Investigating the Effective Physical Factors on Promoting Social Interactions in Cultural Complexes

International Journal Of Architecture and Urban Development 47 of a productive social interaction, reinforces this homology social interaction, of a productive (Salehiniya & Memariyan, 2009). human beings are searching for cities, In the chaos of today’s to provide comfort and identity with special opportunities their with fellow humans as well as to achieve interaction The increasing through social dynamism. highest perfection the has faced in recent decades growth of urban dimensions In contemporary era, with increase of individualism, In contemporary to considering physical environment, as a complement people in order to get them closer together and as a adjacent in past architectural interactions for lost social compensation more become has contexts, and buildings urban and through could be achieved Public space sociability important. psycho a factors- physical socio of users’ companionship architectural space. Companionship or specific combination of some of human-physical factors, which leads to formation Maryam Cheshmehghassabani 2* Complexes Recieved 21.02.2016; Accepted 20.01.2017 Recieved 21.02.2016; Anna Bahmanyar, Anna Bahmanyar, 1 The success of urban spaces is proportional to the extent in which that space is being used and to The success of urban spaces is proportional to the Social Interactions, Cultural Complex, Urban Space, Physic, Architecture Physic, Social Interactions, Cultural Complex, Urban Space, [email protected] Instructor, Department of Architecture, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran. Pardis, Azad University, Islamic Branch, Pardis Architecture, Department of Instructor, 2 M.A. Student, Department of Architecture, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran. Pardis, University, Azad Branch, Islamic Pardis Architecture, of M.A. Student, Department nvestigating the Effective Physical Factors the Effective Physical nvestigating 1 I on Promoting Social Interactions in Cultural in Cultural Social Interactions on Promoting International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development and Urban Architecture of Journal International No.3 Summer2017 Vol.7, Keywords: interactions, the physical structure of cultural environments should play a significant role in boosting social people’s physical components affecting and effective is to identify social interactions The purpose of this research interactions. to for individuals an opportunity which provide complexes cultural in people among interactions of social promotion used in this research is descriptive The methodology and interact. take a relief from daily tensions, to gather together theories after studying various desired results. Finally, the in order to achieve library studies exploiting and analytical, complexes, such as cultural spaces urban public in interaction of social promotion in components physical effective and that six components of of this research indicate The results have been provided. strategies architectural appropriate stagnation, aggregation, integrity, vitality, spatial determination and flexibility are among the promotion of social interaction in cultural complexes. factors affecting most important physical ABSTRACT: and human to enhance social interactions and urban planning should attempt human presence. In fact, architecture most of urban spaces is what is witnessed in today However, and separation. differentiation than rather solidarity decades, of those residing in these spaces. On the other side, in recent participation and social of relationships reduction have changes these and changed, been have patterns traditional of most technology progress of increasing the with in level is the reduction societies in today’s is observed What in Iranian community. and life appearance culture altered social for improving space as a complexes of cultural function and role the Regarding interactions. social of people’s

*Corresponding Author Email: relationship among individuals that requires the description of relationship and is the result of people’s events and activities, appropriate role play in the space and their membership in social media and 2016). groups (Hossein Razavi & Bahmanyar, that a person’s behavior in loneliness is different from how he from different is loneliness in behavior person’s a that and communication Social interaction behaves in the society. and a a conversation issue, a glance, be a physical can most of his needs within the society and in interaction with most of his needs within the society and in interaction to related so part of his behaviors are inevitably other people, so factors social by affected are somehow or interactions social of another creature. There is a social relationship between There is a social relationship of another creature. living creatures that the most transcendent form of it belongs to human being. Human being is a social entity who satisfies INTRODUCTION support amount of one creature’s by the is reinforced Survival contemporary city and urban planning with new challenges different age groups' socialization. such as increasing social disorders, diminishing of identity and sense of social belonging, and generally reducing life quality Social Interactions (Abdollahi, 2010). In this regard, the use and allocation of Leisure time provides the opportunity to new social public spaces to promote social interactions is an issue that communications for people and defines their emotional should be investigated in the daily life of those who chose to Vol.7, No.3 Summer 2017 Summer No.3 Vol.7, relationships; also, it fulfills people’s need of belonging to each reside in new cities. other and attachment to them (Giddens, 2008). In fact, public spaces due to possessing potential capacities Whenever a person acts in a way that another person responds in the first place provide an equal opportunity for all citizens him, this mutual and bilateral act is called social interaction to create and implement social actions (even fragile and or social mutual action. In this case, a social relationship is unsustainable). In next stage, after initial ratification of social established between these two people. Also, it should be interaction, differences in social, economic and cultural levels mentioned that the presence and existence of other people that create various behavioral patterns cause sustainable and is essential and important factor in the process of social integrate social relationships (Masoudi, 2008). interaction establishment and formation, so that a person should The public area is considered as a space in which an individual consider the presence of others in his relationship with them. expresses his relationship with others. He characterizes this Social interaction means establishing a relationship between International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International area as a place in which people gather together and discuss the two or more people that leads to a reaction between them public interest, so this social phenomenon should be accessible and this reaction is known to both parts. Therefore, nonsense by all citizens (Ghanbaran & Jafari, 2014). relationships are not considered in this definition. In fact, social Cultural complexes are considered as one of the important relations are one of human beings’ essential needs that can occur usages for creating social interaction and forming urban in different times and situations. Lang believes if people need a bio- complexes, and an appropriate place to establish social social contact, they will provide it in any environments and in

