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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04049-6 - The Politics of Public Space in Republican Rome Amy Russell Index More information

Index

Republican politicians are indexed by their nomen (Claudius, not Appius or Caecus). Literary authors and imperial ﬁgures are indexed by the name by which they are conventionally known (Augustus, not Julius; Catullus, not Valerius). Numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

Acilius Glabrio, Manius, 108 Atria Licinia, 85 Aemiliana, 113 Atrium Libertatis, 85 Aemilius Lepidus, Marcus (cos. 187), 92, See also Atrium Maenium, xviii, 84, 92 Basilica Aemilia Atrium Publicum, 85 Aemilius Lepidus, Marcus (cos. 78), 92 Atrium Regium, xviii, 86 Aemilius Lepidus, Marcus (triumvir), 92 Atrium Sutorium, 85 Aemilius Regillus, Lucius, 113 Atrium Titium, xviii, 84, 92 Aemilius Scaurus, Marcus, 9, 171 Atrium Vestae, xviii, xix, 2–8, 4, 5, 6, 77, 81, 84 Africanus. See Cornelius house of the Vestals, xviii, xix, 2–3 ager publicus, 26, 28, 30, 31 Vesta, temple, xviii, xix, 3 agora, 51, 56, 70, 94 Auguraculum, 56 Agrippa, 162 augurs, augury Alexander the Great, 96, 98, 145, 147, 149, 156, relationship with politics, 56, 102 178, 186 used to deﬁne space, 56, 99 Alexandria, 90, 177 Augustus, 11, 112, 186 Althusser, Louis, 46 building programme, 156 Ambracia, 139, 147, See also Muses of Ambracia restorations to Pompey’s complex, 175, 176 Annius Milo, Titus, 34–40, 47, 55, 75, 183 transformation of public and private spheres, anonymity, 47, 54, 170 191–4 Antonius Orator, Marcus, 75 Antonius, Marcus (Mark Antony), 58, 160, basilicas, 80, 86, 87–94, 98, 117, 120, 125, 190 161, 162 Basilica Aemilia, xix, 67, 68, 69, 79, 92, 93, 94, Apollo Sosianus, temple, 123 120, 121 Apollo, temple, 118, 183 Basilica Opimia, xix, 20, 67, 94 Appuleius Saturninus, Lucius, 74 Basilica Porcia, xix, 77, 83, 88, 91, 93, 121, 152 architecture Basilica Sempronia, xix, 77, 81, 121 semantics of politics, 60, 90, 113 behavioural approach, 17, 22, 23, 33, 40–2, 71, 99, semantics of publicity, 52, 60, 90 100, 189 Area Capitolina, xvii, 105–10, 107, 114, 134, 137, Bellona, temple, xvii, 92, 114, 117–20, 189 188, 189 Bourdieu, Pierre, 149 statues cleared from, 110 Butler, Judith, 20 use for political assemblies, 101, 109 Argiletum, xviii, xix, 48, 66, 67, 68, 85 Caecilius (author), 26 Aristotle, 51 Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus, Lucius, 69 Asculum Picenum, 170 Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Quintus, 10, Athens, 50–3, 60, 90, 147 96–9, 120–6, 134, 145–6, 149, 163, 178, atria (so-called atria publica), 77, 83–7, 88 See also Porticus Metelli 220

