DOCSLIB.ORG

World Bank Document

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World Bank Document Report No. 1626a-COM A The Economyof the Comoros July 26, 1977 Public Disclosure Authorized EasternAfrica Regionial Office FOR OFFICIALUSE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank Thisdocument hasa restricteddistribution and may be used by recipients only in the performanceof their official duties Its ccrtents may not otherwisebe disclosedwithout World Bankauthorizat on CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS End of period Yearly Average 1968 US$1.00 CFAF 246.85 CFAF 246.85 CFAF 1 = US$0.0041 US$0.0041 1969 US$1.00 = CFAF 277.71 CFAF 259.71 CFAF 1 US$ 0.0036 US$0.0039 1970 US$1.00 = CFAF 277.71 CFAF 277.71 CFAF 1 US$0.0036 US$0.0036 1971 US$1.00 = CFAF 255.79 CFAF 277.03 CFAF 1 US$0.0039 US$0.0036 1972 US$1.00 = CFAF 255.79 CFAF 252.21 CFAF I US$0.0039 US$0.0040 1973 US$1.00 CFAF 230.21 CFAF 222.70 CFAF 1 US$0.0043 US$0.0045 1974 US$1.00 = CFAF 222.22 CFAF 240.50 CFAF I US$0.0045 US$0.0042 1975 US$1.00 = CFAF 224.27 CFAF 214.32 CFAF 1 US$0.0045 US$0.0047 1976 US$1.00 = CFAF 248.49 CFAF 238.98 CFAF 1 US$0.0040 US$0.0042 FISCAL YEAR January 1st to December 31 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Foreword This report is based on the findings of a mission to the Comoros in November/December,1976 consisting of Messrs. P. Landell-Mills (chief of mission) and M. Ragno (general economist). The report also incorporates the findings of a transport sector mission consisting of Ms. F. Johansen (transport economist) and Messrs. G. Orsini (roads engineer) and D. Raymond (ports specialist) which visited the Comoros in March, 1977. The report was discussed with Comorian Government in June, 1977 and subsequentlyupdated. Thisdocument has a rstctedditribution aNday bewd byrecpients onry in theperfornnce oftheir offci dutim. its contents may notoiferWi be dicled WithoutWodd Dankauthodxuion. THE ECONOMYOF THE COMOROS TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. MAPS BASIC DATA SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ........................................ i-vii INTRODUCTION ......... 1.............I PART A: THE SETTING 1. THE COUNTRY .... 2 General Features .................... 2 Grande Comore .................... 3 Anjouan ............... , 4 Mayotte .................. ... 4 Moheli.. 5 2. THE PEOPLE . ........... 5.......5 Their History ................... ... ,. 5 Characteristics of the Population . 6 3. POLITICAL SITUATION ........ 8........8 Recent Political and Institutional Developments.. 8 Fundamental Reform . 10 4. PLANNING FOR DEVELOPMENT .................................. 11 Past Plans ... 11 The Need for Planning ... 12 Strategy for I)evelopment ... 13 PART B: STRUCTURE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND RECENT TRENDS 1. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE ECONOMY .16 Production, Incomes and Investment .16 Employment Wages and Prices . .19 2. MONEY BANKING CREDIT . ... 23 The Monetary System . .23 Recent Trends in Money and Credit . .26 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) Page No. 3. EXTERNAL TRADE AND PAYMENTS ............................. 30 Comoros Structural Trade Deficit .................... 30 Export Performance ** ................................. 31 Characteristics of Imports ..... ..................... 34 Balance of Payments . ............................... 36 4. PUBLIC FINANCE .. .............. ...... O... 37 Overview ....... ...................................... 37 Structure of Public Operations ...... ................39 The Fiscal System and Recent Revenue Trends .... ..... 40 The Pattern of Government Expenditure .... ........... 42 Public Investment 1970-1975 ................... ..... 44 The Budgetary Situation in 1976 and Outlook for 1977 .................................... 45 PART C: THE SECTORS: CHARACTERISTICS AND ISSUES 1. THE RURAL SECTOR .................... o .................... 48 Level and Trends in Agricultural Production ......... 48 Competition between Different Land Uses ...... ....... 52 Agricultural Services .. ............... ............. 54 Problems and Prospects -for the Principal Crops ...... 56 The Need to Expand Food Production ....... .. ......... 61 Forestry: A Crisis Situation ............ .......... 62 Opportunities for Fisheries Development ............ 64 2. INDUSTRY ................................................ 66 Existing Activities .................................. 66 The Construction Industry ........... .. .............. 67 Potential for Industrial Diversification ..... ...... 68 3. TOURISM .................. * ...............................70 4. INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................... 74 Transport Constraints .................... o .......... 