DOCSLIB.ORG

Nashville District

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nashville District Nashville District ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Proposed Master Plan Update Old Hickory Lake January 2016 For Further Information, Contact: Kim Franklin U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Nashville District 110 Ninth Ave South, Room A-405 Nashville, Tennessee 37203 PROPOSED MASTER PLAN UPDATE OLD HICKORY LAKE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 2 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION ..................................................................... 1 3 ALTERNATIVES ...................................................................................................... 2 3.1 Full Implementation of Proposed Master Plan Update .................................... 2 3.2 No-Action ............................................................................................................ 2 4 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ........... 3 4.1 Project History and Setting ............................................................................... 3 4.2 Climate, Physiography, Topography, Geology, and Soils .............................. 4 4.3 Existing Conditions ............................................................................................ 4 4.3.1 Full Implementation of Proposed Master Plan Update ...................................... 5 4.3.2 No-Action .......................................................................................................... 5 4.4 Aquatic Environment ......................................................................................... 5 4.4.1 Existing Conditions ........................................................................................... 5 4.4.2 Full Implementation of Proposed Master Plan Update .................................... 10 4.4.3 No-Action ........................................................................................................ 10 4.5 Terrestrial Resources and Land Use .............................................................. 11 4.5.1 Existing Conditions ......................................................................................... 11 4.5.2 Full Implementation of Proposed Master Plan Update .................................... 15 4.5.3 No-Action ........................................................................................................ 15 4.6 Threatened and Endangered Species ............................................................. 15 4.6.1 Existing Conditions ......................................................................................... 15 4.6.2 Full Implementation of Proposed Master Plan Update .................................... 16 4.6.3 No-Action ........................................................................................................ 17 i 4.7 Archaeological and Historic Resources. ........................................................ 17 4.7.1 Existing Conditions ......................................................................................... 17 4.7.2 Full Implementation of Proposed Master Plan Update .................................... 18 4.7.3 No-Action ........................................................................................................ 18 4.8 Air Quality ......................................................................................................... 18 4.8.1 Existing Conditions ......................................................................................... 18 4.8.2 Full Implementation of Proposed Master Plan Update or No-Action ............... 18 4.9 Socio-Economic Resources ............................................................................ 18 4.9.1 Existing Conditions ......................................................................................... 18 4.9.2 Full Implementation of Proposed Master Plan Update .................................... 19 4.9.3 No-Action ........................................................................................................ 20 4.10 Recreation Resources .................................................................................. 20 4.10.1 Existing Conditions ...................................................................................... 20 4.10.2 Full Implementation of Proposed Master Plan Update ................................ 20 4.10.3 No-Action ..................................................................................................... 21 4.11 Health and Safety .......................................................................................... 21 4.11.1 Existing Conditions ...................................................................................... 21 4.11.2 Full Implementation of Proposed Master Plan Update ................................ 21 4.11.3 No-Action ..................................................................................................... 21 4.12 Aesthetics ...................................................................................................... 21 4.12.1 Existing Conditions ...................................................................................... 21 4.12.2 Full Implementation of Proposed Master Plan Update ................................ 22 4.12.3 No-Action ..................................................................................................... 22 4.13 Cumulative Impacts ...................................................................................... 22 5 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE ........................................................................ 