interaction and participations; they, also, play a significant role some places this environment can be easily created. There are in creating and improving their social life level. When these lots of reasons explaining the desirability of social interactions. complexes locate in an appropriate urban and regional setting The main reason is that mutual social relationship is essential in which they could play an interactive and mixed role in the in order to respond to human being’s need for attachment and context of the city, they will achieve their existential mission sense of belonging to a place. Another reason is that activities (Azarian Saad Abad, 2015). like interaction with others and observing people’s activities, or Also, the method of creating sociability through exploitation creating situations for socialization and sociability help human of modern architecture and technology can be a factor being’s individual development (Lang, 2008). improving social interactions. Cultural poverty, as an issue However, what we are witnessing in today’s societies is threatening today’s society, can be reinforced by technology the reduction in the level of people’s relationship, so that and modernism that are popular among citizens. This factor civilization, citizenship and social relationships as the primary in creating a cultural complex can be a factor in promoting urban principals were weakened by increase in size and extent social interactions. The important issue is to find a relationship of cities, speed, density and etc. Consequently, collective sense between spatial qualities and social concepts such as sociability of local communities and emotional dependencies on a place in urban architecture and design, and collective interests are disappearing (Huffman, 2006). among citizens like technology and its application in designing Adequate knowledge of human being and the way he interact cultural building. with others are influential in shaping the environment for greater interaction and effective communication. Therefore, MATERIALS AND METHODS in this process, by studying human being as a social creature The present research has been done in a descriptive- analytical who has different quantitative and qualitative levels of social method. Therefore, in the first step, the researches have been interactions, it is important to recognize behavioral centers and done in this field are studied and collected; then, they are social events and activities that have potential capacities for investigated and analyzed. Next, the final conclusion is made social reactions and meaningful relationships. Different people with exploiting the results of previous researches and analysis tend to different levels of social interactions. Definition of of their information. desirable level of interaction is mentally gained from people’s To collect information the library method is applied; and to statements and objectively from a normative positioning collect related valid materials, books and updated articles are toward a good life. Both of them possess a high value definition used. and they have a social and political orientation (Lang,2008).

Theoretic Concepts and Basis Related Theories to Social Interaction Research Background There are many theories regarding social interactions that in The table1 indicates the background of the presented research Table 2 have been referred to some of them which are practical based on impact of cultural spaces in the rate of people's and in urban spaces and public situation.