74 Sea Transport ......................................75 Civil Aviation .....................................................77 Road Communications ................................. 78 Telecomunications and Postal Services ................ 80 Power Supplies ......................................81 Water Supplies ....... ............................... 82 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) Page No. 5. EDUCATION ............................. ......... 83 Background ..........................................83 The Colonial Heritage. ............. ... ..... 84 Educational Reform ...................................... 88 6. HEALTH SERVICES ................... , . ....... ..... 91 PART D: PROSPECTS AND NEEDS 1. OUTLOOK FOR DEVELOPMENT . ............. ......*v.* .......... 94 2. SOME KEY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES . ............................ 95 Explosive Population Growth ............ ............. 95 Rural Development ...........................................97 Diversification .........I .......................... 98 3. ROLE OF EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE ...... ........................98 PART E: ANNEXES Annex I: The Development of Transport Annex II: Note on the Constitution of April 23, 1977 Annex III: Statistical Tables LIST OF TEXT TABLES 1. Population by Island, Mid-1976 2. Growth of Production and Income 3. Sectoral Composition of GDP 4. Use of Resources 5. Occupations of the Active Population, 1966 6. Registered Salaried Employment 7. Registered Salaried Employmentby Island 8. Average Annual Salaries in Selected Sectors 9. Selected Price Indices 10. Assets and Liabilities of the Banking System 11. Distribution of Short-Term Credit to the Private Sector 12. Medium- and Long-Term Credit 13. Summary of Foreign Trade 14. Trends in Principal Export Commodities 15. Trends in Selected Imports 16. Imports Adjusted to Take into Account the Bonded Warehouse 17. Foreign Trade Indices 18. Summary of Balance of Payments Estimates 19. Summary of Financial Situation 20. Central tGovernmentCurrent Revenue 1970-75 21. Government Expenditure 1970-1975 22. Current Government Expenditure 23. Percentage Distribution of Current Government Expenditure by Sector, 1970 and 1975 24. Financial Position of the Treasury 25. Volume Indices for Principal Agricultural Products, 1952-75 26. Exports of Principal Agricultural Products, 1970-1975 27. Principal Agricultural Exports by Island, 1974 28. Average Annual Value of Agricultural Exports by Island, 1973-74 29. Land CapabilitY by Type 30. Actual Land Use by Island, 1965 31. Some Data on Yields of Traditional and Improved Crop Varieties 32. Forest Areas, 1968 and 1974 33. Tourist Infrastructure 34. Total Number of Visitors 35. Proposed Investment in New Hotel Accommodation 36. New Registrations of Vehicles and Cumulative Total 37. Road Network, April 1977 38. Electricity Production by EDC 39. School Enrollments 40. Qualifications of Primary School Teachers 1974-75 41. Number of Students Overseas I8RD 12739 43J40' 43-45' 43°5 0' 'MAY 1977 COMORO ISLANDS MOHELI I NFRASTRUCTURE--- 1215' Hoani % Principalcity 12°15 /2S' Othertowns Pavedroads: Completed Under construction Plonned OMBONI~ ~ ~~~~~~IEarth roads Z Port angoma ~ ~~~~~~~~+Airport Rivers -6w- Elevation contours, meters MiringoniC> D i 4 i KILOMETERS MILES 12'20' 12'20 s~ DJanDRO Kanani Niouachoua ItsamiaD M'Choco1. k ambia M'BouziI. ForoL. GnandzaI. Mea1. 43-50O 43-55- M'BouziI. Magnuni1. Bougo1. 4°0 444NA 4°5 ><v T A N Z A N I A io44 8 Ouenefou1. Chandzi1. > o * Grande Canzoni1, Canzonil. rD) M r.i._ ox ,.^ r 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~MoronioComore Moheli Anjouan 12° -12-25 12-25'- ' MOZAMBIQUE ,Ž COMORO Mayotte ISLANDS Matt riMALA i' flite boundarensshown ot, i/5is Map d(o not > 1 2 6o. nd0ries0 , iy < 1 0o e 10Kiilometersiey' iniply .... nnroraceptan-e.- by' th, MADAGASCAR __________________________________________.__43M40' World Bank and its affiliates. 1 , ,4, 0 10o 2o0 Miles ,, A44°4A8° W505 s,oC av,in COMORO ISLANDS IM1Zamboro MAYOTTE Islond INFRASTRUCTURE (Situation as of July 6 1"1975) kb Principal aity 4% Oiher towns rep Pavedroads: 12' -Completed tAndremsa underconsh,Lcnlon >r n c _-Planned ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ecrthrood M'Zomboro P- t + Airpart - Rivers Ozorviogne -400 Elevation contoars, nrders Acc,c 5'..- M'lsangmoesn-oeg g9 - ' - s4>-, <- Pamonzi1. DZAOUDZI Lbatr Chm9oni' tt2 VCet < XPanonigoe Fiisorant EBRuzi i Kahanw\_ + moBs 1'50' 5 *,d W _ n X ~~~~~~~De,nben Bondelel. -1ss5 CcronL'' \ ; t25 - bVZouoz z - * '~~~~~~ ~~ -toc Consorei TANZANIA A. ~~~~~~~~~Grande _. .- pnl-Kele,/aMoheli A 0 4 ~ ~~~6 8 I i KILOMETERS Avvrv~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\MOZA& Q ECOMORO -Mayorte KILOMETERS m BI 0 LfE 15~~~~~~~ILANDS i~5 -5 - ,1 |., rnd, MILES !, ./ C,A 130 0 Too 0 00 000 00O500*0... MADAGA,C5 1 t . ] -2 ,og 200 !i 0o*31 5 ;2~20 43'25 S I 3 4S3. 44* r-| Bongoi Koun nI (; TANZANIA,- M - I ''. Anjo,an 12 ? 00 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M.heli COMORO Mayotte _ilsomio MAIAWIIA\MOZAMBIQUE ISLANDS N'Dzaouze - Ihza~ Ho.tsi,,cd , V I 0 eVndjeX X 3 20** ) <g 20 202 N'Tsaouen _= vem GA