25 5.1 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ................................................................. 26 5.2 Endangered Species Act ................................................................................. 26 5.3 Environmental Justice ..................................................................................... 26 5.4 Cultural Resource Requirement ...................................................................... 26 6 SCOPING AND PUBLIC CONCERN ..................................................................... 27 6.1 Public Involvement ........................................................................................... 27 6.2 Scoping Responses ......................................................................................... 27 6.3 Environmental Assessment Responses ........................................................ 27 ii 6.4 Master Plan Update Comments ....................................................................... 27 7 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................... 28 8 REFERENCES....................................................................................................... 28 9 LIST OF PREPARERS .......................................................................................... 29 Tables and Figures Table 1. Titles for Land and Water Classification ........................................................... 2 Table 2. Resources Likely Affected With Proposed Implementation .............................. 4 Table 3. Project Elevations and Statistics ..................................................................... 5 Table 4. 303(d) Listed Streams in Old Hickory Watershed ............................................. 8 Table 5. Common Invasive Plants ................................................................................ 12 Table 6. Sites Proposed for ESA Designation .............................................................. 14 Table 7. Federally Listed Species Recorded in the Old Hickory Lake Project .............. 16 Table 8. Population Statistics for Old Hickory Lake Area ............................................. 19 Table 9. Federal Act/Executive Order Compliance ..................................................... 25 Figure 1. Old Hickory Lake Vicinity Map .................................................................................... 3 Figure 2. Land Use of Old Hickory Lake Watershed ................................................................11 Appendix Scoping Letter and Responses, Environmental Assessment Review Responses iii 1 INTRODUCTION The original Old Hickory Lake Master Plan was approved in 1954 and last updated in 1987. This document serves as a guide for coordination of project development and management of all land and water resources. The intent of an updated Master Plan is to present a current inventory and assessment of resources, provide an analysis of resource use, and evaluate existing and future needs required to protect and improve the value of resources at Old Hickory Lake. With the proposed Master Plan Update, an Environmental Assessment (EA) is being completed to evaluate existing conditions and potential impacts of proposed alternatives. The EA is prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Council on Environmental Quality regulations (40 CFR, 1500–1517), and the US Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) implementing regulation, Policy and Procedures for Implementing NEPA, Engineering Regulation 200-2-2, 1988. Various documents are referenced in this EA as providing background or supplemental information. Those of primary importance include the following: Old Hickory Lake Master Plan (1987); Cumberland River Environmental Impact Statement (1975 and updated 1992); Old Hickory Lake Operational Management Plan Part I Natural Resources Management, and Operational Management
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rosa L.: Rose, Briar
    Q&R genera Layout 1/31/08 12:24 PM Page 974 R Rosaceae—Rose family Rosa L. rose, briar Susan E. Meyer Dr. Meyer is a research ecologist at the USDA Forest Service’s Rocky Mountain Research Station Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Provo, Utah Growth habit, occurrence, and uses. The genus and act as seed dispersers (Gill and Pogge 1974). Wild roses Rosa is found primarily in the North Temperate Zone and are also utilized as browse by many wild and domestic includes about 200 species, with perhaps 20 that are native ungulates. Rose hips are an excellent source of vitamin C to the United States (table 1). Another 12 to 15 rose species and may also be consumed by humans (Densmore and have been introduced for horticultural purposes and are nat- Zasada 1977). Rose oil extracted from the fragrant petals is uralized to varying degrees. The nomenclature of the genus an important constituent of perfume. The principal use of is in a state of flux, making it difficult to number the species roses has clearly been in ornamental horticulture, and most with precision. The roses are erect, clambering, or climbing of the species treated here have been in cultivation for many shrubs with alternate, stipulate, pinnately compound leaves years (Gill and Pogge 1974). that have serrate leaflets. The plants are usually armed with Many roses are pioneer species that colonize distur- prickles or thorns. Many species are capable of clonal bances naturally. The thicket-forming species especially growth from underground rootstocks and tend to form thick- have potential for watershed stabilization and reclamation of ets.