International Journal Of Architecture and Urban Development 49 ------Conclusion are recognized as effective factors on formation and Increase on formation and Increase factors as effective are recognized of social interaction. These factors are briefly explained and 3. Table presented in cultural identity promotion ability toward their goal are referred to and humanism in public places standing these spaces requires activities taking place in them functional system as general features of cultural complexes with public urban spaces ability of cultural space In his master thesis “Designing Cultural Complexes with Approach to with Complexes thesis “Designing Cultural In his master systems main three considering Reinforcement” Identity Social Youths’ and access sys (mass and space system, mobility complex for cultural of these three system on tem, physical system), he displays the impact comfort, people and social group enjoying presence in the space, active comfort, people and social group enjoying presence factors, space. Considering these in the presence social and constant account and activity utility security, such as invitation, spatial qualities . approaches toward public of theoretic In his research, “Recognition a playing place he considers these spaces as a third spaces” cultural main three He consider interactions. social in establishing role critical revo tendencies. In post- industrial periods based on public theoretical perception; visual and spatial is on emphasis 1932, the to period lution is on strengthening emphasis the now, 1932 up to from second period in and expansion of pedestrians, and environmental social interactions, 1932 from period recent in finally, spaces; public of impacts behavioral according considered are and theories most of the activities up to now, and providing security consideration, to environmental-sustainability en abstract of the as parts spaces public he considers In his research, needs and, by attracting vironment that are able to satisfy their users’ Under vitality. and environment a sense of belonging create people, . Complex in In his master thesis “Designing Besh Ghardash Cultural he introduces Interactions” Approach to Cultures’ Bojnoord City with system, and and access system, mobility of mass and space factors three Recognizing variables affecting citizens’ satisfaction with public urban with public satisfaction citizens’ variables affecting Recognizing spatial and security, social services, to of access variables three spaces, satisfaction factors in citizens’ are introduced as most effective identity on the amount of sociabil spaces of cultural In this research, the impact measured. are participation social women’s of reinforcement and ity and space of the sociability women, to according that, indicate Results of desir degree the with connected mostly are it in observation social . of collec promotion and process of socialization the In this research, of the space for tive life within public spaces are based on acceptability and physical providing mental social groups, and different individuals . . . . Table1: the background of the presented research the background of the Table1: 2013 2016 2010 2002 2008 2007 2009 Year of Publication Year . Author Yazdani Kashanijoo Rafiyan & et al. Bear & Higgins Daneshpour et al Rafiyan & Khodaee Mohammadalizadeh Social Interaction factors been done, following to researches have According The Factors Affecting Affecting the Formation The and of Factors Increase Table 2: Theories about social interactions in public urban spaces

Theorist Title Theory Coordination of people and objects, and social relationships formation through Hanna Ardent (1985) Public Arena objects are some of her comments (Madanipour, 2005). Square is a psychic stop in the urban and local perspective that contains indi-

Vol.7, No.3 Summer 2017 Summer No.3 Vol.7, Urban Spaces Paul Zooker (1970) viduals’ social interactions. Space conception by means of human being’s move- (square) ment experience within it, is one of his points of interest (Madanipour, 2005) In her viewpoint, vitality of pedestrians attracts most of residents (Jacobes, Jean Jacobes (2002) Public Spaces 2002). Urban Spaces In his opinion, presence of other people in public space is the factor attracting William Wight Ethics people to urban spaces (Madanipour, 2005). He states that the city increases the use of public spaces by people through a Ian Gehl (1987) - steady traffic (Gehl, 1987). In his opinion, life satisfaction can be achieved by balance in three residential, Olden Berg (2003) - occupational and social areas. The main factor of identification is proximity of third area to first and second areas (Carmona et al., 2003). International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International He categorizes urban spaces in seven categories in terms of social relations’ establishment: urban plazas, local parks (neighborhood unit), compact parks, Keller Cooper & -- open school spaces, and open residential spaces specific for elders, open spaces Mark Wess specific for children and elders, open spaces specific for children’s playand nursery, open healing spaces (Rezaei, 2004).

Table 3: Summing up the factors affecting the formation and increase of interactions

The factors affecting the formation and increase of interactions

Three primary territories (exclusive property), secondary (strangers’ lack of sense of comfort) Territory and public (Altman, 2003). Managing people’s relationships, observing a person’s boundaries and other person’s boundar- Privacy ies, and promoting people responding to each other (Altman, 2003). The degree and way of an individual’s or a mass’s cognitive relationship with an environment Sense of belonging (Altman, 2003). Including social and environmental security; any sense of security threat results in lack of active Security presence in urban spaces (Mir Moghtadaei, 2009). Sense of place Place is main element in its habitants’ identity (Habibi, 2000). Spatial sociability provides the possibility of increase in social interaction in that space (Me- Sociability mariyan, 2009). Social trust Trust as the main component of all sustainable social relationships (Vosoughi,2009). Exploitation of people’s participation in space toward creating social interaction (Vosoughi, Collaborative space 2009). Social classification and economic base mean as the relationship between layouts of space with Social categorization people’s dignity (Hall, 1997). The relationship between functional proximity and social patterns means as the creation of ten- Access distance sion by weakening the functional centrality of public facilities (Lang,2008). Type and rate of referral Type of activity and current use are factors in public space dynamism (Daneshpour et al., 2007). Behavioral patterns Discovery of live patterns as a definite relationship among limited areas (Alexander, 2008).

