 950 miles away from where 29 November – The rebuilding of the Indian Pacific rail line the Apollo 11 mission had landed. the mission's objectives between Sydney and Perth to standard gauge is completed. included seismic experiments, examining the Surveyor III spacecraft, studying possible future landing sites, and human 16 December – Prime Minister John Gorton announces that a ability to work on the moon, among many other things. the crew withdrawal of Australian Army troops from the Vietnam War tried to broadcast parts the mission but the television camera would begin in 1970. was damaged by sun exposure soon after landing. the crew left on November 20th and got to Earth on November 24th, after Science and technology having spent about 31 hours on the surface of the moon. 20 July – NASA switches the main transmission feed of the Apollo 11 moon landing to Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station Significant Live Music Events in 1969 in Canberra, then Parkes Observatory in New South Wales, which January 30th the Beatles, with Billy Preston, gave their final live then broadcasts the mission to the world. performance on the roof of the Apple building in London, England, the live performance was an impromptu event that Arts and literature ran for 42 minutes featuring Get Back, I Want You (She's So 4 May – An Australian production of the rock Musical Hair opens Heavy), Don't Let Me Down, I've Got A Feeling, One After in Sydney. Produced by Harry M. Miller, it features the debut of 909, Danny Boy, Dig A Pony, God Save the Queen and A young American singer Marcia Hines. Pretty Girl Is Like A Melody later featured as the climax of George Johnston's novel Clean Straw for Nothing wins the Miles their Let It Be film Franklin Award March 25th to March 31st Following the Marriage of John Lennon and Yoko Ono on March 20th in Gibralta they hold a Film week-long Bed-In for Peace at the Amsterdam Hilton Hotel 27 March – 2000 Weeks (directed by Tim Burstall) is released. inviting the world's press into their hotel room every day The Film was one of the first features of the modern era in between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m Australian cinema, although it was received poorly both critically July 4th Atlanta International Pop Festival attracted an audience and commercially. of approximately 100,000 to watch 16 performers including Janis Joplin, Johnny Rivers, Blood, Sweat & Tears, Canned Television Heat, Joe Cocker, Creedence Clearwater Revival, 5 March – The last episode of spy series Hunter is aired. Sweetwater and Led Zeppelin 11 March – Police procedural drama series Division 4 makes its August 15th to 18th the Woodstock Festival attracted an debut on the Nine Network. audience of approximately 500,000 to watch 35 performers 21 March – Graham Kennedy wins the Gold Logie for In including Ravi Shankar, Joan Baez, Santana, Grateful Dead, Melbourne Tonight. Creedence Clearwater Revival, Janis Joplin with the Kozmic Blues Band, Sly & the Family Stone, the Who, Jefferson Music Airplane, Joe Cocker, the Band, Blood, Sweat & Tears, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Jimi Hendrix at White Lake, Top 10 Hits New York, U.S. "Something" / "Come Together" - The Beatles August 30th and 31st Isle of Wight Festival attracted an "Honky Tonk Women" - Rolling Stones audience of approximately 150,000 to watch 26 performers including Bob Dylan, the Who, Blonde On Blonde, Joe "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" - The Cocker, the Moody Blues and Free at Wootton, Isle Of Wight, Beatles England "The Real Thing" - Russell Morris September 13th Toronto Rock and Roll Revival attracted an "Suspicious Minds" - Elvis Presley audience of approximately 20,000 to watch 20 performers "Part Three into Paper Walls / "The Girl That I Love" - Russell including Chicago, Alice Cooper, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Morris Lewis, , Little Richard, Doug Kershaw and the "Penny Arcade" - Roy Orbison Doors, Screaming Lord Sutch and John Lennon, Yoko Ono "Get Back / Don't Let Me Down" - The Beatles 52 52

