Surface Water Supply Protection Plan for the Bear Hole Watershed
Tighghe&Bond Government • Real Estate • • Real • Estate Educ Government January 2010 MA West Springfield, Works Public Department of Division Water Prepared For: Bear HoleWatershed Protection Planforthe Supply Surface Water to elhCr •Industry Care Health • ation
Surface Water Supply Protection Plan for the Bear Hole Watershed
Prepared For:
Water Division Department of Public Works West Springfield, MA
January 2010
CONTENTS
CONTENTS Table of Contents Tighe&Bond
Executive Summary
Section 1 Introduction 1.1 Description of the Bear Hole Reservoir and its Watershed ...... 1-1 1.1.1 Reservoir Description ...... 1-1 1.1.2 Watershed Description ...... 1-1 1.1.3 Watershed Soils ...... 1-3 1.1.4 Watershed Vegetative Cover ...... 1-3 1.2 Watershed Protection Zones...... 1-4 1.3 Purpose and Scope of the SWPP ...... 1-4
Section 2 Watershed Mapping 2.1 Maps 1A and 1B: Base Map ...... 2-1 2.2 Map 2: Land Uses ...... 2-2 2.3 Map 3: Protected and Restricted Open Space ...... 2-2 2.4 Map 4: Local Zoning ...... 2-2 2.5 Map 5: Land Topography ...... 2-3
Section 3 Watershed Inventory 3.1 Existing Land Use Impacts ...... 3-1 3.1.1 Massachusetts Turnpike...... 3-1 3.1.2 Lane Quarry ...... 3-2 3.1.3 Western Massachusetts Electric Transmission Line ...... 3-2 3.1.4 Lost Pond ...... 3-2 3.1.5 Pioneer Valley Railroad ...... 3-3 3.1.6 Forestry Activities ...... 3-3 3.1.7 Public Roads ...... 3-4 3.1.8 Sewered Areas ...... 3-7 3.1.9 Gasoline Stations and Petroleum Storage ...... 3-7 3.2 Future Land Use Impacts ...... 3-7 3.2.1 West Springfield Zoning...... 3-8 3.2.2 West Springfield Water Supply Protection District ...... 3-8 3.2.3 Holyoke Zoning ...... 3-9 3.3 Public Access/Recreation Impacts ...... 3-9 3.4 Wildlife Impacts ...... 3-10 3.4.1 Waterfowl ...... 3-10 3.4.2 White-Tailed Deer ...... 3-11 3.4.3 Beaver Activity ...... 3-11 3.5 In-Lake Problems ...... 3-11 3.6 Watershed Sampling Plan ...... 3-12
i Table of Contents Tighe&Bond
Section 4 Watershed Protection Measures 4.1 Watershed Control ...... 4-1 4.2 Town Ownership and Land Acquisition Plan ...... 4-1 4.3 Municipal Land Use Improvements ...... 4-2 4.4 Public Access/Recreation Control ...... 4-2 4.4.1 Perimeter Control ...... 4-3 4.4.2 Patrolling ...... 4-3 4.4.3 Enforcement ...... 4-4 4.5 Wildlife Management ...... 4-4 4.6 In-Lake Management ...... 4-6 4.7 Staffing ...... 4-6 4.8 Regulatory Controls ...... 4-6 4.9 Emergency Planning ...... 4-7 4.10 Education ...... 4-7 4.11 Communication/Coordination ...... 4-9
Section 5 Summary and Recommendations 5.1 Summary ...... 5-1 5.2 Recommendations ...... 5-1
Section 6 References
Appendix A Watershed Mapping
Appendix B Town of West Springfield and City of Holyoke Watershed Protection Bylaws
Appendix C Pioneer Valley Railroad Operations Statement
Appendix D Bear Hole Watershed Wildlife Survey
Appendix E Watershed Inspection Log Sheet
Appendix F Watershed Signage
Appendix G Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Determining a Threat to Public Water Supplies Related to Presence of Beaver or Muskrat
Appendix H Department of Public Works Organizational Chart
Appendix I Town of West Springfield Water Use Restriction Ordinance J:\W\W1393\REPORT\SWPP\SWPP text-Jan2010.doc
ii 1 SECTION
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Section 1 Introduction
This Surface Water Supply Protection Plan (SWPP) was prepared at the request of the Town of West Springfield’s Department of Public Works (DPW) to comply with special permit conditions of the Town’s Modified Water Management Act (WMA) Permit #9P-1- 04-325.01 issued by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) on July 24, 2008. The plan was developed to improve protection efforts within the Bear Hole watershed (PWS ID #1325000). The Bear Hole watershed serves as one of the supply sources for the Town of West Springfield, and is located primarily in West Springfield. Small portions of the watershed lie within the City of Holyoke and the City of Westfield.
This SWPP has been prepared in accordance with MassDEP’s guidance document “Developing a Local Surface Water Supply Protection Plan” (updated May 2000). The intent of the plan is to characterize the Bear Hole watershed and identify potential risks and control mechanisms to maintain the Bear Hole Reservoir as a high quality source of water for the Town of West Springfield. The plan should be periodically updated as control mechanisms are implemented and additional information is gathered regarding the watershed.
1.1 Description of the Bear Hole Reservoir and its Watershed
1.1.1 Reservoir Description The Bear Hole Reservoir was originally constructed on Paucatuck Brook in 1907 to serve as an on-stream supply and storage reservoir for the Town of West Springfield. The present dam, reservoir and filtration facility were constructed in 1956-57 to replace the original structure destroyed in the flood of August 1955. The original dam was located approximately 200 feet upstream of the current structure.
The reservoir has a surface area of about 0.04 square miles (25 acres) and an estimated storage capacity of 91 million gallons. The reservoir has a reported safe yield of approximately 1 million gallons per day (mgd) and has typically supplied about 25% of the Town’s water needs. Water from the reservoir is treated via slow sand filters, disinfected with chlorine and pumped to the Town’s distribution system. Other water supplies available to the Town include Well Nos. 1-4 at the Southwick Wellfield, which have a combined safe yield of 7.01 mgd, and three interconnections to the City of Springfield’s transmission mains. The Springfield mains cross the Town en route from the Provin Mountain storage facility in Agawam to the City’s customers in Springfield. Only one of the Springfield interconnections is currently active and is typically used only during the peak summer months to supplement Bear Hole and Southwick Wellfield supplies.
1.1.2 Watershed Description The Bear Hole Reservoir and its associated watershed includes an estimated 5.48 square miles (3,500 acres) of mostly forested land in the Town of West Springfield and the Cities of Holyoke and Westfield.
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 1-1 Section 1 Introduction Tighe&Bond
The watershed is bounded to the north by headwaters of Paucatuck Brook (which includes the McLean and Ashley Reservoir watersheds) and terminus of the East Mountain ridge line; to the west by the East Mountain ridge line (paralleling the Westfield/West Springfield border for much of the watershed); to the east by a low ridge line west of Homestead Avenue in Holyoke and both east and west of Great Plains Road in West Springfield; and by the reservoir impoundment to the south. The overall watershed includes three sub-watersheds, McLean Reservoir, Ashley Pond Reservoir, and Bear Hole Reservoir as described below.
• McLean Reservoir - The McLean Reservoir has a small watershed estimated at 0.5 square miles (320 acres). It has a surface area of 0.10 square miles (64 acres) and storage capacity of 365 million gallons. In addition to the above noted watershed it can receive water from a 24-inch blow off on the 42-inch gravity pipeline from the Tighe-Carmody Reservoir in Southampton which supplies the Holyoke Water Treatment Plant. The reservoir overflows its spillway to the Ashley Pond Reservoir at elevation 431.5.
• Ashley Pond Reservoir - The Ashley Pond Reservoir was constructed by the City of Holyoke as a distribution reservoir for the City. It has an estimated watershed area of 2.40 square miles (1,529 acres). It has a surface area of 0.45 square miles (288 acres) and storage capacity of 795 million gallons. The reservoir overflows its spillway to Paucatuck Brook at elevation 322.2.
• Bear Hole Reservoir - The Bear Hole Reservoir has an estimated watershed area of 2.65 square miles (1,697 acres) below the Ashley Pond Reservoir watershed. The reservoir has a surface area of 0.04 square miles (25 acres) and storage capacity of 91 million gallons based on the most recent capacity estimate by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The reservoir overflows its spillway to Paucatuck Brook at approximate elevation 165.
Since the completion of the Holyoke Water Works 42-inch pipeline from the Tighe- Carmody Reservoir in 1997, water is no longer withdrawn from the Ashley Pond Reservoir. Water from the McLean Reservoir is periodically withdrawn and blended with water from Tighe-Carmody. Both of these sub-watersheds regularly contribute to the Bear Hole watershed when these water bodies overtop their spillways. The drainage area for the Bear Hole Reservoir is no longer limited to only that area downstream of the Ashley Pond and McLean Reservoirs (2.4 square miles). In addition, the Tighe-Carmody Reservoir in Southampton (20 square miles total) may contribute indirectly to the Bear Hole Reservoir via the McLean watershed during times when Holyoke Water Works opens a blow-off on its 42-inch pipeline. The boundaries of the entire contributory watershed to the Bear Hole Reservoir including the McLean Reservoir and Ashley Pond Reservoir sub-watersheds are shown in the map included in Appendix A (Map 1A).
This plan focuses on the Bear Hole Reservoir sub-watershed only, which is the portion of the overall watershed area downstream of the Ashley Pond spillway. This watershed area is hereinafter referred to as the Bear Hole Watershed. (Please note that the subwatersheds of McLean Reservoir and Ashley Pond Reservoir are protected by Holyoke Water Works’ Watershed Resource Protection Plan, June 2002, and are not addressed in this document.)
The boundaries of the Bear Hole Watershed are shown in the maps included in Appendix A (Map 1B). The Town’s GIS based topographic mapping (1-foot contour interval, 1 inch equals 40 feet horizontal scale) was used to establish these boundaries. It should be
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 1-2 Section 1 Introduction Tighe&Bond noted that the boundaries presented in this report differ from the boundaries presented in the MassGIS online database. It is believed that the Town’s topographic mapping is more accurate than the online mapping, so the boundaries presented in this report should be more accurate than those developed by MassGIS. The scope of this SWPP does not include identifying and/or correcting MassGIS data layers for inaccuracies (with the exception of the watershed boundary).
1.1.3 Watershed Soils SCS soil mapping indicates that the watershed falls within three separate soil group associations. A portion of the watershed south of the Massachusetts Turnpike, adjacent to the Bear Hole Reservoir and Paucatuck Brook, is mapped as the Hinckley-Windsor- Merrimac association which includes nearly level to steep, excessively drained and somewhat excessively drained soils on glacial outwash terraces. The eastern fringe of the watershed is mapped as the Urban land-Hinckley-Windsor association which includes urban land and nearly level to moderately sloping, excessively drained soils on glacial outwash terraces. The remainder and majority of the watershed is mapped as the Rock Outcrop-Holyoke association which includes rock outcrop and gently sloping to steep, shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils on glaciated uplands.
1.1.4 Watershed Vegetative Cover In the “Watershed Resource Protection Plan (WRPP) for the Bear Hole Watershed” (Dufresne-Henry, Inc., 1995), a detailed review of watershed vegetative cover was completed. Since 1995, logging activities have been very limited; therefore, watershed vegetative cover types are expected to be similar to those observed at the time the WRPP was prepared. According to this document, the primary vegetative cover within the watershed consists of the basic cover types described below:
• Planted Pine Forests - The most significant areas of planted pine occur to the north and east of the reservoir surface, bordering the eastern edge of Paucatuck Brook. The canopy in these areas is generally dense and primarily dominated by white pine with dense stands of red pine in places.
• Northern Hardwood Forest - This forest type tends to dominate the east and southeast-facing slopes within the study area. The generally mature canopy features a diverse mix of white, gray, yellow, and black birch; red and sugar maple; white ash, bigtooth and quaking aspen, American beech, shagbark and pignut hickory, red and white oak, and black walnut with a minor interspersion of white pine and eastern hemlock.
• Mixed Evergreen/Northern Hardwood Forest - This is the most common forest assemblage in the study area, occupying the shoreline and adjacent ridges along both the eastern and western edges of the reservoir. To the east of the reservoir, this forest type comprises approximately 80% of the vegetative cover within the study area. Due west of the reservoir, this assemblage yields to a pure northern hardwood community while it continues to dominate to the northwest and along the western edge of Paucatuck Brook.