Index 221

Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica, Columna Bellica, 119 Quintus, 108 Comitium, xviii, xix, 6, 54, 56, 57, 62–5, Caesar. See Julius 64, 72 Caligula, 193 commercial space, 1 Calpurnius Piso, Gaius, 82 in basilicas, 90 Camenae, 143 in the agora, 51 Campus Martius, xvii, 35, 113, 144, 189, 192, See in the Forum, 48, 65, 67, 69, 71, 79–81 also individual sites and monuments: in the house, 78, 91 Aemiliana; Bellona, temple; Hercules in the so-called atria publica, 84, 85, 90 Musarum, temple; Lares Permarini, temple; Concordia, temple, xviii, xix, 20, 57, 65, Largo Argentina, area sacra di; Porticus 67, 72 Aemilia (Campus Martius); Porticus control. See also freedom of behaviour; Forum Metelli; Porticus Octavia; Porticus Romanum as controlled space Octaviae; Porticus Philippi; theatre/por- and architecture, 41, 61, 65, 70, 71, 88, 121, 127, tico/house complex of Pompey 142, 167, 170, 173 Carcer, xviii, xix, 65 and political space, 43–76, 78, 82–3, 87–95, Carvilius Maximus, Spurius, 109, 120, 137 168, 183 Cassius Hemina, 27 and punishment, 65 Cassius, Gaius, 169 and religion, 54, 56, 71, 100, 103, 105 Castor and Pollux, temple, xviii, xix, 35, 57, and sacred space, 110, 113, 117, 121, 125, 176 69, 101 and status, 22, 188 Cato. See Porcius and surveillance, 33, 42, 44, 54, 100, 167, Catullus, 169, 179 170, 188 Catulus. See Lutatius and theatrical space, 169–72 Cicero. See Tullius and violence, 30–41, 74 Circus Flaminius, xvii, 97, 139, 140, See also as diagnostic, 23, 33, 41, 105, 167 individual monuments: Hercules Musarum, by building patrons, 87–94, 113, 114, 117, temple; Porticus Metelli; Porticus Octavia; 121, 125, 128, 149, 152, 169–72, 176, Porticus Octaviae; Porticus Philippi 182–6, 190 citizens, citizenship, 27, 59, 104, See also populus by householders, 22, 36, 39, 82, 100, 156, Romanus 183, 188 as performative, 21 Coponius, 178 Athenian, 51, 94 Cornelii Scipiones. See also Tomb of the growth of the citizen body, 70 Scipios in the Forum, 21, 44, 45–7, 55, 65, 71, 94, Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, Publius, 188, 190 38, 109 male adult citizen as ideal viewer, 59, 94, 119, Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Publius, 77, 81, 112 129, 135 Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, Lucius, 112 under Augustus, 192 Cornelius Scipio, Lucius (cos. 259), 111, See also Claudii Marcelli Tempestates, temple statues, 114, 137 Cornelius Sulla, Lucius, 70, 73, 110, 168 tomb, 114, 138 Cosa Claudius Caecus, Appius, 37, 38, 92, 114, 117–20 ‘atria publica’, 84 Claudius Marcellus, Gaius (cos. 50), 184 comitium, 63 Claudius Marcellus, Marcus (cos. 166), 137 Crassus. See Licinius Claudius Marcellus, Marcus (cos. 222), 130–9, cubiculum, 22 147, 148, 152, 163, 191, See also Honos et Curia, xviii, xix, 6, 35, 37, 54, 57, 62, 63, 64, 65, 74, Virtus, temple 75, 77, 183 captured celestial spheres, 135, 136 Curius Dentatus, Manius, 131 Claudius Pulcher, Appius (cos. 79), 92, 119 Clivus Argentarius, xviii, xix, 48 democracy Clivus Capitolinus, xviii, xix, 48 at Rome, 52, 66, 70, 71 Clodia, 38 Athenian, 50 Clodius, Publius, 34–40, 47, 75, 184 Diana, temple, 113