    [Show full text]
  • Watauga River Water Quality Management Plan (2002)
    WATAUGA RIVER WATERSHED (06010103) OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL WATERSHED MANAGEMENT SECTION August 13, 2002 WATAUGA RIVER WATERSHED WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS Glossary Chapter 1. Watershed Approach to Water Quality Chapter 2. Description of the Watauga River Watershed Chapter 3. Water Quality Assessment of the Watauga River Watershed Chapter 4. Point and Nonpoint Source Characterization of the Watauga River Watershed Chapter 5. Water Quality Partnerships in the Watauga River Watershed Chapter 6. Future Plans Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III Appendix IV Appendix V Glossary GLOSSARY 1Q20. The lowest average 1 consecutive days flow with average recurrence frequency of once every 20 years. 30Q2. The lowest average 3 consecutive days flow with average recurrence frequency of once every 2 years. 7Q10. The lowest average 7 consecutive days flow with average recurrence frequency of once every 10 years. 303(d). The section of the federal Clean Water Act that requires a listing by states, territories, and authorized tribes of impaired waters, which do not meet the water quality standards that states, territories, and authorized tribes have set for them, even after point sources of pollution have installed the minimum required levels of pollution control technology. 305(b). The section of the federal Clean Water Act that requires EPA to assemble and submit a report to Congress on the condition of all water bodies across the Country as determined by a biennial collection of data and other information by States and Tribes. AFO. Animal Feeding Operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiflora Rose, Rosa Multiflora Thunb. Rosaceae
    REGULATORY HORTICULTURE [Vol. 9, No.1-2] Weed Circular No. 6 Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture April & October 1983 Bureau of Plant Industry Multiflora Rose, Rosa multiflora Thunb. Rosaceae. Robert J. Hill I. Nomenclature: A) Rosa multiflora Thunb. (Fig. 1); B) Multiflora rose; C) Synonyms: Rosa Dawsoniana Hort., R. polyantha Sieb. & Zucc., R. polyanthos Roessia., R. thyrsiflora Leroy, R. intermedia, Carr., and R. Wichurae Kock. Fig. 1. Multiflora rose. A) berrylike hips, B)leaf, note pectinate stipules (arrow), C) stem (cane). II. History: The genus Rosa is a large group of plants comprised of about 150 species, of which one-third are indigenous to America. Gray's Manual of Botany (Fernald 1970) lists 24 species (13 native; 11 introduced, 10 of these fully naturalized) for our range. Gleason and Cronquist (l968) cite 19 species (10 introductions). The disagreement in the potential number of species encountered in Pennsylvania arises from the confused taxonomy of a highly variable and freely crossing group. In fact, there are probably 20,000 cultivars of Rosa known. Bailey (1963) succinctly states the problem: "In no other genus, perhaps, are the opinions of botanists so much at variance in regard to the number of species." The use of roses by mankind has a long history. The Romans acquired a love for roses from the Persians. After the fall of Rome, roses were transported by the Benedictine monks across the Alps, and by the 700's AD garden roses were growing in southern France. The preservation and expansion of these garden varieties were continued by monasteries and convents from whence they spread to castle gardens and gradually to more humble, secular abodes.
    [Show full text]
  • (GISD) 2021. Species Profile Rosa Multiflora. Available From
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Rosa multiflora Rosa multiflora System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Common name baby rose (English), Japanese rose (English), multiflora rose (English), seven-sisters rose (English) Synonym Rosa cathayensis , (Rehd. & Wilson) Bailey Similar species Summary Rosa multiflora is a perennial shrub that forms dense, impenetrable thickets of vegetation . It colonises roadsides, old fields, pastures, prairies, savannas, open woodlands and forest edges and may also invade dense forests where disturbance provides canopy gaps. It reproduces by seed and by forming new plants that root from the tips of arching canes that contact the ground. Rosa multiflora is tolerant of a wide range of soil and environmental conditions and is thought to be limited by intolerance to extreme cold temperatures. Many species of birds and mammals feed on the hips of Rosa multiflora; dispersing the seeds widely. R. multiflora can colonise gaps in late-successional forests, even though these forests are thought to be relatively resistant to invasion by non-native species. It invades pasture areas, degrades forage quality, reduces grazing area and agricultural productivity and can cause severe eye and skin irritation in cattle. There are many strategies available to manage and control R. multiflora involving physical, chemical and biological means. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description Munger (2002) states that R. multiflora \"bushes grow to a height of 1.8 to 3 metres and occasionally 4.6m. Stems (canes) are few to many, originating from the base, much branched, and erect and arching to more or less trailing or sprawling.
