MN NWAC Risk Common Name Latin Name Assessment Worksheet (04-2011) Multiflora Rose Rosa multiflora Thunb. Reviewer Affiliation/Organization Date (mm/dd/yyyy) Anthony Cortilet MN Department of Agriculture 9/07/2011

Box Question Answer Outcome 1 Is the plant species or genotype non- YES – native to East Asia – Japan, Korea, and eastern China. Box 3 native? 3 Is the plant species, or a related species, YES – considered naturalized in South Africa, New Zealand, Box 6 documented as being a problem British Isles, Canada and the United States: http://www.ars- elsewhere? grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl - Distribution in US – the plant is found in most of the warmer temperate parts of the US with exception to the desert SW, SE coastal plains - Northern populations have been shown to be less vigorous due to limited cold tolerance. - Listed as a regulated species in at least 12 US States, including 3 MN boarder states: WI – Restricted Invasive Species and Nuisance Weed, SD – Regulated Non-native Species, and Iowa – Secondary Noxious Weed 6 Does the plant species have the capacity YES to establish and survive in Minnesota? A. Is the plant, or a close relative, YES – Rosa multiflora infestations have been well documented in Box 7 currently established in Minnesota? SE MN up to the Twin Cities. -Populations seem to become less dense the farther north you go from the Iowa boarder 7 Does the plant species have the potential YES – the plant is reproducing and spreading in SE MN to reproduce and spread in Minnesota? A. Does the plant reproduce by Yes – the plant has the ability to reproduce by “layering” Question 7B asexual/vegetative means? whereby the tips of arching canes that touch the ground causing new roots to develop. - New plants can also develop from shallow roots B. Are the asexual propagules No – Although propagules can produce new plants, outside of the Question 7C effectively dispersed to new areas? infestation itself, seeds tend to be the greatest dispersal factor Box Question Answer Outcome C. Does the plant produce large amounts Yes – an individual plant can produce up to 1 million seeds Question 7F of viable, cold-hardy seeds? annual. Fruits containing the seeds are highly sought after by birds and other wildlife. - Uncontrolled infestations create large viable seed banks that can produce new plants for up to 20 years (Amrine 2002) F. Are sexual propagules – viable seeds Yes – several species of birds are highly attracted to the fruit of Question 7G – effectively dispersed to new areas? R. multiflora and are thought to effectively disperse seeds long distances - Work by LaFIeur et. al, 2009 – shows that species like European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) can consume Rosa multiflora seeds and either regurgitate or defecate them to new areas - Although it is widely believed in the literature that birds can pass a majority of consumed R. multiflora seeds for successful germination into new areas (based on many observations of infestations below common bird perches near R. multiflora infestations) no specific studies evaluating the germination success of R. multiflora seeds following passing through the avian digestive tract could be found. Humans and other wildlife species can move sexual propagules to new areas G. Can the species hybridize with native Multiflora rose can hybridize with many species of Rosa. Question 7I species (or other introduced species) and However, no documented case exists showing that any produce viable seed and fertile offspring hybridization has resulted in an invasive species with in the absence of human intervention? characteristics similar to Rosa multiflora. Crosses between R. multiflora and other native roses have resulted in sterile – non- viable offspring (Zlesak, personnel communication). I. Do natural controls exist, species Not known at this time – NO- Box 8 native to Minnesota, that are documented - Rose Rosette Disease is spread by the eriophyid mite to effectively prevent the spread of the (Phyllocoptes fructiphilus) and exists in much of the plant in question? Midwest. It can infect plants and eventually kill them. Box Question Answer Outcome 8 Does the plant species pose significant YES human or livestock concerns or has the potential to significantly harm agricultural production, native ecosystems, or managed landscapes? A. Does the plant have toxic qualities, or No – but this species is very thorny and can be detrimental to the Question 8B other detrimental qualities, that pose a coats of livestock or human skin when trying to navigate through significant risk to livestock, wildlife, or infested areas. people? B. Does, or could, the plant cause Yes – the plant invades forest systems reducing understory Box 9 significant financial losses associated quality and invades pastures and grazing lands significantly with decreased yields, reduced crop decreasing forage acres quality, or increased production costs? 9 Does the plant species have clearly NO defined benefits that outweigh associated negative impacts? A. Is the plant currently being used or No – but the roots were used as rootstocks for the commercial Box 10 produced and/or sold in Minnesota or rose industry. Nursery unit wasn’t sure if they still were in use, native to Minnesota? but highly doubted it since many of the new rose variety use their own rootings. 10 Should the plant species be enforced as a noxious weed to prevent introduction &/or dispersal; designate as prohibited or restricted? A. Is the plant currently established in Yes – SE MN counties near Iowa boarder have significant Question 10B Minnesota? populations. - There are also populations in forested areas around the Twin Cities metropolitan area B. Does the plant pose a serious human No Question 10C health threat? Box Question Answer Outcome C. Can the plant be reliably eradicated Yes – The plant can be controlled in pasture and open field If Yes – Prohibited (entire plant) or controlled (top growth situations using mechanical and chemical controls. It does take a only to prevent pollen dispersal and seed long-term commitment to successfully manage multiflora rose, If No – Restricted production as appropriate) on a statewide but has been proven to be done. Biological controls are also basis using existing practices and available and have had significant impacts in some states. available resources? NO – Forested infestations are much harder to control using herbicides and certainly mechanical strategies. Forested regions may present an economic hardship for landowners forced to control.