222 Index

domestic space, 12–16, 22, 33, 91, 113, See also Atrium Libertatis; Atrium Maenium; domus; palace; theatre/portico/house Atrium Publicum; Atrium Regium; Atrium complex of Pompey Sutorium; Atrium Titium; Atrium Vestae; and gender, x basilicas; Carcer; Castor and Pollux, temple; and luxuria, 9 Comitium; Concordia, temple; Curia; as controlled, 22 Domus Publica; Fornix Fabianus; Genius in the atria, 87 Populi Romani, shrine; Lacus Curtius; in the Forum, 2–3, 48, 77, 81–3 Lacus Juturnae; Lapis Niger; Marsyas; domus, 2, 12–16, 36, 81–3, 89, 193, See also Regia; Rostra; Sacra Via; Saturn, temple; domestic space; theatre/portico/house tabernae; Tabularium (so-called) complex of Pompey as controlled space, 53, 59, 62, 71 Aemilii, 93 as ‘neutral zone’, 61, 78 as commercial space, 78, 91 as place of memory, 57–9, 72 as political space, 52, 54, 91, 184 as sacred space, 57 as sacred space, 104 as uncontrolled space, 47–9, 62, 71–6 as semi-public, 1, 2, 9, 52, 59, 78, 82, 83, 87, boundary, 48, 51, 56, 67, 192 112, 162 change over time, 45, 55, 62–71, 80 as space of memory, 58, 59, 184 commercial activity in, 48, 65, 67, 69, 71, 77, Cn. Octavius, 91 79–81 domi and foras, 43, 60 dignitas, 45, 57, 69, 71, 80 overlaps with public architecture, 9, 13, 60, 61, houses in, 48, 54, 77, 81–3 89, 93, 94, 113, 192 nomenclature, 43 visibility and accessibility, 12, 50, 86, 168 orientation, 5, 49, 67 Domus Aurea, 193 statuary, 57, 59, 63 Domus Publica, xviii, xix, 3–7, 81 statues cleared from, 58, 87 Domus Rostrata, 161, See theatre/portico/house Foucault, Michel, 16, 99 complex of Pompey freedom of behaviour understood as typical of private space, 22, Ennius, 26 33, 47 and Fulvius Nobilior, 143, 148 understood as typical of public space, 22, and Greek culture, 144 31–42, 48, 73, 188, 192 statue, 112 Fulvius Nobilior, Marcus, 92, 139–45, 146, 148, 163, 178, See also Hercules Musarum, temple Fabius Maximus Cunctator, Quintus, 107, 109, funerals, 48, 58 133, 136, 138, 152 Fasti, 103, 115 games, 48, 54, 128 of Fulvius Nobilior, 144 of Pompey in 55 BCE, 164 Favonius, Marcus, 74 gendered space, ix–xi, 11, 62, 179 Felicitas, temple, 149 Genius Populi Romani, shrine, 72 feminist theory, ix–xi, 10 Glabrio. See Acilius Fornix Fabianus, xix, 67, 71 Goffman, Erving, 20 Fortuna Huiusce Diei, temple, xvii, 123, 149 graffiti, 20, 72, 190 forum (Latin term) Granikos monument, 96, 145–6, 147, 149, 178 and domus, 43, 60 Greek culture and memory, 60 and Fulvius Nobilior, 145 and openness, 54, 60 and Latin poetry, 144 definition, 64 art and luxuria, 132 metonymy for ‘politics’, 60 associated with private life, 150 metonymy for ‘politics’, 53 definition, 128 Forum Boarium, xvii definitions of public and private in, 11, 52 Forum Holitorium, 118 public architecture, 14 Forum of Augustus, 112, 186, 192 the polis and political ideology, 50–3 Forum of Caesar, 79 works of art, 127–52 Forum Romanum, xvii, xviii, xix, 2, 21, 35, 43–76, 77–95, 125, 188, 190, 192, See also individual Habermas, Jürgen, 144 sites and monuments: atria; Atria Licinia; Herculaneum, 15, 89