International Journal Of Architecture and Urban Development 51 - - - - w factor. Based on these studies and researches, effective factors Based on these studies and researches, effective factor. can of social interactions in formations and improvement the shows Fig.1 way. following the in factor physical influence impact of these factors on each other. or encountered a crisis. However, its path is in the continuation is in the its path a crisis. However, or encountered merely and past path and of its historical and evolution direct impact considering the Therefore, itself. reconstructs in culture changes that natural is it on architecture, of culture of emergence affecting and concepts result in changes in basics thoughts architectural different and consequently, architecture, methods of interaction the determine that to existence come and general, in concepts cultural and theoretic between (Akhavan specific in space architectural and concepts theoretic Kharazi, 2008). Cultural Complex level in shape for promoting cultural Cultural complex is a place to according that display and gathering research, teaching, of and activities; is considered for cultural each section a space other for each these sections act together as a completion complex. toward advancement of general goals of the AND DISCUSSION RESULTS been undertaken, According to studies and researches have the promotion as factors affecting 12 factors are recognized physical as a is detected 1 factor and interactions of social Description of dimensions from theorists’ point of vie theorists’ Description of dimensions from Each society with any ruling system and any kind of ideology dominant on it has specific goals of objec by means ideas mental these demonstrate is to of culture task main The objectives. and transformation. process of this architectural in the role plays a critical that forms appearance tive beau to build is able a nation When culture. a nation’s of evaluating means is a true Architecture the indicates the worst buildings, construct is constantly it while and chandeliers furniture tiful of power lack and disorder proves totally that situation The society. darkness of that and turmoil in that nation. affairs of organizing from our animal our lives distance that and apparatuses abilities of all collection is the Culture and regulating nature human against protecting of two objectives: in service it is lives; ancestors’ human relationships. Culture is defined as super organic environment. In his opinion three things affect human condi human affect things three opinion his In environment. organic super as defined is Culture environment; and super organic environment organic tion. Natural environment (Non organic), environment is the distinction between human and animals. only super organic being possesses it. only human that of thoughts and knowledge as a collection He knows culture is he also believes that culture He considers culture as a mass of thoughts, features and objects; a social heritage. and regu rules art, ethics, thoughts, ideas, of knowledge, collection as a considers culture Taylor lations and other talents and habits that a human acquires as a member of a society. Table 4: Different dimensions of culture (Source: Khoshnevis & Farshbafi, 2015) 4: Different Table Spenser Theorists Dorobertti Edward Taylor Sigmund Freud Graham Wallace Herman Motsius Frank Lloyd WRight the most important factors in emerging and different schools schools different and emerging in factors important most the begins from and civilization Every new culture of architecture. has stopped and civilization in which previous culture the point solid relationship between various styles of architecture and it and of architecture styles various between relationship solid them. is difficult to establish any boundaries between are one of and creativity of culture Milestones in the direction that period and it is proportional with changes happened in other that period and it is proportional with changes is based on Any new style of architecture aspects of life and art. is a so there methods and traditions, principals, pervious style’s and has influence on it. of style the Therefore, culture. and aesthetic, space, respecting It is a mirror human’s of thought of art and culture reflects period historical each on architecture Culture and Architecture Relationship Architecture and Culture from culture originates phenomenon as a social Architecture is the product of all knowledge and beliefs of a nation. It is of a nation. and beliefs knowledge of all is the product conception of life during from one’s a presumption derived are about culture 4, some of various theories In table centuries. gathered. by all countries. According to UNESCO’s definition, culture quality” (Sattari Sarbangholi, 2013). is “improvement in life that and thinking way of life sense is the in general Culture Understanding Understanding culture, we face various definitions that each among aspect, from a different culture one has considered these definitions the one offered by UNESCO is accepted Culture Vol.7, No.3 Summer 2017 Summer No.3 Vol.7, International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

Fig. 1: Studying the way in which effective factors in the formation and promotion of social interactions influence physical factors in designing cultural complex

After studying the way in which effective factors in the urban spaces are considered as effective spaces in promoting formation and promotion of social interactions affect physical the quality of social interactions. In this research has been factors considered in designing a cultural complex, the attempted to present architectural solutions for promoting social following architectural solutions are suggested in order to interaction by studying physical factors affecting in formation promote social interactions in cultural complexes. (Table 5) and improvement of social interactions, and investigating its effect on physical factors of designing a cultural complex. In CONCLUSION this regard, considering 12 factors of territory, privacy, sense of Culture in sense of the method and way of thinking and belonging, security, sense of place, social trust, collaborative behaviors of a nation and cultural complex as a space that can spaces, social categorization, access distance, type and rate affect people’s culture are considered. On the other hand, public of referral, and behavioral patterns as effective factors in