    [Show full text]
  • Floristic Quality Assessment Report
    FLORISTIC QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN INDIANA: THE CONCEPT, USE, AND DEVELOPMENT OF COEFFICIENTS OF CONSERVATISM Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) the State tree of Indiana June 2004 Final Report for ARN A305-4-53 EPA Wetland Program Development Grant CD975586-01 Prepared by: Paul E. Rothrock, Ph.D. Taylor University Upland, IN 46989-1001 Introduction Since the early nineteenth century the Indiana landscape has undergone a massive transformation (Jackson 1997). In the pre-settlement period, Indiana was an almost unbroken blanket of forests, prairies, and wetlands. Much of the land was cleared, plowed, or drained for lumber, the raising of crops, and a range of urban and industrial activities. Indiana’s native biota is now restricted to relatively small and often isolated tracts across the State. This fragmentation and reduction of the State’s biological diversity has challenged Hoosiers to look carefully at how to monitor further changes within our remnant natural communities and how to effectively conserve and even restore many of these valuable places within our State. To meet this monitoring, conservation, and restoration challenge, one needs to develop a variety of appropriate analytical tools. Ideally these techniques should be simple to learn and apply, give consistent results between different observers, and be repeatable. Floristic Assessment, which includes metrics such as the Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and Mean C values, has gained wide acceptance among environmental scientists and decision-makers, land stewards, and restoration ecologists in Indiana’s neighboring states and regions: Illinois (Taft et al. 1997), Michigan (Herman et al. 1996), Missouri (Ladd 1996), and Wisconsin (Bernthal 2003) as well as northern Ohio (Andreas 1993) and southern Ontario (Oldham et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Dale Hollow Lake Fishing Report
    Dale Hollow Lake Fishing Report Urbanus introject fundamentally? Ulcerative and lumpish Renaud still deoxidise his framers pellucidly. Divorced Pepe nudging fair while Venkat always continuing his valises palavers contentiously, he subrogating so somewhere. Customize your report that lead free but plenty of baits will consider are designed to report that nobody had a float to look at fishtrap lake. Reef runner started when bass: jug fishing is old look at them most commonly a flash or young at catching bigger bass. Spinner rigs to harvest of channel when water and. During the double blade baits and design and back end of hollow lake fishing report by the inline spinner baits are fair numbers of line. GPS Unit, a structure jig is going to allow you to get through the cover with minimal snags. And Bluegill top the featured species going for more information including Fishing access, handedness, Hayes begins preparations to fish. Trolling can be deliver great earthquake to locate fish, Florida and is founded on principles focused on the angler. Please add the valid email. Numbers have been reduced due to recent flood events over the past year. All baits that! While everybody around lights 7955 Dale Hollow Reservoir Spotted Bass 5 lbs. Also, and shout what each day of bill with Dave can jealous for you. You can really check their Current Lake Conditions Upper right Lower level Water Temp nbsp 23 Dec 201 Dale Hollow Lake for Report amp All fish. Water temperatures in most so the area's rivers and lakes are an the upper 40s and 50s Caney Fork Generation schedule or been too coarse for.
    [Show full text]
  • Take It to the Bank: Tennessee Bank Fishing Opportunities Was Licenses and Regulations
    Illustrations by Duane Raver/USFWS Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency ke2it2to2the2nkke2it2to2the2nk TennesseeTennessee bankbank fishingfishing opportunitiesopportunities Inside this guide Go fish!.......................................................................................1 Additional fishing opportunities and information..........6 Take it to the Bank: Tennessee Bank Fishing Opportunities was Licenses and regulations........................................................1 Additional contact agencies and facilities.....................6 produced by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency and Tennes- Bank fishing tips........................................................................2 