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Case Study: Comoros
    24 Fishery Exports and the Economic Development of LDCs: Chapter 6 Case study: Comoros Overview The Comoros is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa, with a total population of about 734,900 in 2013 (World Bank, 2017a). Following independence in 1975, the country experienced a number of changes of Government; political stability has improved since 2009, enhancing prospects for economic development. As in many African LDCs, the population is young, and creating remunerative employment opportunities for new entrants to the labour force is a major challenge. Fishing is the second most important sector of the economy after agriculture, accounting in 2013 for 10 per cent of employment and 8 per cent of GDP (Cofrepeche et al., 2013). The share of the fishing sector in GDP decreased from 15 per cent in 2010 to 8 per cent in 2013, indicating the informal and subsistence nature of the sector and its vulnerability to shocks. The poverty reduction and growth strategy of the Government for 2010–2014 prioritized the sector (International Monetary Fund, 2010). Artisanal and industrial fishing at present operate entirely separately, to a greater extent even than in most LDCs. All domestic fishing operations are artisanal, and industrial fishing is fully conducted by distant water fishing nations. Foreign vessels, mainly purse seine vessels from France and Spain, fish offshore for several varieties of tuna and swordfish. Fish caught by distant water fishing nations are not landed in the Comoros due to the lack of infrastructure and processing facilities, and there are no exports from domestic fishers.
    [Show full text]
  • Tax Bill Composition
    Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Labor Income Taxation in a Globalizing World: 1980-2012 Author(s): Strecker, Nora Publication Date: 2017 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010852381 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library DISS. ETH No. 24020 Labor Income Taxation in a Globalizing World: 1980-2012 A thesis submitted to attain the degree of Doctor of Sciences of ETH Zurich (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by NORA MARGOT STRECKER Master of Arts in Economics New York University, Graduate School of Arts and Science born on July 29, 1986 citizen of Germany accepted on the recommendation of Professor Peter H. Egger, ETH Zurich, examiner Professor Georg Wamser, University of T¨ubingen,co-examiner 2017 Acknowledgments Words can hardly express the debt of gratitude I owe Professor Peter Egger for giving me the opportunity to work with him and his team at the Chair of Applied Economics: Innovation and Internationalization at ETH Zurich and to complete this dissertation. The research environment at his Chair has produced wonderful interactions, fostered great relationships with my co-authors and colleagues, and greatly advanced both my work and my research. I also gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. I also want to thank my thesis committee, Professors Georg Wamser of the University of T¨ubin- gen and Marko K¨othenb¨urgerof ETH Zurich, for taking the time to read and comment on the dissertation presented here.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the Arab Region 2012-2013 Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the Arab Region
    Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the Arab Region 2012-2013 Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the Arab Region 2012-2013 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the Arab Region 2012-2013 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of commercial names and products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. References have, wherever possible, been verified. Symbols of the United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. The opinions expressed in this technical material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations secretariat. E/ESCWA/EDGD/2013/3 ISSN. 0255-5123 ISBN-13: 978-92-1-128363-1 e-ISBN. 978-92-1-056276-8 13-0141 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.13.II.L.6 iii Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the Arab Region 2012-2013 Preface Preface It is a well-known fact that, despite sharing common social and cultural traits, Arab countries are characterized by economic and social diversity. While efforts for Arab regional integration are not new, the difference in natural resource endowments, particularly of crude oil and natural gas, has resulted in different development paths for countries of the Arab region.
