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LINUX I NJEGOVE DISTRIBUCIJE Aščić, Tvrtko Undergraduate thesis / Završni rad 2020 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: Polytechnic of Sibenik / Veleučilište u Šibeniku Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:143:140268 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-10-01 Repository / Repozitorij: VUS REPOSITORY - Repozitorij završnih radova Veleučilišta u Šibeniku VELEUČILIŠTE U ŠIBENIKU ODJEL MENADŽMENT PREDDIPLOMSKI STRUČNI STUDIJ MENADŽMENT Tvrtko Aščić LINUX I NJEGOVE DISTRIBUCIJE Završni rad Šibenik, 2020. VELEUČILIŠTE U ŠIBENIKU ODJEL MENADŽMENT PREDDIPLOMSKI STRUČNI STUDIJ MENADŽMENT LINUX I NJEGOVE DISTRIBUCIJE Završni rad Kolegij: Informatika Mentor: Jerko Acalin Student: Tvrtko Aščić Matični broj studenta: 0023112379 Šibenik, rujan 2020. SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. OSNOVNO O OPERACIJSKOM SUSTAVU LINUX .............................................. 2 2.1. Što je operacijski sustav? ............................................................................................ 2 2.2. Što je kernel? ............................................................................................................... 3 2.3. Povijest razvoja Linuxa ................................................................................................ 4 2.4. Linux danas ................................................................................................................. 6 3. FUNKCIONALNOSTI I ZNAČAJKE OPERACIJSKOG SUSTAVA LINUX ......... 8 3.1. Kernel ........................................................................................................................... 8 3.1.1. Software memory management .............................................................................. 8 3.1.2. Software program management .............................................................................. 9 3.1.3. Hardware management ......................................................................................... 10 3.1.4. Filesystem management ....................................................................................... 11 3.2. GNU project .............................................................................................................. 11 3.2.1. Povezanost GNU projecta i Linuxa ...................................................................... 12 3.3. Shell ........................................................................................................................... 14 3.4. Graphical user interface ............................................................................................ 15 3.4.1. GNOME ............................................................................................................... 15 3.4.2. KDE Plasma Desktop ........................................................................................... 16 3.4.3. Cinnamon Desktop ............................................................................................... 17 4. UPOTREBA OPERACIJSKOG SUSTAVA LINUX ............................................... 18 4.1. Upotreba na osobnim računalima .............................................................................. 18 4.2. Upotreba u industriji .................................................................................................. 19 5. DISTRIBUCIJE OPERACIJSKOG SUSTAVA LINUX .......................................... 20 5.1. Redhat ......................................................................................................................... 20 5.1.1. RHEL .................................................................................................................... 21 5.1.2. Fedora ................................................................................................................... 21 5.1.3. CentOS Linux ........................................................................................................ 22 5.2. Debian ....................................................................................................................... 22 5.2.1. Ubuntu .................................................................................................................. 23 5.2.2. Linux Mint ............................................................................................................ 24 5.2.3. MX Linux ............................................................................................................. 25 5.3. OpenSUSE ................................................................................................................ 26 5.4. PCLinuxOS ............................................................................................................... 27 5.5. Gentoo ....................................................................................................................... 27 5.6. Knoppix ..................................................................................................................... 28 6. KONKURENTSKI OPERACIJSKI SUSTAVI ......................................................... 28 6.1. Microsoft Windows .................................................................................................... 28 6.2. Mac OSX ................................................................................................................... 28 6.3. Chrome OS ................................................................................................................ 