• Forested Wetland - Two areas of topographically "perched" wetlands occur to the west of the reservoir and just below the toe of the east- facing slope of Lane Quarry. Probably due to generally poor soil conditions and inconsistent hydrologic regimes, these perched wetlands exhibit only low/moderate vegetative diversity. The relatively open canopy is dominated by red maple with a minor
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 1-3 Section 1 Introduction Tighe&Bond
interspersion of birches. The understory primarily consists of spicebush and northern arrowwood with an herbaceous layer consisting of skunk cabbage and a variety of ferns, sedges and grasses.
• Paucatuck Brook - In general, the forested wetland system associated with Paucatuck Brook exhibits a diverse and well-developed vegetative assemblage. The canopy varies from dense to relatively open and features such species as red maple, gray birch, American elm, white pine, eastern hemlock, ironwood, green ash and pin oak.
1.2 Watershed Protection Zones The WPA Zones for the Bear Hole Watershed were determined by using the overlay maps provided by MassGIS. The definition of each zone is as follows:
• Zone A:
1. the land area between the surface water source and the upper boundary of the bank;
2. the land area within a 400-foot lateral distance from the upper boundary of the bank of a Class A surface water source, as defined in 314 CMR 4.05 (3)(a); and
3. the land area within a 200-foot lateral distance from the upper boundary of the bank of a tributary or associated surface water body.
• Zone B: the land area within one-half mile of the upper boundary of the bank of a Class A surface water source, as defined in 314 CMR 4.05 (3)(a), or edge of watershed, whichever is less. However, Zone B shall always include the land area within a 400-foot lateral distance from the upper boundary of the bank of the Class A surface water source.
• Zone C: The land area not designated as Zone A or B within the watershed of a Class A surface water source as defined in 314 CMR 4.05 (3)(a).
The WPA Zone overlays are presented on Maps 1A and 1B in Appendix A. A majority of the Bear Hole Watershed is located in the Town of West Springfield (81%). Small portions are located in the City of Holyoke (17%) and the City of Westfield (2%). Approximately 80% of the property within the watershed is municipally owned including all the property abutting the reservoir and its tributaries and the majority of the Watershed Protection Area (WPA) Zone A, except for small areas along Morgan Road and southwest of the Prospect Avenue/Millville Road Four Corners area.
1.3 Purpose and Scope of the SWPP The purpose of the SWPP is to encourage the preservation of high quality drinking water supply for the Bear Hole Reservoir and to raise public awareness about watershed protection. The SWPP for the Bear Hole Watershed includes the following information:
• Delineation of the source water protection area, based on information from MassGIS mapping
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• Identification of potential threats to the protection areas including existing and future land uses, recreational impacts, wildlife impacts, and in-lake problems
• Development of recommendations of proactive measures regarding the protection area including watershed control and land acquisition, recreational and wildlife control, and staffing
• Planning for future source water protection, including regulatory controls, emergency planning, education, and coordination.
As mentioned previously, this SWPP applies to the Bear Hole Watershed only, and the subwatersheds upstream of the Bear Hole Watershed including McLean Reservoir and Ashley Pond Reservoir are addressed by Holyoke Water Works’ Watershed Resource Protection Plan.
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 1-5 2 SECTION
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Section 2 Watershed Mapping
In order to assess and prioritize possible threats to the public water source, information related to watershed characteristics, land uses, protected space, and other activities were assembled on Map 1B through Map 5 in Appendix A. Maps relating to the Bear Hole Reservoir were generated using the ArcMap GIS application, Town of West Springfield GIS base mapping, and MassGIS data layers (valid as of August 1, 2009). The maps are located in Appendix A:
• Maps 1A and 1B: Base Map – shows basic watershed characteristics
• Map 2: Land Uses – shows major land uses in the watershed
• Map 3: Protected/Restricted Open Space – shows open space areas under protection or conservation restrictions in the watershed
• Map 4: Zoning – shows local land zoning designations
• Map 5: Land Topography – shows Town of West Springfield topographical information with surface water supply protection zone overlays
2.1 Maps 1A and 1B: Base Map Maps 1A and 1B include basic watershed characteristics including water bodies, streams, wetland areas, water supply locations, water supply protection Zones A, B, and C, groundwater protection Zone II, Interim Wellhead protection Areas (IWPAs), major basins, sub basins, transportation routes, and transmission lines. Identification of watershed characteristics may help locate potential sources of contamination to the surface water. Map 1A shows the entire contributory watershed to the Bear Hole Reservoir, and Map 1B shows the lower Bear Hole Watershed, which is the subject of this SWPP.
As shown on Map 1B, the watershed of Bear Hole Reservoir lies within West Springfield, Westfield, and Holyoke. The surface protection zones for the reservoir are described as follows:
• Zone A: This area, covering the Bear Hole Reservoir and its tributaries (mainly Paucatuck Brook), is primarily within West Springfield, but small portions extend into Holyoke to the north. The area extends approximately 15,000 feet to the north of the intake structure for Bear Hole Reservoir. This zone is depicted by a blue-hatched area.
• Zone B: The land area within one-half mile of the upper boundary of the bank of the surface water source, as defined in 314 CMR 4.05 (3)(a), or the edge of the watershed, whichever is less. This zone lies solely within West Springfield and is depicted by a yellow-hatched area.
• Zone C: Any area within the watershed that is not designated Zone A or B. This zone lies within West Springfield, Holyoke, and Westfield, and is depicted by a red-hatched area.
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2.2 Map 2: Land Uses In addition to the watershed information provided on Map 1B, Map 2 shows major land uses that may affect the surface water supply sources. Major land uses that should be identified on the map include non-forested wetlands, recreational, residential, commercial, industrial, urban, transportation, waste disposal, water bodies, wooded perennial area, solid waste sites, and underground storage tanks. Not all of these uses will exist in every watershed. Identifying land uses may assist in determining areas of the watershed most vulnerable to contamination.
Major land uses that are present within the watershed include several parcels of low- density residential land, concentrated along Quarry Road and Prospect Avenue in the eastern portion of the watershed. A small parcel is also located along Old Holyoke Road in the western portion of the watershed near the Massachusetts Turnpike. These areas exist only within Zone C. There is also one parcel of cropland and a single industrial parcel at the eastern end of the watershed within Zone C. (Note that the MassGIS land use information also indicated a water-based recreation parcel just south of the Ashley Pond Reservoir spillway. We believe this to be an error, since discussions with both Holyoke Water Works and the Town of West Springfield indicated that water-based recreation is prohibited in this area. Therefore, this parcel was removed from the land use data layer on Map 2.)
2.3 Map 3: Protected and Restricted Open Space Map 3 includes the watershed information shown on Map 1B and protected/restricted open space area that may affect the surface water source. Protected open space that is identified on the map may include Chapter 61 forestry, Chapter 61A agriculture, Chapter 61B recreation, Department of Environmental Management, Metropolitan District Commission (MDC), State, County, Municipal, Federal, public, and private protections. Restricted open space may include conservation restrictions, agricultural preservation restrictions, and combined conservation and agricultural preservation restrictions (CR/APR). Not all types of open space will exist within every watershed.
Approximately 79% of the land area of the watershed is municipal protected open space (i.e., undeveloped parcels owned by the Town of West Springfield or the City of Holyoke) as shown in pink on Map 3. Almost all of the land within Zone A is municipally owned, except for a small area near Quarry Road which is owned by Lane Quarry.
2.4 Map 4: Local Zoning Map 4 includes the watershed information on Map 1 and local land zoning designation. Zoning information obtained from MassGIS includes residential, commercial, industrial, restricted, and other zoning uses.
Zoning designations for the watershed areas within West Springfield and Holyoke are shown on Map 4. The majority of the watershed is zoned residential with the exception of a small area in the northeast corner of the watershed in Holyoke which is zoned industrial. The portion of the watershed located within West Springfield area is covered by its watershed protection overlay district; however, the Holyoke portion of the watershed is not covered by the City’s watershed overlay district. The text of the current zoning bylaws for West Springfield is located in Appendix B.
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2.5 Map 5: Land Topography Map 5 shows topography including 1-foot contour intervals within West Springfield and 10-foot contour intervals in Holyoke and Westfield. The contours are helpful in assessing runoff characteristics of the watershed, which will assist in determining the vulnerability of portions of the watershed area.
Slopes vary significantly throughout the watershed, as shown on Map 5 in Appendix A. Slopes vary from 50% or greater along the East Mountain ridge line west of Paucatuck Brook to 5% or less in the Great Plain Road area to the east of the Bear Hole Reservoir. In general slopes are steep (over 25%) to the west of the watershed and moderate to level (15% or less) east of the brook. Notable exceptions to the steep slopes west of the brook include a wooded wetland area at the base of the East Mountain ridge line and level floodplain areas adjacent to Paucatuck Brook north of Prospect Avenue. Notable exceptions to the moderate to level slopes east of the brook include the east shore of the Bear Hole Reservoir, where slopes within 200 feet to 400 feet from the shore increase to as much as 50% down to the shoreline, and just east of Millville Road where slopes exceed 25%.
Largely due to steep slopes, the majority of the watershed to the west of Paucatuck Brook is classified as moderate to high erosion potential. The majority of the watershed to the east of the reservoir and Paucatuck Brook is classified as low to moderate erosion potential. This classification is due to a combination of slopes that are not as steep as to the west and soil types which are less erodible. Exceptions to the low to moderate erosion potential include several gravel surfaced roads and small abandoned gravel pits. Lacking any vegetative cover, these areas have a high erosion potential regardless of slope or soil type.
Should the existing cover be removed by either human (site clearing and grubbing) or natural activities (storm damage, fire or disease) the classification of disturbed areas will change to high erosion potential. Also, the significance of the erosion classification on watershed water quality depends on the location of the area within the watershed. For example, erosion along the shore of the reservoir will have a much greater impact on water quality than erosion in the headwaters of the watershed.
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Section 3 Watershed Inventory
3.1 Existing Land Use Impacts Existing and future land use activities that may have an impact on the surface water supply sources include: on-site septic systems; public and private recreational activities; municipal uses and facilities; untreated storm water runoff; public and private forestry practices; uncontained storage of fertilizers, manure, or road sand/salt; domestic animals; new construction; sand and gravel excavations; spills along roads and railroads and at commercial and industrial facilities; above ground and underground storage tanks; erosion; un-permitted and unauthorized activities; waste disposal areas; use, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials; and non-sanitary wastewater.
The following sections identify and describe potential contamination sources within the watershed.
3.1.1 Massachusetts Turnpike Approximately 1-1/2 miles of the Massachusetts Turnpike cross in a northeast-to- southwest direction through the Bear Hole Watershed. The Turnpike parallels the alignment of Prospect Avenue approximately 500-700 feet to the south. The section crossing the watershed is identified as mile 42.9 to mile 44.6 between Exit 4 (Route 91 in West Springfield) and Exit 3 (Routes 10 and 202 in Westfield). Runoff from the highway sheet flows either directly into the surrounding terrain or flows through grass- lined and paved ditches into the watershed. The highway crosses directly over the Paucatuck Brook, approximately one mile upstream of the Bear Hole Reservoir and abuts several headwater wetland areas to the north and south of the Turnpike.
Even though the Turnpike Authority has designated this section of the Turnpike as a reduced salt zone, carry-over of salt from areas outside the watershed is expected to result in increased salt levels in the watershed. These increases, if any, cannot be quantified without regular water quality monitoring.
Regular use of the Turnpike will also result in other contaminants normally present in roadway runoff entering the watershed. These contaminants may include bacteria and other pathogens from the decay of animal or bird carcasses found on the Turnpike, nutrients from this decay and mowing activities, and heavy metals or volatile organics from automobile exhausts and other automotive activities. These contaminants are also expected to occur at low concentrations so changes in the watershed water quality may not be detectable. Due to the low concentration of contaminants, normal Turnpike activities are believed to be a low risk to water quality. These contaminants need to be monitored and the risk increased if significant contaminant concentrations are measured.
The most significant risk from the Massachusetts Turnpike is the possibility of a major spill resulting from a catastrophic event such as crash of a fuel tanker. While the likelihood of this occurring is low, the consequences of this event would be devastating. Since the Turnpike passes directly over Paucatuck Brook approximately one mile upstream of Bear Hole Reservoir, a fuel spill could reach the reservoir in less than 20 minutes. For this reason, despite its low probability of occurrence, contamination of the
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 3-1 Section 3 Watershed Inventory Tighe&Bond watershed due to a significant fuel or other spill is believed to present a high risk to watershed water quality.