    [Show full text]
  • Unsettling State: Non-Citizens, State Power
    UNSETTLING STATE: NON-CITIZENS, STATE POWER AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES by Noora Anwar Lori A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science Baltimore, Maryland October, 2013 ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the development and enforcement of citizenship and immigration policies in the United Arab Emirates in order to revisit an enduring puzzle in comparative politics: why are resource-rich states resiliently authoritarian? The dominant explanation for the ‘oil curse’ assumes that authoritarianism emerges because regimes ‘purchase’ the political acquiescence of their citizens by redistributing rents. However, prior to the redistribution of rents comes the much more fundamental question of who will be included in the group of beneficiaries. I argue that oil facilitates the creation of authoritarian power structures because when political elites gain control over fixed assets, they can more effectively erect high barriers to political incorporation. By combining stringent citizenship policies with temporary worker programs, political elites develop their resources while concentrating the redistribution of assets to a very small percentage of the total population. In the UAE, this policy combination has been so effective that non-citizens now comprise 96 percent of the domestic labor force. The boundaries of the UAE’s citizenry became increasingly stringent as oil production was converted into revenue in the 1960s. Since oil reserves are unevenly distributed across the emirates, the political elites who signed concessions with successful oil prospectors have since monopolized control over the composition of the citizenry. As a result, domestic minorities who were previously incorporated by smaller emirates who did not discover oil have since been excluded from the citizenry.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crabs from Mayotte Island (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura)
    THE CRABS FROM MAYOTTE ISLAND (CRUSTACEA, DECAPODA, BRACHYURA) Joseph Poupin, Régis Cleva, Jean-Marie Bouchard, Vincent Dinhut, and Jacques Dumas Atoll Research Bulletin No. 617 1 May 2018 Washington, D.C. All statements made in papers published in the Atoll Research Bulletin are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Smithsonian Institution or of the editors of the bulletin. Articles submitted for publication in the Atoll Research Bulletin should be original papers and must be made available by authors for open access publication. Manuscripts should be consistent with the “Author Formatting Guidelines for Publication in the Atoll Research Bulletin.” All submissions to the bulletin are peer reviewed and, after revision, are evaluated prior to acceptance and publication through the publisher’s open access portal, Open SI (http://opensi.si.edu). Published by SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SCHOLARLY PRESS P.O. Box 37012, MRC 957 Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 https://scholarlypress.si.edu/ The rights to all text and images in this publication are owned either by the contributing authors or by third parties. Fair use of materials is permitted for personal, educational, or noncommercial purposes. Users must cite author and source of content, must not alter or modify the content, and must comply with all other terms or restrictions that may be applicable. Users are responsible for securing permission from a rights holder for any other use. ISSN: 0077-5630 (online) This work is dedicated to our friend Alain Crosnier, great contributor for crab sampling in Mayotte region between 1958-1971 and author of several important taxonomic contributions in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • A Partner of Choice for the Eastern Africa We Want
    THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK A Partner of Choice for the Eastern Africa we want The African Development Bank A Partner of Choice for the Eastern Africa we want THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK A PARTNER OF CHOICE FOR THE EASTERN AFRICA WE WANT THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP This report has been prepared by the African Development Bank (AfDB) Group. Designations employed in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the institution concerning the legal status of any country, or the limitation of its frontier. While efforts have been made to present reliable information, the AfDB accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of its use. Vice President: Zondo Sakala Regional Director (EARC): Gabriel Negatu Lead Economist: Stefan Muller Regional Integration Specialist: Robert Rudy Consultants: Andy Dijkerman, James Adams Copyright 2014 — AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP Photo Credits: AfDB photo fi les. PUBLISHED BY African Development Bank Group - East Africa Regional Resource Centre (EARC) Khushee Tower Longonot Road, Upper Hill Nairobi, Kenya Phone: (254) 20 2712925/26/28 Fax: (254) 20 2712938 Email: [email protected] Website: www.afdb.org 4 | AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP Table of Contents List of Figures ii List of Tables iii List of Text Boxes iv List of Project Showcase Profi les iv Abbreviations and Acronyms v Acknowledgements vi Preface vii Executive Summary viii 1 Eastern Africa — A Region on the Rise Aided by the AfDB as a Partner of Choice 1 1.1 A Region on the Rise 2 1.2 The AfDB as a Partner