International Journal Of Architecture and Urban Development 53 - Architectural Solution Architectural Utilization of focus-oriented form in order to invite people to be together form in order to invite of focus-oriented Utilization and to interact and reactions according to time Physical designing toward shifting activities need. and audiences’ Providing different activities for different tastes activities for different Providing different other of masses with each and materials color the style, between Coordination in as the high difference such making elements the use of seizure Avoiding flooring and so on. levels, different other each with elements of complex’s skyline the in continuity Establishing and also with adjacent buildings of elements minimum spatial separation Visually Using a familiar and mental easy to recognize geometry addressed and usages times activities, in functionality, diversity Utilizing groups Coordination and unity of furniture and vegetation need people’s Providing diverse services in order to meet different complex the in theatre field and plays open hold to order in space a Providing Creating visibility for audiences Increase in visibility of the sky for audiences to improve brightness Exploiting vegetation and natural elements and soft building) of adjacent stripes (framework of rigid Proper utilization stripes (vegetation and so on) Definability of the shape, dimensions and spatial sizes Sitting Possibility (considering benches, a platform or a Golayaye sidewalk Sitting Possibility (considering studying possibility Standing up, looking, and because of various activities Attractive spaces for people movement from spaces different creating through places out break Creating flooring, lighting, etc. paths like elevation difference, Clarity in the space social classes in the space of different The possibility of presence see of being seen and easily by providing the possibility security Creating ing others The fitness of the geometrical shapes with possibility of forming a circle of spaces people in the complex’s paths Not disturbing privacy of communal spaces by movement Minimal environmental conditions such as indoors - - - Definition riety and brightness gathering citizen together of people by themselves and Showing two qualities of va ing the space as a destination Integrity in physical elements

Possibility of forming a circle Clarity and obviousness of the

Encouraging people to stop in a Encouraging people to boundaries existing in the space

space, reducing the speed, having space, reducing the speed,

inactive behaviors and finally mak inactive behaviors and Possibility of establishing coordina tion between activity, user and physic tion between activity, Table 5: Architectural solutions affecting promotion of social interactions in designing cultural complex in designing cultural of social interactions promotion solutions affecting Architectural 5: Table ( ) ( ( ( - Factor Vitality mination Flexibility Stagnation Integration Aggregation Pakzad 2004 Pakzad 2012 Yazdani2013 Spatial Deter ) ) ) (Pakzad, 2012) Soltanzadeh, 1991 ) (Soltanzadeh, 1991) formation and promotion of social interactions and studying approaches to urban public spaces. HoviyatShahr Journal. the way in which these factors affect 1 physical factor existing Spring & Summer 2010. 4(6). 95-106. in designing cultural complex, that is stagnation, aggregation, Khoshnevis, A. M. & Farshbafi, N. (2015). Impact of integrity, vitality, spatial determination and flexibility, Culture on Physical and Perceptual Dimension of Architecture. architectural solutions have been suggested in order to promote International Conference of Modern Researches in social interactions in designing a cultural complex. Reconstruction, Architecture and Urban Planning. 26th of

Vol.7, No.3 Summer 2017 Summer No.3 Vol.7, November, Tehran, Iran. REFERENCES Lang, J. (2008). Creation of Architecture Theory (The role of Altman, I. (2003). Enviroment and Social bevior; Privacy: Behavioral Sciences in Environmental Designing). (Translated Private Space, Territory and Crowd. (Translated by Ali by Alireza Eynifar). Teran: Tehran University Publication. Namazian). Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University. Madanipour, A. (2005). Urban Space Designing; an Attitude Akhavan Kharazi, K. (2008). Analytic Approach to Necessity toward Socio-Spatial Processes. Processing and Urban of Paying Attention to Culture of Societies. HoviyatShahr Planning Company. Journal, year 2. No 3. P 19. Masoudi, K. (2008). The place of Social Interaction. Journal Alexander, Ch. (2008). The Pattern Language First Section: of Municipalities. 3(26). P, 12. Cities. (Translated by Reza Karbalaei Noori, Hamid Khademi). Memariyan. Gh. (2009). A Survey on Theoretical Basics of Tehran: Center of Urban Planning and Architecture Studies and Architecture. Second Edition. Tehran :Soroush Danesh. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International Research. Mir Moghtadaei, M. (2009). Criteria for Assessing the Azariyan Saad Abad, P., & Balali Oskooyi, A. (2015). Possibility of Formation, Record and Transfer of the Collective Accessing Place Criteria of the Cultural and Artistic Complex Memories in the City. Journal of Fine Arts. 19(19), 17-26. in District 22 in Tehran. International conference of Third Mohammadalizadeh, Elham. (2016). Cultural Complex Design Millennium Architecture and Urban Planning. for Promoting Young People's Social Identity. Master Thesis. Abdollahi, M. (2010). Theoretical Survey of Neighborhood Soore University.