3.1.2 Lane Quarry Situated approximately 1,500 feet west of the reservoir surface, Lane Quarry is a long- term operation which has removed much of the north-south ridge shown on the USGS 7.5' Mount Tom Quadrangle (Mount Tom Quad) as East Mountain. It is believed that these activities may have reduced the total watershed area by containing runoff from quarry areas that were formerly part of the watershed. The quarrying operation itself is believed to have low risk potential to the watershed since runoff would generally flow to the west of the north-south ridgeline. However, if quarry operations were to extend beyond the current ridgeline, runoff patterns have the potential to be altered and to impact the watershed.
Lane Quarry owns two small stormwater retention ponds which are bounded by Lane Quarry Road to the west, Prospect Avenue to the north, and the Massachusetts Turnpike to the south. The ponds are located along the western perimeter of the watershed and are shown on the watershed maps. The exact purpose of the ponds is unknown at this time; however, it appears that the ponds could receive stormwater runoff from the Massachusetts Turnpike since they are located within 100 feet and directly downgradient. Upon inspection of the ponds, the field team observed that an overflow swale extends between the eastern edge of the southern pond to the nearby tributary of Paucatuck Brook. Stormwater discharge could flow into this swale after the stormwater pond reaches its maximum pool elevation. The field team was unable to ascertain whether another discharge outlet exists. Due to the ponds’ proximity to the Massachusetts Turnpike, we believe that a significant spill could present a high risk to watershed water quality.
3.1.3 Western Massachusetts Electric Transmission Line Ranging between 300 to 500 feet to the west, an electric transmission line right-of-way (ROW), owned by the Western Massachusetts Electric Company (WMECO), parallels the reservoir surface. The Bear Hole Pumping Station is one of the facilities supplied by this line. In order to maintain the integrity of this ROW, woody vegetation under this transmission line must be managed by the utility company on a regular basis (typically every 3-5 years). Vegetation management personnel are instructed to stringently follow the regulatory procedures for the protection of both wetlands and public water supplies (333 CMR 11.02-11.04). Per 333 CMR 11, herbicide application is prohibited within 100 feet of any Class A public surface water source, and limited use is allowed within 100 feet to the outer boundary of Zone A. Herbicide use is also prohibited within 10 feet of tributaries, water bodies located outside of Zone A, and wetlands. Although these restrictions limit herbicide use, vegetation management practices still have the potential to impact water quality. Since the allowable concentration of herbicides in drinking water is regulated at extremely low levels, these activities are believed to be a moderate risk to water quality.
3.1.4 Lost Pond Lost Pond is located approximately 1.5 miles north of the reservoir on the main channel of Paucatuck Brook. The pond has a surface area of about two acres. Its date and purpose of construction is unknown. Through the years, Lost Pond has been degraded by a variety of unauthorized activities including target shooting (spent casings litter the
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 3-2 Section 3 Watershed Inventory Tighe&Bond ground and several trees have been felled by gunfire), off-road-vehicle (ORV) use and dumping (items observed in the pond include tires, appliances and automobile parts).
Discussions with Water Division staff indicate that the level of misuse of Lost Pond has diminished somewhat during recent years. However, due to unusually dense growth of aquatic vegetation and the potential for the outflow of contaminant-laden sediments through the partially breached dam, the pond is considered a moderate hazard to the water quality of Bear Hole Reservoir.
3.1.5 Pioneer Valley Railroad Approximately 2-1/4 miles of the Pioneer Valley Railroad (PVRR) cross through the Bear Hole Watershed. The railroad enters the watershed at the Massachusetts Turnpike near the Westfield/West Springfield line and divides two of the Lane Quarry ponds. It crosses the west branch of the Paucatuck Brook just below the upland headwaters and continues in a northerly direction along the base of a ridge line towards the outlet of the Ashley Reservoir. It abuts Lost Pond and north of the pond continues parallel to Paucatuck Brook before turning easterly just below the Ashley Pond spillway. It exits the Bear Hole Watershed but continues easterly within the Ashley Pond Reservoir watershed for a distance of approximately 2,700 feet.
Since the rail bed is existing, ordinary activities are believed to be a low risk to water quality. However, like any other transportation activity, there is the potential risk of a fuel spill from a locomotive, which would present a significant impact on water quality. Our correspondence with Mr. Michael Rennicke of PVRR has indicated that hazardous materials are not transported on railroad branch. PVRR also maintains a number of safety procedures to prevent spills and/or derailments (see Appendix C). Despite the safety controls that are in place, an uncontrolled fuel spill from the railroad is considered to pose a high risk to water quality.
Periodic maintenance activities along the railroad are also a risk to water quality. A combination of herbicide application and mechanical pruning is typically used to clear brush along railroad rights-of-way. Per 333 CMR 11, herbicide application is prohibited and/or limited as discussed in Section 3.1.3. However, railroad companies maintain that these restrictions are in conflict with maintenance of the ROWs and that vegetation management in all areas is necessary to maintain railroad beds properly and to prevent derailments. Even if State regulations are complied with, herbicide applications may still have an impact on water quality. Since the allowable concentration of herbicides in drinking water is regulated at extremely low levels, these activities are believed to be a moderate risk to water quality.
3.1.6 Forestry Activities Sections of the Bear Hole Watershed were originally cleared for agricultural use prior to its conversion to a public water supply in 1907. Since this conversion, existing forests have matured and cleared areas have become reforested through a combination of natural and man-made means. Several portions of the watershed, particularly to the east side of the reservoir, were planted with white and red pine an estimated 60-70 years ago. Although there are some records of limited forestry activities in 1958, it appears that significant logging activities did not occur until completion of a Forestry Management Plan for the Bear Hole Watershed by the University of Massachusetts Department of Forestry and Wildlife in 1981 (Gilbert, 1981). The management plan cited three objectives for the logging activities.
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1. To increase water yield;
2. To preserve and maintain water quality; and
3. To improve the health and vigor of the forest resources thereby enhancing the overall ecosystem health.
Following completion of this Plan, logging activities within the watershed were conducted between 1983 and 1992. The most visible impact of logging activities was erosion due to heavy equipment or activity in the watershed. Erosion can occur at log landings, along existing trails or at new trails created to get access to remote portions of the watershed. Elevated turbidity levels during and after logging activities are common. Other negative impacts of logging may include release of nutrients from disturbed soil and accidental spills of fuel or other fluids from forestry equipment. Depending on the location and quantity of material spilled, accidental spills could be a high risk to watershed water quality. During the years 1990-1992, the West Springfield Water Division observed what was believed to be greater than normal summertime algae blooms in the reservoir, which may have been due to logging activities. While the large algae blooms did not permanently impact the water quality, there were taste and odor complaints until the problem subsided.
In March 2000, an updated forestry management plan was completed with the goal of providing the Town a plan with a “biological perspective for the maintenance of clean water” (Wigmore, 2000). That is, to enhance drinking water quality protection by managing forestry resources to provide natural water filtration by the forest ecosystem and to minimize non-point source pollution. The most recent cutting took place in 2003- 2004 in accordance with the plan. No future cutting activities are planned at this time, although future cutting may occur as the need arises.
Since logging activities may periodically occur within the watershed and these activities may have short-term impacts to water quality, forestry activities are believed to be a moderate risk to water quality. Note that the lack of these activities is also a risk to water quality.
3.1.7 Public Roads Approximately 3-1/2 miles of Town roads cross through the Bear Hole Watershed including Prospect Avenue, Great Plains Road, Morgan Road and Quarry Road. The majority of these roads originally had gravel surfaces which were improved through the overlay of roadway millings. The watershed also includes approximately 3 miles of Town-owned access roads, which are restricted from public use. These roads are not heavily travelled so contamination from hydrocarbons or heavy metals is not a significant concern. Although the roads are maintained in the wintertime, they are of a lower priority so sanding activities are more limited than on other more heavily-travelled Town roads. The Town currently does not use salt within the watershed for wintertime road maintenance.
Of much greater risk is sediment runoff and erosion of the road way surfaces. In many locations the Town roads function as conduits channeling and concentrating sediment laden runoff from upload areas directly into Paucatuck Brook and its tributaries.
The network of Town roadways also allows ready access to much of the watershed including stream crossings just 20 minutes travel time upstream of the reservoir. In the
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 3-4 Section 3 Watershed Inventory Tighe&Bond event of a fuel spill or accidental or intentional chemical release, the reservoir water quality would be quickly impacted. Although no water quality impacts have been documented, there have been a significant number of incidents such as motor or hydraulic oil spills and dumping of stolen, burned vehicles within the watershed. If any of these spills occurred directly into Paucatuck Brook, a temporary shutdown of the Bear Hole Reservoir may have been necessary.
Due to the impact of high turbidity on reservoir water quality, filter performance and potential masking of harmful micro-organisms, turbidity resulting from gravel surfaced roadways is believed to present a moderate risk to watershed water quality. In the event of a major spill or chemical release, the roadways present a high risk to water quality.
Town roads are discussed in additional detail below.
3.1.7.1 Prospect Avenue Prospect Avenue begins as Old Holyoke Road in Westfield and enters the watershed at the Westfield/West Springfield border. It crosses northeasterly through the watershed, exiting the watershed approximately 800 feet west of its intersection with Quarry Road. Two small ponds, owned by the Lane Quarry, abut the road near its entrance to the watershed. The road parallels the West Branch of Paucatuck Brook for 3/4 mile crossing the brook at three locations before also crossing the main branch of Paucatuck Brook. At several locations the road is located within 50 feet or less of the brook.
Until a few years ago, this road had an unimproved gravel surface throughout most of the watershed. Much of the roadway surface has been stabilized by the Town through the overlay of pavement millings generated from resurfacing projects in the Town. Portions of the road are prone to rutting in the vicinity of the ponds and two of the three brook crossings due to high groundwater levels and inadequate base material. At one of these crossings, the brook has been observed ponding directly upstream of the road, due to partially clogged or undersized culverts.
The Town completed a significant upgrade of the easterly brook crossing including reconstruction of the road cross-section, paving to stabilize the road surface, installation of stormwater treatment facilities and installation of larger culverts to prevent overtopping during peak runoff events.
The Town recently closed much of Prospect Avenue within the watershed to vehicular traffic by installing gates at the western end on Old Holyoke Road and at the Four Corners area. Due to its remote location, the road has occasionally been the site of illegal dumping activities including yard waste, construction materials and occasionally household waste and small quantities of waste oil or similar material. These wastes are removed by the DPW as soon as they are discovered. However, the occurrence of illegal dumping has been reduced due to closing the road to vehicular traffic.
3.1.7.2 Great Plains Road/Bear Hole Road Great Plains Road enters the watershed in West Springfield near the end of Bear Hole Road and crosses in a mostly northerly direction parallel to the Bear Hole Reservoir and lower portion of Paucatuck Brook. Similar to Prospect Avenue, most of the road surface has been stabilized by the installation of pavement millings. It roughly defines the eastern boundary of the glacial outwash terrace to the east of the reservoir and is mostly level throughout its route. At its closest point, near its intersection with Morgan
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Road, the road comes within 200 feet of Paucatuck Brook. At this location Great Plains crosses an unnamed tributary to Paucatuck Brook that drains a wetland and floodplain area to the east of the road. For most of its route, the road is between 700 and 1500 feet from Paucatuck Brook or its tributaries. The Town has closed this road to vehicular traffic by installing gates at Morgan Road and at the southern end of the watershed. Some dumping activities have occurred along the road, although has been reduced somewhat by closing the road to vehicular traffic.
3.1.7.3 Morgan Road/Millville Road Morgan Road enters the watershed from the east approximately 2,000 feet south of the Massachusetts Turnpike and continues 1,700 feet in a northwesterly direction to the intersection with Great Plains Road before crossing below the Turnpike. The road continues 1,000 feet in the same direction to an intersection with Prospect Avenue known as the Four Corners. The road originally had an unimproved gravel surface; however, much of the road has been improved by the overlay of pavement millings.
North of Four Corners, the road becomes Millville Road which is an unimproved dirt road. This road has also been closed to vehicular traffic by installation of a gate at Four Corners.
3.1.7.4 Quarry Road Portions of Quarry Road, which runs northwest off Prospect Avenue to the Holyoke/West Springfield border, are split between the Bear Hole and Ashley Pond Watersheds. Other portions lie outside either watershed. It is estimated that approximately 700 feet of the paved roadway lies in the Bear Hole Watershed, along with the last 800 feet of the road which is unimproved and not accessible to normal traffic. The unimproved portion of the road has been closed to vehicular traffic by installation of a gate.