Index 223

Hercules Musarum, temple, xvii, 139–45, 140, libraries, 86, 150 143, 151, 189 Licinius Crassus, Gaius (tr. 145), 66, 69, 70 original portico, 141 Licinius Crassus, Marcus, 74 Hercules Pompeianus, temple, 123 Licinius Lucullus, Lucius (cos. 151), 149, 150 Hercules, statues on the Capitoline, 107, 109, 136 Licinius Lucullus, Lucius (cos. 74), 150 Hermodorus of Salamis, 146 Licinius Macer, Gaius, 72 Hiero, king of Syracuse, 135, 147 Livius Drusus, Marcus, 37, 82 Honos et Virtus, temple, xvii, 114, 130–9 Livy Honos et Virtus, temple (Marian), 123 as source for Capitoline dedications, 106, 108 horti, 166, 177, See also theatre/portico/house as source for Forum buildings, 67, 77, 79, 80, complex of Pompey 83, 86 house. See domus on Appius Claudius’ vow, 118 Hut of Romulus, 20 on Cato and the Lex Oppia, 53, 61 on Greek art, 131–3, 135, 136, 147 ideology of publicity, 53, 61 London, x imperial fora, 45, 79, 186 Lucilius, 26 Lucullus. See Licinius Julius Caesar, Gaius Lutatius Catulus, Quintus, 123, 125, See also actions at the start of the civil war, 184 Fortuna Huiusce Diei, temple assassination, 153, 168 luxuria, 8–10, 82, 98, 105, 128, 132, 133, 137, 150, 163 attacked by Antony, 58 Lysippus, 96, 109, 145, 178 building programme, 45, 79, 156, 186 faces protests in 55 BCE, 74 Macellum, xvii, 69, 85 house, 36 Maenius, Gaius, 62 removes altar in Forum, 73 Manlius Capitolinus, Marcus, 82 restores Marian monuments, 110 manubiae, 115, 119, 136, 137, 139, 148, 149, 163 Junius Brutus, Marcus, 169 Marcellus. See Claudius Juno Regina. See Porticus Metelli: Juno Regina, Marius, Gaius, 110, 125 temple Marsyas, 72 Juno Regina, temple of M. Aemilius Lepidus, 113 Martial, 153, 193 Jupiter Imperator, statues on the Capitoline, memory, 19–20, 44, 45, 57–9, 60, 61, 62, 71, 72, 106, 108 91, 94, 107, 110, 149, 184, 190 Jupiter Optimus Maximus, temple, 109 Metellus. See Caecilius Jupiter Stator. See Porticus Metelli: Jupiter Mitylene, 172 Stator, temple movement, 18–19, 127, 173 restricted by architecture, 65, 88, 121, 127, 142, kings 167, 170, 173 between public and private, 7, 14, 148, 178 Mummius, Lucius, 149, 150 emulated by Roman aristocrats, 147 Muses of Ambracia, 141, 147, 178 Hellenistic, 14, 90, 146–9, 151, 172, 177, 178, 191 Roman, 7, 82, 86 Nero, 194 Nixi Di, statue on the Capitoline, 108 Lacus Curtius, xviii, xix, 57 Nobilior. See Fulvius Lacus Juturnae, xviii, xix non-citizens, 27, 41, 104 Lapis Niger, xviii, xix, 62, 64 excluded from public space, 51, 189 Lares Permarini, temple, 113 in the Forum, 49, 61 Largo Argentina, area sacra di, 123, 159 in the theatre, 170 Lefebvre, Henri, 16 Nora, Pierre, 19 legal texts, 27–30 Lepidus. See Aemilius Octavius, Gnaeus (cos. 165), 91, 121 Lex Agraria, 26, 28 Opimius, Lucius, 20, 57, 65, 72, 91, See also Lex Antonia de Termessibus, 28 Basilica Opimia; Concordia, temple Lex Oppia, repeal, 53, 62 Oplontis Lex Repetundarum, 28 Villa Poppaea, 175 Lex Roscia, 170 oratory, 46, 58, 59, 66 Libertas, 72, 75 Ostia, Republican tempietti, 134