concept and Its Redefining. Journal of Human Geography Pakzad, J. (2004). Knot, Square, Semantic Analysis of Three Studies,Tehran. No. 72, Summer. 82-103. Words in Urban Planning. Municipalities (Index of Urban Bear, Anne R. and Catherin Higgins. (2002). Environmental Square and Space), Volume 67, 8-16. Planning for Land Development: An Instruction for Sustainable Pakzad, J. (2012). The Image of City, What Quinn Lynch Local Planning and Design. (Translated by Hossein Bahreini). Understood. Abadi Quarterly. 11th Year. No. 53. Tehran University Press. 2002. First Edition. Rafiyan, M. & Khodaee, Z. (2009). Investigating the Carmona, M. Tim Heath, Taner Oc & Steve Tiesdell. (2003). Indicators and Criteria Affecting Citizens' Satisfactions of Places and Spaces. Architectural Press, Amesterdam & others. Urban Public Spaces. 18(53). 227-248. Daneshpour, S. A., Sepehri Moghaddam, M.& Charkhiyan, Rafiyan, M., Rezazadeh, R., Sifiayi, M. & Ahmadvand, Y. M. (2007). Public Spaces and Factors affecting Collective life. (2008). Evaluating Indexes Affecting Desirability of Public Journal of Bagh Nazar. 7(1). P 19. Urban Spaces Viewpoint of Specific Social Groups (Women): Gehl, J. (1987). Life Between Buildings. Translated by J. A Case Study of Nabovat Square in Tehran. Quarterly of Art, Koch. Island Press. 1 (2). 37-54. Ghanbaran, A. & Jafari, M. (2014). Investigating Factors Rezaei, M. (2004). Citizen Urbanism; Promotion of Public Affecting promotion of Social Interactions Among Residence Spaces in Cities and Urban Enviroments. (Translated by in a Neighborhood (Case Study: Darakeh Neighborhood- Mohammad Amadinejad). First Edition , Isfahan: Khak Tehran). Science- Reserach Journal of Iran Scientific Publication. Association of Architecture and Urban Planning, 7(1). 57-64. Salehinia, M. & Memariyan, Gh. (2009). Architectural Giddens, Anthony. (2008). Sociology. Translated by Hassan Spatial Sociability. Journal of Fine Arts and Urban Planning. Chavoshian. Fourth Edition.Tehran. Tehran: Ney Publication. No.40, Winter. 5-12. Habibi, S. M. (2000). Civil Society and Urban Life. Journal Sattari Sarbangholi, H. (2013) . An Introduction to Executive of Fine Arts. 7(0), 23-33. Model of Cultural Engineering derived from the Teachings of Hall, Edward T. (1997). The Hidden Dimension. Translated the Holy Quran with a View on Western Cultural Engineering. by Manoochehr Tabibiyan. Tehran University Press. Tehran. Journal of Cultural Engineering. 6 (67-68), 14-31. Hossein Razavi, S. & Bahmanyar, A. (2016). Criteria for Soltanzadeh, H. (1991). The processes of Formation of City Locating Cultural- Artistic Complexes with an Emphasis on and Religious Centers in Iran. Agah. Promotion of Social Interactions. Research Approaches in Vosoughi, M. (2009). The Study of Social Trust and Effective Civil and Architecture. 3(4). 59-68. Factors in Khalkhal City (Ardabil Provience). Social Sciences Huffman, R. (2006). The Value of Urban Open Space. Urban Research Journal, 3(3). 133-154. land, 65 (1): 108 –111. Yazdani, A. (2013). Designing Besh Ghardash Cultural Jacobes, J. (2002). The death and life of great American Complex in Bojnoord City with Approach to Interaction of cities. New York : Random House. Cultures. Master Thesis, Islamic Azad University- Shahrood Kashanijoo, Khashayar. (2010). Recognizing theoretical Science and Research Branch.