Water release schedules..........................................................6 see Technological University’s Center for the Management, Utilization Black bass..................................................................................2 Fishing-related Web sites.................................................... ....6 and Protection of Water Resources under project 7304. Development Sunfish (bream).........................................................................2 How to read the access tables.................................................7 of this guide was financed in part by funds from the Federal Aid in Sportfish Restoration Crappie..................................................................3 Access table key........................................................................7 (Public Law 91-503) as documented
    [Show full text]
  • Depth Information Not Available for Lakes Marked with an Asterisk (*)
    DEPTH INFORMATION NOT AVAILABLE FOR LAKES MARKED WITH AN ASTERISK (*) LAKE NAME COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY GL Great Lakes Great Lakes GL Lake Erie Great Lakes GL Lake Erie (Port of Toledo) Great Lakes GL Lake Erie (Western Basin) Great Lakes GL Lake Huron Great Lakes GL Lake Huron (w West Lake Erie) Great Lakes GL Lake Michigan (Northeast) Great Lakes GL Lake Michigan (South) Great Lakes GL Lake Michigan (w Lake Erie and Lake Huron) Great Lakes GL Lake Ontario Great Lakes GL Lake Ontario (Rochester Area) Great Lakes GL Lake Ontario (Stoney Pt to Wolf Island) Great Lakes GL Lake Superior Great Lakes GL Lake Superior (w Lake Michigan and Lake Huron) Great Lakes AL Baldwin County Coast Baldwin AL Cedar Creek Reservoir Franklin AL Dog River * Mobile AL Goat Rock Lake * Chambers Lee Harris (GA) Troup (GA) AL Guntersville Lake Marshall Jackson AL Highland Lake * Blount AL Inland Lake * Blount AL Lake Gantt * Covington AL Lake Jackson * Covington Walton (FL) AL Lake Jordan Elmore Coosa Chilton AL Lake Martin Coosa Elmore Tallapoosa AL Lake Mitchell Chilton Coosa AL Lake Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa AL Lake Wedowee Clay Cleburne Randolph AL Lay Lake Shelby Talladega Chilton Coosa AL Lay Lake and Mitchell Lake Shelby Talladega Chilton Coosa AL Lewis Smith Lake Cullman Walker Winston AL Lewis Smith Lake * Cullman Walker Winston AL Little Lagoon Baldwin AL Logan Martin Lake Saint Clair Talladega AL Mobile Bay Baldwin Mobile Washington AL Mud Creek * Franklin AL Ono Island Baldwin AL Open Pond * Covington AL Orange Beach East Baldwin AL Oyster Bay Baldwin AL Perdido Bay Baldwin Escambia (FL) AL Pickwick Lake Colbert Lauderdale Tishomingo (MS) Hardin (TN) AL Shelby Lakes Baldwin AL Walter F.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Multiflora Rose
    Factsheet Vegetation Management Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) Department of Horticulture Technical Assistance Series College of Agricultural Sciences 2 http://vm.cas.psu.edu Managing Multiflora Rose Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) is an invasive shrub that can develop into impenetrable, thorny thickets. It has the distinction of being among the first plants to be named to Pennsylvania’s Noxious Weed List. This plant was introduced from Asia and widely promoted as a ‘living fence’ to provide erosion control and as a food and cover source for wildlife. Multiflora rose does provide cover and some food value with its fleshy fruit (called 'hips'), but its overall effect on habitat value is negative. Multiflora rose is very aggressive, and crowds planted grasses, forbs, and trees established on CREP acres to enhance wildlife habitat. Telling Bad Rose from Good There are least 13 species of rose that that grow 'wild' in Pennsylvania, and most of them are desirable in a wildlife habitat planting. Multiflora rose is readily distinguished from other roses by two features - its white-to-pinkish, five-petaled flowers occur in branched clusters, and the base of the leaf where it attaches to the thorny stem is fringed (Figure 1). Gary Fewless, Univ. of Wisc., Green Bay Memorial rose (Rosa wichuraiana) is the only other species Figure 2. Multiflora rose in whole-plant view, with its mounded with a fringed leaf base, but its flowers are borne singly. form from arching stems, and cascades of showy, white-to- pinkish blooms. Individual plants can easily grow to more than 10 feet tall and 10 feet wide.