3.1.7.5 Watershed and Reservoir Access Roads In addition to Town roads that are open to the general public, the Bear Hole Watershed contains a network of roads and trails with access to the public restricted by locked gates, earthen berms and other obstacles. The filter plant access road begins at the intersection of Bear Hole and Great Plains Roads. The entrance is protected by a gate which is kept locked during the evening and when Water Division personnel are not at the facility. This gravel access road has been stabilized with roadway millings for its entire length (approximately 3,000 feet) except for last several hundred feet which are paved due to very steep slopes. Most of this access road is downgradient of the reservoir and outside the watershed.
From the filter plant, the paved road continues up to the reservoir dam, where its surface varies from unimproved gravel to barely recognizable pavement. This road parallels the western shore of the reservoir at a distance between 50 and 200 feet from the shoreline. For much of its route on the west side of the reservoir, runoff is trapped on the road surface by shallow berms or a depressed surface and concentrates prior to locating a channel to flow down to the reservoir. Shallow gullies and loose sediment are evident at several locations. Most significant is a channel that has eroded below the access road just south of the entrance of Paucatuck Brook into the reservoir. Runoff from an access road to the WMECO transmission line is the source of much of this runoff. Sediment from this area can be observed flowing directly into the brook just above the reservoir.
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After crossing the brook at the north end of the reservoir, the access road continues to the east connecting back to a second locked gate off Great Plains Road. This access road from the gate at the Bear Hole and Great Plain Road intersection, down to the filter plant, across the dam and back to Great Plain is maintained accessible by the Town during most of the year.
There are numerous other trails and access roads beyond the reservoir area. Most significant is Millville Road which provides access to the Lost Pond and much of Paucatuck Brook north to Ashley Pond Reservoir. Millville Road is no longer maintained as a Town road and has been blocked off with an earthen berm, gate, and debris at the Four Corners area (intersection of Morgan Road, Millville Road, and Prospect Avenue). Despite the berm, four wheel drive vehicles have managed to gain access the area, either through openings in wooded areas along Prospect Avenue or by driving over the top of earthen berms installed to stop this activity. Quarry Road, from the end of the Town maintained section north into Holyoke, is another point of watershed access to four-wheel drive vehicles. Vehicles are occasionally spotted entering the watershed at other locations through openings created by the logging activities. These opening are typically blocked off with earthen berms, stumps or other debris once they develop.
3.1.8 Sewered Areas Although the majority of the Town of West Springfield is served by a municipal sewerage system, most of the Bear Hole Watershed is not accessible to this system. This is due in part by the Town ownership and preservation of the majority of the watershed area and shallow depths to bedrock making the installation of gravity sewers very costly. The only two portions of the watershed which are currently sewered include Prospect Avenue up to the Prospect Woods subdivision and Quarry Road up to Christopher Terrace. Gravity sewers extend close to, but do not enter, the watershed on Great Plains Road and Morgan Road. Several newer homes that were built on Great Plains Road within the watershed have sewage ejector pumps which pump sewage to the gravity sewer on Great Plains Road. Discussions with Town staff have confirmed there are currently no plans to extend these sewers into the watershed.
3.1.9 Gasoline Stations and Petroleum Storage There are no gasoline stations or petroleum storage facilities of a size equal to or greater than 2,000 gallons in the Bear Hole Watershed. According to the Town of West Springfield Water Division, no residential underground storage tanks have been installed in the watershed in recent years. Information on residential tanks that may have been installed in the past is not readily available and would require a review of Fire Department and Town archives.
3.2 Future Land Use Impacts In order to determine which future land uses may impact a water supply, current zoning with respect to watershed protection was reviewed. Town zoning maps and bylaws govern which future land uses and activities will be permitted. Therefore, it is important to prohibit or control the development of land within Zones A, B, and C that could negatively affect the source water.
New land use activities within the Bear Hole Watershed are regulated by the West Springfield Zoning Ordinance for the portion of the watershed located within the Town. Excerpts of applicable sections of the West Springfield and Holyoke Zoning Ordinances are provided in Appendix B.
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3.2.1 West Springfield Zoning All of the West Springfield watershed area is mapped as District RA. The primary allowable use within Zone RA is single family residence. Other allowed uses include agriculture, recreation, municipal facilities, institutional uses, and transportation right- of-ways. Uses specifically excluded include heavy industry such as rendering facilities, junkyards, and hazardous waste disposal sites. Minimum lot size for Zone RA is 30,000 square feet. As part of a cluster project, lot sizes can be reduced to 20,000 sf in Zone RA. Maximum allowable lot coverage for both districts is 20%.
3.2.2 West Springfield Water Supply Protection District The intent of the West Springfield Water Supply Protection District is to fully protect the Bear Hole Watershed within the town borders. There are minor differences between the overlay district and the watershed boundary developed in this SWPP which appear to be the result of different interpretations regarding the watershed topography and drainage patterns. A copy of the Town of West Springfield zoning ordinance regarding the Water Supply Protection District is included in Appendix B.
The West Springfield Water Supply Protection District regulations prohibit the following proposed uses within the District: • Business and industrial uses, except agricultural businesses; • Landfills, junk yards, auto recycling, except brush and stump dumps; • Underground storage and/or transmission of petroleum products except natural gas; • Outside storage of salt, de-icing materials, pesticides and herbicides; and • Surface or subsurface disposal of any toxic chemicals or household hazardous wastes.
The regulations also restrict the following uses: • Excavations to no closer than 10 feet above the groundwater table, except for work incidental to building, pond or utility construction; • Requires minimization of sodium chloride use; • Requires berming and covering of salt storage areas; • Restricts use of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides to manufacturer’s recommendations; • Requires aboveground bermed petroleum tanks; • Requires new manure pits and feedlots to restrict flow to watershed; • Minimum lot size is 30,000 square feet; • Maximum mowed lawn is 10,000 square feet per lot; • Maximum coverage by impervious surfaces is 20% of lot area; • All new users must be tied into municipal sewer system; and • All drainage is to be recharged on site.
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3.2.3 Holyoke Zoning The Holyoke portions of the Ashley Pond and McLean Reservoir Watersheds are zoned for agriculture (RA) and single family residence (RI). These areas are also protected by a City of Holyoke Water Protection Area Overlay District which prohibits quarrying, outdoor storage of deicing chemicals and contaminated snow, generating or storing hazardous materials, and construction of planned unit developments. Minimum lot sizes are 40,000 square feet where public sewers are not available and 20,000 square feet in sewered areas. A small portion of the Ashley Pond and McLean Reservoir Watersheds extend into West Springfield where they are subject to the same restrictions as the Bear Hole Watershed discussed above.
However, the northernmost portion of the Bear Hole Watershed that lies within the City of Holyoke is not included in the City of Holyoke Water Protection Area Overlay District. This portion of the Bear Hole Watershed is zoned (RA) for agriculture and single family residence, with a small area zoned industrial (IP) to the southeast of Ashley Pond. Therefore, the Town of West Springfield should discuss with the City of Holyoke the possibility of including this area as part of Holyoke’s Water Protection Area Overlay District.
3.3 Public Access/Recreation Impacts Sanctioned and unsanctioned users routinely visit the Bear Hole Watershed. Recreational activities allowed in the watershed include hiking, walking/jogging, and mountain biking along open access roadways and the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail (the M-M trail crosses through the watershed along the north-south ridge line below the Lane Quarry). Prohibited recreational activities include hunting, shooting, fishing, trapping, camping, swimming, horseback riding, and unauthorized vehicular use including all- terrain vehicles (ATVs) and off-road vehicles (ORVs). Dogs are allowed on watershed lands, however are prohibited to drink or swim in watershed streams or the reservoir and must be on a leash at all times.
All areas accessible by vehicles have been posted with "No Trespassing" signs. Despite these signs, hunting and other unauthorized activities persist. It is common to see vehicles parked along watershed access roads or occasionally bypassing blocked or gated roadways during hunting season. Deer stands and spent casings have been observed in the watershed. Campfire rings and empty beverage containers are also occasionally found in the watershed. When these activities are observed, Water Division employees advise users to leave the property. Most of these activities occur along the existing road and trail network.
Much of the more remote areas in the watershed cannot be accessed except on foot or by off-road vehicle. Dumping of trash and abandoning of vehicles has occurred along some of the non-public roads and trails. The remote, northern portion of the watershed appears to be frequented most often by unauthorized users. Unauthorized activities include the development and use of an often steep, narrow rocky trail network by ATVs, motorcycles and off-road vehicles. As discussed previously, Millville Road, which is closed from Prospect Street to Ashley Reservoir, is used to access a large number of trails established by recreational vehicle users. The trail system is continually evolving as existing trail surfaces become impassable. The most concentrated area of trails is near the residential development off of Quarry Road. These trails provide access to all reaches of the watershed including the top of the East Mountain ridge line.
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Recent efforts to limit access to the watershed have proven to be largely ineffective in controlling the ATV and ORV users. Fences and gates have been torn down on a regular basis. Even concrete barriers are routinely moved within 24 hours of placement. Large piles of earth used to block access are easily traversed by these persistent users.
Unauthorized activities tend to be concentrated along the reservoir’s network of roads and trails. While significant threats to reservoir water quality have not generally resulted from these activities, the potential remains for problems to develop in the future. The relatively small number of illegal users reduces this risk significantly. However, there remains the possibility that unintentional or intentional activities of recreational users could significantly impact water quality. For this reason, unsanctioned recreational activity is believed to normally pose a low risk to water quality, but an event such as the rupture of a gasoline tank on a recreational vehicle adjacent to Paucatuck Brook presents a high risk to water quality.
3.4 Wildlife Impacts Wild animals, farm animals, and domestic pets can be carriers of waterborne diseases such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Salmonella. It is important to monitor wildlife in order to determine the extent of contact with the reservoir. Animal populations to monitor for include but are not limited to gulls, geese, and other birds, dogs, horses, beaver, muskrat, and deer.
Because of its relatively isolated and generally undisturbed setting, the Bear Hole Watershed supports a wildlife community that belies its setting in a suburbanized landscape, between the Town of West Springfield and City of Westfield. The diversity of the wildlife community within the watershed is typically associated with a more remote mountain landscape. Based on the quality of the habitat present, the area may be expected to support such “backwoods” species as the bobcat, black bear, gray fox, porcupine, snowshoe hare, broad-winged hawk, barred owl, Cooper’s hawk, northern goshawk, American woodcock, ruffed grouse and wild turkey. A detailed wildlife field survey of the watershed was last conducted in 1994, and a summary of this survey is included in Appendix D. Since the watershed has not seen significant development changes since 1994 and habitat has remained largely undisturbed, we expect that the wildlife survey previously conducted will be largely representative of the wildlife community present today.
The following sections discuss the potential water quality risks imposed by the most common wildlife activity in the watershed, namely waterfowl, white-tailed deer, and beavers. Other wildlife present in the watershed is believed to pose a low risk to water quality.
3.4.1 Waterfowl Despite the expected high diversity of the watershed’s wildlife community, no signs of significant habitat overuse or stress have been observed. While the reservoir certainly supports the occasional pair of mallards or wood ducks (one pair observed), the habitat is generally too confined to support large concentrations of waterfowl. This is particularly true for Canada geese, the waterfowl species which is most typically associated with nutrient-loading problems in lakes and ponds. In general, Canada geese prefer open fields and agricultural lands that provide broad expanses of grazing habitat.
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Because of the lack of open grazing areas and narrow expanses of open water, flocks of Canada geese and other waterfowl, normally associated with fecal contamination of ponds and lakes, should not be attracted to the reservoir. The presence of an occasional pair of geese or seagull is not believed to be a risk. There are no nearby open landfills that present the risk of cross-contamination via the waterfowl. The limited use by waterfowl will also not add a significant amount of nutrients or organic material to the reservoir.
3.4.2 White-Tailed Deer While the watershed certainly supports a population of white-tailed deer, the herd appears to be well dispersed throughout the available habitat. Several stands of eastern hemlock along the west-facing slopes of the reservoir (approximately 150-200 linear feet from the water surface) provide the type of habitat preferred by white-tailed deer for winter “yarding”. However, none of these areas appear to support the intensity of habitat use that would pose a significant threat of fecal contamination in the reservoir.