224 Index

otium, 128, 144, 150, 151, 153, 181, 185 sovereign political body, 52 Ovid, 118, 181 Porcius Cato, Marcus, the elder. See also Basilica Porcia palaces, 7, 14, 86, 90, 148, 151, 177 and the Lex Oppia, 53, 61 Palatine, 81, 192 building programme, 77, 83 paradeisos gardens, 151, 177 on Ennius, 148 performance, performativity, 20–1, 33, 54, 55, 75, on Greek art, 133, 141, 147, 149 99, 100, 101, 113, 120, 138, 145, 151, 167, works, 25, 27 169–72, 180, 190, 194 Porcius Cato, Marcus, the younger, 37, 74 Pergamum, 90, 177, 178 and the Basilica Porcia column, 94, 152 Plato, 51 Porta Capena, 111 Plautus, 30–4, 37, 44 Porta Minucia, 114 Curculio monologue, 49, 66 Porticus Aemilia, xix speech of Ergasilus, 32–3 Porticus Aemilia (Campus Martius), 113 Pliny the elder, 129 Porticus Liviae, 193 on honorific sculpture in the house, 60 Porticus Metelli, xvii, 96–9, 105, 114, 120–6, 122, on luxuria, 8, 9, 163 127, 128, 140, 145–6, 149 Pliny the younger, 125 Juno Regina, temple, 97, 120, 145, 146 political space, ix, 6, 43–76, 101, 153 Jupiter Stator, temple, 10, 97, 120, 121 and public space, 45 nomenclature, 121, 123–5 definition, 55, 56 Porticus Octavia, 121, 122 in Pompey’s complex, 168–72 Porticus Octaviae, 97, 97, 140, 145 in the Greek world, 50–3 Porticus Philippi, 140, 141, 142 politics Porticus Pompei. See theatre/portico/house and religion, 55, 102 complex of Pompey and spatial control, 44, 74 Praeneste as ritual, 55, 65 Fortuna Primigenia, temple, 173 attendance and participation, 44 privatus. See also publicus and privatus definition, 50 man without office, 31, 186, 191, 192 ideology, 53 Propertius, 173, 179, 180, 181 ‘political culture’, ix, 71 publicus, 25–42 regularisation, 70 and populus, xi, 25–7, 37, 38, 41, 46, 129 Polykles, 109 and privatus, 25, 27–30 Pompeii, 12, 15, 18, 33, 80, 89 and sacer, 30, 31 amphitheatre riot, 170 ‘broad’ and ‘narrow’ meanings, 29, 31, 33, 46, Casa dei Ceii, 15 65, 75, 104, 189 House of Julia Felix II, vi, 49 Punic culture, 150 Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus (Pompey), 153–86, Pyrrhus, 131, 147 191, 193, See also theatre/portico/house complex of Pompey Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus, Titus, 106 and the trial of Milo, 37, 47, 48, 65, 75 Quinctius Flamininus, Titus, 108 attacked by Clodius, 35 faces protests in 55 BCE, 74 Rapoport, Amos, 17, 21 visit to the theatre at Mitylene, 172 Regia, xviii, xix, 5, 6, 35, 81 Pompey. See Pompeius religion. See also control, and religion; politics, populus Romanus, 26 and religion; ritual; sacred space addressed in oratory, 46, 59 ‘state’ religion, 103–4, 113, 115 and honorific statues, 58, 88 religiosus, 29, 103 and libertas, 75 res publica, xi, 26, 65, 191, 192, 194 as exclusive group, 41, 46, 104, 119, ritual, 45, 59, 61, 71, 99, 105, 167, See also augurs, 129, 189 augury; performance, performativity; as owner of what is publicus, 25–7, 28, 31, 37, 38, politics: as ritual; sacrifice 39, 41, 43, 119, 194 and the cult image, 100, 106 definition, 27 and the definition of sacred space, 100, 101, Genius, 72 109, 120, 126, 138