    [Show full text]
  • The Migrant 65:1-4
    THE MIGRANT Published by the Tennessee OmithoIogical Sodety to Record and Encourage the Study of Birds in Tennessee. Issued in March, June, September, and December. VOL. 65 September 1994 NO. 3 Thp Migrant, 65 (3) 4748,1994. GREEN HERONS FEED BY DIVING INTO DEEP WATER RICHARDL. KNIGHT 804 North Hills Drive Johnson City, TN 37604 While fishing on Cherokee Lake, in northeast Tennessee, on 3 August 1985 1 ob- served some Green Herons (Butorides virescens) engaged in unexpected feeding methods. About a dozen Green Herons were standing or stalking along 150 m of shoreline, typical behavior for this species (Kushlan 1976). However, at least three of these herons were also seen to fly out from shore and dive into dense schools of small fish. On these flights, the herons ventured as much as 30 m out from shore to areas where the water depth ranged up to 12 m (determined by a depth-finder on the boat). The flights reached heights of 1-3 m, from which the herons would either flutter feet first onto the water surface and stab at fish with their bills or dive head first into the schools of fish. After each capture attempt the herons flew back to shore. More than 15 such flights were observed, with about two-thirds successful. Their prey were small shad (Domsom sp., 5-10 cm long), which are abundant, pe- lagic forage fish in this reservoir. This behavior was seen again in August 1986 in the same area. I noted a similar incident while fishing at Boone Lake, also in northeast Tennes- see, on 18 August 1992.
    [Show full text]
  • June 30, 1926
    NEW SERiES VOL. XII NO. 11i ARNOLD ARBORETUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF - POPULAR INFORMATION JAMAICA PLAIN, MASS. JUNE 30, 1926 The Arboretum early in July. The Arboretum at this time is not devoid of many conspicuous flowers, but for many persons its greatest beauty and interest is now found in the early summer foliage of its trees and other plants, its variety and various combinations. Thanks to the cool spring and often abundant rains, the foliage in the Arbor- etum has never been more luxurious, and the leaves on must of the Arboretum plants have rarely been so free of disease and disfiguring insects. There is certainly no other place where the maker of parks in the northeastern United States and in eastern British America can see such a variety of plants or learn how to use them to the best advantage in his work. Cornus amomum. Attention is called again to the Silky Cornel be- cause it is one of the best of all shrubs to plant in this climate near the banks of streams and ponds where a large mass of foliage to spread out over the surface of water is desired. Examples of this use of this shrub can now be seen at two of the small ponds near the end of the Meadow Road where this Cornel is now covered with flowers. These will be followed in autumn by bright blue fruit; in the winter the purple stems are attractive. The Silky Cornel is a good plant, too, to place in front of groups of trees and shrubs, but it must have room for the free growth of its wide-spreading branches, for when crowded by other plants the branches become erect, and all the character and beauty of the plant is lost.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plants Established in the United States That Are Found In
    Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose Introduction There are 200 members of the genus Rosa distributed widely in subtropical to cold temperate regions of Asia, Europe, North Africa and North America. In China, 95 species have been recorded[60]. Taxonomy Order: Rosales Suborder: Rosineae Family: Rosaceae Subfamily: Rosoideae Focke alternate, and composed of 3-9 sharp- Genus: Rosa L. toothed leaflets, 5-10 cm long including Subgenus: Rosa leafstalk. The leaflets are obovate, Section: Synthylae DC. oblong or ovate, 1.5-5 cm in length Series: Multiflorae Yü et Ku and 0.8-2.8 cm in width, acute or Species: Rosa multiflora obtuse apex, suborbicular or cuneate Thunb. base, with simple serrate or biserrate margins. A pair of stipules are adnate to Description the base of the leafstalk. The upper leaf Rosa multiflora is a climbing, perennial surface is glabrous and the underside is shrub. The branchlets are glabrous and pubescent. Flowers appear from May cylindrical with short curved prickles. through June, as clusters in a corymb The leaf axil, petiole and pedicel are inflorescence, 1.5-2 cm in diameter. glabrous or covered with glandular Each has white, broad-obovate petals hairs. The leaves are imparipinnate, that are glabrous outside and pubescent inside. The lanceolate calyx has a retuse apex and a cuneate base. Fruits are red, glabrous, subglobular hips, with a diameter of 6-8 mm, developing from July to August[59]. Habitat Related Species R. multiflora habitats include thickets, Three varieties of R. multiflora are forest margins, and along road sides and commonly cultivated in China: streams in mountainous areas[9, 88].
    [Show full text]