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Dunfermline: from 'Saracen' Castle to 'Populous Manufacturing Royal Burrow' David Perry*

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Dunfermline: from 'Saracen' Castle to 'Populous Manufacturing Royal Burrow' David Perry* Proc Antic/c So Scot, 129 (1999), 779-815 Dunfermline: from 'Saracen' castle to 'populous manufacturing royal burrow' David Perry* ABSTRACT In the past 23 years much archaeological work has taken place in Dunfermline, Fife. A wealth of information has been uncovered on the medieval burgh, revealing aspects of its development, society, trade and industry. In particular, the recently restored Abbot House has been found to contain a complex architectural archaeologicaland history. Preparation thisof paper entirelywas fundedby Historic Scotland. INTRODUCTION (Italicized letter bracketn i s s withi e texnth t refe illuo t r; italicize3 s d numberse refeth o t r Gazettee illud an rs 12.) The former burgh of Dunfermline, Fife, was among the first burghs to be studied by the Scottish Burgh Survey (Gourlay & Turner 1978). Prior to publication of the Burgh Survey, almost the only archaeological work in the town had been by the Office of Works/Department of the Environment at the abbey (3,4} and palace (5), both now in the care of Historic Scotland. In the 19th century 'diggings taked ha ' n abbee placth t yea (2,12) 'Malcold an m Canmore's Tower' (7). More recently Leonard't sitS e f e,th o s Hospita investigates wa l 197n di 5 (6). Since the nnumbea r of archaeological investigations have taken place withi burge nth h itself, largel e wore th y th f ko Urban Archaeology Unit and its successor, the Scottish Urban Archaeological Trust Limited. More recently Scotia Archaeology Limite alss dha o been workin Dunfermlinen gi resulte Th . f so all these investigations are assessed here. LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY The historic burgh of Dunfermline is situated in south-west Fife, about 5 km from the north shore of the Firth of Forth, at the junction of important early routes: east to Kirkcaldy, north- Andrewst easS o t , wes Stirlingo tt , sout Edinburgo ht Queensferre th y hb y crossin nortd gan o ht Perth. The basic street plan of the medieval burgh — a single street with back lanes on either side, linked by vennels, wynds and closes — is still apparent today, despite redevelopment in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The only major loss to the medieval street pattern is the construction of * Scottish Urban Archaeological Trust, 55 South Methven Street, Perth PHI 5NX | SOCIET 0 78 ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1999 >';:^.:i".";:';':-,':'*'<?r-'.-"^/:£? NORTH";;.!::£••• ";:A?i ••'••''' '':;::;';•<?"-"- '.'•'.-."-{ QUEENSFERRYP: - •vf;-'v^0^ifi^-?.^'.-i:i.":!rr.:-.., -•.-:•* L n '\-'\.-.. - • •>, ">*•...•• v's>\ . >^-471 C>-;^"^:1'. - ' "y - ^?!£v" BLACKNESS} ->i'Xi Land over 100m - — - Modern Roads SOUTH QUEENSFERRY 10km ILLU S1 Location plan Ordnance(Basede th n o CrownSurvey© p ma copyright) PERRY: DUNFERMLIN1 78 | E the Kingsgate Shopping Centre which has caused the blocking of the east end of what is now called Queen Anne Street s witA . h many Scottish medieval burgh Dunbarg (e s , Edinburgh, Elgin), Dunfermline's High Street occupie ridgesa heigha t a ,abov f aboum o t level0 a ese 10 t , from which the ground falls steeply to the south (illus 2). At the bottom of the slope lies Maygate, with the abbey precinct to the south of it. To the west of the burgh is the Tower Burn in a narrow glen up to 20 m deep, while to the south is the Lyne Burn. Until the late 18th century, the main route fro wese mth t approached Dunfermline through Pittencrieff Park, crossin Towee gth r Burn at Tower Bridge (O) below the strategically situated 'Malcolm Canmore's Tower' (P) on Tower Hill. High Street (formerly Hiegate, Calsaygate or Marketgate) was the main thoroughfare of the medieval burgh and was probably the only paved, or causewayed, street, from which rigs or burgess properties extended back fro streee mth t frontag botn eo h sides unequan i , l lengthse Th . frontag r forelaneo d would typically have been occupie buildingsy db , with booth r shopso n so the ground floor, and living accommodation above, the latter often accessed by forestairs which encroached on the street. Behind them the backland would have been occupied by other buildings use workshopss da , byres, barn r shedsso backyardsy wels b a ,s a l , garden r orchardsso , where vegetables, herb r fruio s t coul cultivatede db . Accesbacklande th o t s througs swa h closer o s pends encloserigs e reae th swa f heaa Th r.o y ddb dyk boundarwalr a e o l— y wall which served to defend the burgh in the absence of a purpose-built defensive wall. Back lanes developed outside the head dykes and themselves were later developed as streets: 'Bacd Rottean kw SidenRo ' (bot Queenw hno Anne Streetnorte th f Higho o t ) h Streed an t Maygat Foud ean l Venne r 'io nl below r 'io n' betwee wa'se nth ' (now Canmore Streete th o t ) south lattee Th . r