Review Entity Comments Outcome NWAC Listing Subcommittee Based on the current distribution and known spread, and Possible Restricted Noxious the fact that this species typically occupies forested Weed. acres, control or eradication would be limited. Therefore, if it were to be listed it would best be suited to the Restricted list. NWAC Full Group List as a Restricted Noxious Weed MDA Commissioner Approved as a Restricted Noxious Weed Listed as a Restricted Noxious Weed File Number: MDARA00007MTRO_11_30_2011

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Kansas Department of Agriculture. Plant Protection and Weed Control. Multiflora Rose: http://www.ksda.gov/plant_protection/content/181/cid/589

Multiflora Rose Control. 2005. Bulletin 857. The Ohio State University: http://ohioline.osu.edu/b857/ Multiflora Rose and Its Control. 1992. Iowa State University Extension Publication PM863: http://www.exnet.iastate.edu/Publications/PM863.pdf

Multiflora Rose Management in Grass Pastures (An Integrated Approach). 2004. Penn State University Extension. Agronomy Factsheet 46: http://cropsoil.psu.edu/extension/facts/agfact46.pdf

J. W. Amrine, Jr. in Driesche, F.V.; Blossey, B.; Hoodle, M.; Lyon, S.; Reardon, R. Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET-2002-04. August 2002. 413 p.

Lafleur, N., M. Rubega, and J. Parent. 2009. Does frugivory by European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) facilitate germination in invasive plants? Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 136, 3; pg. 332-341.

Nakamura, N., T. Ursula, F-M. Masako, S. Chandler, M. Yoshiie, T. Shunsuke, M. Shogo, and T. Yoshikazu. 2011. Molecular based evidence for a lack of gene-flow between Rosa x hybrid and wild Rosa species in Japan. Plant Biotechnology. 28(2), 245-250.

Plant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group. Least Wanted – Multiflora Rose: http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/romu1.htm

Plant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group. DCNR Invasive Exotic Plant Tutorial for Natural Land Managers: http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/invasivetutorial/Multiflora_rose.htm

Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual. Multiflora Rose: http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/multirose.html

USDA Plants Database. Rosa multiflora: http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ROMU

USDA National Invasive Species Information Center. Plant Species Profiles. Multiflora Rose: http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/multiflorarose.shtml

W.B. Bryan. 1994. Mechanical Control of the Multiflora Rose. West Virginia University Extension Service: http://www.caf.wvu.edu/~forage/mcontrol_rose.htm

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Invasive Species Information – Multiflora Rose: http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/rose.htm

Zlesak, David. Assistant Professor of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin River Falls. Personal communication, September 2011.