No obvious signs of fecal contamination from a resident white-tailed deer population have been observed, although the watershed likely supports a substantial population of white-tailed deer. However, the deer generally seem to be well dispersed, in terms of habitat usage, and no signs of concentrated use (e.g., winter yarding areas) of an intensity which could cause fecal contamination of the reservoir have been observed. Therefore, the possibility of the resident deer population contributing to outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease caused by microscopic parasites, specifically Cryptosporidium or Giardia, seems remote. Significant impacts on nutrient levels from wildlife populations are also believed to be a low risk to water quality.
3.4.3 Beaver Activity Based on field observations and discussions with Water Division staff, the reservoir supports a viable beaver population. Beaver activity has been routinely observed along Paucatuck Brook, including active lodges and numerous freshly cut trees, saplings and branches along the edge of the water surface. Since beavers can be infected with Giardia and Cryptosporidium, the resident beaver population in the Bear Hole Watershed poses a significant risk to the reservoir water quality. Due to the current beaver population in the reservoir and known threat to water quality, this activity has been classified as a high risk to water quality.
3.5 In-Lake Problems Discussions with Water Division staff indicate that algae blooms cause the Bear Hole Water Treatment Facility to be routinely shut down every year during the summer months. The reservoir is relatively shallow with an average depth of 13 feet and a maximum depth of approximately 28 feet at the intake. Reservoir aerators have been installed in several locations in the reservoir to help with reservoir turnover and to limit algae growth.
Aquatic vegetation is also present in the reservoir. The reservoir is routinely lowered by 5 to 6 feet during the winter to kill nuisance aquatic weeds.
No other in-reservoir problems have been noted that affect water quality. Due to the management strategies currently in place to deal with algae and aquatic vegetation, these factors pose a low risk to water quality.
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3.6 Watershed Sampling Plan As part of its previous Watershed Resource Protection Plan, the Town of West Springfield has been conducting quarterly sampling for turbidity, nutrients, metals, sodium, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), synthetic organic compounds (SOCs) and pathogens at five monitoring sites located throughout the watershed. The Town of West Springfield terminated this sampling in March 2009 since it was no longer receiving log credit for disinfection for the Bear Hole WTP. However, under the requirements of the SWPP, the Town proposes to resume the previous sampling schedule, which is shown in Table 3-1. Locations of the water quality monitoring sites are indicated in Figure 3-1
The goal of the watershed sampling plan is to verify water quality entering the reservoir, monitor effectiveness of watershed control mechanisms, and to identify which portion(s) of the watershed may contribute to deteriorating water quality.
The four selected monitoring sites are the sites that were determined to be the best indicators of reservoir water quality as a result of many years of watershed monitoring. The parameters to be monitored include the following:
• Turbidity: To identify areas of the watershed that may be releasing nutrients and organic materials from disturbed soil during peak runoff conditions
• Nutrients (total nitrogen and phosphorus): To identify impacts due to disturbed soil, and residential and agricultural fertilizer application
• Sodium: To identify impacts due to road salt application
• Metals (lead and copper): To identify sources of road runoff and possibly natural sources
• VOCs: To identify impacts due to road runoff, spills, and residential use
• SOCs: To identify impacts of herbicides and pesticides due to transmission line and railroad vegetation management and residential application
A protocol for watershed sampling has been included in Table 3-2.
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TABLE 3-1 Watershed Sampling Plan Site Location Turbidity Nutrients Metals Sodium VOCs SOCs Pathogens Purpose
2 Reservoir Inlet 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 Verify Water Quality
5 Below Turnpike 4 -- 2 2 2 -- 4 Monitor Runoff Quality
6 Above Turnpike 4 ------4 Monitor Runoff Quality
8 Below Lost Pond 4 4 ------Monitor Nutrients into Pond
11 Below West Branch 4 4 2 2 -- -- 4 Monitor Road Erosion Crossing
1. Site numbers and location names above are consistent with 1995 WRPP.
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INSERT FIGURE 3-1
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TABLE 3-2 Watershed Sampling Protocol General:
1. All samples are to be grab samples collected from flowing water representative of overall stream quality. If flowing water does not exist at sample site, no sample is to be taken. Care will be taken to avoid introducing sediment from stream bottom or bank into the sample.
2. All samples taken during one sample interval are to be collected during the same site visit. Samples are to be collected by starting at the upstream sample locations and progressing downstream.
3. Where sample for multiple constituents are being collected at one location, a single sample is to be collected in a sample container large enough to fill the individual sample containers.
4. Turbidity, pH, and temperature are to be measured for all samples.
5. Antecedent and current conditions, including air temperature and precipitation over the preceding week, are to be recorded at the time of sampling. Visual observations such as water color, odor, presence of vegetation or debris, stream depth and flow rate are also to be recorded.
Turbidity
6. Quarterly turbidity sampling is to be collected near the end or immediately after a precipitation event of at least 1 inch in 24 hours.
7. Spring samples are to be collected at the end of snowmelt before trees have leafed out and frost is gone. Summer samples are to be collected following a short-duration high-intensity storm such as a thunderstorm. Fall samples are to be collected after most leaves have dropped but prior to any significant snowfall and ground freezing. Winter samples are to be collected either during a significant thaw or heavy rain storm.
8. Turbidity samples are to be analyzed by Water Division staff using the laboratory turbidimeter.
Nutrients
9. Samples are to be laboratory analyzed for total nitrogen and total phosphorus.
Metals
10. Samples are to be laboratory analyzed for lead and copper.
Volatile Organic Compounds
11. Samples are to be laboratory analyzed for VOCs per EPA Method 524.2.
Synthetic Organic Compounds
12. Samples are to be laboratory analyzed per EPA Method 504.
Pathogens
13. Samples are to be laboratory analyzed for total and fecal coliform.
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4 Tighe&Bond
Section 4 Watershed Protection Measures
4.1 Watershed Control Approximately 80% of the Bear Hole watershed is municipally owned land. As part of developing this protection plan, a program for the Town of West Springfield to monitor watershed activities was developed. Properties within the watershed that are owned by the Town of West Springfield were targeted for increased monitoring. The program includes periodic visual inspection to search for unauthorized activities, illegal dumping, obstructions to stream flow, deteriorating or missing signs, other maintenance needs, and to check for encroachment by adjacent land owners. These observations should be documented in writing at least monthly; the Water Division currently conducts weekly windshield surveys of the Bear Hole watershed. A log sheet for the monthly logged inspection of properties owned by the Town of West Springfield is included in Appendix E.
The Water Division proposed to adopt the following frequency of watershed inspections. Observations regarding unauthorized activities, illegal dumping, stream flow obstructions, signage, spills, wildlife activities, detrimental recreation activities will be recorded.
• Weekly windshield survey of vehicular-accessible watershed roads including Prospect Avenue to Four Corners, Morgan Road, Bear Hole Road, and reservoir perimeter road.
• Monthly inspection of all watershed roads.
• Semi-annual inspection of western and northern border with Lane Quarry.
• Annual inspection of entire stream course from Bear Hole Reservoir north to Ashley Pond Reservoir.
4.2 Town Ownership and Land Acquisition Plan One option for controlling watershed activities is direct purchase of land by the Town of West Springfield. It is also possible to acquire control through other means, such as conservation restrictions or covenants, easements, and purchase of development rights. Under such agreements, the land remains in private ownership and continues to provide revenue to the owners through activities that are consistent with water supply protection. This type of control should be emphasized within Zone A, and where there are high-impact land uses within Zones B and C. Ownership of land within Zone C is also desirable, but may be difficult and cost-prohibitive because of the large land area.
The Town of West Springfield owns approximately 80% of the property within in the Bear Hole watershed. The Town owns the most sensitive portions of the watershed including all the property abutting the reservoir and its tributaries and the majority of the land within Zone A except for a small area near Quarry Road. The Town also owns most of the land in Zone B except for a few parcels along Bear Hole Road.
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Private undeveloped property in the watershed includes three parcels east of Morgan Road north and south of the Massachusetts Turnpike, two parcels east of Bear Hole Road, and several parcels southwest of Quarry Road. The remainder of the watershed property not owned by the Town includes the active quarry owned by the John S. Lane Co. on the western edge of the watershed and developed residential property along Quarry Road and Prospect Avenue. Acquisition of these properties would be extremely costly and impractical. Also, these parcels not owned by the Town are further from the reservoir and its tributaries and are considered to be a lesser risk to water quality.
The Town actively monitors land ownership and has purchased additional property and participated in land swaps in the past when deemed to be a benefit to watershed protection, particularly in areas closer to the reservoir. However, since the majority of land area not currently owned by the Town is located in Zone C, the Town does not expect to actively pursue watershed land acquisition at this time.
4.3 Municipal Land Use Improvements Municipal uses within the watershed were reviewed to ensure that detrimental activities are identified and corrected. Municipal activities which could have an impact on surface water sources may include: road salt/sand use and storage; chemical use and storage; composting and recycling facilities; sites of permanent or one-day household hazardous waste collection events; motor oil collection centers; underground storage tanks; gasoline pumps; vehicle repair operations; public recreation areas; and septic systems. The results of the review are as follows:
• There are no municipal facilities within the Bear Hole watershed.
• The Town of West Springfield and City of Holyoke do not have public sewer systems within the watershed. Septic systems or single-home ejector pump stations which pump to a municipal gravity sewer outside of the watershed are the only means of sewage disposal. At this time, there are no plans to develop a municipal sewage collection system within these municipalities.
• There are no known composting facilities, recycling facilities, household hazardous waste sites, motor oil collection centers, road salt or sand storage facilities, underground fuel storage tanks, gas pumps, or vehicle repair operations located within the Bear Hole Watershed.
4.4 Public Access/Recreation Control Measures to be considered for control of public access/recreation include: replanting eroded areas; rerouting trails away from vulnerable soils, slopes and intake; developing an “adoption” program, creating well-defined parking areas; installing and maintaining signs denoting water supply; blocking off vulnerable areas to vehicular and pedestrian traffic; conducting regular inspections; maintaining an inspection log; developing and enforcing rules; and conducting public education. Public access/recreation should be prohibited if appropriate controls and funds to sustain those controls are not available.
Illegal and unauthorized activities in the Bear Hole Watershed represent one of the most significant, uncontrolled threats to water quality in the Bear Hole Reservoir. Rampant use of portions of the watershed by ATV riders has resulted in the steady decline of some existing watershed road and trails and the creation of new ATV trails across some
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 4-2 Section 4 Watershed Protection Measures Tighe&Bond of the most sensitive portions of the watershed. Reversing this trend will be a slow process and will require a significant commitment of Town resources, both in terms of manpower and finances.
Recommendations relative to the key components of a watershed illegal and unauthorized activity control plan: (1) Perimeter Control, (2) Patrolling, and (3) Enforcement; are discussed below.
4.4.1 Perimeter Control The Massachusetts Turnpike divides the watershed into two distinctly separate areas. The portion of the watershed south of the Turnpike is well defined and largely fenced on the east boundary along areas accessible by the public. Perimeter control along the east side of the watershed in this area should focus maintaining existing fencing and gates. Perimeter control along the west side of the watershed in this area should consist of reducing access from remote points along the Lane Quarry. This can be done through patrolling and installation of barricades at key access points. In addition, the Town should coordinate its access control activities with the operators of the quarry to see if improvements to existing control activities can be implemented. Although costly and frustrating, diligent maintenance of the gates and fencing over time will discourage access to the watershed. Coupled with increased patrolling, the frequency and magnitude of damage from illegal activities should gradually decrease.
The borders of the watershed north of the Turnpike are extensive and largely unfenced or gated. Fencing of the borders of this vast area would be prohibitively expensive and impractical. For example, there are numerous access points along Prospect Avenue, Quarry Road and the closed Millville Road that are difficult to control and manage. Efforts to gate major access points along these roads have been met with almost daily breaches. Despite the apparent futility of these efforts, diligent maintenance of these perimeter controls combined with regular patrolling is vital to controlling access to the area. As some of the other control measures become more effective, damage to the gated access points should become less regular. To assist in controlling access, the installation of perimeter control devices less prone to vandalism is recommended.
The Water Division has installed signs at various entry points along the watershed boundaries (see Appendix F for examples of signs installed). In combination with perimeter controls, additional signs can continue to be installed along the boundaries of Town-owned watershed property (particularly at ATV entry locations) to notify trespassers of these boundaries and watershed use limitations.