29 6.4. FreeBSD .................................................................................................................... 29 6.5. Usporedba operacijskih sustava ................................................................................ 30 7. ZAKLJUČAK ............................................................................................................ 32 8. LITERATURA ........................................................................................................... 33 8.1. Pisani izvori ............................................................................................................... 33 8.2. Internetski izvori ....................................................................................................... 33 TEMELJNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA KARTICA Veleučilište u Šibeniku Završni rad Odjel Menadžmenta Preddiplomski stručni studij Menadžment LINUX I NJEGOVE DISTRIBUCIJE TVRTKO AŠČIĆ [email protected] Sažetak rada (opseg do 300 riječi) Definicija osnovnih pojmova koji se koriste pri analizi operacijskih sustava. Pregled povijesnog razvoja operacijskog sustava Linux. Definicija svake od sastavnica operacijskog sustava i prikaz modela upotrebe samog Linuxa. Definicija pojma distribucije te analiza nekih od najpopularnijih distribucija Linuxa. Prikaz konkurentskih operacijskih sustava te usporedba Linuxa s njima. (41 stranica / 10 slika / 1 tablica / 8 literaturnih navoda / jezik izvornika: hrvatski) Rad je pohranjen u: Knjižnici Veleučilišta u Šibeniku Ključne riječi: Linux, kernel, distribucija, operacijski sustav Mentor: Jerko Acalin Rad je prihvaćen za obranu: BASIC DOCUMENTATION CARD Polytechnic of Šibenik Final paper Department of Management Professional Undergraduate Studies of Management LINUX AND ITS DISTRIBUTIONS TVRTKO AŠČIĆ [email protected] Abstract (up to 300 words) Defining basic terms that are used for analysis of operating systems. Look at the historical progress of the Linux operating system. Definition of every part of operating system and look at the usage of Linux itself. Defining the term of distribution and analyzing some of the most popular distributions of Linux. Look at the competitor operating systems and their comparision with Linux. (41 pages / 10 figures / 1 table / 8 references / original in Croatian language) Paper deposited in: Library of Polytechnic in Šibenik Keywords: Linux, kernel, distribution, operating system Supervisor: Jerko Acalin Paper accepted: 1. UVOD Cilj ovog završnog rada „Linux i njegove distribucije“ je analizirati operacijski sustav Linux. Redom će se objasniti ključni pojmovi kao što su operacijski sustav ili kernel. Analizirati će se povijest Linuxa kroz verzije, detaljno definirati svaku od sastavnica operacijskog sustava (kernel, desktop enviroment, shell i sl.) te će se prikazati modeli upotrebe samog Linuxa. Nadalje, definirati će se pojam distribucije te će se detaljno obrazložiti upotreba i karakteristike nekih od najpopularnijih distribucija. Naposlijetku, biti će prikazani konkurentski operacijski sustavi te njihova usporedba s Linuxom. S obzirom na tematiku završnog rada, valja naglasiti da će brojni korišteni pojmovi biti na engleskom jeziku ili skraćenice istih, s obzirom da nemaju zadovoljavajući prijevod na hrvatskom jeziku. Pojmovi koje je moguće prevesti na hrvatski jezik, biti će naglašeni u fusnotama rada te će biti naglašeno hoće li se u ostatku rada koristiti hrvatski ili engleski izraz za navedeni pojam. Također, biti će korišteni statistički podaci iz više izvora, pri čemu je većini naglašen datum istraživanja. Za podatke kojima nije naglašen datum, biti će korišten vremenski termin rujan 2020. godine. 1 2. OSNOVNO O OPERACIJSKOM SUSTAVU LINUX Pojam Linux ima dva različita značenja. U užem, tehnički preciznijem smislu, Linux se odnosi na široko korištenu, (eng. free and open source) jezgru1 operacijskog sustava. U širem smislu, pojam Linux se odnosi na cijelu obitelj operacijskih
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    WindowManager Grafische Oberflächen unter Linux 1 Inhalt – Aufbau und Start des grafischen Systems – X Window System – WindowManager – Desktop-Umgebungen – Live-Demos 2 Aufbau des grafischen Systems Das grafische System unter Linux ist mehrschichtig WindowManager X Window System Linux-Kernel Hardware 3 X Window System ● 1984 vom MIT u.a. mit IBM entwickelt ● Ist nicht Bestandteil des Betriebssystems ● Schnittstelle zu Grafikkarte, Tastatur und Maus ● Bietet einfachste Ausgabe-Funktionen (Rechtecke, Linien, Punkte, Schrift, ...) ● Verwaltung von Schriftarten (Fonts) ● Besteht aus 2 Komponenten (Client und Server) – Können auf verschiedenen Rechner laufen 4 WindowManager ● Verwaltet die Anwendungsfenster ● Bietet Funktionen wie ªMinimierenº und ªMaximierenº ● Stellt Taskleisten und Menüs bereit ● (Optional) Gestaltet Rahmen und Titelleiste 5 Übersicht WindowManager ● Es gibt mehr als 30 verschiedene WindowManager! ● Enlightenment ● FluxBox ● IceWM ● WindowLab 6 Enlightenment Ziel: Konfigurierbarkeit Gröûe: 3.273 KB Features: – Virtuelle Desktops – Fenstergruppen – Tooltipps – konfigurierbare Tastenkürzel – grafische Online-Hilfe – Entstehende Version 17 setzt neue Maûstäbe (Video) 7 8 9 FluxBox Ziel: Performance bei geringen Anforderungen Gröûe: 662 KB Features: – Themes – Dynamische, transparente Menüs – Virtuelle Desktops – Icons auf dem Desktop – Wechsel der Arbeitsfläche per Mausrad 10 11 IceWM Ziel: Geschwindigkeit, Schlichtheit, Benutzerfreundlichkeit Gröûe: 966 KB Features: – Einfach für Einsteiger und MS-Umsteiger – Themes – Virtuelle