and the Plastic Ono Band at at Varsity Stadium, of the Toys from the Year 1969 University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada December 6th Altamont Speedway Free Festival attracted an audience of approximately 300,000 to watch 10 performers including the Rolling Stones, Santana, Jefferson Airplane, the Flying Burrito Brothers, and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young at Altamont Speedway, California, U.S. the concert is best known for having been marred by considerable violence caused by alcahol and drugs including by the Hells Angels motorcycle club who were used for security round the stage. 1969 provided so many significant live music events that I thought they should be included in a Music Timeline for the year, I hope you enjoyed taking the trip in time and memories that the timeline provides United Kingdom -- Beatles "Abbey Road" The Beatles release Abbey Road on September 26th. Abbey Road was not the group's final album to be released to the public but it was their final album to be recorded together. The classic album's cover art featured the iconic photograph of "Hair" - The Cowsills John Lennon, Ringo Starr, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)" - Peter Sarstedt walking across a zebra crossing near the entrance to the famous Abbey Road recording studio. Births This rock album featured such popular songs as "Here Comes 19 January – , basketball player the Sun," "Come Together," "Something," and "Oh! Darling." 22 January – Shelley Sandie, basketball player The full track listing includes: 23 January – Danielle Woodhouse, water polo player Come Together, Something, Maxwell's Silver Hammer, Oh! 7 February – Fiona Robinson, basketball and handball player Darling, Octopus's Garden, I Want You, Here Comes the Sun, 3 March – , Australian Rules Football player Because, You Never Give Me Your Money, Sun King, Mean Mr. 15 March – Matthew Morris, politician Mustard, Polythene Pam, She Came In Through the Bathroom 17 March – , Football (soccer) midfielder Window, Golden Slumbers, Carry That Weight, the End, Her 28 March – John Brogden, politician Majesty 1 April – , basketball player It also topped the charts around the world once released, staying 3 April – Ben Mendelsohn, actor in the UK and US charts for over 80 weeks. While there were 7 May - Rachael Robertson (writer), speaker, author and mentor initially mixed reviews about the album, many fans believe it to be the best the band had ever produced and it remains one of 14 May – , actress the top selling Beatles albums of all time. 17 May – , wheelchair basketball player, sailor and politician Echo 2 Satellite Mission Ends 31 May – , field hockey defender The Echo 2 satellite mission ends during June . Echo 2 was a 3 June – , Australian rugby league player 135-foot satellite that was launched by NASA 30 June – Mark Garner, track and field sprinter in January of 1964 and it orbited the Earth in a near polar orbit 7 July – Rina Bradshaw-Hill, triathlete for the duration of its time in space. It was easily visible to the 30 July – , actor naked eye across Earth’s surface due to its large size and type of orbit. It was used to perform some passive communications 15 August – Bernard Fanning, singer experiments and to measure the shape of the Earth. the satellite 16 August – Jodi McKay, politician burned up upon re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere. 6 September – Michellie Jones, triathlete Venera 5 and Venera 6 Missions 7 September – David Borger, politician 9 September – Natasha Stott Despoja, politician The Soviet Union launched the Venera 5 and Venera 6 13 September – , Cricketer spacecraft during the month of January. the two spacecrafts were identical in design and build and were launched five days 18 September – Brad Beven, triathlete apart with the mission of measuring the atmosphere of Venus 19 September – Kostya Tszyu, boxer during their descents onto the planet’s surface. Venera 5 made 20 October – , rugby league Football commentator it to Venus on the 16th of May in 1969 and Venera 6 arrived the and former player next day. the missions were partially successful in that both 14 December Rob Oakeshott, politician vehicles were able to transmit measurements for about 50 29 December – Andrew Cornwell, politician◘ minutes each but ultimately failed in that their instruments were 53 53

Popular Culture 1969 then presumably damaged by the surface pressure and heat that they encountered on their descents. A free concert organized by the Rolling Stones is held at Altamont Speedway in Livermore, Calif with problems caused by RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 the use of Hells Angels as Bouncers resulting in a number of RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 entered service deaths The Ground-breaking TV programme Monty Python's Flying Golda Meir of Milwaukee Circus is shown for the first time and the catch phrase "And now Golda Meir of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, becomes Prime for something completely different," becomes their trade mark Minister of Israel Sesame Street known for its Muppet characters, makes it's debut on PBS Robin Knox-Johnston Robin Knox-Johnston becomes the first person to sail around the Bell Bottom Jeans and tie-dye shirts become part of the teenage world solo without stopping fashion scene. The John Lennon Album "Two Virgins" featuring John Lennon and troop withdrawals Yoko Ono in the nude are confiscated at Newark Airport The very first U.S. troop withdrawals are made from Vietnam The Beatles' last public performance, on the roof of Apple Records., release their album Abbey Road. bringing the Stonewall Riot 1960's to an end Police raid Stonewall Inn on June 28th a gay club located in New Brian Jones Former Rolling Stones Guitarist drowns after York City ending the Stonewall Riot. drinking and drugs binge. Civil war in Biafra Most popular movies Civil war in Biafra leaves 3 million starving and needing Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid international aid. Midnight Cowboy Easy Rider Charles Manson Hello, Dolly! Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice Paint Your Wagon True Grit Members of a cult led by Charles Manson murder five Cactus Flower Goodbye, Columbus people August 9th On Her Majesty’s Secret Service Academy Awards Best Picture: Midnight Cowboy Best Director: John Schlesinger, Midnight Cowboy Best Actress: Maggie Smith – The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Best Actor: John Wayne – True Grit Popular Musicians The Rolling Stones James Brown The Beatles Bob Dylan Crosby, Stills and Nash Creedence Clearwater Revival John Denver Simon and Garfunkel Fleetwood Mac Marvin Gaye The Jimi Hendrix Experience Cream Pink Floyd Elton John David Bowie Born This Year 25 September—Catherine Zeta-Jones 10 October—Brett Favre 25 April—Renee Zellweger 11 February—Jennifer Aniston ◘ 54 54