4.4.2 Patrolling Effective control of unauthorized activities in a watershed adjacent to an urban area requires regular and extensive patrolling. Perimeter control devices such as fences or barricades alone will not be effective in discouraging these activities. Given enough time and determination, as has been witnessed at the Bear Hole Watershed, even the most rugged fence or barricade will be breached. In addition, even if barricades are not breached, as also witnessed at Bear Hole, trespassers quickly develop new access routes around immovable barricades.
Reversing the increasing trend in illegal and unauthorized use of the Bear Hole Watershed will require extensive public education combined with an aggressive patrolling and enforcement program by the Town of West Springfield. Over time, as the Town’s program becomes better known, it is expected that illegal activities will diminish
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 4-3 Section 4 Watershed Protection Measures Tighe&Bond and reduced patrolling may be possible. Regular patrolling should be carried out both by Water Division staff and uniformed police officers with a goal of having a continuous presence in watershed during the summer months from at least 7:00 AM until 7:00 PM. The mode of travel can vary from marked police cars and Town maintenance vehicles to ATVs, bicycles and foot patrols. A similar continuous presence should be maintained during any other periods of known significant use of the watershed for illegal and unauthorized activities. This patrolling program should be combined with the above described public education program to both reach the general public and specifically target unauthorized users of the watershed, such as ATV riders.
The Massachusetts Turnpike divides the watershed into two distinct patrolling areas. Access to the southern portion of the watershed is much more limited than the northern portion of the watershed; thus patrolling by Police and Water Division staff in the southern area will be more effective due to the contained nature of the area. For this reason and due to the proximity of the southern area to the reservoir, it is recommended that initial concentrated patrolling efforts be focused in this area.
The northern portion of the watershed will require a different approach due the large area covered with numerous access points and will require more extensive upgrades to existing watershed access roads to allow access to on-road patrol vehicles. Implementing effective patrolling in this area will require more time and may require alternative approaches including off-road patrolling with ATVs or mountain bicycles and greater involvement of outside volunteer groups.
4.4.3 Enforcement Ultimately, the public needs to know that the Town is serious about protecting its watershed and water supply. To send this message, after providing sufficient warning through the public educational activities discussed above, it may be necessary to take enforcement action against illegal, unauthorized users of the watershed. The Town should issue penalties to ATV riders in the watershed, as it has in the recent past, and should consider measures such as confiscation of ATVs used by repeat offenders. The Town may want to consider adopting a watershed protection enforcement district to allow more significant penalties for trespassers conducting activities that threaten the Bear Hole Reservoir water quality. The Town should encourage local newspapers to report on enforcement action, as a deterrent to future illegal activities. In addition, after sufficient warning is provided, the Town should consider legal action against any person or organizations, such as operators of the adjoining Motocross track, in the event that these persons or organization encourage others to participate in illegal activities in the watershed.
4.5 Wildlife Management Standard procedures to be considered for wildlife management include: regular inspections for wildlife presence on or near the reservoirs, especially near the intake; appropriate actions to deter presence, such as use of an air cannon; and regular water quality monitoring to determine whether a stricter wildlife management program must be conducted.
Beaver activity within the watershed is a potential concern. Beaver activity has been observed all along Paucatuck Brook and its tributaries, especially in areas north of the Massachusetts Turnpike. The Town has implemented a number of beaver management strategies. A “beaver deceiver” was recently constructed at a culvert where Paucatuck
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 4-4 Section 4 Watershed Protection Measures Tighe&Bond
Brook runs under Prospect Avenue, located just west of Four Corners. A photograph of the structure is shown in Figure 4-1.
FIGURE 4-1 Beaver Deceiver on Paucatuck Brook
At this time, periodic monitoring of the watershed is conducted (an inspection log sheet for monthly logged inspection is included in Appendix E). One focus of these inspections should be the presence of beaver in the watershed. If declining water quality trends indicate a need, then a management plan to control wildlife contact with the water supply will be developed.
MassDEP has developed a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) titled Determining a Threat to Public Water Supplies Related to Presence of Beaver and Muskrat. The SOP states the process and methodology that will be used for issuing an official determination that a threat exists. The determination can than be used by the Town of West Springfield to petition the Board of Health for a permit to eliminate the threat. A copy of the SOP is included in Appendix G.
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 4-5 Section 4 Watershed Protection Measures Tighe&Bond
4.6 In-Lake Management The Town of West Springfield currently manages algae in the Bear Hole Reservoir by using an aerator near the intake to encourage reservoir turnover. Also, aquatic vegetation is annually managed by lowering the reservoir level by 5 to 6 feet during the winter months.
There are no other known in-lake problems at this time, but the Town of West Springfield should continue monitoring water quality within the watershed according to the proposed sampling plan. The sampling results should be analyzed for possible problems and declining water quality trends. If water quality degradation trends due to algae, aquatic vegetation, and/or bacteria become apparent, a more detailed program for managing in-lake problems should be developed, but is not warranted at this time.
4.7 Staffing The Town of West Springfield’s water supply, treatment, and distribution facilities are managed and operated by the Water Division of the DPW. The Division includes 15 staff members divided between the Treatment/Pumping and Distribution groups. The Treatment/Pumping Group includes three employees whose primary responsibility is operating the Town’s six water pumping stations and water treatment facilities at the Bear Hole Reservoir and Southwick Wellfield. These employees are also responsible for regular water quality sampling in the distribution system and at the treatment facilities and surveillance of the watershed and wellfield properties. The Distribution Group includes 12 employees who are responsible for maintaining the distribution system including installation of new water mains and services, repair of distribution system leaks and breaks, operation of valves, meter reading, and related work. The Water Division is managed by the Deputy Director of Water, Jeffrey Auer, with oversight by the Director of Public Works, Jack Dowd. The governing body overseeing the DPW is the elected Mayor. The organizational structure of the DPW is included in Appendix H.
Sufficient qualified staff is available to perform system operations, maintenance, repairs, monitoring, inspections, and enforcement, as well as the watershed protection measures outlined in this protection plan. Currently, there is one open position within the Water Division as indicated in the staffing chart which will be filled as soon as a qualified individual has been identified. It is anticipated that the Water Division will obtain the assistance of other divisions within the DPW and other Town departments (e.g., Engineering, Parks and Grounds, Highway, Sewer and Flood Control) as required.
4.8 Regulatory Controls If other protection measures are not appropriate or effective, the following local regulatory controls may be considered: re-zoning, zoning and non-zoning bylaws, Board of Health Regulations, Best Management Practices for agriculture, erosion control, and storm water management.
Currently, a zoning overlay protection district in West Springfield is in place to protect the Bear Hole Watershed from harmful development. The text of these bylaws is found in Appendix B. These restrictions are enforced by various Town departments including Planning, Engineering, and the Building Inspector. Prior to issuance of a building permit, the Building Inspector must make a determination that the proposed building is in compliance with the zoning by-laws, which include the Protection District. Residential subdivision and non-residential uses are subject to the review and approval of the
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 4-6 Section 4 Watershed Protection Measures Tighe&Bond
Planning Board and comments from all Town departments. Enforcement of zoning restrictions and approval conditions become the responsibility of the Building Inspector and Engineering Department.
The Town of West Springfield should work with the City of Holyoke Planning Department to have the Holyoke portion of the Bear Hole watershed incorporated into its watershed overlay protection district. This will ensure that this part of the watershed is protected by the same restrictions currently in effect for the McLean Reservoir and Ashley Pond Reservoir watersheds.
4.9 Emergency Planning Emergency response and contingency plans ensure that drinking water needs are met by addressing short-term water shortages and long-term water demands. A short-term water shortage may result from periods of drought, miscalculation of water demand, pump operation malfunctions, or contamination. The identification of short-term storage, temporary and permanent alternative sources, interconnections, and measures for treating a water supply, should contamination occur, are significant components of an Emergency Response Plan (ERP).
The Town of West Springfield has recently completed a formal ERP (Tighe & Bond, 2009). The ERP addresses various emergency situations that could occur within the water system, including protection of its surface (i.e., Bear Hole Reservoir) and groundwater supplies. The plan includes step-by-step procedures for addressing contamination problems, drought response, failure of critical system components such as pumping, disinfection, or storage facilities. The plan includes important contact information for federal and state environmental protection agencies, emergency responders, health departments, highway departments, contractors, newspapers, radio stations, television stations, and testing laboratories.
In addition to the ERP, all water systems in the United States that serve greater than 3.300 customers are required to prepare vulnerability assessments to protect their facilities against potential terrorist acts. The vulnerability assessment would evaluate means to ensure protection of West Springfield’s supply, treatment, and distribution systems by documenting existing practices and identifying areas where security and protection measures could be improved.
4.10 Education The Town of West Springfield has implemented a number of public education programs in order to disseminate information on the importance of watershed protection efforts and the potential risks associated with degradation of the Bear Hole surface water supply. The Town’s educational efforts have included the following:
• As part of its annual Consumer Confidence Report, which is directly mailed to all customers, the Water Division presents information on watershed protection, potential contamination sources, and information on where the Town’s water comes from.
• In order to promote water conservation, the Town is currently sponsoring a rain barrel distribution program to provide affordable rain barrels for landscape irrigation to both residents and non-residents of West Springfield.
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 4-7 Section 4 Watershed Protection Measures Tighe&Bond
• The Town has made its “Water Conservation Plan” prepared by the Pioneer Valley Planning Commission (June 2005) available on the Department of Public Work’s website at the following address:
http://www.west- springfield.ma.us/Public_Documents/WSpringfieldMA_DPW/WS_Final_Water_Plan _9_13_05.pdf
The plan outlines water conservation measures that can be undertaken at the municipal level and by consumers and discusses efficiency technologies and practices that can save water in homes, lawns and landscapes, businesses, institutions, factories, and farms.
• The Town has made its “Source Water Assessment and Protection (SWAP) Report” prepared by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (May 3, 2003) available on the Department of Public Work’s website at the following address:
http://www.west- springfield.ma.us/Public_Documents/WSpringfieldMA_DPW/1325000.pdf
The report provides an inventory of land uses within water supply recharge areas, assesses the susceptibility of drinking water sources to contamination, and provides recommendations on how to improve water supply protection.
• The Water Division’s webpage provides a public education link to EPA’s website on the “Water Cycle”.
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/kids/flash/flash_watercycle.html
• The Town has also adopted a water use restriction ordinance for periods of drought and authorizes the Town to regulate water use (see Appendix J).
In addition to the above educational efforts already undertaken by the Town, the following measures can also be considered:
• Disseminate information from the SWPP: It is recommended that the Town make parts of this protection plan available in electronic form on the DPW website in addition to the material that is already there.
• Informational pamphlets: The Town has produced an initial information brochure to assist in informing the public about the importance of controlling watershed activities to maintain water quality in the Bear Hole Reservoir. It is recommended that the Town continue to distribute informational pamphlets describing the reservoir, its watershed, and potential impacts to water quality from recreational use. These pamphlets can be provided by Town staff to the public or outside groups such as local schools, hiking organizations, and other user groups.
• Newspaper articles: Control of dumping and other illegal activities in the Bear Hole Watershed has recently been the focus of a number of articles in local newspapers. These articles have documented the Town’s reaction to illegal activities that have occurred in the watershed. In addition to focusing on the
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 4-8 Section 4 Watershed Protection Measures Tighe&Bond
Town’s reaction to these events, it is recommended that the Town use local newspapers to regularly distribute information about the need to protect the watershed to maintain the Town’s drinking water quality and to inform the public about activities being implemented to enhance the watershed and discourage detrimental activities. Newspaper articles may reach a broader audience than some other public education materials.
• Schools: The Bear Hole Watershed is one of West Springfield’s two largest areas of municipally owned undeveloped land. Unlike Mittineague Park, the other large area of Town owned undeveloped land, which is actively used by the Town for recreational purposes, use of the Bear Hole Watershed is largely discouraged. It is recommended that the Water Division consult with the School Department and encourage the passive use of the watershed for educational purposes.
• Outside groups: There are a number of outside groups, such as the Berkshire Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club, Boy Scouts, and even some of the mountain biking organizations that could be enlisted to help with improving public knowledge regarding use and stewardship of the Bear Hole Watershed. Similar to the private organization, known as the “Friends of Mittineague”, the Town should encourage public involvement in the use and management of the Bear Hole Watershed.
4.11 Communication/Coordination A copy of this surface water supply protection plan should be provided to Holyoke Water Works so that the two communities can coordinate watershed protection efforts and to have a shared understanding of the primary sensitive areas which can impact water quality.