presumably derive nams dit e fro situatios mit n besid abbey'e eth s precinct wall. Excavatio t Abbona t House (£/) revealed thabuildine th t d encroachegha metallee th n do d surface of Maygate, but that the road was not an original part of the burgh layout. Under the road surface were midden deposits, suggesting the area had been backlands of properties either Hign o h Stree Kirkgate/Sr o t t Catherine's Wynd probabls i t I . e tha roae tth d bega routa s na o et St Margaret's shrine (see below) t continuno , sincd di t ei beyond Abbo tprecinc e Housth d ean t unexplainen a wals ha l d corner here; eas f Maygateo t e Higth , h Street properties variously extended to the precinct wall or to the vennel (now Abbot Street and Canmore Street) which led Roww Ne . o t latBe yth e 15th centur burge ybeguth d hha expano nt d eastwards beyond High Street into Gallowgate (now East Port), wit correspondinha g back lane (now James Street) continuine gth lin Bacf eo k Side. Vennels or wynds led from High Street to beyond the burgh. Kirkgate and St Catherine's Wynd provided access from the west end of High Street to the abbey and the route to the west. Collier Row (now Bruce Street) and School Wynd (now Pilmuir Street) formed the exits out of the burgh to the north. New Row led south from the east end of High Street. Cross Wynd lay betwee markee nth t cross Queed (Man ) n Anne Street. Welwoo Wallor do d Wynd (now Bonnar Street) lay between the east end of High Street and Queen Anne Street, but beyond the East Port (V). Common Vennel (now Priory Lane) lay south of the monastic wall between the Nether Yett Roww Ne . (Fou(FF)d an l Venne 'ir nlo belo wa'se wth ' also seem havo st e been called Common Vennel.) Other street names, now lost, are East Vennel and Lade Wynd, the latter possibly School Wynd or near it. In addition to this medieval core on the north side of the abbey, there was a separate suburb t stil bu abbee burgh,e le sout th th parth t f f Nethertoya o ho o t t , n (the High Street settlemen sometimes wa t sOve e referreth s r a tow o dt n [RMS 75])o n , .vi , From referencea o t s I SOCIET 2 78 ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1999 ILLUS 2 Aerial view of Dunfermline, from the east (Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland© Crown copyright) Templar tenement in Netherton, this suburb was presumably developed before the dissolution of that Order in 1312 (RMS, x, no 77). This medieval stree 15te t patternth hf o century d existencn i en , e ,th evidently eb y proved sufficient for the burgh until 1752, when a new route to the south was made along Guildhall Street Streew Ne t d (noan Margaret wS t Street) (Henderson 1879,45 479)8& 177streety w .B 1ne s were provido t wester lait w dou ne ea n approach along Pittencrieff Street, Chalmers Stree Bridgd an t e Street. Monastery Street, Canmore t Margare StreeS d an t t Lane (now Abbey Park Place) were PERRY: DUNFERMLINE 783 Courseof Abbey Precinct Wall ILLU S3 Pla historif no c site monumentd san s (BasedOrdnancee th n o CrownSurvey© p ma copyright) 784 SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1999 ILLUS 4 John Slezer's (1693) 'Prospect of the Town & Abby of Dumfermling' (Trustees of the National Library of Scotland) als existencn oi they eb n (RHP 199) Knabbid ;an e Street Carnegiw ,no n ea Streets a lais t dou ,wa intende accesw dne s fro wese mth t shortly afterwards (Henderson 1879, 500). HISTORY OF THE BURGH Dunfermline has been associated with Malcolm III (1058-93) since the llth century and his residenc havy ema e developmene acte focua th s r da fo s dependena f o t t settlement alss owa t I . centre th shirea f eo (Reg Dunf, 425), wher representatives kinge hi e th r o , thane th , r sheriffeo , received paymen rentf o t kin n slaboui d dan r services e fro tenantsth e mf th o namee o tw Th . f so royal officials at Dunfermline are recorded. Before 1128 David I ordered Swain, the prepositus (steward or sheriff) to ensure that the Prior of Dunfermline received as much work from the kine th abbey'gs a receive(Lawri n n me s me n de froow 1905 s mLXXXV)hi o n , Gillebridd an ; e was sherif Dunfermlinf o f reige stare th Williaf th f n o t o ea Lioe mth n (Barrow 1960, 47), The nature of the rents collected at the shire centre can be ascertained from the royal endowments grante Dunfermlino dt e Abbe Daviy yb d(1124-53)I king' e teine th th :f dso cain (tribute rendere a lord o t d, later rent) brough o Dunfermlint t e from Fife, Fothrid an f Clackmanna flourn i , cheese, provend (cor r oatsno ? [Barrow 1960, 33]), malt, pigcowsd san ; deel teine al th f rd o brough t there beastl lar d al hides e ;f haldan th o s t f killefo fa , feastr dfo s held in Stirling and between Forth and Tay; every seventh seal in addition to the teind of seals taken at Kinghorn; a teind of salt and iron brought to the king's use at Dunfermline; a teind of the gold brought to the king from Fife and Fothrif; and a teind of wild horses in Fife and Fothrif (Lawrie 1905 LXXIVs no , , LXXVIII, CIII, CCIX).
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