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. P-3726-COM REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE Public Disclosure Authorized PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS FOR A PROPOSEDCREDIT OF SDR 4.8 MILLION TO THE FEDERALISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF THE COMOROS Public Disclosure Authorized FOR A RURALSERVICES PROJECT April 11, 1984 Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCYEQUIVALENTS Currency Unit = Comorian Franc (CF) (The CF is fully convertible into the French franc at 50 CF = I FF). Calendar 1983 February 1984 Unit = l'omorianFranc (CF) = Comorian Franc (CF) US$1.00 = CF 390 = CF 424 CF 1,000 = IUS$2.56 = US$2.36 CF 1,000,000 = US$2,564 = US$2,358 (The Staff Appraisal]Report is based on US$1.00 = 364 CF). MEASURES i meter (m) = 3.28 feet 1 square meter (m2) = 10.76 square feet 1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 miles 1 square kilometer (km2) = 0.386 square miles ABBREVIATIONS AfDB = African Development Bank CADER = Centre d'Appui au DeveloppementRural CEFADER = Centre federal d'appui au developpement rural EDF = European Development Fund FAC = Fonds d'Aide et de Cooperation IFAD = InternationalFund for AgriculturalDevelopment IRAT = Institut de Recherche d'AgronomieTropicale PPF = Project Preparation Facility UNCDF = United Nations Capital Development Fund UNECA = United Nations Economic
    [Show full text]
  • Comoros's Energy Review for Promoting Renewable Energy Sources
    Comoros’s energy review for promoting renewable energy sources Jean-Philippe Praene, Ali Hamada Fakra, Fiona Bénard-Sora, Leslie Ayagapin To cite this version: Jean-Philippe Praene, Ali Hamada Fakra, Fiona Bénard-Sora, Leslie Ayagapin. Comoros’s energy review for promoting renewable energy sources. Renewable Energy, Elsevier, 2021, 169, pp.885-893. 10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.067. hal-03178707 HAL Id: hal-03178707 https://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-03178707 Submitted on 24 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Comoros's energy review for promoting renewable energy sources Jean Philippe Praenea,∗, Damien Fakraa, Fiona Benarda, Leslie Ayagapina aPIMENT Laboratory - University of la R´eunion,117 Rue du General Ailleret - 97430 Le Tampon - Reunion Abstract At present, energy represents a key element in the social and economic develop- ment of a territory. This is particularly true for fragile territories that are not interconnected, such as small island states. As is true for many of the Small Is- land Developing States (SIDS) worldwide, the energy situation of the Comoros is substantially based on fossil fuel imports. The socioeconomic development of this archipelago is overwhelmingly dependent on energy security from sustainability, availability and affordability perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • Migrant Workers' Remittances: What Is the Impact on the Economic and Financial Development of Sub-Saharan African Countries?
    ARTICLES Migrant workers’ remittances: what is the impact on the economic and fi nancial development of Sub-Saharan African countries? Emmanuel Rocher Adeline Pelletier Economics and International and University of Paris IX Dauphine – EURIsCO European Relations Directorate Franc Zone and Development Financing Division Remittances from migrant workers have become a major source of fi nancing for developing countries. Latin America and Asia have benefi ted since the mid-1990s from a particularly sustained rise in income transferred by their emigrant workers. Migrant workers’ remittances have also increased in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where they play an essential role in poverty alleviation. Moreover, they have the advantage of building a more stable source of external fi nancing than offi cial development assistance (ODA) fl ows and foreign direct investment (FDI) and, by sustaining private consumption they have a stabilising effect on these countries’ economies, acting as a buffer. In contrast, their direct impact on long-term growth in SSA has not been established. Recent empirical studies carried out on this subject have not enabled a consensus to be formed, and the relationship between remittances and business investment is not clear-cut. Nevertheless, workers’ remittances can have an indirect impact on growth by favouring fi nancial development in the recipient countries. Increased formalisation of remittances from African migrant workers would contribute to this objective, by enabling the local fi nancial systems to fully play their role in the allocation of resources. While the increased formalisation of workers’ remittances is hindered by obstacles of a structural nature, notably the low fi nancial depth in African economies, several avenues may nonetheless be explored.