Copies of the plan should also be made available to other divisions within the DPW should staff be needed to assist with watershed protection efforts described in this section.
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 4-9 5 SECTION
F Tighe&Bond
Section 5 Summary and Recommendations
5.1 Summary The Town of West Springfield has been proactive in implementing watershed protection measures to protect the Bear Hole Watershed. Development of this source water protection plan is consistent with those efforts. The Town has developed bylaws that prohibit certain potentially detrimental activities within sensitive water supply areas of the Town. The Town of West Springfield will continue to pursue opportunities that will enhance the protection of its water supplies, including the Bear Hole Reservoir.
5.2 Recommendations Although the Town has been mindful of the vulnerability of the Bear Hole Reservoir, additional programs could be implemented to further improve the Town's protection efforts. A summary of the watershed protection measures developed in Section 4 are summarized in Table 5-1.
TABLE 5-1 Summary of Watershed Protection Measures
Category Description Reference Report Section Watershed Weekly inspections of vehicular-accessible watershed 4.1 Inspections roads including Prospect to Four Corners, Morgan Road, Bear Hole Road, and reservoir perimeter road Monthly inspections of watershed roads Semi-annual inspection of western and northern border with Lane Quarry Annual inspection of entire stream course from Bear Hole Reservoir north to Ashley Pond Reservoir Public Access/ Perimeter control along western side of watershed 4.4.1 Recreation Control and reduce access points along Lane Quarry to reduce illegal unauthorized use (e.g., ATVs); coordinate access control efforts with Lane Quarry
Public Access/ Install signage along boundaries of Town-owned 4.4.1 Recreation Control watershed property indicating watershed use limitations Public Access/ Regular patrolling by Water Division staff and 4.4.2 Recreation Control uniformed police officers focused in the portion of the watershed south of the Massachusetts Turnpike, as resources allow, to reduce illegal unauthorized use (e.g., ATVs)
Public Access/ Take enforcement action against illegal unauthorized 4.4.3 Recreation Control users of the watershed; examples include issuing penalties, ATV confiscation, establish a watershed protection enforcement district
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 5-1 Section 5 Summary and Recommendations Tighe&Bond
Category Description Reference Report Section Wildlife Management Develop a beaver management plan if water quality 4.5 monitoring indicates deterioration due to beaver presence in Paucatuck Brook In-Lake Management Continue water quality monitoring to detect water 4.6 quality degradation trends due to algae, aquatic vegetation, and/or bacteria and develop a detailed program for managing in-lake problems as needed
Regulatory Controls Work with City of Holyoke Planning Department to 4.8 incorporate Holyoke portion of the Bear Hole Watershed into its watershed overlay protection district
Education Make parts of the SWPP available in electronic form 4.10 on the DPW website Education Use newspapers to distribute information about the 4.10 need to protect the watershed and the water quality impact due to illegal unauthorized use Education Enlist the aid of outside groups (e.g., Appalachian 4.10 Mountain Club, Boy Scouts, mountain biking organizations) to help foster responsible use and stewardship of the Bear Hole Watershed
Communication/ Provide copies of the SWPP to Holyoke Water Works 4.11 Coordination and other divisions within the DPW
West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 5-2 6
6 SECTION Tighe&Bond
Section 6 References
Dufresne-Henry, Inc. June 1995. Watershed Resource Protection Plan for the Bear Hole Watershed.
Gilbert, Amy J. and Walsh, Mary K. 1981. Forest Management Plan for the Bear Hole Watershed. Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA.
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. May 2000. Developing a Local Surface Water Supply Protection Plan.
Tighe & Bond. June 2002. Watershed Resource Protection Plan for Tighe-Carmody Reservoir, Hugh McLean Reservoir, Ashley Pond Reservoir, Whiting Street Reservoir.
Tighe & Bond. December 2009. Emergency Response Plan, West Springfield DPW – Water Division.
Wigmore, Mary. March 2000. Bear Hole Watershed: Watershed Management Plan 2000 – 2015.
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West Springfield Surface Water Supply Protection Plan 6-1 A
A APPENDIX
C O L Legend IN O E K R S O A T R D R Bearhole Watershed O O E
L A A D N S I N D
T A G
S E O T E Sub-BasinR R D U
S R
E A N O R E T O E T S V A R O R A S D D E S
C N A I O
WatershedM Characteristics E O V K T O R O D R T P R A O V J C S E M A A N D E E H I L MA Towns B R L T A O L T R U O R E O N C O U Y S U
K Y N O R Lake, Pond,R River or Impoundment P E M O O R U A D A N D A E D E S R O V Inland Wetlands S O R A
S W R S E S I
L O R E V D Coastal Wetlands A O S R D I D AD T A J M C Stream H E B R AY R WH BERRY D R Y Water Supplies ITE IVE L 1137000-02G O S AF R T L O R E SOUTHAMPTONSOUTHAMPTONÞ AD AR ! E E C Community Public Water Supply - Surface Water REEN DRIV H Y O E N E DR C ANIT T E R IV A D O V R E Þ RIV I Y ! E U Community Public Water Supply - Groundwater R S N D T R T T E Y E S T " Non-Community Non-Transient Public Water Supply R K O E R L O Y A E F U D S R A R I A E D O "T E AD Non-CommunityDR Transient Public Water Supply O G R R T IV E T O E
E E O
Roadways G R U SANT DRIVE T V Q PHEA A S L E L D E P Y N Limited Access Highway R A O E AD O STREET FENTON E R
U S E E Q
E Multi-Lane Highway, NOT Limited Access U U U P U
N N
N M E E A E V V Other Numbered Highway V C A A
T
A
E
O N
T N N STREE I ARDE E O
A R R
Major Road - Collector R
G A T I
T U S H
N H
D C OA D Minor Street or Road EUMER R I O BL HOLYOKE N OAD HOLYOKE M R DRIVE A LEDGE EDBERT RED L MEM D N ROAD ORIAL DRIVE T Railroad H O CAMP JA EE R O M ST W UE K Track or Trail LL OR ER Y FREYER ROAD R O E A B D V ! R Powerline I E BIRCH R R T OA D D OA T D E R COUTUR O
L S E N Y N Protection Zones O D T E E AD A A ER RO E L N G R BELAN W E D R A O G T H R A D L N R A S G G I P O I N E S ZONE A D O R H T R O R G A M E T T N N D R N O L 1137000-01S R O E N V D O RT D IE A H R N O O E F R A F
M ZONE BO O AD R M T A O Y S G R E D R O T E
R N E O R E I
W T A N
C P V E U T
D E I ZONE C U A
G N H E
O
A E
Y R W T A C W V
T T S ON
1137000-01G A M
D RE S
Zone IIs AP D D L OL D
L D
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O N E
1137000-03S A
A T
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IWPAs L W S
R O
H E R I Y
T M N L I E O
M Y H FA A A LC V F ON D E T RIV Y
N E E L U
E D E O
R DO A H X AD T T R O OA O S E B D R R UC E K D E PO 'S L R N IE K D R Y F E T O DRIV O AD E T GARY S S L Y I E
L E A W R O D S D
E E I
H A W L V
O I O E LEWIS ROAD L R R
D
G
L
N
L
A
A
B M
O
B
A
L KE A LL Y R WAY O
A
A D IR P O R D E R T A V A R O I M
R P O R -R A IL D T D A 9 R n E 0 i Q T U T T a O E A t LOST A R G R T T Y D n R I POND S 9 A R u Y E 1 R W o D R V I
O E A
T T M R A
N O D N D
I
O R 1329000-08G K M t E E O
s L L O
R A a I P L I
V E A R E R
L N P E
L A
O 1329000-07G I L
UE PROSPECT AVE V M N R Y UE N O D E R T A V R A WB D O T E RT 90 R B 1 TO R C RT 9 T IR E Y RAMP- I ENE P A V C D S I RIVE O B E R T PR IS D LANE N NIE I WESTFIELD E EPHA N W ST T M E O O R R S G T A A T N E
R 9 O 1 A D IN E T IK E P APRICO R N T HILL S R T TU E A DRIV P T S USH E T NNO I HA P T 9 E E S D 1 U R H A
C O R A S R O S A E A M L D
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k H S W o D W ROA R KE O LD HOLYO o O r A E O E B E MAS C D SACH B ATAUMET USE DRIVE T TTS TUR k B NPIKE c F R
u E H t O O R L O YOKE R a OA c N D ROS K S E u D E D H L T E L DR a IV WEST SPRINGFIELD R E R E P WEST SPRINGFIELD W R I
V 1329000-01G O E R
T E O U A D A E A M N C E D V E E O E A R N V U S T O A E T R S E O J E I W T E G ELIZ N A T BETH AVEN N UE I
D N R I y I S D r OA W R R R B E r IDGE B r T R E S N i E O a FOR H Y o A u v C R r D e I D Q R s MORGAN S E ROAD AD e e E C P O R N R n U L R L A IL a L N E I M E N ER L N V P E G PA R A D E V D E I T A S
A R e A D l N O
L E D A o A R E P H L O L E r R HI L L LL R a I C B O R e C J ES E M O T Y B A E R A S C IV IR R I R E C R W D 1329000-02G D P LE 1325000-01S H C E D R H R O A O A L S T AT V A A E E LV E R TRE SA N O U B Y S W U R O WE E R Q A DE U O ID D F N A D N T O L O IO I BR P E D R N A A A OA T E I E C T N S W H E R T V R T L N E I R R R S R I L O E N T U L R E F F E A O T E E F D U S N L A R D O G L E G T E O R GE D A A M T A E IT L N R D E R D R K H R E T I R E O S V I S N S V E S E A E A A L D L D E P V U AU A A C E A IVE AT G O N R P D D UC R O K U TWO RO N AS A E M E LAN D U E R T OAD U A MAP 1A - BEAR HOLE WATERSHED SURFACE WATER SUPPLY 01,200 2,400 4,800 PROTECTION PLAN JANUARY 2010 Z Feet BEARHOLE RESERVOIR 1 inch = 2,400 feet WEST SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS Tighe&Bond V:\Projects\W\W1393\Mapping\Overall_BHwatershed.mxd Legend B UC K GR PO EEN ND PIN Bearhole Watershed RO E L AD ANE DO X R HUN OA TER Sub-Basin D S SL OPE Watershed Characteristics D A E O N R A E L MA Towns N 'S A A Y S I L E L L N I Lake, Pond, River or Impoundment E A T D IS R Inland Wetlands K LEWIS ROAD
D D A Coastal Wetlands A O O HOLYOKE HOLYOKE R R D L N E Stream I I F A T T S N E Water Supplies U W O R E M Þ W ! T Community Public Water Supply - Surface Water O L S
A !Þ Community Public Water Supply - GroundwaterE " Non-Community Non-Transient Public Water Supply
"T Non-Community Transient PublicR Water Supply I TA M A Roadways R Y E E V W I A N Y R CH A A L D Limited Access HighwayPIN PO A Y Q N N K U D I R T S A O Multi-Lane Highway, NOT LimitedA Access n R D E i R U Y L a
B t R Other Numbered Highway O D n A A D O u R Major Road - Collector IL o A R T M E Minor Street or Road G D I R Lost
Railroad t s Pond Track or Trail a E ! PowerlineEZ DRIVE PAUL PER
Protection Zones D A
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E M V E I ZONE C E V I R V E R I D N
D R A N E L D U Zone IIs A Y A EN R S D N AV R U N N E I T B A C S L Y PE A IWPAs SAD O S B IE LA J O NE PR IRENE DRIVE EA STVIEW DRIVE
WESTFIELD
E N A L
E I N A M H P O E R T G S A N
R O A D
D
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E E L DEVE K NO I O LANE P N H R U R E T U A N S T E E T V E B A S T U EC H P C S A E O S V S I PR A M R D
H
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U D A O O WEST SPRINGFIELD N R WEST SPRINGFIELD N A E H G ID k R L N A o A N I E o D D OA Q r N E R I YOK U HOL A B OLD R R k MASSA Y CHUSE TTS TURN R c PIKE O A u D t HOLY OKE ROAD a c u a R OSED P ELL DRIVE
S HE RW OO D A VE NU E DRIVE GAIL D A
O
R y R r I
r O r i a V R o ROAD E GE D u v ST RID A S RE r FO D O E A R Q O L R e R L I s EY M e E AD B L RO R e RIDGE AR E n O ER H P R TIMB H A H P I a R G A L H E E
B M N A A E L M A N O D R S O E T W T O N W D A e L N R l I R V o O E H S A A D D r W A a M O I L R e L Y B R R O R A A D U
Q H IL L 1325000-01S C R E S J T O C S I EP R H C ET A L RE V E ST E EY N EW UE D
MAP 1B - BASE MAP SURFACE WATER SUPPLY 0600 1,200 2,400 PROTECTION PLAN JANUARY 2010 Z Feet BEARHOLE RESERVOIR 1 inch = 1,200 feet WEST SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS Tighe&Bond V:\Projects\W\W1393\Mapping\BaseMap.mxd Legend B UC K GR Bearhole WatershedPO EEN ND PIN RO E L AD ANE Sub-Basin DO X R HUN OA TER D S SL Watershed Characteristics OPE