Index 225

at tombs, 113 space syntax theory, 18 dedication, 106 spatial turn, 16 fetial, 119 status, 13, 22, 101, See also control and status Greek, 51 elite groups, 54, 65, 71, 72, 83, 102, 188 Rome. See individual sites and monuments stoa, 89 map, xvii Sulla. See Cornelius Romulus, 62 surveillance, 33, 44, 47, 54, 60, 83, 100, 168, Rostra, xviii, xix, 57, 58, 59, 63, 64, 65, 66, 72, 73, 170, 188 74, 184 Syracuse, 131, 133, 135, 136, 147 Rykwert, Joseph, 99 tabernae, 57, 77, 79–81, 83, 89 S.C. de Bacchanalibus, 26, 29 Tabernae Argentariae, xix, 67, 79, 80 sacer, 29, 103 Tabernae Veteres, xix, 77 Sacra Via, xviii, xix, 48, 56, 66, 67, 80, 81 Tabularium (so-called), xix, 67 sacred space, 2–8, 29–30, 96–126 Tacitus and luxuria, 10 on Piso’s house, 82 in Pompey’s complex, 173–6 on temporary theatres, 171 in portico complexes, 127 Tarentum, 109, 136 in the Forum, 57 Tarpeian Rock, 65 sacriﬁce, 100, 122 Tempestates, temple, 111, 113 Sallust, 8 temple. See name of deity salutatio, 13 templum, 100, 101, 109, 174, 183 sanctus, 103 Theatre/portico/house complex of Pompey, xvii, Sant’Omobono, area sacra di, 134 2, 151, 153–86, 154, 155, 190 Saturn, temple, xviii, xix, 57 archaeological remains, 158 Scalae Gemoniae, xviii, xix as political space, 168–72 Scaurus. See Aemilius as sacred space, 173–6 Scipio. See Cornelius curia, 153, 159, 168, 174, 183, 184, 185 Sempronius Gracchus, Gaius (tr. 123), x, 20, date of dedication, 164 57, 66 depicted on Marble Plan, 157 Sempronius Gracchus, Tiberius (cos. 177), 77, 81, horti, 153, 160, 162, 166, 167, 168, 173, 177, 180, See also Basilica Sempronia 182, 185 Sempronius Gracchus, Tiberius and Gaius (‘the house, 153, 160, 161, 162, 168, 177, 184, 185 Gracchi’), 70 in poetry, 179–82, 190 Senate portico and portico garden, 153, 158, 159, 163, and honoriﬁc statues, 58, 88, 112 166, 167, 169, 173, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, and the Curia, 37, 54, 65, 66 182, 189 and votive victory temples, 115, 116, 117, 125, scaenae frons, 157, 174 137, 148, 149, 152 sculpture, 176–8, 179 meeting places, 101 statue of Pompey, 153, 168, 174, 175, 177, 183 meetings in Pompey’s curia, 168, 169, 183 theatre, 153, 157, 158, 163, 169, 170, 171, 173, meetings in Temple of Bellona, 119 180, 185 of Venusia, 29 Tiberian restoration, 91 relationship with Pompey, 169, 183, 184 Venus Victrix, temple, 153, 158, 159, 164, 167, reserved seating in the theatre, 170 173, 174, 176 Septem Caesares, 113 theatres. See also theatre/portico/house complex Servilius Caepio, Quintus, 74 of Pompey shield portraits, 92, 119, 120 as political space, 169–72 slaves, 27, 41, 104 of Curio, 171 excluded from public space, 51, 189 of Marcellus, 120, 159 in private space, 27 of Scaurus, 9, 171 in public space, 189 temporary theatres, 171 in the Forum, 49, 61 Tiberius, 91 in the house, 22 Tibur Social War, 70, 170 Hercules Victor, temple, 173

226 Index

Titus, 194 Velia, 81 tombs, 37, 91, 111, 112, 114, 126 Velleius Paterculus, 10, 96 Claudii, 114, 119 Venus Victrix, temple. See theatre/portico/house Claudii Marcelli, 114, 138 complex of Pompey Cornelius Scapula, Publius, 111 Venusia, 29 Romulus, 62 Verres, Gaius, 9, 149 Tomb of the Scipios, xvii, 111, 111–13 Vespasian, 194 Trebonius, Gaius, 74 Vestal Virgins, 2, 7, 62, 84 triumph, 105, 108, 163, 178 vestibules, 15, 83 Tullius Cicero, Marcus Via Appia, xvii, 34, 35, 37–40, 111, 121 deﬁnition of res publica, 26 Via Latina, xvii, 111 house, 36, 82 Vicus Tuscus, xviii, xix, 48 on luxuria, 8–10, 98, 149 villas, 126, 128, 150, 151, 177 on Marcellus and the temple Licinius Lucullus, Lucius of Honos et Virtus, 134, 136 (cos. 74), 151 on monumenta, 20, 91 Tullius Cicero, Marcus, 150 on Pompey’s house, 160, 161 Varro, 123 on religion and politics, 102 violence, 30–41, 44, 71, 74, 170 oratory in the Forum, 58, 71, 74 Virgil, 43, 181 pro Milone, 34–40, 47, 75 Vitruvius, 13, 89, 121 villas, 150 Volumnius, Lucius, 117 Tullus Hostilius, 62 votive victory temple, 114–20, 137 Tusculum, 141 Weber, Max, 41 Valerius Publicola, Publius, 82 women, ix–xi, 27, 41 Varro and domestic space, x and Pompey’s complex, 176 excluded from public space, 11, 51, 189 deﬁnition of comitium and forum, 64 in Pompey’s complex, 179 on augural ritual, 56 in public space, x, 189 on forensis dignitas, 57, 69, 80 in the Forum, 49, 53, 61 villa, 123 in the theatre, 170, 180 Vedius Pollio, house, 193 statues in Pompey’s complex, 176, 179 Velabrum, xvii, 48, 149 status of Vestal Virgins, 84