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The Poetical Remains of King James the First of Scotland, with A The Poetical Remains of King James the First of Scotland, with a Memoir, and an Introduction to His Poetry Author(s): Charles Rogers and King James the First of Scotland Source: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 2 (1873), pp. 297-392 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal Historical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3678010 Accessed: 27-06-2016 01:32 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Royal Historical Society, Cambridge University Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the Royal Historical Society This content downloaded from 198.91.37.2 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 01:32:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE POETICAL REMAINS OF KING JAMES THE FIRST OF SCOTLAND, WITH A MEMOIR, AND AN INTRODUCTION TO HIS POETRY. By the REv. CHARLES ROGERS, LL.D., F. S.A. Scot., Historiographer to the Royal Historical Society. JAMES THE FIRST of Scotland has, as a poet, been associated with Chaucer, Gower, and Lydgate; and, on competent autho- rity, has been ranked with the more distinguished musicians. In the present memoir, we shall advert to his claims as a sovereign, as well as to his personal accomplishments. From a condition of semi-barbarism, Scotland was, in the eleventh century, aroused by the genius and example of its sovereign, Malcolm Canmore. A refugee from his country during the usurpation of his throne, he experienced at the court of Edward the Confessor not only a genial hospitality, but those humanising influences which had not yet penetrated beyond the Roman Wall: He returned to Scotland with enlarged views and ennobling aspirations, which were happily encouraged by his Queen, Margaret, the Saxon Princess. During his reign, agriculture and the arts were vigorously prosecuted; garments of native manufacture wei'e worn by the peasantry; religious worship became general ;and the Anglo- Saxon speech, introduced at court, penetrated throughout the Lowlands. Four centuries elapsed, and the heir of the Scot- tish throne was again a resident at the English court, on this occasion as a captive. The result, as before, was eminently beneficial. The royal exile returned home to subdue the tyranny of feudalism, establish an equitable system of law, U This content downloaded from 198.91.37.2 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 01:32:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms `r Or i i6 f ??gh L~IB~:?Nn ~ 1 'M' Y?la-ne -Er? ?LO, Ltl?'? E dirt IACOBVS DEI GRATIA, SCOTOR REX. This content downloaded from 198.91.37.2 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 01:32:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 298 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY. and diffuse among his people those principles of order which were never wholly eradicated. Younger son of Robert III. and his Queen, Annabella, daughter of Sir John Drummond of Stobhall, James the First was born at Dunfermline in the year 1394. A most amiable prince, Robert III. lacked that firmness needful in governing a turbulent and warlike people. From the first he submitted to the dictation of others, and at length, overcome by a grow- ing lassitude, he devolved the administration of affairs on his brother, the Duke of Albany, a prince of decided energy and boundless ambition. The King had two sons--David, Duke of Rothesay, and James, Earl of Carrick. Unrestrained by parental authority, Rothesay early addicted himself to lawless plea- sures. When other attempts to subdue his riotous spirit proved unavailing, he was induced to think of matrimony. He wooed a daughter of the Earl of March, but, on the offer of a larger dowry, wedded a daughter of the Earl of Douglas. A marriage founded solely on convenience was unlikely to produce salutary consequences. The Duke continued his evil courses, and revelled in boisterous dissipation. On his mar- riage, he had been empowered to exercise certain vice-regal functions; he abused the privilege by violently possessing himself of the public revenues,* which he ruthlessly squan- dered. Such conduct could not long be tolerated, and in demanding the King's authority for his arrest, the Duke of Albany discharged a commendable duty. But the result. proved that Albany was more influenced by personal ambi- tion than any desire to check the unruly courses of his nephew. Procuring the King's signet to the necessary war- rant, he seized Rothesay in the vicinity of St Andrews, and consigned him to the castle. After an interval, he deposited his captive in his own castle at Falkland, and there immured him in the dungeon. In fifteen days the prisoner expired, his death being imputed to a.dysentery, while it was commonly believed that he perished from lack of food. With the bulk * Chamberlain Accounts, vol. ii. pp. 312, 320, 476. This content downloaded from 198.91.37.2 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 01:32:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms POETICAL REMAINS OF JAMES I. OF SCOTLAND. 299 of the people Rothesay had been a favourite, notwithstanding his excesses; and Albany, who did not enjoy the public esteem, was widely accused of hastening his nephew's death. But, as Governor of the kingdom, he could not be easily arraigned, and he provided against contingencies by summon- ing the Estates, and causing them to accept his own version of affairs. The bulk of the nation, with the aged monarch himself, were apprehensive lest the young Earl of Carrick would fall a vic- tim to the cruel policy which had destroyed his brother. In Henry Wardlaw, Bishop of St Andrews, he possessed an attached and faithful guardian; but it was the prelate's own conviction that the most unflinching vigilance might not pre- serve the heir to the throne against the machinations of Albany. It was accordingly arranged that the young Prince should be sent to the court of France. By his kinsman, Sir David Flem- ing,* he was conducted to North Berwick, and from thence in a small boat to a castle which stood on the Bass Rock. Soon afterwards, a ship despatched from Leith touched at the Bass, anxd received on board the Prince, with Henry St Clair, Earl of Orkney, his tutor, and a small personal suite. Fleming re- turned on shore. On his way towards Edinburgh, at the muir of Long-Hermandstoun, he and his party were assailed by James Douglas of Abercorn, second son of the Earl of Douglas, and his confederates, when, after a terrible struggle, Fleming was slain. The attack was arranged by Albany. In his voyage to France, the Prince had no reasonable cause to apprehend danger. English cruisers were likely to be met, but the two nations having lately concluded a truce, were on terms of amity. The truce was violated. On the 12th April 1405, the voyagers were intercepted near Flamborough Head,t and the Prince and his attendants weie carried to London. Tidings of the event reaching Scotland, were conveyed to the aged and feeble monarch, who was overwhelmed in contem- plating what he deemed as the extinction of his line, and the * Wyntoun's Cronykil, vol. ii. p. 413- t Bower's Scotichronicon, vol. ii. p. 439. This content downloaded from 198.91.37.2 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 01:32:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 300 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY. absolute triumph of his perfidious brother. He died in the Castle of Dundonald on the 4th April 1406. Henry IV. consulted his Privy Council as to the disposal of the royal prisoner, and his detention was determined on. In his " History of Scotland," Mr Patrick Fraser Tytler seeks to account for the policy which led to the Prince's captivity. Mr Tytler holds that Richard II. did not perish in Pontefract Castle, but escaped, in the disguise of a harper, to the Western Isles, from whence he was conducted to the Scottish court. By Robert III., and afterwards by the Duke of Albany, he was entertained at Stirling till his death, which took place in 1419. To Henry IV., who had usurped the English throne, the existence of his dethroned rival was well known, and thus " the two potentates played off their royal prisoners against each other." But other historians believe that the individual entertained at Stirling as Richard II.was an impudent impostor. The Prince was consigned to the Tower. He was permitted to retain a few of his attendants, including his squire, William Giffard.* This person formerly held office as marshal to the Queen's household; he subsequently received a pension in reward of his fidelity.t The Earl of Orkney was allowed to return home, and his office of royal tutor was supplied by Sir John Pelham, a courtier remarkable for his learning and varied accomplishments. After two years, Henry removed his prisoner to the Castle of Nottingham. In 1412, James was confined at Croydon, probably in the Archbishop's Palace. There he was permitted to exercise certain functions of government; for a general confirmation which he addressed from thence to Douglas of Drumlanrig, dated 3oth November 1412, is in fac-simile pre- served in the Di~lomata Scotiw.
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