D A MA Towns E O N R A E L Lake, Pond, River or Impoundment N 'S A A Y S I L E L L N I Inland Wetlands E A T D IS Coastal Wetlands R K LEWIS RStreamOAD
D D A A O Water Supplies O HOLYOKE HOLYOKE R R D L Þ N E ! I I Community Public Water Supply - Surface Water F A T T S !Þ Community Public Water Supply - Groundwater N E U W O R E M " Non-Community Non-Transient Public Water Supply W T O L S "T Non-Community Transient Public Water Supply A E Roadways Limited Access Highway
R Multi-Lane Highway, NOT Limited AccessI TA M A Other Numbered Highway R Y E E V W I A N Y R Major Road - Collector CH A A L D PIN PO A Y Q N N K U Minor Street or Road D I R T S A O A R D E R Railroad U n Y L i
B R a O Track or Trail D t A A O n D ! R Powerline IL u A R o T Protection Zones E G M D I ZONE A R Lost
Pond ZONE B t s ZONE C a E EZ DRIVE ZoneP AIIsUL PER IWPAs Major Landuses D
A
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MAP 2 - LAND USES SURFACE WATER SUPPLY 0600 1,200 2,400 PROTECTION PLAN JANUARY 2010 Z Feet BEARHOLE RESERVOIR 1 inch = 1,200 feet WEST SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS Tighe&Bond V:\Projects\W\W1393\Mapping\Landuses.mxd Legend B UC K GR PO EEN Bearhole WatershedND PIN RO E L AD ANE DO Sub-Basin X R HUN OA TER D S SL Watershed Characteristics OPE D A E MA Towns O N R A E L N 'S Lake, Pond, River or Impoundment A A Y S I L E L L N I Inland Wetlands E A T D IS R Coastal Wetlands K LEWIS RStreamOAD D D A A O O HOLYOKE Water Supplies HOLYOKE R R D L N E I I Þ F ! A Community Public Water Supply - Surface Water T T S Þ N E ! Community Public Water Supply - Groundwater U W O R E M " W Non-Community Non-Transient Public Water SupplyT O L S
A "T Non-Community Transient Public Water Supply E Roadways Limited Access Highway
R I Multi-Lane Highway, NOT Limited AccessTA M A R Other Numbered Highway Y E E V W I A N Y R CH A Major Road - Collector A L D PIN PO A Y N N K D I n Minor Street or Road S R T i OA D E a U t Railroad L B n D u Track or Trail A O o R ! IL Powerline A M R T E Protection Zones G D I Q R Lost U ZONE A t A R s R a Pond Y R ZONE B O E A ZONE C D EZ DRIVE ZoneP IIsAUL PER IWPAs
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MAP 3 - PROTECTED OPEN SPACE SURFACE WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION PLAN 0600 1,200 2,400 JANUARY 2010 Z Feet BEARHOLE RESERVOIR 1 inch = 1,200 feet WEST SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS Tighe&Bond V:\Projects\W\W1393\Mapping\ProtectedOS.mxd Legend B UC K GR Bearhole WatershedPO EEN ND PIN RO E L AD ANE Sub-Basin DO X R HUN OA TER D S SL Watershed Characteristics OPE
D A MA Towns E O N R A E L Lake, Pond, River or Impoundment N 'S A A Y S I L E L L N I Inland Wetlands E A T D IS Coastal Wetlands R K LEWIS StreamROAD
D D A A O Water Supplies O HOLYOKE HOLYOKE R R D L Þ N E ! Community Public Water Supply - Surface Water I I F A T T S !Þ Community Public Water Supply - Groundwater N E U W O R E M " Non-Community Non-Transient Public Water Supply W T O L S "T Non-Community Transient Public Water Supply A E Roadways Limited Access Highway
R Multi-Lane Highway, NOT Limited AccessI TA M A Other Numbered Highway R Y E E V W I A N Y R Major Road - Collector CH A A L D PIN PO A Y Q N N K U Minor Street or Road D I R T S A O A R D E n R Railroad U i Y L
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MAP 4 - ZONING SURFACE WATER SUPPLY 0600 1,200 2,400 PROTECTION PLAN JANUARY 2010 Z Feet BEARHOLE RESERVOIR 1 inch = 1,200 feet WEST SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS Tighe&Bond V:\Projects\W\W1393\Mapping\Zoning.mxd Legend B UC K GR PO EEN ND PIN Bearhole Watershed RO E L AD ANE DO X R HUN Sub-Basin OA TER D S SL OPE
Watershed Characteristics D A E O N R A E L MA Towns N 'S A A Y S I L E L L N I Lake, Pond, River or Impoundment E A T D IS R Inland Wetlands K LEWIS ROAD
D D Coastal Wetlands A A O O HOLYOKE HOLYOKE R R D L Stream N E I I F A T T S Water Supplies N E U W O R E M !Þ W Community Public Water Supply - SurfaceT Water O L S
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MAP 5 - TOPOGRAPHY SURFACE WATER SUPPLY 0600 1,200 2,400 PROTECTION PLAN JANUARY 2010 Z Feet BEARHOLE RESERVOIR 1 inch = 1,200 feet WEST SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS Tighe&Bond V:\Projects\W\W1393\Mapping\Topography.mxd B APPENDIX
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C APPENDIX
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100 Springdale Road Westfield, MA 01085
Pioneer Valley Railroad Operations in West Springfield, Ma
1. The PVRR operates approximately 1.75 miles of track in the Northwest corner of West Springfield. Our line enters the city as it passes under the Mass Turnpike near Prospect Av. The line continues in a northerly direction and exits the city ¼ mile southwest of the lower part of Ashley Reservoir in Holyoke. The line passes through mostly uninhabited wooded land. This rail line has been in continual operation since approximately 1870 and under our ownership for the last 27 years. Available records show no recorded derailments or spills in this area.
2. The PVRR is regulated by the Federal Railroad Administration and is compliant in all rules regarding track conditions, operations and safety on this line as well as the rest of our railroad.
3. The PVRR maintains the track through West Springfield to a standard of “Class 2 Track” as defined in 49 CFR section 213.9. This class of track allows for speeds up to 25 miles per hour. The regulations are specific as to the types of track and maintenance required.
4. PVRR via their internal rules as published in the PVRR Timetable further restricts the speed to 20 miles per hour. PVRR also requires trains to operate in a manner that the engineer can stop “within one half the range of vision”.
5. The PVRR inspects this rail line in compliance with 49 CFR section 213.233 which requires weekly inspections. We further inspect the line during times of severe weather where potential damage might occur. Inspections are carried out both on foot and via hi-rail equipment at speeds not to exceed 9 mph.
6. All PVRR operating employees are trained to continually be alert for track or equipment conditions and frequently inspect the train as it moves through our territory.
7. All PVRR operating employees are trained in rules and regulations pertaining to the handling of Hazardous Materials. (Note: At present, there are no Hazardous Materials being handled on this branch).
8. In case of a spill or derailment we have a variety of contractors available to us including companies such as CleanHarbors and other remedial specialists. APPENDIX D
E APPENDIX
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Town of West Springfield Water Division Monthly Watershed Inspection for Bear Hole Watershed
Inspection Date/Time: Inspector Initials:
The following items should be inspected and irregularities or needed actions noted below:
[ ] Inspection of Town of West Springfield owned parcels
Check For: [ ] Unauthorized Activities
[ ] Illegal Dumping
[ ] Obstructions to stream flow
[ ] Presence of signage
[ ] Encroachment by adjacent landowners
[ ] Other maintenance needs
[ ] Inspection of entire watershed
Check for evidence of illegal dumping, recreation activities, and other potentially harmful activities (describe below if necessary).
[ ] Check for wildlife activities that may be detrimental to the public water supply (describe below if necessary).
Areas of Concern Property Description Comments and Observations (Address, etc.)
Use Additional Sheets if Necessary
J:\W\W1393\REPORT\SWPP\Appendix E - Watershed Inspection Log.doc F APPENDIX
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POSTED
WEST SPRINGFIELD BEARHOLE WATERSHED
The Following Activities Are Prohibited in the Watershed Area: Hunting, Shooting, Fishing, Trapping, Camping, Swimming, and Horseback Riding. Any unregistered and/or unauthorized vehicles of any type including but not limited to all-terrain vehicles.
Dogs are prohibited to drink or swim in the watershed streams or Reservoir, Dog walking prohibited without dog being on a leash.
Activities Allowed: Hiking, Walking & Biking Along the Metacomet – Monadnock Trail & Open access roadways.
PLEASE LEAVE NOTHING BUT FOOTPRINTS
NO PUBLIC ACCESS NEAR OR AROUND TREATMENT PLANT OR DAM
Any activity that harms any part of drinking water system is a Federal Offence, U.S. CODE TITLE 42 SECTION 300i – 1, law breakers will be prosecuted in addition to fines in the excess of $2000.00 for each occurrence.
PER ORDER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS BEARHOLE WATERSHED
NO PUBLIC ACCESS NEAR OR AROUND TREATMENT PLANT OR DAM
The Following Activities Are Prohibited on the Watershed Land:
Hunting, Shooting, Fishing, Trapping, RECREATIONAL VEHICLES, Any unauthorized vehicle of any type, Camping, Swimming, Horseback Riding Dogs are prohibited to drink or swim in the watershed streams or Reservoir, Dog walking prohibited without dog being on a leash.
Activities Allowed: Hiking, Walking, Along the Metacomet – Monadnock Trail, Mountain Biking.
Department of Public Works G
G APPENDIX
H APPENDIX
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Dept of Public Works
Department of Public Work s Director of Public Work s
Jack Dowd
Deputy Director of Water Waste Management Coordinator Deputy Director of Operations Town Engineer Office Manager
Jeffrey Auer Michael Pattavina Vincent Desantis James Lyons Cynthia Zarichak
Water Treatment ForemanWater Distribution Foreman Water Meter Reader Senior Project Manager Fiscal Assistant
Robert Beaudry Peter Tassinari Kenneth Stone James Czach Marie Colbert Tree Warden Highway Foreman Foreman Parks & Grounds Foreman Repair Shop Forema n Sewer/Flood Control Forema n Robert Donahue Mariann Shea Open Position Open Position Donald Krawczynski William Manley David Rankin Carl Wise
Fiscal Assistant
Ann Morrison Pumping Sta tion Operator Working Forema n Marcia Warren
Liliya Foshka Richard Barba Working Forema n Working Forema n Working Forema n Motor Equipment Repairma n Working Forema n Darin Longo Daniel Dexter Carl Connors Joseph Brucatti Terry Holloway George Collette Thomas Stark
Motor Equipment Repairma n
Donald Toton Special MEO Special MEO Motor Equipment Operator Motor Equipment Operator
Matthew Gromaski Charles McCarthy Eric Fenton Steven St. Onge Christopher Brown Walter Nichols Jason Croteau
Special ME Operator
Joseph Davignon Motor Equipment Operator Motor Equipment Operator Skilled Labore r Pump Station Operator
Todd LaFond Christopher Galus Roy Eggleston Robert Bourke John Skok Rudolph Genza Eric Stone Kevin Pollard Open Position
Water Meter Repairman
Albert Liquori Skilled Labore r Motor Equipment Operator Skilled Labore r Skilled Labore r Ahmad Azadan Mark Domaingue Jon Burroughs Craig Vosburg Richard Dutton Richard Avanzato Johnny Robinson Glenn Van Veldhuizen Robert Rufo
Skilled Labore r
Thomas Cooley Skilled Labore r Laborer Richard Charles Edward Thivierge Jeffrey Kopyscinski Open Position Position
Skilled Labore r
Andrew Connor Laborer Open Position Justin Doss Christopher Marshall
Laborer
Anthony Ciollaro
T Wood
12/4/2009 1 I APPENDIX
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