Hurricane Camille Deaths Hurricane Camille hits the Mississippi coast killing 248 people 18 January – Gregory Brain (born 1893), politician Northern Ireland 29 January – Alfred McClelland (born 1886), politician Britain deploys troops in Northern Ireland following increasing 31 March – Ernest Wetherell, politician violence 14 May – Frederick Lane (born 1888), swimmer Bloodless Coup in Libya 3 August – (born 1889), 26th Premier of New Bloodless Coup in Libya deposing King Idris South Wales (1939–1941) 25 August – (born 1894), 30th Premier of HMAS Melbourne Tasmania (1939–1947, 1948–1958) Australian HMAS Melbourne slices the 17 November – Sir Malcolm Barclay-Harvey (born 1890), 22nd destroyer USS Frank E. Evans in half killing 82 of her crew Governor of South Australia (1939–1944) 21 November – (born 1879), Artist Charles de Gaulle 27 November – May Gibbs, (born 1877) children's author.◘ Charles de Gaulle Resigns as French President Australian Sport Italy Bank Bombing A bomb is exploded in a bank in Milan, Italy 21 January – Boxer Johnny Famechon becomes world champion, when he defeats Cuban Jose Legra in a Rising Inflation bout at the Albert Hall in London. Rising Inflation is a worldwide problem 12 April – Carlton achieve the first double-century VFL score when they kick 30.30 (210) against Hawthorn, beating a Death Penalty previous record from 1931. The Death Penalty is Abolished in the UK 6 September – Richmond sets a new record VFL finals winning margin when it beats Geelong by 118 points. it is the first PLO is founded century winning margin in a finals match and beats the previous The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is founded◘ record margin of 88 points by Melbourne against Collingwood in the 1964 Second Semi. Technology 20 September – The Balmain Tigers defeated South Sydney First Concorde test flight is conducted In France Rabbitohs in the NSWRL Rugby League Grand Final at the First transplant of human eye Sydney Cricket Ground. Seiko sells the first Quartz Watch 27 September – Richmond 12.13 (85) beats Carlton 8.12 (60) for its seventh premiership. The Harrier Jump Jet enters service with the RAF 2 October – Tennis player Rod Laver beats fellow Australian Tony The first automatic teller machine ATM or Cash Machine is Roche in the men's singles final of the U.S. Open, achieving his installed in the U.S. second Grand Slam (having also won the Australian Open, the Creation of ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet French Open and Wimbledon in that year). The Boeing 747 jumbo jet makes its debut. It carried 191 11 October – John Farrington wins his first men's national people, most of them reporters and photographers, from Seattle marathon title, clocking 2:21:02.8 in Sydney. to New York City. 4 November – Rain Lover wins the Melbourne Cup.◘ UNIX is developed by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs 1969 Home The Pontiac Firebird Trans Am the epitome of the American muscle car is introduced. The Microprocessor (a miniature set of integrated circuits) is invented opening the way for the computer revolution that followed Inventions Invented by Inventors and Country (or attributed to First Use) Internet USA US military Manned Moon Landing USA Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin walk on Moon CCDs USA Charge Coupled Device - to capture image Cash Dispenser Turkey by Luther Simjian Battery Powered Smoke Detector USA◘ 55 55

1969 Women’s Fashion Australian Political Figures Monarchy Elizabeth II Governor-General Lord Casey, then Sir Paul Hasluck Prime minister John Gorton Population 12,008,635 Elections TAS, QLD, Federal State and Territory Leaders Premier of New South Wales – Robert Askin Premier of Queensland – Joh Bjelke-Petersen Premier of South Australia – Steele Hall Premier of Tasmania – Eric Reece (until 26 May), then Angus Bethune Premier of Victoria – Sir Henry Bolte Premier of Western Australia – (Sir) David Brand Governors and Administrators Governor of New South Wales – Sir Roden Cutler Governor of Queensland – Sir Alan Mansfield Governor of South Australia – Major General Sir James Harrison Governor of Tasmania – Lieutenant General Sir Edric Bastyan Governor of Victoria – Major General Sir Rohan Delacombe Governor of Western Australia – Major General Sir Douglas Kendrew Administrator of Norfolk Island – Robert Dalkin Administrator of the Northern Territory – Roger Dean Administrator of Papua and New Guinea – David Hay◘ Major World Political Leaders Australia -- Prime Minister -- John Gorton China -- Chairman of the People's Republic of China -- Song Qingling France -- President -- Charles de Gaulle (Till 28 April); Georges Pompidou (from 20 June) Russia / Soviet Union -- First Secretary of the CPSU -- Leonid Brezhnev U.S. -- President -- Lyndon B. Johnson (Till January 20); Richard Nixon (from January 20) United Kingdom -- Prime Minister -- Harold Wilson◘

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