    [Show full text]
  • An Update of the Hydraena Fauna of the Comoro Islands (Indian Ocean), with Description of H
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Koleopterologische Rundschau Jahr/Year: 2016 Band/Volume: 86_2016 Autor(en)/Author(s): Jäch Manfred A., Diaz Juan Angel Artikel/Article: An update of the Hydraena fauna of the Comoro Islands (Indian Ocean), with description of H. (Hydraenopsis) maryae sp.n. from Mayotte 91-96 ©Wiener Coleopterologenverein (WCV), download unter www.zobodat.at Koleopterologische Rundschau 86 91–96 Wien, September 2016 JÄCH, M.A. & BALKE, M. (eds.) 2010: Water beetles of New An update of the Hydraena fauna of the Comoro Islands Caledonia (part 1). – Monographs on Coleoptera 3: IV+449 pp. (Indian Ocean), with description of The uniqueness of the fauna and H. (Hydraenopsis) maryae sp.n. from Mayotte flora of New Caledonia is vir- tually unparalleled. No other re- (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae) gion in the world for example en- compasses a similarly high floral M.A. JÄCH & J.A. DELGADO endemism in relation to its land coverage! Abstract The WATER BEETLES OF NEW Hydraena maryae sp.n. (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae) is described from Mayotte (Comoro Islands, Indian CALEDONIA in the past have been Ocean). Hydraena borbonica ofella BALFOUR-BROWNE, 1958 is elevated to species level. studied very poorly. In the second half of the 20th century only five Key words: Coleoptera, Hydraenidae, Hydraena, new species, Mayotte, Comoro Islands, Indian new species of water beetles have Ocean. been described from this Archi- pelago. Introduction Volume 3 of the Monographs on The Comoro Islands or Comoros form an archipelago of volcanic islands situated off the south- Coleoptera is entirely dedicated east coast of Africa, to the east of Mozambique and north-west of Madagascar.
    [Show full text]
  • 06 General Profile
    1. General Profile of the Four Corridors Country selection for the study was based on: (i) the several countries. The banking sector qualifies Senegal high level of overall migratory flows; (ii) the relative impor- as an emerging market. tance of the targeted corridor vis-à-vis France, allowing for comparisons based on the same historic host coun- Mali: Senegal’s neighbor, albeit landlocked and poorer. try; and (iii) the representativeness of their specific model Its Diaspora is more concentrated and migration is for remittances: mostly of rural origin. Informal transfer systems are highly developed and well organized. The banking sector qua- Morocco: A Mediterranean country with one of the lifies this market as slightly competitive. highest levels of migrant remittances in the world. Morocco has an efficient banking system with good The Comoros: A high-migration Indian Ocean country, national coverage, together with a longstanding banka- the economy of the Comoros is heavily supported by rization policy. The banking sector qualifies this country migrant remittances. However, the country suffers from as a mature and highly competitive market. very limited a banking service which qualifies this coun- Furthermore, it lent itself perfectly to the standardization try as an oligopolistic market, due to the limited number of the questionnaire and the fine-tuning of the methodo- of financial actors. logy due to the precision of available information. These 4 contrasting case studies shed light on the range Senegal: A West African country characterized by of fund transfer behaviors of the Diaspora. They are also longstanding migratory flows, a highly developed trade assisting when making comparisons for analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Social Developments in the Arab Region 2012-2013 Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the Arab Region
    Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the Arab Region 2012-2013 Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the Arab Region 2012-2013 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the Arab Region 2012-2013 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of commercial names and products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. References have, wherever possible, been verified. Symbols of the United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. The opinions expressed in this technical material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations secretariat. E/ESCWA/EDGD/2013/3 ISSN. 0255-5123 ISBN-13: 978-92-1-128363-1 e-ISBN. 978-92-1-056276-8 13-0141 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.13.II.L.6 iii Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the Arab Region 2012-2013 Preface Preface It is a well-known fact that, despite sharing common social and cultural traits, Arab countries are characterized by economic and social diversity. While efforts for Arab regional integration are not new, the difference in natural resource endowments, particularly of crude oil and natural gas, has resulted in different development paths for countries of the Arab region.
    [Show full text]